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<span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconstruction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_and_colleges_founded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_colleges_founded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Schools and colleges founded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_colleges_founded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_supremacy_counterattack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_supremacy_counterattack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>White supremacy counterattack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_supremacy_counterattack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Overseas missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Missionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Missionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>American Missionary</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Missionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_schools_associated_with_the_American_Missionary_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_schools_associated_with_the_American_Missionary_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of schools associated with the American Missionary Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_schools_associated_with_the_American_Missionary_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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searchaux" style="display:none">New York-based abolitionist movement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Missionary_Association.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The American Missionary journal cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/American_Missionary_Association.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption><i>The American Missionary</i> journal cover</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">The</a> <b>American Missionary Association</b> (<b>AMA</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> group founded on September 3, 1846<span class="noprint"> (178 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1846-09-03</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. The main purpose of the organization was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> of slavery, education of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>, promotion of racial equality, and spreading <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a>. Its members and leaders were of both races; the Association was chiefly sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalist</a> churches in New England. The main goals were to abolish slavery, provide education to African Americans, and promote racial equality for free Blacks. The AMA played a significant role in several key historical events and movements, including the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Civil Rights Movement. </p><p>In the 1850s it assisted the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> for men and women fleeing enslavement in the South. Starting in 1861, it opened camps in the South for former slaves. It played a major role during and after the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> in promoting education for blacks in the South by establishing numerous schools and colleges, as well as paying for teachers. It helped establish Black churches and civic organizations. Its teachers and workers were targets of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Outside the South it also promoted schools for Native Americans and immigrants. The AMA continued to play a role in the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th century, supporting the work of activists such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and supporting legal efforts to desegregate public schools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Missionary Association was started by members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Home_Missionary_Society" title="American Home Missionary Society">American Home Missionary Society</a> (AHMS) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> (ABCFM), who were disappointed that their first organizations refused to take stands against slavery and accepted contributions from slaveholders. From the beginning the leadership was integrated: the first board was made up of 12 men, four of them black.<sup id="cite_ref-DeBoer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBoer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its primary objectives was to abolish slavery. The AMA (American Missionary Association) was one of the organizations responsible for pushing slavery onto the national political agenda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The organization started the <i>American Missionary</i> magazine, published from 1846 through 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_of_America_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_of_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the AMA's achievements was the founding of anti-slavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Owen_Lovejoy" title="Owen Lovejoy">Owen Lovejoy</a> was among the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped start 115 anti-slavery churches in Illinois before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, building on the strong westward migration of population to that area.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another member, Rev. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansfield_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansfield French (page does not exist)">Mansfield French</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a> who became a Methodist, helped found <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a> in Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the AMA began their support of education for blacks before the Civil War. Once war had begun, they recruited teachers for the numerous <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">contraband</a> camps that developed in Union-occupied territory in the South. In slaveholding Union states, such as Kentucky, the AMA staffed schools for both the newly emancipated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> and their families, such as at Camp Nelson, now known as <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nelson_Heritage_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument">Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument</a>. Leading this effort was <a href="/wiki/John_Gregg_Fee" title="John Gregg Fee">Rev. John Gregg Fee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rev. French was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal,_South_Carolina" title="Port Royal, South Carolina">Port Royal, South Carolina</a>, and went on a speaking tour with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smalls" title="Robert Smalls">Robert Smalls</a>, who famously escaped enslavement, as well as met with President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, jointly convincing them to allow blacks to serve in the Union military.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By war's end, Union forces had organized 100 contraband camps, and many had AMA teachers. </p><p>The AMA also served the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony</a> (1863–1867). Located on an island occupied by Union troops, the colony was intended to be self-sustaining. It was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Horace_James_(minister)" title="Horace James (minister)">Horace James</a>, a Congregational chaplain appointed by the Army as "Superintendent for Negro Affairs in the North Carolina District". The first of 27 teachers who volunteered through the AMA was his cousin, Elizabeth James.