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The speaker tends to use code switching in his/her speech for better clarification of his/her message to the receiver. It is commonly used in sociocultural countries such as Lebanon because of the various cultures that have come across its lands through history, considering Lebanon is geographically located in the heart of the world, and hence between many cultures and languages. In addition, Lebanon was occupied by Turkish authorities for about 400 years, and later on by the French mandate, where both of these countries forced their languages in official papers and in the Lebanese educational system. In this paper, the importance of code switching in the Lebanese workplace will be examined, stressing the efficiency and amount of the production resulting from code switching in the workplace (factories, universities among other places) in addition to exploring the social, education, religious and cultural factors behind this phenomenon in Lebanon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20switching" title="code switching">code switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural" title=" cultural"> cultural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143945/code-switching-a-case-study-of-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Electricity Sector's Status in Lebanon and Portfolio Optimization for the Future Electricity Generation Scenarios</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nour%20Wehbe">Nour Wehbe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Lebanese electricity sector is at the heart of a deep crisis. Electricity in Lebanon is supplied by Électricité du Liban (EdL) which has to suffer from technical and financial deficiencies for decades and proved to be insufficient and deficient as the demand still exceeds the supply. As a result, backup generation is widespread throughout Lebanon. The sector costs massive government resources and, on top of it, consumers pay massive additional amounts for satisfying their electrical needs. While the developed countries have been investing in renewable energy for the past two decades, the Lebanese government realizes the importance of adopting such energy sourcing strategies for the upgrade of the electricity sector in the country. The diversification of the national electricity generation mix has increased considerably in Lebanon's energy planning agenda, especially that a detailed review of the energy potential in Lebanon has revealed a great potential of solar and wind energy resources, a considerable potential of biomass resource, and an important hydraulic potential in Lebanon. This paper presents a review of the energy status of Lebanon, and illustrates a detailed review of the EDL structure with the existing problems and recommended solutions. In addition, scenarios reflecting implementation of policy projects are presented, and conclusions are drawn on the usefulness of a proposed evaluation methodology and the effectiveness of the adopted new energy policy for the electrical sector in Lebanon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EdL%20Electricite%20du%20Liban" title="EdL Electricite du Liban">EdL Electricite du Liban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portfolio%20optimization" title=" portfolio optimization"> portfolio optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20generation%20mix" title=" electricity generation mix"> electricity generation mix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean-variance%20approach" title=" mean-variance approach"> mean-variance approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63015/electricity-sectors-status-in-lebanon-and-portfolio-optimization-for-the-future-electricity-generation-scenarios" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63015.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Rooted Challenges: Palestinian Refugees’ Right to Work in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majd%20Owda">Majd Owda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raed%20Abubadawia"> Raed Abubadawia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seventy-four years have passed, and the Palestinian refugees are still waiting to exercise their right of return, which was approved by the international community through dozens of international resolutions. Despite the wait, Palestinian refugees continue to suffer in many host countries. In these waiting stations, they are still deprived of many basic rights. Perhaps Lebanon is one of the most extreme waiting stations in depriving Palestinian refugees of these rights, especially the right to work. This paper attempts to identify the various Lebanese partisan and sectarian points of view that stand in the way of granting Palestinian refugees their basic rights, foremost of which is the right to work, in addition to the recent administrative attempts of the Lebanese government (2021) to grant them their basic rights. And the legal and political obstacles faced by these attempts and which have eliminated them since their launch. This paper highlights the continued need of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon for various social, political and international moves to grant them their basic rights in order to preserve human dignity, which cannot be resolved without these rights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Palestinian%20refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labor%20law" title=" labor law"> labor law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=right%20to%20work." title=" right to work."> right to work.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161589/rooted-challenges-palestinian-refugees-right-to-work-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Relation between Tourism and Health: Case Study AIDS in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viana%20Hassan">Viana Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Each year, 600 million tourists travelled abroad to practice several types of tourism. Nowadays, whatever is the type of tourism practiced it considered as a real public health problem which can contribute the spread of several diseases such as AIDS, H1N1, NDM1 With regard to HIV/AIDS, Lebanon is always considered as a low HIV prevalence country. However, the potential risks associated with the mobility of the population, migration and tourism. The total number of cases reported by the ministry of health since 1989 until the end of 2011 is of 1455 cases, with an average of 85 new cases per year over the last three years. The main reason of the increased number is Travel and migration which represent 50% of the risks reported by cumulative cases. Given