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name="description" content="（卢萨卡）- 国际组织人权观察今天发表报告指出，赞比亚的中国国有铜矿企业经常违反保障员工安全及保障员工组织权的法律法规。人权观察还表示，赞比亚新当选总统迈克尔•萨塔（Michael Sata）是一位长期批评中资公司的劳动行为的人士，他应履行竞选作出的各项承诺，终止这些人权侵犯行为，加强政府对矿业的监管，以确保所有相关公司尊重赞比亚劳动法。"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20120610124038cs_/http://www.hrw.org/modules/search/search.css?H"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20120610124038cs_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css_2689e521afbe68ed03c9a26839c4f251_1.css"/>   <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20120610124038js_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js_6ca5116fbfa161ecda865b98f63b3a0d_0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Human Rights Watch - News" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/rss/news"> </head> <body class="hrw not-front not-logged-in page-node 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class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2F03-0&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%9A%E7%9F%BF%E5%B7%A5%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%BF%E5%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%B5%E6%9D%83%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2F03-0" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like last"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2F03-0&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=recommend&colorscheme=light&width=150&height=21&font=&locale=" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Facebook Like</span></a></li> </ul></div><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2011_Zambia_chinesecoppermines_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>一名中方矿场经理在中色卢安夏工地观察赞方工人施工。中国国企中色非矿在赞比亚经营四家企业，中色卢安夏为其中之一。</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038im_/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2011_Zambia_chinesecoppermines_0.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content">一名中方矿场经理在中色卢安夏工地观察赞方工人施工。中国国企中色非矿在赞比亚经营四家企业，中色卢安夏为其中之一。</div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2011 Thomas Lekfeldt/Moment/Redux</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-filefield field-field-upload-file"> <div class="field-label">Downloadable Resources: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="application/pdf icon" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/zambia1011ch_sumandrecs_1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=267960">zambia1011ch_sumandrecs_1.pdf</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 中国政府对赞比亚铜矿业的投资可观，中方及赞方公民都可从中受益。但中国国企的矿工遭受恶劣的卫生、安全及劳动条件，以及政府长期对这些问题的漠视。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 丹尼尔•贝克勒（Daniel Bekele），人权观察非洲部主任 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>（卢萨卡）- 国际组织人权观察今天发表报告指出，赞比亚的中国国有铜矿企业经常违反保障员工安全及保障员工组织权的法律法规。人权观察还表示，赞比亚新当选总统迈克尔•萨塔（Michael Sata）是一位长期批评中资公司的劳动行为的人士，他应履行竞选作出的各项承诺，终止这些人权侵犯行为，加强政府对矿业的监管，以确保所有相关公司尊重赞比亚劳动法。