<sup id="cite_ref-learnNC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learnNC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1864 the colony had more than 2200 residents, and both children and adults filled the classrooms in the several one-room schools, as they were eager for learning. The missionary teachers also evangelized and helped provide the limited medical care of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-learnNC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learnNC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_colleges_founded">Schools and colleges founded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schools and colleges founded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AMA's pace of founding schools and colleges increased during and after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedmen, historically free blacks (many of whom were "mulattoes" of mixed race), and white sympathizers alike believed that education was a priority for the newly freed people. </p><p>It created and supported Atlanta University, Hampton Institute, Fisk University; Talladega College; Tougaloo College; Straight College (now Dillard University); Tillotson College (now Huston-Tillotson); and LeMoyne College (now LeMoyne Owen). Altogether, "the AMA founded eleven colleges and more than five hundred schools for the freedmen of the South during and after the Civil War. It spent more money for that purpose than did the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> of the federal government."<sup id="cite_ref-DeBoer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBoer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, the AMA organized the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Aid_Society" title="Freedmen's Aid Society">Freedmen's Aid Society</a>, which recruited northern teachers for the schools and arranged to find housing for them in the South. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_supremacy_counterattack">White supremacy counterattack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: White supremacy counterattack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1870s, white Democrats began to regain control of state legislatures through violence and intimidation at the polls that suppressed Republican voting. The Association expressed disappointment at the failures of the Reconstruction Era but never wavered in opposing disenfranchisement and continued the struggle over the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, the AMA national office had relocated to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_missions">Overseas missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overseas missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the AMA became widely known in the United States for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freedmen, it also sponsored and maintained missions in numerous nations overseas. The 19th-century missionary effort was strong in India, China and east Asia. It was strongly supported by Congregational and Christian churches. Over time, the association became most closely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches" title="Congregational Christian Churches">Congregational Christian Churches</a>, established in 1931 as a union between those two groups of churches. </p><p>Most of those congregations became members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (UCC) in the late 20th century. The AMA maintained a distinct and independent identity until 1999, when a restructuring of the UCC merged it into the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Witness_Ministries" title="Justice and Witness Ministries">Justice and Witness Ministries</a> division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Missionary"><i>American Missionary</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Missionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its magazine, <i>American Missionary</i>, was published 1846–1934, and had a circulation of 20,000 in the 19th century, ten times that of the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Garrison</a>'s magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-DeBoer_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBoer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> Library has editions from 1878–1901 accessible online in its <i>Making of America</i> digital library.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_of_America_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_of_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The records of the American Missionary Association are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Amistad_Research_Center" title="Amistad Research Center">Amistad Research Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> in New Orleans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_schools_associated_with_the_American_Missionary_Association">List of schools associated with the American Missionary Association</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of schools associated with the American Missionary Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Atlanta University</a> (took over ownership in 1865), now Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Normal_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Avery Normal Institute">Avery Normal Institute</a> (1867), now part of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a> in Charleston, South Carolina;<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> in Kentucky (1855) in Berea, Kentucky;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_University" title="Dillard University">Dillard University</a> (1869 in New Orleans, Louisiana);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> (1866) in Nashville, Tennessee;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Normal_School" title="Gregory Normal School">Gregory Normal School</a> (1868 to 1921) in Wilmington, North Carolina;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Institute">Hampton Institute</a> (1868) now Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> (1867), founded in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> in Washington, D.C.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howe_Institute_(Louisiana)" title="Howe Institute (Louisiana)">Howe Institute</a> (1888 to 1933), Baptist primary and grammar school in New Iberia, Louisiana;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huston%E2%80%93Tillotson_University" title="Huston–Tillotson University">Huston–Tillotson University</a> (established in 1877 as Tillotson College, merged with Samuel Huston College in 1952) in Austin, Texas;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">LeMoyne–Owen College</a> (1871) founded as LeMoyne College in Memphis, Tennessee;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Academy_(Kings_Mountain,_North_Carolina)" title="Lincoln Academy (Kings Mountain, North Carolina)">Lincoln Academy</a> (took over ownership in 1888) elementary school and secondary school in Kings Mountain, North Carolina;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega_College" title="Talladega College">Talladega College</a> (1867) founded as Swayne School in Talladega, Alabama;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_College" title="Tougaloo College">Tougaloo College</a> (1869) in Jackson, Mississippi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Home_Missionary_Society" title="American