the interest of this kind of epidemic it would be interesting to study the Evolution of HIV/ AIDS and its relation with travel and tourism The main aim of this research is to study in general the relation between tourism and health, more specific to understand the relation between Tourism and AIDS, the problem of the transmission of HIV in Lebanon, the ways of contamination and the countries in which these people are contaminated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism" title=" tourism"> tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title=" health"> health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55791/relation-between-tourism-and-health-case-study-aids-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Exploring Peculiarities of a Leadership Style of Non-governmental Organization (NGO): Case of Six Non-governmental Organizations Based in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nour%20Mohamad%20Fayad">Nour Mohamad Fayad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate and explore the peculiarities of the leadership style of NGOs based in Lebanon. This study is supported by empirical testing that considers the case of Embrace and other NGOs performing in Lebanese society. Throughout this study researcher demonstrated leadership characteristics, styles, and competencies and demonstrated the evolvement of leadership in recent years. Moreover, this study sheds light on the different NGO leaders and exhibits the exceptional obstacles, on both personal and professional aspects and applies it to the Lebanese society by collecting primary data from 6 NGOs. The findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between peculiarities of leadership style and the performance of NGOs, but this is not consistent across all NGOs in Lebanese societies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title="leadership">leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peculiarities" title=" peculiarities"> peculiarities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NGOs" title=" NGOs"> NGOs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embrace" title=" embrace"> embrace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166812/exploring-peculiarities-of-a-leadership-style-of-non-governmental-organization-ngo-case-of-six-non-governmental-organizations-based-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> A Critical Evaluation of Lebanon's Wastewater Management Sector: Careless Generation, Disjointed Collection, and Limited Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Fayssal">Nora Fayssal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lara%20Al%20Tawil"> Lara Al Tawil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hrair%20Danageuzian"> Hrair Danageuzian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jimmy%20Romanos"> Jimmy Romanos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater management is a global concern and priority, both to protect the natural environment from the consequences of poor disposal, specifically water resources and to harness its potential as an additional water supply through water reuse. Lebanon still lags behind, being at the bottom of the list among the Arab countries in both safely managed sanitation services and wastewater treatment and in achieving the targets of SDG 6.3. This study which relied on a data collection survey targeting the municipalities, provides a critical assessment of the wastewater sector in Lebanon. The results revealed the fragmented sewerage collection systems, where only 13% of the targeted municipalities have complete coverage, leaving most of the urbanized area at risk of pollution. The results also highlight the limited quantity of wastewater treated and the fragility of the operation of the wastewater treatment plants in light of the recent energy crisis. Ultimately, only 14% of the generated wastewater is currently treated in Lebanon with primary treatment only. The assessment showed that wastewater management wasn’t a priority on the national level for decades, where the lack of institutional coordination and long-term vision, the absence of deterrent regulations and advanced technology, the influx of Syrian refugees, and the recent economic crisis stand behind the current situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance%20gaps" title="governance gaps">governance gaps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDG%206.3." title=" SDG 6.3."> SDG 6.3.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20collection" title=" wastewater collection"> wastewater collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20management" title=" wastewater management"> wastewater management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/195457/a-critical-evaluation-of-lebanons-wastewater-management-sector-careless-generation-disjointed-collection-and-limited-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/195457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Multidimensional Poverty: A Comparative Study for Vulnerability of Women in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elif%20N.%20Coban">Elif N. Coban</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the political instability that has prevailed in Lebanon since October 2019, followed by a global pandemic and a deepening concurrent economic crisis after the Beirut Port explosion on August 4, 2020, Syrian refugees in Lebanon have struggled to survive what the World Bank has described as one of the worst economic crises in decades. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of Syrian refugee women. It will present a comparative analysis of refugee and Lebanese households using data from Lebanon’s Labour Force and Household Conditions Survey (LFHLCS) and from VASyr surveys, which are comprehensive annual surveys conducted jointly by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP). The study adopts an intersectionality-based method, which deals with gender and marginalized communities from many different perspectives, to put forward a gender-oriented approach. Examining the distribution of socioeconomic status among Syrian and Lebanese households might help to understand the disproportionate burdens borne by women. In this context, multidimensional poverty (MP) helps depict fragile communities’ socioeconomic status and allows a fuller grasp the multiple aspects of deprivation. Finally, this understanding may pave the way to more inclusive policy for decision-makers and practitioners working on refugee issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidimensional%20poverty" title="multidimensional poverty">multidimensional poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20studies" title=" gender