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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><p>The <b>Battle of Baecula</b> was a major field battle in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republican</a> and Iberian auxiliary forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> routed the Carthaginian army of <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>. </p><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Baecula</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_210-206BC-it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iberia_210-206BC-it.png/300px-Iberia_210-206BC-it.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iberia_210-206BC-it.png/450px-Iberia_210-206BC-it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iberia_210-206BC-it.png/600px-Iberia_210-206BC-it.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="850"></a></span><br>Roman conquest of Carthaginian Spain, 210–206 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Spring 208 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Baecula (<a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A9,_Ja%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Tomé, Jaén">Santo Tomé, Jaén</a>), present-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-ArchMag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchMag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Baecula&params=38.007_N_3.119_W_type:event_region:ES"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°00′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°07′08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.007°N 3.119°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.007; -3.119</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>40,000 </p> <hr>30,000 Romans and Italians<br>10,000 Iberian</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 30,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>20,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr>8,000 killed (Livy)<br>12,000 captured (Polybius)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Prelude"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Prelude</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Battle"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Battle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Primary"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Secondary"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Secondary_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(209_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cartagena (209 BC)">surprise attack and capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carthago_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthago Nova">Carthago Nova</a>, the three Carthaginian armies in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> remained separated, and their generals at odds with each other, thus giving the Romans a chance to deal with them one by one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 208 BC, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>, with 30,000 Roman and Italian troops and 10,000 Spanish auxiliaries, moved against <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>, whose 30,000-strong force had wintered at Baecula, on the upper reaches of the river Baetis (modern day <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177–178_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177%E2%80%93178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On learning of the Roman approach, Hasdrubal shifted his camp to a strong defensive position – a high and steep plateau south of Baecula, protected by ravines on the flanks and the river to the front and rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the plateau was formed into two steps, on which Hasdrubal posted his light troops on the lower one and his main camp behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his arrival, Scipio was at first uncertain as to how to attack such a formidable position, but concerned that the other two <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthaginian </a> armies might take advantage of his inaction and join with <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>, he took action on the third day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Before his main attack, Scipio sent one detachment to block the entrance to the valley separating the two armies and one to the road leading north to Baecula, thus providing security to his main force, while harassing any Carthaginian attempt to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these preliminary deployments were done, the Roman light troops advanced against their Carthaginian counterparts on the first step.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the steep slope, and under a shower of arrows, the Romans had little difficulty driving back the Carthaginian light troops once they got into hand-to-hand combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reinforcing his leading force, Scipio derived a pincer attack on the flanks of the Carthaginian main camp by ordering <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Laelius" title="Gaius Laelius">Gaius Laelius</a> to lead half of the remaining heavy foot to the right of the enemy position, and he himself scaling the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hasdrubal, meanwhile, was under the impression that the Roman attack was only a skirmish (Scipio had hidden his main army in camp until the final attack) and failed to properly deploy his main force, thus his ill-prepared army was caught on three sides by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being trapped, Hasdrubal was able to retreat unmolested with his elephants, main baggage train, and some of his Carthaginian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appeared that his main losses in the battle were the majority of his light troops and Iberian allies. This was largely due to the legionnaires' choice to plunder the Carthaginian camp rather than pursue Hasdrubal with any earnestness. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>After the battle, Hasdrubal led his depleted army (mainly formed by <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula">Celtiberian mercenaries</a> and Gallic warriors) over the western passes of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> into Gaul, and subsequently into Italy in an attempt to join his brother <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scipio's failure to stop Hasdrubal's march to Italy was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Scipio did not exploit his victory at Baecula to drive out the Carthaginians from Iberia, instead choosing to withdraw to his base at <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarraco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He secured alliances with many of the Iberian tribes, who switched sides after the Roman successes at Carthago Nova and Baecula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carthaginian reinforcements landed in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> in 207 BC, and would soon launch a final attempt to recover their losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilipa" title="Battle of Ilipa">Battle of Ilipa</a> in 206 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ArchMag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArchMag_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2014" class="citation cs2">Atwood, Roger (2014), "An Epic Conflict", <i>Archaeology</i>, no. January/February, Archaeological Institute of America, p. 32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Epic+Conflict&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Baecula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015178_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VIII.34-37 followed by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> XXVII.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177–178-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015177%E2%80%93178_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> VIII.39 <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> XXVII.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015179_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>; <i>The Rise of the Roman Empire</i>; Trans. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Scott-Kilvert" title="Ian Scott-Kilvert">Ian Scott-Kilvert</a>; 1979; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044362-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044362-2">0-14-044362-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> Titus Livius; "Complete Works of Livy"; DelphiClassics.com 2014 (in Latin & English)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secondary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyos2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoyos, Dexter (2015). <i>Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4"><bdi>978-0-19-986010-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+the+West%3A+Rome+and+Carthage+at+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986010-4&rft.aulast=Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Baecula" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_2">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">Nigel Bagnall</a>; <i>The Punic Wars</i>; 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34214-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34214-4">0-312-34214-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Lancel" title="Serge Lancel">Serge Lancel</a>; <i>Hannibal</i>; Trans. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonia_Nevill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonia Nevill (page does not exist)">Antonia Nevill</a>; 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21848-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21848-3">0-631-21848-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.H._Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="B.H. Liddell Hart">B.H. Liddell Hart</a>; <i>Scipio Africanus: Greater than Napoleon</i>; 1926; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80583-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80583-9">0-306-80583-9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618216000392">Archaeological methodology applied to the analysis of battlefields and military camps of the Second Punic War: Baecula</a></li></ul> <p><br> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&oldid=1234271370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&oldid=1234271370</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baecula&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ealdgyth" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1720878172"> <span>Last edited on 13 July 2024, at 13:42</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="معركة بيكولا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بيكولا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_B%C3%A8cula" title="Batalla de Bècula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Bècula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Baeculy" title="Bitva u Baeculy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Baeculy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Baecula" title="Schlacht bei Baecula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Baecula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Baecula" title="Batalla de Baecula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Baecula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Baecula" title="Bataille de Baecula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Baecula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%BF%A8%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="바이쿨라 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이쿨라 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Baecula" title="Pertempuran Baecula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Baecula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Baecula" title="Battaglia di Baecula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Baecula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קרב באיקולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב באיקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_ad_Baeculam_commissum" title="Proelium ad Baeculam commissum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium ad Baeculam commissum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="बेक्युलाची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेक्युलाची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Baecula" title="Slag bij Baecula – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Baecula" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="バエクラの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バエクラの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Baecula" title="Slaget ved Baecula – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Baecula" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Baecul%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Baeculą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Baeculą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_B%C3%A9cula" title="Batalha de Bécula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Bécula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Битва при Бекуле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Бекуле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Битка код Бекуле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Бекуле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Bekule" title="Bitka kod Bekule – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Bekule" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8E" title="Битва під Бекулою – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва під Бекулою" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Baecula" title="Trận Baecula – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Baecula" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 July 2024, at 13:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a 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