Home Missionary Society">American Home Missionary Society</a> (AHMS) the AMA split from this group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> (ABCFM), the AMA also split from this group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Home_Mission_Society" title="American Baptist Home Mission Society">American Baptist Home Mission Society</a>, a rival group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a> — Siam, 1857 to 1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen's Schools">Freedmen's Schools</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DeBoer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeBoer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeBoer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeBoer_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/about-us/hidden-histories/blacks-and-the-american.html">Clara Merritt DeBoer, "Blacks and the American Missionary Association"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106042417/http://www.ucc.org/about-us/hidden-histories/blacks-and-the-american.html">Archived</a> January 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Church of Christ, 1973, accessed 12 Jan 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Making_of_America-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_of_America_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_of_America_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/a/amis">"The Missionary Magazine" (1878-1901)</a>, <i>Making of America</i>, Cornell University Library, accessed 3 Mar 2009. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a> has editions accessible online in its <i>Making of America</i> digital library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton H. Johnson, "The Amistad Incident and the Formation of the American Missionary Association", <i>New Conversations,</i> Vol. XI (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 3-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMEv8DNXVbIC">Paul Simon, "Preface", Owen Lovejoy, <i>His Brother's Blood: Speeches and Writings, 1838-1864</i></a>, edited by William Frederick Moore and Jane Anne Moore, University of Illinois Press, 2004, accessed 27 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214108/http://www.drbronsontours.com/bronsonrevmansfieldfrench.html">"Rev. Mansfield French February 10, 1810 - March 15, 1876"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbronsontours.com/bronsonrevmansfieldfrench.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rev.+Mansfield+French+February+10%2C+1810+-+March+15%2C+1876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbronsontours.com%2Fbronsonrevmansfieldfrench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByars1991" class="citation journal cs1">Byars, Lauretta F. (1991). "Lexington's Colored Orphan Industrial Home, 1892-1913". <i>The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 147–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register+of+the+Kentucky+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Lexington%27s+Colored+Orphan+Industrial+Home%2C+1892-1913&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-178&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Byars&rft.aufirst=Lauretta+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Dray, <i>Capitol Men</i> (Houghton Mifflin Company 2008) p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-learnNC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-learnNC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-learnNC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929200613/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/4590">"The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony"</a>, provided by National Park Service, at North Carolina Digital History: LEARN NC, accessed 11 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe M. Richardson, <i>Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861-1890</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Joe M.; Jones, Maxine D. (September 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4CDAAAQBAJ&q=American+Missionary+Association+said+black+suffrage+failed&pg=PR12"><i>Education for Liberation: The American Missionary Association and African Americans, 1890 to the Civil Rights Movement</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817358488" title="Special:BookSources/9780817358488"><bdi>9780817358488</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+for+Liberation%3A+The+American+Missionary+Association+and+African+Americans%2C+1890+to+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.isbn=9780817358488&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Joe+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Maxine+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4CDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAmerican%2BMissionary%2BAssociation%2Bsaid%2Bblack%2Bsuffrage%2Bfailed%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Reconstruction</i> (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), p. 527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery2013" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Vida L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfszAAAAQBAJ&q=slaves+founded+atlanta+university&pg=PT40"><i>Philanthropy in Black Higher Education: A Fateful Hour Creating the Atlanta</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137281012" title="Special:BookSources/9781137281012"><bdi>9781137281012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+Black+Higher+Education%3A+A+Fateful+Hour+Creating+the+Atlanta&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137281012&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Vida+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfszAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dslaves%2Bfounded%2Batlanta%2Buniversity%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drago, Edmund L.(2006). <i>Charleston's Avery Center: From Education and Civil Rights to Preserving the African American Experience</i>, The History Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-068-6">978-1-59629-068-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/gregory-normal-institute">"Gregory Normal Institute"</a>. <i>NCpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCpedia&rft.atitle=Gregory+Normal+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fgregory-normal-institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn2021" class="citation web cs1">Vaughn, Corey (November 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailyiberian.com/news/howe-institute-legacy-noted-with-historical-marker/article_c9662028-4a9a-11ec-b96b-0bbc9dd18f1b.html">"Howe Institute legacy noted with historical marker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Iberian" title="The Daily Iberian">The Daily Iberian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Iberian&rft.atitle=Howe+Institute+legacy+noted+with+historical+marker&rft.date=2021-11-21&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyiberian.com%2Fnews%2Fhowe-institute-legacy-noted-with-historical-marker%2Farticle_c9662028-4a9a-11ec-b96b-0bbc9dd18f1b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Missionary+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Eric, and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. <i>Dangerous Donations: Northern Philanthropy and Southern Black Education, 1902–1930</i> (University of Missouri Press, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=4493">online book review</a></li> <li>Beard, Augustus Field. <i>A Crusade of Brotherhood: A History of the American Missionary Association</i> (1907); the old official history that sings its praises with no analysis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusadeofbrother00bear">online</a></li> <li>Blanchard, F. Q. "A Quarter Century in the American Missionary Association." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> (1937): 152-156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292251">online</a></li> <li>Brady, Patricia. "Trials and Tribulations: American Missionary Association Teachers and Black Education in Occupied New Orleans, 1863-1864." <i>Louisiana History</i> 31.1 (1990): 5-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4232765">online</a></li> <li>Click, Patricia C. <i>Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862-1867</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/105839976/time-full-of-trial-the-roanoke-island-freedmen-s">online</a></li> <li>DeBoer, Clara Merritt. <i>His truth is marching on: African Americans who taught the freedmen for the American Missionary Association, 1861-1877</i> (Routledge, 2016). <ul><li>De Boer, Clara Merritt. "The Role of Afro-Americans in the Origin and Work of the American Missionary Association: 1839-1877" (PhD dissertation, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973. 7327914.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>DRAKE, RICHARD BRYANT. "THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION AND THE SOUTHERN NEGRO, 1861-1888" (PhD dissertation, Emory University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1957. 5805136).</li></ul> <ul><li>Fuke, Richard Paul. "Land, Lumber, and Learning: The Freedmen's Bureau, Education, and the Black Community in Post-Emancipation Maryland" in <i>The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations</i>, Edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (Fordham UP, 1999) pp: 288-314..</li></ul> <ul><li>Goldhaber, Michael. "A mission unfulfilled: Freedmen's education in North Carolina, 1865-1870." <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 77#4 (1992): 199-210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031474">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Harrold, Stanley. <i>The abolitionists and the South, 1831-1861</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 1995).</li> <li>Johnson, Charles S. "The American Missionary Association Institute of Race Relations." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> (1944): 568-574. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292517">online</a></li> <li>Jones, Jacqueline. "Women who were more than men: Sex and status in freedmen's teaching." <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> 19#1 (1979): 47-59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/367809">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>McPherson, James M. <i>The struggle for equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (Princeton University Press, 1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforequal00mcph">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>McPherson, James M. <i>The abolitionist legacy: From reconstruction to the NAACP</i> (Princeton University Press, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morris, Robert C. Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction, The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870 (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/readingritingrec00morr">https://archive.org/details/readingritingrec00morr</a> online]</li></ul> <ul><li>Pearce, Larry Wesley. "The American Missionary Association and the Freedmen in Arkansas, 1863-1878." <i> Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> 30.2 (1971): 123-144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40038073">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Richardson, E. Allen. "Architects of a Benevolent Empire: The Relationship Between the American Missionary Association and the Freedmen's Bureau in Virginia, 1865-1872" in <i>The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations</i>, Edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (Fordham UP, 1999) pp: 119-139.</li></ul> <ul><li>Richardson, Joe M. <i>Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861-1890</i> (University of Alabama Press, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0NZU_vPwif8C">excerpt</a>; The standard history. <ul><li>Richardson, Joe M., and Maxine D. Jones. <i>Education for Liberation: The American Missionary Association and African Americans, 1890 to the Civil Rights Movement</i> (University Alabama Press, 2015); for secondary schools.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Richardson, Joe M. "Christian abolitionism: The American missionary association and the Florida Negro." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> 40.1 (1971): 35-44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2966922">online</a></li> <li>Richardson, Joe M. " 'We Are Truly Doing Missionary Work': Letters from American Missionary Association Teachers in Florida, 1864-1874." <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i> 54.2 (1975): 178-195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30147336.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Richardson, Joe M. "The Negro in post Civil-War Tennessee: A report by a northern missionary." <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> 34.4 (1965): 419-424. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294093">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Richardson, Joe M. "Fisk University: The First Critical Years." <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i> 29.1 (1970): 24-41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623127">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Vaughn, William Preston. <i>Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877</i> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_african_american_studies/18">online</a></li> <li>Weisenfeld, Judith. "'Who is Sufficient For These Things?' <a href="/wiki/Sara_G._Stanley" title="Sara G. Stanley">Sara G. Stanley</a> and the American Missionary Association, 1864–1868." <i>Church History</i> 60#4 (1991): 493-507. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3169030">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Zipf, Karin L. "" Among These American Heathens": Congregationalist Missionaries and African American Evangelicals during Reconstruction, 1865-1878." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 74.2 (1997): 111-134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23521220">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Missionary_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roanokefreedmenscolony.com/amaconst.pdf">"Constitution of the American Missionary Association"</a>, <i>The American Missionary</i>, Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029190025/http://northbysouth.kenyon.edu/1998/edu/charleston/ama.htm">"American Missionary Association"</a>, <i>North by South</i>, Kenyon University, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/serial?name=The%20American%20Missionary"><i>The American Missionary</i> magazine</a>, Project Gutenberg, most issues from 1888 to 1900</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amistad-finding-aids.tulane.edu/repositories/2/resources/37">"Guide to the Records of the American Missionary Association"</a>, Amistad Research Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100074791">"Annual Reports of the American Missionary Association, 1847-1905, through the HathiTrust"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=296315&p=1976856">"Guide to <i>The American Missionary</i>, 1867-1935"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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