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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Shangshu Sheng</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:尚">尚</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:尚">尚</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Secretary's department</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shàngshū Shěng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shang<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> Sheng<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" class="extiw" title="wikt:Thượng">Thượng</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/th%C6%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:thư"> thư</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%E1%BB%89nh" class="extiw" title="wikt:tỉnh"> tỉnh</a></i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">상서성</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Sangseo Seong</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Sangsŏ Seong</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shangshu Sheng</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:尚">尚</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span>), sometimes translated as the <b>Department of State Affairs</b> or the <b>Imperial Secretariat</b>, was one of the departments of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments and Six Ministries</a> government structure. It was the primary executive institution of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">imperial China</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a>, and the Three Directorates (sometimes five). The Six Ministries consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – 9 AD) until the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), but was never re-established in the following <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of State Affairs originated as one of the posts of the Six Chief Stewards (<i>liushang</i> 六尚) that were responsible for headgear, wardrobe, food, the bath, the bedchamber and for writing (<i>shangshu</i> 尚書, literally "presenting writings"), during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>. The position of Chief Steward for writing (<i>shangshu</i>) was elevated in importance during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> (r. 141-87 BC), who tried to escape the influence of the Grand Chancellor and Censor-in-Chief(<i>yushi dafu</i> 御史大夫) by relying on other officials. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a> (r. 25-57) created the Department of State Affairs with the <i>shangshu</i> as head of the six sections of government. It was headed by a Director (<i>ling</i> 令) and a Vice Director (<i>puye</i> 僕射), assisted by a left and right aide (<i>cheng</i> 丞) and 36 attendant gentlemen (<i>shilang</i> 侍郎), six for each section, as well as 18 clerks (<i>lingshi</i> 令史), three for each section. These six sections later became the <a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a>, and their chief stewards, the Director, and Vice Director were collectively known as the eight executives (<i>bazuo</i> 八座).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The power of the Department of State Affairs decreased in the succeeding dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> as some of its functions and authority were delegated to the Central Secretariat and Chancellery. The posts of Director and Vice Director also became less important as it was bestowed upon high ministers and noble family members who did not participate in the administrative activities of the Department. Real paperwork became the purview of clerks, whose increasing influence frightened <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu of Liang</a>. Emperor Wu decreed that only nobility should become clerks, but none of the nobles were willing to assign their sons to such a lowly position. Members of the Department refused to cooperate with Emperor Wu and resisted any changes to administration. The Department of State Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a> tended to work more similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> over time but were dominated by barbarian peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618), the post of Director was often left vacant while two Vice Directors, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Jiong" title="Gao Jiong">Gao Jiong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Su" title="Yang Su">Yang Su</a>, handled affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), the post of Director continued to be left vacant for the most part, and when it was filled, it was by the heir apparent like <a href="/wiki/Li_Shimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Shimin">Li Shimin</a> (r. 626–649) or <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Li Shi</a> (r. 779–804). To weaken the power of the Vice Director, who was de facto head of the institution, the position was divided into left and right Vice Directors, with the former being the senior. At times the Vice Directors were comparable in power with the Grand Chancellor and sometimes even superseded him. However by the mid-Tang period the Grand Chancellors had regained their predominance, and Vice Directors of the Department were required to have special designations to participate in policy making discussions. Sometimes the Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs was the same person as the Director of the Chancellery. Thereafter the Department became a purely executive institution. The six sections of government were formally divided into the Six Ministries, each headed by a Minister (<i>shangshu</i>). The six divisions were replicated at the local prefectural level, and each directly reported to their respective ministries in the central government. In addition to the Six Ministries, the Department of State Affairs was also in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a> and Three Directorates. The Department of State Affairs was one of the largest employers in the government and provided income and posts for many officials. The institution was abolished during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), with sporadic attempts to reintroduce it in 1270, 1287, 1309, and 1311 due to financial difficulties. The attempts never lasted for more than a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was never re-established in the following <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nine_Courts">Nine Courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nine Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a> throughout most of history were: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The Nine Courts and Ministers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Court</th> <th>Minister </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Sacrifices" title="Court of Imperial Sacrifices">Court of Imperial Sacrifices</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太常寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of Ceremonies (太常) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Entertainments" title="Court of Imperial Entertainments">Court of Imperial Entertainments</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">光祿寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of the Household (光祿勳) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the Imperial Clan">Court of the Imperial Clan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宗正寺</span></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宗人府</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of the Imperial Clan (宗正) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Stud" title="Court of the Imperial Stud">Court of the Imperial Stud</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太僕寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister Coachman (太僕) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_the_Imperial_Treasury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of