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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FNFL</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval Ensign of the FNFL"><img alt="Naval Ensign of the FNFL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/140px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/210px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/280px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Naval Ensign of the FNFL</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.2em;"> Naval forces of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free French Naval Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Air_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Naval Air Service">Free French Naval Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandos_Marine" title="Commandos Marine">Commandos Marine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Muselier" title="Émile Muselier">Émile Muselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemonnier" title="André Lemonnier">André Lemonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Thierry_d%27Argenlieu" title="Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu">Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_d%27Estienne_d%27Orves" title="Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves">Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auboyneau" title="Philippe Auboyneau">Philippe Auboyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Amyot_D%27Inville" title="Hubert Amyot D'Inville">Hubert Amyot D'Inville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bingen" title="Jacques Bingen">Jacques Bingen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> Ships</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces" title="List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces">Ships of the FNFL</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FNFL" title="Template:FNFL"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FNFL" title="Template talk:FNFL"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FNFL" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FNFL"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Free French Naval Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Forces Navales Françaises Libres</b></i>, or <b>FNFL</b>) were the naval arm of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. They were commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Muselier" title="Émile Muselier">Émile Muselier</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg/220px-Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg/330px-Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg/440px-Arm%C3%A9es_fran%C3%A7aises_de_lib%C3%A9ration._Affiches_de_recrutement-_Forces_navales_fran%C3%A7aises_libres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="3949" /></a><figcaption>FNFL recruitment poster</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock,_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg/220px-General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg/330px-General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg/440px-General_De_Gaulle_inspecting_sailors_on_the_Free_French_ship_LEOPARD_at_Greenock%2C_24_June_1942._A10354.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>General De Gaulle inspecting sailors on <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_L%C3%A9opard" title="French destroyer Léopard"><i>Léopard</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> in June 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">Armistice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Forces Françaises Libres</a></i>, or FFL), including a naval arm, the "Free French Naval Forces" (<i>Les Forces Navales Françaises Libres</i>, or FNFL). On 24 June 1940, de Gaulle made a separate call specifically to servicemen overseas to join him, and two days later the submarine <i>Narval</i> entered Malta and pledged its allegiance to the FFL.<sup id="cite_ref-MME_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MME-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June, De Gaulle was joined by Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Muselier" title="Émile Muselier">Émile Muselier</a>, who had come from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a>. Muselier was the only flag officer of the French Navy to answer the call of De Gaulle. </p><p>The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to British controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. At the first stage of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Catapult">Operation Catapult</a>, the ships in the British ports of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940. The then-largest <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> in the world, <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Surcouf" title="French submarine Surcouf"><i>Surcouf</i></a>, which had sought refuge in Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France, resisted the British operation. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Paris" title="French battleship Paris"><i>Paris</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Courbet_(1911)" title="French battleship Courbet (1911)"><i>Courbet</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Le_Triomphant" title="French destroyer Le Triomphant"><i>Le Triomphant</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_L%C3%A9opard" title="French destroyer Léopard"><i>Léopard</i></a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>, five submarines (<a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Minerve_(1934)" title="French submarine Minerve (1934)"><i>Minerve</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Junon_(1935)" title="French submarine Junon (1935)"><i>Junon</i></a>) and a number of other smaller vessels. 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and formed the nucleus of the Free French Naval Forces <sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod362_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod362-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier, <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_B%C3%A9arn" title="French aircraft carrier Béarn"><i>Béarn</i></a>, en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join de Gaulle, <i>Béarn</i> instead sought harbour in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions,_Stafford_Place,_Westminster,_October_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg/220px-Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg/330px-Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg/440px-Plaque_to_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces_at_Stafford_Mansions%2C_Stafford_Place%2C_Westminster%2C_October_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on Stafford Mansions, the headquarters of the Free French Naval Forces between 1940 and 1945 in Westminster, London</figcaption></figure> <p>As soon as the summer 1940, the submarines <i>Minerve</i> and <i>Junon</i>, as well as four <a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">avisos</a>, departed from Plymouth. Towards the end of 1940, the destroyers <i>Le Triomphant</i> and <i>Léopard</i> followed. <i>Le Triomphant</i> sailed for <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and spent the rest of the war based there and in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The ship saw action in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans. </p><p>Civilian vessels and crew also rallied to de Gaulle, starting with four cargo ships in Gibraltar - they would be the beginning of the merchant fleet of the FNFL.