studies"> gender studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersectionality" title=" intersectionality"> intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syrian%20refugees" title=" Syrian refugees"> Syrian refugees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158147/multidimensional-poverty-a-comparative-study-for-vulnerability-of-women-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Integrative Health in Lebanon: A Potential Solution Amid Crisis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marielle%20Mansour">Marielle Mansour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Lebanese healthcare system faces significant challenges due to economic instability and political unrest, resulting in high costs and limited access to care. Integrative health is being considered as a potential solution to address these issues by combining conventional medicine with complementary therapies. This study aims to investigate the potential of integrative health in Lebanon's crisis context, focusing on assessing its applicability, identifying barriers, and proposing strategies to overcome obstacles. The study utilizes a literature review, case studies, and healthcare system analysis to analyze the barriers to implementing integrative health in Lebanon. Strategies drawn from successful models are proposed to address these obstacles, including fostering collaboration, conducting research, enhancing public awareness, and launching pilot programs. The findings suggest that integrative health could enhance healthcare accessibility and patient outcomes, especially in areas like cancer care. It could offer holistic benefits by complementing conventional treatment approaches. Integrative health presents a promising holistic solution to Lebanon's healthcare crisis, offering opportunities to improve patient well-being and alleviate strain on the healthcare system. Establishing a regulatory framework, conducting local research, and promoting collaboration among practitioners are crucial for its successful implementation <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrative%20medicine" title="integrative medicine">integrative medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon%20healthcare%20crisis" title=" Lebanon healthcare crisis"> Lebanon healthcare crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Complementary%20and%20Alternative%20medicine%20%28CAM%29" title=" Complementary and Alternative medicine (CAM)"> Complementary and Alternative medicine (CAM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holistic%20healthcare" title=" holistic healthcare"> holistic healthcare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare%20access" title=" healthcare access"> healthcare access</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198657/integrative-health-in-lebanon-a-potential-solution-amid-crisis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Assessing Water Quality Using GIS: The Case of Northern Lebanon Miocene Aquifer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Saba">M. Saba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Iaaly"> A. Iaaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Carlier"> E. Carlier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Georges"> N. Georges</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research focuses on assessing the ground water quality of Northern Lebanon affected by saline water intrusion. The chemical, physical and microbiological parameters were collected in various seasons spanning over the period of two years. Results were assessed using Geographic Information System (GIS) due to its visual capabilities in presenting the pollution extent in the studied region. Future projections of the excessive pumping were also simulated using GIS in order to assess the extent of the problem of saline intrusion in the near future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saline%20water" title=" saline water"> saline water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinkable%20water%20quality%20standards" title=" drinkable water quality standards"> drinkable water quality standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pumping" title=" pumping"> pumping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40408/assessing-water-quality-using-gis-the-case-of-northern-lebanon-miocene-aquifer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Exam Stress and Emotional Eating Among Lebanese University Students: A Correlational Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marielle%20Mansour">Marielle Mansour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Integrating university students into an academic environment can be intense, with significant intellectual and emotional challenges. Stress, particularly during exam periods, plays a crucial role in students' eating habits, often influencing their food choices through mechanisms such as emotional eating. Objective: This study aims to understand the impact of exam stress on emotional eating among university students in Lebanon, Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 700 students aged 18 to 25 years in Lebanon, using online questionnaires to assess perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and emotional eating behaviors with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Data was analyzed to identify correlations between stress and emotional eating. Results: A significant positive correlation was observed between levels of perceived stress and increased emotional eating, with marked differences depending on participants' gender and field of study. This trend highlights the concerning impact of academic stress on students' food choices, including an increased prevalence of emotional eating among women and those studying in demanding disciplines like health sciences and engineering. Conclusion: This research contributes to the understanding of the complex links between academic stress and emotional eating behaviors among university students in Lebanon. To improve the mental and physical health of students, it is essential to implement tailored educational and support initiatives aimed at reducing stress and promoting balanced dietary choices in learning environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exam%20stress" title="exam stress">exam stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotional%20eating" title=" emotional eating"> emotional eating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=university%20students" title=" university students"> university students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20management" title=" stress management"> stress