the Imperial Treasury (page does not exist)">Court of the Imperial Treasury</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太府寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister Steward (少府) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_the_Imperial_Regalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of the Imperial Regalia (page does not exist)">Court of the Imperial Regalia</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衛尉寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of the Guards (衛尉) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_State_Ceremonial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of State Ceremonial (page does not exist)">Court of State Ceremonial</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鴻臚寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister Herald (大鴻臚) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_the_National_Granaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of the National Granaries (page does not exist)">Court of the National Granaries</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">司農寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of Finance (大司農) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Judicature_and_Revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Judicature and Revision">Court of Judicature and Revision</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大理寺</span></span>)</td> <td>Minister of Justice (廷尉/大理) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three/Five_Directorates"><span id="Three.2FFive_Directorates"></span>Three/Five Directorates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Three/Five Directorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Three Directorates, or sometimes five, were originally the Directorates of Waterways, Imperial Manufactories, and Palace Buildings. In the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, the Directorate of Armaments or Palace Domestic Service was sometimes counted as one. The Sui and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties also added the Directorate of Education to the list. The Directorate of Astronomy was added during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Three/Five Directorates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Directorate</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>Chinese </th></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate of Waterways</td> <td><i>dushuijian</i></td> <td>都水監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate for Imperial Manufactories</td> <td><i>shaofujian</i></td> <td>少府監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate for Palace Buildings</td> <td><i>jiangzuojian</i></td> <td>將作監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate for Armaments</td> <td><i>junqijian</i></td> <td>軍器監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate of Palace Domestic Service</td> <td><i>changqiujian</i></td> <td>長秋監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate of Education</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">guozijian</a></i></td> <td>國子監 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Directorate of Astronomy</td> <td><i>sitianjian</i></td> <td>司天監 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture, by Qizhi Zhang, p157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/shangshusheng.html">"shangshusheng 尚書省 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shangshusheng+%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fshangshusheng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShangshu+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/shangshusheng.html">"shangshusheng 尚書省 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shangshusheng+%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fshangshusheng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShangshu+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/shangshusheng.html">"shangshusheng 尚書省 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shangshusheng+%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fshangshusheng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShangshu+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2013" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Hans Ulrich (2013). <i>Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23193-1"><bdi>978-90-04-23193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+Was+in+China%3A+New+Evidence+from+Currencies%2C+Salts+and+Revenues&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23193-1&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShangshu+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Six Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Imperial_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Imperial_Government" title="Template:Chinese Imperial Government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Imperial_Government" title="Template talk:Chinese Imperial Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Imperial_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Imperial Government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Imperial_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Imperial China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Nobility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_cycle" title="Dynastic cycle">Cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">Consort kin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Harem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Nine-rank system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Directorates" title="Five Directorates">Five Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_(Shuyuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies (Shuyuan)">Academies (Shuyuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Territorial administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">Yamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translated titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shangshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrance_Bureau" title="Remonstrance Bureau">Remonstrance Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator and provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qing" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Qing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Imperial guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Tang Imperial Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Qing Imperial Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Separation_of_powers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Separation_of_powers" title="Template:Separation of powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Separation_of_powers" title="Template talk:Separation of powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Separation_of_powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Separation of powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Separation_of_powers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typical branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Auditory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Prosecutory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Separation of powers in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore" title="Separation of powers in Singapore"> Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separation of powers in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_duties" title="Separation of duties">Separation of duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">Judicial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_mandate" title="Dual mandate">Dual mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&oldid=1222191490">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shangshu_Sheng&oldid=1222191490</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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