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To distinguish the FNFL from the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichist</a> forces, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier created the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bow</a> flag displaying the French colours with a red <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a>, and a cocarde also featuring the Cross of Lorraine for aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Air_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Naval Air Service">Free French Naval Air Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Air_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Naval Air Service"><i>Aéronavale Française Libre</i></a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Air Force">Free French Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Air Force"><i>Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres</i></a>). </p><p>A number of ships were leased from the British to compensate for the lack of warships in the FNFL, among them, the <a href="/wiki/Hunt-class_destroyer" title="Hunt-class destroyer">Hunt-class</a> destroyer <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_La_Combattante" title="French destroyer La Combattante"><i>La Combattante</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flower-class_corvette" title="Flower-class corvette">Flower-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Aconit" title="French corvette Aconit"><i>Aconit</i></a>. </p><p>The FNFL suffered their first loss when the patrol boat <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_patrol_boat_Poulmic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French patrol boat Poulmic (page does not exist)"><i>Poulmic</i></a> hit a <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mine</a> and sank on 7 November 1940 off Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the fall of France, Free France was but a government in exile based in England, with no land of its own to speak of and very few land or sea forces. In an attempt to establish his authority on an important French territory, General de Gaulle attempted to rally <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> by personally sailing to <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> with a British fleet which included a few Free French units; at the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> force had been sent by Vichy France to reclaim African territories which had already announced their support to De Gaulle (notably <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>). The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a> ended on a Vichyite victory. However, after the occupation of Vichy France by the Germans after the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> invasion of North Africa in November 1942, French West Africa also eventually joined the Free French. </p><p>When it did, important ships based in Dakar were obtained: the modern battleship <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Richelieu" title="French battleship Richelieu"><i>Richelieu</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Suffren" title="French cruiser Suffren"><i>Suffren</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Gloire_(1935)" title="French cruiser Gloire (1935)"><i>Gloire</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Montcalm_(1935)" title="French cruiser Montcalm (1935)"><i>Montcalm</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Georges_Leygues" title="French cruiser Georges Leygues"><i>Georges Leygues</i></a>, and a few destroyers, including cruiser-sized <a href="/wiki/Le_Fantasque-class_destroyer" title="Le Fantasque-class destroyer"><i>Le Fantasque</i>-class</a> destroyers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_French_Resistance">Role in the French Resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in the French Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Henri_Honor%C3%A9_d%27Estienne_d%27Orves" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves">d'Estienne d'Orves</a> attempted to unite the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D-Day:_Operation_Neptune">D-Day: Operation Neptune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D-Day: Operation Neptune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg/220px-French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg/330px-French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg/440px-French_Cruiser_Montcalm_19-N-48988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5661" data-file-height="4412" /></a><figcaption>Free French light cruiser <i>Montcalm</i> photographed in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> took place. The FNFL took part in both the naval side of the operations, <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune">Operation Neptune</a></i>, and the landing itself, with the Naval Commandos (<i><a href="/wiki/Naval_commandos_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval commandos (France)">Commandos Marine</a></i>) of Captain <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a>, climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries. </p><p>The ships of the FNFL were deployed off the landing sites : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a>: corvettes <i>Aconit</i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Renoncule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Renoncule (page does not exist)"><i>Renoncule</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>: cruisers <i><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Georges_Leygues" title="French cruiser Georges Leygues">Georges Leygues</a></i> and <i>Montcalm</i>; frigates <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_L%27Escarmouche" title="French frigate L'Escarmouche"><i>L'Escarmouche</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_Aventure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French frigate Aventure (page does not exist)"><i>Aventure</i></a>; and corvette <a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Roselys" title="French corvette Roselys"><i>Roselys</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a>: corvette <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Surprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Surprise (page does not exist)"><i>Surprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>: frigate <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_D%C3%A9couverte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French frigate Découverte (page does not exist)"><i>Découverte</i></a>; corvette <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_corvette_Estienne_d%27Orves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French corvette Estienne d'Orves (page does not exist)"><i>Estienne d'Orves</i></a>; and torpedo boat <i>La Combattante</i></li></ul> <p>In addition the obsolete battleship <i>Courbet</i> was <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> off <a href="/wiki/Arromanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arromanches">Arromanches</a> to serve as a breakwater for a <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a>. </p><p>The cruisers <i>Georges Leygues</i> and <i>Montcalm</i>, along with the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">USS <i>Arkansas</i></a> provided fire support for the infantry until 10 June. </p><p><i>La Combattante</i> silenced German <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer" title="Courseulles-sur-Mer">Courseulles-sur-Mer</a>. The next day, she started patrolling the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. On 14 July, she ferried General Charles de Gaulle to France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_War">Pacific War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pacific War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Triomphant</i>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auboyneau" title="Philippe Auboyneau">Philippe Auboyneau</a> was transferred to the Pacific theatre of the war, where in February 1942 it took part in the evacuation of European and Chinese civilians and military personnel from <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banaba_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaba Island">Ocean Island</a> before an anticipated Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">invasion</a>. <i>Triomphant</i> was later stationed along the east coast of Australia, where in early 1943 it was involved in the rescue of the survivors from <a href="/wiki/SS_Iron_Knight_(1937)" title="SS Iron Knight (1937)">SS <i>Iron Knight</i></a>, which was sunk by a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> fired by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-21" title="Japanese submarine I-21">Japanese submarine <i>I-21</i></a>. After the rescue, <i>Triomphant</i> then searched for <i>I-21</i> for a day, but without success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_innovations">Technical innovations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a>, who invented the modern <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">aqua-lung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yves_Rocard" title="Yves Rocard">Yves Rocard</a>, who helped perfect <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations. However, Jacques Cousteau joined the FNFL only after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a>. He had spent the entirety of the war in France and developed the aqua-lung in Paris during the German occupation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losses">Losses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The merchant fleet of the FNFL suffered heavy casualties, amounting to one quarter of its men. </p><p>A number of warships were lost, notably the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Surcouf_(N_N_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surcouf (N N 3)"><i>Surcouf</i></a>, possibly sunk in a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> incident. Other losses include the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> <i>Léopard</i> and <i>La Combattante</i>; the submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Narval_(1925)" title="French submarine Narval (1925)"><i>Narval</i></a>; the <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a> <i>Poulmic</i> and <i>Vikings</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a> <i>Mimosa</i> and <i>Alysse</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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campaign"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily"><i>Husky</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Opération_Vésuve" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Marseilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)"><i>Nordwind</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indian Ocean and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimson" title="Operation Crimson"><i>Crimson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War#Rally_to_Free_France_and_installation_of_an_American_base" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France" title="List of submarines of France">List of submarines of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Free_French_Naval_Forces" title="List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces">List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Escorteurs_of_the_French_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Escorteurs of the French Navy">List of Escorteurs of the French Navy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MME-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MME_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/I._S._O._Playfair" title="I. S. O. Playfair">Playfair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/UK-Med-I-7.html">The Mediterranean & Middle East, Volume I: The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941)</a> p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod362-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod362_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axelrod & Kingston, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings, Max, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france-libre.net/marine-marchande-2/">"La marine marchande de la France libre – Fondation de la France Libre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+marine+marchande+de+la+France+libre+%E2%80%93+Fondation+de+la+France+Libre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-libre.net%2Fmarine-marchande-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+French+Naval+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/1015.html">Paul Vibert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171950/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/1015.html">Archived</a> 2014-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on ordredelaliberation.fr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233828/http://www.grieme.org/comb.htm">"LA COMBATTANTE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grieme.org/comb.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LA+COMBATTANTE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grieme.org%2Fcomb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+French+Naval+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Auphan and Jacques Mordal, <i>The French Navy in World War II</i> (1976)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornic1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cornic, Jacques (1987). "Sous La Croix de Lorraine (Under the Cross of Lorraine): The FNFL (Forces Navales Francaises Libres) 1940–1943 (Free French Naval Forces)". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (1): 35–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Sous+La+Croix+de+Lorraine+%28Under+the+Cross+of+Lorraine%29%3A+The+FNFL+%28Forces+Navales+Francaises+Libres%29+1940%E2%80%931943+%28Free+French+Naval+Forces%29&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-43&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Cornic&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+French+Naval+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Richard (1988). "Re: Sous La Croix de Lorraine". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XXV</b> (2): 116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Re%3A+Sous+La+Croix+de+Lorraine&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=116&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+French+Naval+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martin Thomas, "After Mers-el-Kebir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940-43," <i>English Historical Review</i> (1997) 112#447 pp 643–70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/576348">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDvLuvXIybkC&pg=PA281"><i>World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 281–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598844580" title="Special:BookSources/9781598844580"><bdi>9781598844580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+at+Sea%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=281-84&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598844580&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDvLuvXIybkC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+French+Naval+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_French_Naval_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125003117/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/article.php3?id_article=156">charles-de-gaulle.org</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.orange.fr/stephane.delogu/fnfl.html">FNFL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmg110.tripod.com/freefr.htm">"HONOR, UNITY, SALVATION" -- FLAGS & ENSIGNS OF FREE FRANCE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/fr~fnfl.html">Free French Naval Forces (1940-1944)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530105402/http://www.1939-45.org/articles/fnfl/listefnfl.htm">LA MARINE MARCHANDE FNFL</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian resistance">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian resistance during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Creation<br />and control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">Charles de Gaulle during World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Committee_of_Liberation" title="Departmental Committee of Liberation">Departmental Committee of Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council of the Resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_Central_de_Renseignements_et_d%27Action" title="Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action">BCRA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_recherches" title="Direction générale des études et recherches">DGER</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/125px-Resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/188px-Resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/250px-Resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">Free French Forces</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Air_Forces" title="Free French Air Forces">Air Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Battles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Koufra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French Division</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Liberation" title="Companions of Liberation">Companions of Liberation</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_companions_of_the_Liberation" title="List of companions of the Liberation">List</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Londres" title="Radio Londres">Radio Londres</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free French Africa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance">Domestic<br />operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="a Resistance 'movement' was for educating and organizing the population">Movements</span></a>:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Main-d%27%C5%93uvre_immigr%C3%A9e" title="Main-d'œuvre immigrée">FTP–Foreign Labour Force</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Libération-Sud">Libération-Sud</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Mouvements unis de la Résistance">Mouvements unis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_du_mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Groupe du musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceux_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Ceux de la Libération">Ceux de la Libération</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceux_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Ceux de la Résistance">Ceux de la Résistance</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="a Resistance 'network' had specific military goals: intelligence, sabotage, etc.">Networks</span></a>:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_network_(French_resistance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance network (French resistance)">Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_de_r%C3%A9sistance_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e" title="Organisation de résistance de l'armée">Organisation de résistance de l'armée</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Network" title="Brutus Network">Brutus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Line" title="Comet Line">Comet Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_cin%C3%A9ma_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Comité de libération du cinéma français">CdL Cinéma</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Committee_of_Liberation" title="Departmental Committee of Liberation">CLD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance-Fer" title="Résistance-Fer">Fer</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mithridate_Network" title="Mithridate Network">Mithridate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Morhange" title="Réseau Morhange">Morhange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confr%C3%A9rie_Notre-Dame" title="Confrérie Notre-Dame">Confrérie Notre-Dame</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Others:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></i></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_civile_et_militaire" title="Organisation civile et militaire">Organisation civile et militaire</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jade-Amicol_network" title="Jade-Amicol network">Jade-Amicol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jade-Fitzroy_network" title="Jade-Fitzroy network">Jade-Fitzroy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Vercors" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis du Vercors">Vercors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Resistance" title="Women in the French Resistance">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Housewives%27_demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Housewives' demonstrations">Housewives' demonstrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Union_des_femmes_fran%C3%A7aises" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des femmes françaises">Union des femmes françaises</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">Underground<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir-Hakeim_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir-Hakeim (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Bir-Hakeim</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir-Hakeim_(journal_clandestin)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bir-Hakeim (journal clandestin)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_(clandestine_press)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin (clandestine press) (page does not exist)">Bulletin</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_(r%C3%A9sistance)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bulletin (résistance)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Combat_(newspaper)" title="Combat (newspaper)">Combat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fense_de_la_France" title="Défense de la France">Défense de la France</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89ditions_de_Minuit" title="Les Éditions de Minuit">Les Éditions de Minuit</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Espoir_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Espoir (newspaper) (page does not exist)">L'Espoir</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Espoir_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Espoir (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">Front National</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Lettres_Fran%C3%A7aises" title="Les Lettres Françaises">Les Lettres Françaises</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration_(nord,_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libération (nord, newspaper) (page does not exist)">Libération (nord)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(journal_de_Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord)" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération (journal de Libération-Nord)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(newspaper,_1941%E2%80%931964)" title="Libération (newspaper, 1941–1964)">Libération (sud)</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9sistance_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Résistance (journal) (page does not exist)">Résistance</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Résistance (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9moignage_chr%C3%A9tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Témoignage chrétien">Témoignage chrétien</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vérité française (page does not exist)">La Vérité française</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:La Vérité française">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Voix_du_Nord" title="La Voix du Nord">La Voix du Nord</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free<br />French<br />Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville manifesto">Brazzaville manifesto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free French Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">French Gabon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_battalion" title="March battalion">March battalions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_March_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First March Battalion (page does not exist)">First</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataillon_de_marche_n%C2%B0_1" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataillon de marche n° 1">fr</a>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_March_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second March Battalion (page does not exist)">Second</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataillon_de_marche_n%C2%B0_2" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataillon de marche n° 2">fr</a>]</sup></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Marie">Operation Marie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation<br />of France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Kieffer commandos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">1st Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(France)" title="2nd Armored Division (France)">2nd DB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">General de Lattre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">General Leclerc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_d%27Astier_de_La_Vigerie" title="Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie">Emmanuel d'Astier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette" title="Pierre Brossolette">Pierre Brossolette</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delestraint" title="Charles Delestraint">Charles Delestraint</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Frenay" title="Henri Frenay">Henri Frenay</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Madeleine_Fourcade" title="Marie-Madeleine Fourcade">Marie-Madeleine Fourcade</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9vy_(resistance_leader)" title="Jean-Pierre Lévy (resistance leader)">Jean-Pierre Lévy</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Villon" title="Pierre Villon">Pierre Villon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Resistance_museums_and_memorials" title="List of French Resistance museums and memorials">Museums and<br />Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companions_of_the_Liberation" title="List of companions of the Liberation">Companions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Medal of the Righteous</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_National_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of National Resistance">Museum of National Resistance</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée de la Résistance nationale">fr</a>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Resistance_museums_and_memorials" title="List of French Resistance museums and memorials">Museums and memorials</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Ordre_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération">Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_France_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free France Foundation (page does not exist)">Free France Foundation</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_de_la_France_libre" class="extiw" title="fr:Fondation de la France libre">fr</a>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li><li>Categories: (<a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance" title="Category:French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_French_Resistance" title="Category:Films about the French Resistance">Films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_members" title="Category:French Resistance members">Members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_networks_and_movements" title="Category:French Resistance networks and movements">Networks and movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Category:French Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2705826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012297615X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154376731">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4432061-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90688022">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="France combattante. 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