management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192450/exam-stress-and-emotional-eating-among-lebanese-university-students-a-correlational-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Relationship between Gender and Performance with Respect to a Basic Math Skills Quiz in Statistics Courses in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiba%20Naccache">Hiba Naccache</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present research investigated whether gender differences affect performance in a simple math quiz in statistics course. Participants of this study comprised a sample of 567 statistics students in two different universities in Lebanon. Data were collected through a simple math quiz. Analysis of quantitative data indicated that there wasn’t a significant difference in math performance between males and females. The results suggest that improvements in student performance may depend on improved mastery of basic algebra especially for females. The implications of these findings and further recommendations were discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=math" title=" math"> math</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistics" title=" statistics"> statistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35077/relationship-between-gender-and-performance-with-respect-to-a-basic-math-skills-quiz-in-statistics-courses-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> The Potential of Hybrid Microgrids for Mitigating Power Outage in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Chedid">R. Chedid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ghajar"> R. Ghajar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lebanon electricity crisis continues to escalate. Rationing hours still apply across the country but with different rates. The capital Beirut is subjected to 3 hours cut while other cities, town and villages may endure 9 to 14 hours of power shortage. To mitigate this situation, private diesel generators distributed illegally all over the country are being used to bridge the gap in power supply. Almost each building in large cities has its own generator and individual villages may have more than one generator supplying their loads. These generators together with their private networks form incomplete and ill-designed and managed microgrids (MG) but can be further developed to become renewable energy-based MG operating in island- or grid-connected modes. This paper will analyze the potential of introducing MG to help resolve the energy crisis in Lebanon. It will investigate the usefulness of developing MG under the prevailing situation of existing private power supply service providers and in light of the developed national energy policy that supports renewable energy development. A case study on a distribution feeder in a rural area will be analyzed using HOMER software to demonstrate the usefulness of introducing photovoltaic (PV) arrays along the existing diesel generators for all the stakeholders; namely, the developers, the customers, the utility and the community at large. Policy recommendations regarding MG development in Lebanon will be presented on the basis of the accumulated experience in private generation and the privatization and public-private partnership laws. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decentralized%20systems" title="decentralized systems">decentralized systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20generation" title=" distributed generation"> distributed generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microgrids" title=" microgrids"> microgrids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96327/the-potential-of-hybrid-microgrids-for-mitigating-power-outage-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Addressing the Nutritional Crisis in Lebanon: Strategic Interventions for Emergency Response and Food Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marielle%20Mansour">Marielle Mansour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: In the context of the multidimensional crisis that Lebanon has been going through since October 2019, food security is seriously compromised, exacerbated by currency depreciation, economic crises, the explosion at the port of Beirut, and the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic. This work aims to develop a strategic response to alleviate food insecurity in Lebanon by proposing a national nutrition plan adapted to the current situation. Methodology: A mixed methodology was adopted to analyze the impacts of the economic crisis on the dietary habits and food security of Lebanese families. This approach combines a quantitative survey, conducted through a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of the population, and qualitative interviews conducted with key informants in the fields of nutrition and agriculture. The actions undertaken by the public and private sectors were also assessed, allowing recommendations to be made for the development of a national nutrition plan adapted to current challenges. Results: The results show a significant deterioration in dietary habits and food security, with more pronounced impacts among the most vulnerable households. Current public and private sector actions are considered insufficient in the face of the magnitude of the crisis. Recommendations include the need for enhanced coordination of initiatives, cooperation of healthcare workers, improvement of local production, and emergency measures to support the most affected populations. Discussion: The findings highlight the urgent need for a coordinated national food security strategy that includes local food production support, emergency nutrition assistance, and policy reforms. Strengthening partnerships with international organizations such as FAO and WFP, while implementing cost-effective interventions like digital food vouchers, could mitigate the impact of food insecurity in Lebanon. Conclusion: This work calls for urgent reform of nutrition policies and increased mobilization of resources to effectively respond to the food crisis. Rapid implementation of the proposed recommendations is crucial to avoid further deterioration of the nutritional situation and improve public health in Lebanon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title="food security">food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20response" title=" emergency response"> emergency response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20crisis" title=" nutritional crisis"> nutritional crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198821/addressing-the-nutritional-crisis-in-lebanon-strategic-interventions-for-emergency-response-and-food-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils: Detection