</p> <p>这份长达122页的报告《“拒绝的话，就会被开除”：赞比亚的中国国有铜矿企业侵害劳工权益》（‘You’ll Be Fired If You Refuse’: Labor Abuses in Zambia’s Chinese State-owned Copper Mines）详述了中国国有矿场内持续不断的侵权行为，包括：恶劣的卫生及安全条件；定期实行的12小时甚至18小时的工作制，而且工作艰苦；反工会行为。这些行为均触犯了赞比亚的国家法律或国际劳动标准。赞比亚的四家中国国有铜矿企业是中国有色矿业集团有限公司（China Non-Ferrous Metals Mining Corporation，CNMC；简称中国有色集团）旗下的附属公司，而中国有色集团亦为国有企业，直接由中国最高执行机构所监督管理。铜矿产出口占赞比亚所有出口将近75％，以及中央财政收入的三分之二，是赞比亚的经济命脉。</p> <p>人权观察非洲部主任丹尼尔•贝克勒（<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/bios/daniel-bekele"><u>Daniel Bekele</u></a>）说：“中国政府对赞比亚铜矿业的投资可观，中方及赞方公民都可从中受益。但中国国企的矿工遭受恶劣的卫生、安全及劳动条件，以及政府长期对这些问题的漠视。”</p> <p>报告内容取自我们于2010年11月及2011年7月三次到赞比亚实地考察时所进行的调查研究工作，以及与超过170人进行的面谈。受访对象包括来自赞比亚的四家中国国有铜矿企业的95名矿工，与在其他跨国铜业公司作业的48名矿工。中国国企对铜矿投入巨额资金，制造就业机会，矿工对此表示高兴。但矿工也描述公司恶劣的作业环境违反了国家和国际标准，远不及国内其他跨国公司的劳动常规。</p> <p>“有时，当你发现处境危险，他们还是会叫你继续工作，” 中色非洲矿业有限公司（Non-Ferrous China Africa, NFCA；简称中色非矿）的一名矿工对我们说。“他们只顾生产，不顾安全。要是出了人命，明天就有人顶上。要是你报案，你就会丢了工作。”</p> <p>2011年10月5日至12日期间，四家中国国有铜矿企业中，有三家的矿工发起罢工行动，他们满怀希望，以为新政府将能带来工作条件上的改善。生产停顿了下来。10月19日，在赞比亚经营时间最久的中国国有铜矿场——中色非矿解雇了至少1000名参与罢工的矿工。经赞比亚政府在接下来几天的不断施压，中色非矿同意重新雇用他们。据路透社报道，中色非矿总经理指出，将会审查复工的员工，对“肇事者”予以纪律处分。</p> <p>中国国企矿工表示卫生及安全条件向来极其恶劣，包括：通风设备不足，可能会造成严重肺疾病的问题；公司不为员工补发损坏的个人防护用品(protective equipment)；公司经常威胁，如果员工拒绝在井下不安全的工作场所作业，就会被解雇。采铜矿的工作性质本已危险，这些做法更造成损伤事件及其他的卫生并发症。矿工们还反映，中方矿场经理有时为了阻止矿工向政府部门矿山安全局（Mines Safety Department）报告事故等问题，采取收买或威胁矿工的手段。</p> <p>“我们发现赞比亚的中国国有矿场实行的恶劣卫生及安全行为，多与中国国内的矿业情形有许多极其相似之处，” 贝克勒说。“尊重劳动法，保障劳工安全，应是在中国国内及境外的标准经营方式，而不应该被当成是个阻挡更多利润、令人厌烦的的障碍。”</p> <p>赞比亚的几家中国国有铜矿企业的安全条件恶劣，此外，铜业公司还要求矿工超长时间工作；尽管员工在艰难的环境下作业，如在高温下作业，或须接触酸性和有毒化学品。多数赞比亚谦比希湿法冶炼有限公司（Sino Metals ，简称湿法公司）矿工每周上5次班，每班长达12小时，另外还有18小时的第6班，那是所谓的“换班制”亦即员工从日班换至夜班，反之亦然。其他湿法公司矿工描述自己一年365天连续工作，没有一天休息。赞比亚法律规定每周工作时间不超过48小时，其他跨国铜矿依照该条法规，却只采用8小时工作制。一些矿工表示，工作时间过长，导致发生事故，还有多位员工申诉未得到应有的加班费。</p> <p>工会活动受限制，阻碍员工解决上述及其他问题——尤其是工资问题。他们的工资虽高于赞比亚最低的月工资，但与其他跨国企业的工资相比较低得多。几家中国国企使用威胁和恐吓手段，阻止员工行使权利，加入自己选择的工会。中资及其他跨国公司的矿工还反映了，直言不讳的工会代表曾遭到报复打击行动，包括工资被扣、被拒绝续约等。</p> <p>人权观察向中国有色集团致函综述我们调查研究得出的主要结果，该公司的详细回函已附加本报告末尾。</p> <p>人权观察表示，中国国企2003年开始在赞比亚经营，迄今已在多项劳动问题取得了进展，但仍不及劳动法和其他跨国竞争企业所设下的标准。以前，个人防护用品（personal protective equipment）发放并无系统进行，提供给员工的防护用品也不齐全，如今矿工却能定期领取防护用品。但作业时损坏的个人防护用品一般仍不予以补发，造成不必要的事故及卫生问题。经工会及政府多年施压，中资企业已开始提供急救箱设施及急救车以处置严重损伤——但员工指出井下使用的急救箱设施往往不齐全，因为矿场经理不重视安全。</p> <p>“近期的改善表明，当赞比亚政府履行维护劳工权利的职责时，中国国企也会遵照劳动法，” 贝克勒说。“虽然赞比亚矿业法律法规书面上看来强有力，但政府实际上并未予以执行。”</p> <p>确保赞比亚的铜业公司遵照国家及国际标准，这责任主要由赞比亚政府肩负。赞比亚矿山和矿产开发部（Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development）设有矿山安全局（Mines Safety Department），其专门负责执行国家有关矿业的法律法规，包括卫生及安全条件的法规。</p> <p>然而该部门人员、经费皆不足，还被矿工指控腐败——简直完全不起任何作用。矿山安全局几乎从未主动进行检查，因为经费上的限制，还时而要求被调查的公司支付部门的交通费等。人权观察指出，部门处以的罚款金额少至几乎不能起任何遏制效果。</p> <p>劳动部认可的劳资协议，其条款往往与赞比亚和国际法律发生抵触。对于那些对工会代表犯下有偏见行为的公司，劳动部也未采取行动处理。</p> <p>“萨塔总统不应只是单单指责中资公司，他也应该确保他的政府有效地维护劳工权利，” 贝克勒说。“凡是违反劳动法及开采法规的公司，都应以更严厉的措施加以处理。” </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>个人陈述</strong></p> <p><strong>关于卫生和安全条件问题。