and Assessment Using Machine Learning Algorithms Based on Hyperspectral Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reem%20El%20Chakik">Reem El Chakik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The levels of heavy metals in agricultural lands in Lebanon have been witnessing a noticeable increase in the past few years, due to increased anthropogenic pollution sources. Heavy metals pose a serious threat to the environment for being non-biodegradable and persistent, accumulating thus to dangerous levels in the soil. Besides the traditional laboratory and chemical analysis methods, Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has proven its efficiency in the rapid detection of HMs contamination. In Lebanon, a continuous environmental monitoring, including the monitoring of levels of HMs in agricultural soils, is lacking. This is due in part to the high cost of analysis. Hence, this proposed research aims at defining the current national status of HMs contamination in agricultural soil, and to evaluate the effectiveness of using HSI in the detection of HM in contaminated agricultural fields. To achieve the two main objectives of this study, soil samples were collected from different areas throughout the country and were analyzed for HMs using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results were compared to those obtained from the HSI technique that was applied using Hyspex SWIR-384 camera. The results showed that the Lebanese agricultural soils contain high contamination levels of Zn, and that the more clayey the soil is, the lower reflectance it has. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20soils%20in%20Lebanon" title="agricultural soils in Lebanon">agricultural soils in Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20absorption%20spectrophotometer" title=" atomic absorption spectrophotometer"> atomic absorption spectrophotometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperspectral%20imaging." title=" hyperspectral imaging."> hyperspectral imaging.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals%20contamination" title=" heavy metals contamination"> heavy metals contamination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163389/heavy-metal-contamination-in-soils-detection-and-assessment-using-machine-learning-algorithms-based-on-hyperspectral-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163389.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> CAM Use and Its Association with Quality of Life in a Sample of Lebanese Breast Cancer Patients: A Cross Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Naja">Farah Naja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romy%20Abi%20Fadel"> Romy Abi Fadel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmin%20Aridi"> Yasmin Aridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aya%20Zarif"> Aya Zarif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dania%20Hariri"> Dania Hariri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Alameddine"> Mohammad Alameddine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anas%20Mugharbel"> Anas Mugharbel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Khalil"> Maya Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeina%20Nahleh"> Zeina Nahleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arafat%20Tfayli"> Arafat Tfayli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and determinants of CAM use among breast cancer patients in Beirut, Lebanon. A secondary objective is to evaluate the association between CAM use and quality of life (QOL). A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 180 breast cancer patients recruited from two major referral centers in Beirut. In a face to face interview, participants completed a questionnaire comprised of three sections: socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, breast cancer condition, and CAM use. The assessment of QOL was carried using the FACT-B Arabic version. Prevalence of CAM use since diagnosis was 40%. CAM use was negatively associated with age, treatment at a philanthropic hospital and positively associated with having an advanced stage of disease. The most commonly used CAM was ‘Special food’ followed by ‘Herbal teas’. Only 4% of CAM users cited health care professionals as influencing their choice of CAM. One in four patients disclosed CAM use to their treating physician. There was no significant association between CAM use and QOL. The use of CAM therapies among breast cancer patients is prevalent in Lebanon. Efforts should be dedicated at educating physicians to discuss CAM use with their patients and advising patients to disclose of their use with their physicians. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title="breast cancer ">breast cancer </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20medicine" title=" complementary medicine"> complementary medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20medicine" title=" alternative medicine"> alternative medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lebanon" title=" lebanon "> lebanon </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life "> quality of life </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23690/cam-use-and-its-association-with-quality-of-life-in-a-sample-of-lebanese-breast-cancer-patients-a-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23690.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Residential Buildings Case Study: Multi-Family Apartment Building in Tripoli, Lebanon </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yathreb%20Sabsaby">Yathreb Sabsaby</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy efficiency retrofitting of existing buildings was long ignored by public authorities who favored energy efficiency policies in new buildings, which are easier to implement. Indeed, retrofitting is more complex and difficult to organize because of the extreme diversity in existing buildings, administrative situations and occupation. Energy efficiency retrofitting of existing buildings has now become indispensable in all economies—even emerging countries—given the constraints imposed by energy security and climate change, and because it represents considerable potential energy savings. Addressing energy efficiency in the existing building stock has been acknowledged as one of the most critical yet challenging aspects of reducing our environmental footprint on the ecosystem. Tripoli, Lebanon chosen as case study area is a typical Mediterranean metropolis in the North Lebanon, where multifamily residential buildings are all around the city. This generally implies that the density of energy demand is extremely high, even the renewable energy facilities are involved, they can just play as a minor energy provider at the current technology level in the single family house. It seems only the low energy design for buildings can be made possible, not the zero energy certainly in developing country. This study reviews the latest research and experience and provides recommendations for deep energy retrofits that aim to save more than 50% of the energy used in a typical Tripoli apartment building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-efficiency" title="energy-efficiency">energy-efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existing%20building" title=" existing building"> existing building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifamily%20residential%20building" title=" multifamily residential building"> multifamily residential building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrofit" title=" retrofit"> retrofit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24113/energy-efficiency-retrofitting-of-residential-buildings-case-study-multi-family-apartment-building-in-tripoli-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Prevalence and Determinants of the Use of CAM and Its Association with Quality of Life in a Sample of Lebanese Breast Cancer Patients: A Cross Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Naja">Farah Naja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romy%20Abi%20Fadel"> Romy Abi Fadel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmin%20Aridi"> Yasmin Aridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aya%20Zarif"> Aya Zarif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dania%20Hariri"> Dania Hariri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Alameddine"> Mohammad Alameddine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anas%20Mugharbel"> Anas Mugharbel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Khalil"> Maya Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeina%20Nahleh"> Zeina Nahleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arafat%20Tfayli"> Arafat Tfayli </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and determinants of CAM use among breast cancer patients in Beirut, Lebanon. A secondary objective is to evaluate the association between CAM use and quality of life (QOL). A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 180 breast cancer patients recruited from two major referral centers in Beirut. In a face to face interview, participants completed a questionnaire comprised of three sections: socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, breast cancer condition, and CAM use. The assessment of QOL was carried using the FACT-B Arabic version. Prevalence of CAM use since diagnosis was 40%. CAM use was negatively associated with age, treatment at a philanthropic hospital and positively associated with having an advanced stage of disease. The most commonly used CAM was ‘Special food’ followed by ‘Herbal teas’. Only 4% of CAM users cited health care professionals as influencing their choice of CAM. One in four patients disclosed CAM use to their treating physician. There was no significant association between CAM use and QOL. The use of CAM therapies among breast cancer patients is prevalent in Lebanon. Efforts should be dedicated at educating physicians to discuss CAM use with their patients and advising patients to disclose of their use with their physicians. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title="breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20and%20aLternative%20medicine" title=" complementary and aLternative medicine"> complementary and aLternative medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23692/prevalence-and-determinants-of-the-use-of-cam-and-its-association-with-quality-of-life-in-a-sample-of-lebanese-breast-cancer-patients-a-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">608</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Alternative (In)Security: Using Photovoice Research Methodology to Explore Refugee Anxieties in Lebanon </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessy%20Abouarab">Jessy Abouarab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For more than half a century, international norms related to refugee security and protection have proliferated, yet their role in alleviating war’s negative impacts on human life remains limited. The impact of refugee-security processes often manifests asymmetrically within populations. Many issues and people get silenced due to narrow security policies that focus either on abstract threat containment and refugee control or refugee protection and humanitarian aid. (In)security practices are gendered and experienced. Examining the case study of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, this study explores the gendered impact of refugee security mechanisms on local realities. A transnational feminist approach will be used to position this research in relation to existing studies in the field of security and the refugee-protection regime, highlighting the social, cultural, legal, and political barriers to gender equality in the areas of violence, rights, and social inclusion. Through Photovoice methodology, the Syrian refugees’ (in)securities in Lebanon were given visibility by enabling local volunteers to record and reflect their realities through pictures, at the same time voice the participants’ anxieties and recommendations to reach normative policy change. This Participatory Action Research approach helped participants observe the structural barriers and lack of culturally inclusive refugee services that hinder security, increase discrimination, stigma, and poverty. The findings have implications for a shift of the refugee protection mechanisms to a community-based approach in ways that extend beyond narrow security policies that hinder women empowerment and raise vulnerabilities such as gendered exploitation, abuse, and neglect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%28in%29security" title=" (in)security"> (in)security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee" title=" refugee"> refugee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syrian%20refugees" title=" Syrian refugees"> Syrian refugees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89562/alternative-insecurity-using-photovoice-research-methodology-to-explore-refugee-anxieties-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> A Qualitative Analysis of People Views of Microfinance in Lebanon </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abu%20Ali">Ali Abu Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Salhab"> Mohammad Salhab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) microfinance struggles to find momentum. The Lebanese economy