</strong>一名中色非矿的井下吊杆操作员说：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">我们的作业环境非常恶劣，非常糟糕。实施爆破后，需要<span face="">1</span>小时的时间，尘埃、气体和烟雾才能从作业面完全消散。我们应该先等烟尘消散后才进入。但中方管理员都会催，<span face="">“</span>走！走！赶快进去！<span face="">”</span>不然的话，就会解除合约。所以我们就得直接进入满是烟尘的地区。医生说，是这些气体造成我的溃疡和胸痛。</p> <p><br/> <strong>关于卫生和安全问题。</strong>一名中色非矿的地下钻井操作员说：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">有一次已<span face="">[</span>钻<span face="">]</span>到没有支护的地方了，我认为不架设更多支护的话，继续下去是不安全的，所以没继续钻。下一次领薪水时，发现我那天被当作缺席。我向中方上级讨说法，他却大骂说我没做好自己的工作，还叫我辞职。我现在担心合约满的时候，他们不会续约。以后无论有多危险，我都得继续工作。要不然就会丢了这份工。</p> <p><br/> <strong>关于卫生和安全问题。</strong>一名湿法公司临时工阐述该公司要求临时工自备个人防护用品的制度：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">中方上级不给我们呼吸器或安全帽<span face="">—— </span>什么都没有。我们必须自备个人防护用品，要不然就得不穿戴着个人防护用品工作。我胸部、头部疼痛，但公司也不报销我的医疗费用。公司没有提供个人防护用品给临时工。国家工会已经向公司致函关注<span face="">[</span>这问题<span face="">]</span>但一点行动都没有<span face="">……</span>情形坏到鲁皮亚<span face="">[</span>前总统班达<span face="">][2011</span>年<span face="">]</span>3月到厂间时，他们把我们锁进房间<span face="">……</span>后来听说其他临时工被吩咐当天待在家里。但我们到了厂间。还被他们关进房间，以免总统看到我们。<br/>  </p> <p><strong>关于工作时间。</strong>在湿法公司的浸垫作业的矿工说：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">这种工作小时很难熬。我们每周工作五天，每天工作<span face="">12</span>小时，换班当天<span face="">18</span>小时。非常累人<span face="">……</span>而且工作时没得休息；他们说这是连续生产企业，所以不能休息。真的很辛苦。要用餐的话，我们必须边吃边工作，还是请朋友帮忙代替工作几分钟。有时一个人真的是累垮了。上下班来回的交通时间至少要<span face="">14</span>小时。我的生命，就只有工作。<br/> <br/> 原本应该是每日加班四小时。但工资好像不合乎道理<span face="">……</span>上个月，我的加班费才少过<span face="">20</span>万<span face="">[</span>克瓦查，或<span face="">42</span>美元<span face="">]</span>。但我是每周加班<span face="">30</span>小时！他们从没告诉我们是如何计算这个的，他们不愿意<span face="">……</span>我们这样的工资，工作时间算是太长了<span face="">……</span></p> <p><br/> <strong>关于反工会的行为。</strong>一名湿法公司里的工会代表说：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">中方不理解工会的概念。他们对工会领导或成员进行威胁。他们要是知道你是代表的话，你就有麻烦了。他们会一直找你麻烦，直到你下岗为止。</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt"> </p> <p><strong>关于反工会的行为。</strong>一名中色非矿的工会代表：</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt">因为工会的关系，我几次遭到骚扰和威胁恐吓。我被强制转移<span face="">[</span>到另一个部门<span face="">] ……</span>部门远离工会会议组织、举行的地方<span face="">…… [</span>几个月后<span face="">]</span>，他们指控我说我出席会议，直接违反法律。经理声称，我没得到直接主管的批准，可是我确实已经得到了<span face="">……</span>主管说是上面指示的<span face="">……</span>是中方经理<span face="">“</span>坚持要我指控你<span face="">”</span>。下一次再<span face="">[</span>被指控<span face="">]</span>，我可能会被开除，这是为了阻止我履行工会职责。中方一点都不尊重工会。他们把我们当成敌人看待。</p> <div> <p>  </p> </div> <p> </p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a href="/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/03/zambia-workers-detail-abuse-chinese-owned-mines" title="Zambia: Workers Detail Abuse in Chinese-Owned Mines" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a href="/web/20120610124038/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2011/11/03/zambie-des-travailleurs-d-crivent-les-abus-commis-dans-les-mines-appartenant-des-chi" 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