has been struggling through the years due to domestic and external, political and social instability. Although as of 2014 there are around 23 MFIs that are mainly subsidized by the USAID, operating in the country, the Lebanese microfinance market is mostly dominated by three microfinance institutions: Al Majmoua, Vitas, and Al Quard Al Hassan Association. Methodology: A quantitative approach using a standardized questionnaire would analyse the perception of the average Lebanese towards microfinance. A questionnaire was designed and validated. Results: Almost half of the respondents earn a monthly income ranged between $100 and $600. Almost 52% of the respondents were university graduates, around 25% finished secondary and high school, and 12% hold a masters or MBA degree. Topic understanding towards microfinance differs across Lebanese areas. The highest percentage of respondents who claim that microfinance offers financial services to low income people are the residents of Beirut (35.1%), Bekaa (30.8%), and South of Lebanon (24.7%). Higher levels of topic understanding were associated with lower levels of age range. Al Quard el Hassan foundation was regarded as the most known micro financial institution operating in Lebanon. In general, Lebanese people tend to believe that microfinance can play an important role in reducing unemployment rates and poverty levels in Lebanon. When people were asked what would motivate you to get a loan from MFIs, most of the respondent (57.4%) across all the Lebanese region claimed that it was the need for money to satisfy a need such as paying back a loan, to fix something at home, or for self-consideration like buying a car. Conclusion: Our findings showed that in general Lebanese tend to have a positive perception towards microfinance. However, most Lebanese perceive microfinance as the process of just providing loans without specifying for whom it is intended. We advise that government introduces laws to regulate the microfinance market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfinance" title="microfinance">microfinance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economics" title=" economics"> economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance" title=" finance"> finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business" title=" business"> business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theory" title=" theory"> theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43803/a-qualitative-analysis-of-people-views-of-microfinance-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Lower Cretaceous Clay in Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Syria and their Importance in Ceramic Manufacturing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Salam%20Turkmani">Abdul Salam Turkmani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Lower Cretaceous rocks are exposed only in the mountains regions of Syria, such as the Anti- Lebanon mountain on the western side of Damascus. The lower cretaceous sequences are made up of different rocks. The upper and middle parts of the section are composed mainly of carbonate sediments and, less frequently, gypsum and anhydrite. The lower beds are mainly composed of sandstone, conglomerate and clay. Clay samples were collected from the study area, which is located about 45 km west of the city of Damascus, near the border village of Kfer Yabous and to the left of the Damascus -Beirut International Road, within the lower Cretaceous upper Aptian deposits. The properties of clay were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Thermal Analysis (DTA-TG-DSC) techniques. The studied samples of clay were mainly composed of kaolinite, quartz, illite. Chemical analysis shows the content of SiO₂ varied between 46.06 to 73 % Al₂O₃ 14.55-26.56%, about the staining oxides (Fe₂O₃ + TiO₂), the total content is about 4.3 to 12.5%. The physical properties were determined by studying the behavior of the body before and after firing, showed low bending strength values (22.5 kg/cm²) after drying, and (about 247 kg/cm²) after firing at 1180°C, water absorption value was about 10%. The cubic thermal expansion coefficient at 1140°C is 213.77 x 10-7 /°C. All of the presented results confirm the suitability of this clay for the ceramic industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-Lebanon" title="anti-Lebanon">anti-Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damascus" title=" Damascus"> Damascus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic" title=" ceramic"> ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title=" clay"> clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20analysis" title=" thermal analysis"> thermal analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20expansion%20coefficient" title=" thermal expansion coefficient"> thermal expansion coefficient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139278/lower-cretaceous-clay-in-anti-lebanon-mountains-syria-and-their-importance-in-ceramic-manufacturing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Inductive Grammar, Student-Centered Reading, and Interactive Poetry: The Effects of Teaching English with Fun in Schools of Two Villages in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talar%20Agopian">Talar Agopian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) is a common practice in many Lebanese schools. However, ESL teaching is done in traditional ways. Methods such as constructivism are seldom used, especially in villages. Here lies the significance of this research which joins constructivism and Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in ESL classes in Lebanese villages. The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of applying constructivist student-centered strategies in teaching grammar, reading comprehension, and poetry on students in elementary ESL classes in two villages in Lebanon, Zefta in South Lebanon and Boqaata in Mount Lebanon. 20 English teachers participated in a training titled “Teaching English with Fun”, which focused on strategies that create a student-centered class where active learning takes place and there is increased learner engagement and autonomy. The training covered three main areas in teaching English: grammar, reading comprehension, and poetry. After participating in the training, the teachers applied the new strategies and methods in their ESL classes. The methodology comprised two phases: in phase one, practice-based research was conducted as the teachers attended the training and applied the constructivist strategies in their respective ESL classes. Phase two included the reflections of the teachers on the effects of the application of constructivist strategies. The results revealed the educational benefits of constructivist student-centered strategies; the students of teachers who applied these strategies showed improved engagement, positive attitudes towards poetry, increased motivation, and a better sense of autonomy. Future research is required in applying constructivist methods in the areas of writing, spelling, and vocabulary in ESL classrooms of Lebanese villages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20learning" title="active learning">active learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constructivism" title=" constructivism"> constructivism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learner%20engagement" title=" learner engagement"> learner engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student-centered%20strategies" title=" student-centered strategies"> student-centered strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106874/inductive-grammar-student-centered-reading-and-interactive-poetry-the-effects-of-teaching-english-with-fun-in-schools-of-two-villages-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106874.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> A Remote Sensing Approach to Calculate Population Using Roads Network Data in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamel%20Allaw">Kamel Allaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jocelyne%20Adjizian%20Gerard"> Jocelyne Adjizian Gerard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makram%20Chehayeb"> Makram Chehayeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nada%20Badaro%20Saliba"> Nada Badaro Saliba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In developing countries, such as Lebanon, the demographic data are hardly available due to the absence of the mechanization of population system. The aim of this study is to evaluate, using only remote sensing data, the correlations between the number of population and the characteristics of roads network (length of primary roads, length of secondary roads, total length of roads, density and percentage of roads and the number of intersections). In order to find the influence of the different factors on the demographic data, we studied the degree of correlation between each factor and the number of population. The results of this study have shown a strong correlation between the number of population and the density of roads and the number of intersections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population" title="population">population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20network" title=" road network"> road network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20correlations" title=" statistical correlations"> statistical correlations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107713/a-remote-sensing-approach-to-calculate-population-using-roads-network-data-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Effect of Naameh Landfill (Lebanon) on Groundwater Quality of the Surrounding Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Sawaya">Rana Sawaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jalal%20Halwani"> Jalal Halwani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isam%20Bashour"> Isam Bashour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nada%20Nehme"> Nada Nehme</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mismanagement of municipal solid wastes in Lebanon might lead to serious environmental problems, especially that a big portion of mixed wastes including putrescible is transferred to Naameh landfill. One of the consequences of municipal solid waste deposition is the production of landfill leachate, which if unproperly treated will threaten the main crucial matrices such as soil, water, and air. The main aim of this one of a kind study is to assess the risk posed to groundwater as a result of leachate infiltration on off-site wells especially after stoppage of Naameh landfill's operation end of the year 2016 and initiation of the capping process which is still ongoing and will be finalized in December 2019. For this purpose, nine representative points around the landfill were selected to undergo physicochemical and microbial analysis on a seasonal basis (every three months). The study extended from the year 2014 until the end of the year 2016 (closure of Naameh landfill). The preliminary data obtained are statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and was found in conformity with international and Lebanese norms. Thus, the study will be extended an additional year, especially after the finalization of capping and the results obtained, will enable us to propose new techniques and tools (treatment systems) in water resources management depending on the direction of its usage (domestic, irrigation, drinking). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination" title="contamination">contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leachate" title=" leachate"> leachate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste" title=" solid waste"> solid waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110612/effect-of-naameh-landfill-lebanon-on-groundwater-quality-of-the-surrounding-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Laboratory Investigation of the Pavement Condition in Lebanon: Implementation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Base Course and Asphalt Layer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marinelle%20El-Khoury">Marinelle El-Khoury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Bouhaya"> Lina Bouhaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nivine%20Abbas"> Nivine Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Sleiman"> Hassan Sleiman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The road network in the north of Lebanon is a prime example of the lack of pavement design and execution in Lebanon.  These roads show major distresses and hence, should be tested and evaluated. The aim of this research is to investigate and determine the deficiencies in road surface design in Lebanon, and to propose an environmentally friendly asphalt mix design. This paper consists of several parts: (i) evaluating pavement performance and structural behavior, (ii) identifying the distresses using visual examination followed by laboratory tests, (iii) deciding the optimal solution where rehabilitation or reconstruction is required and finally, (iv) identifying a sustainable method, which uses recycled material in the proposed mix. The asphalt formula contains Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the base course layer and in the asphalt layer. Visual inspection of the roads in Tripoli shows that these roads face a high level of distress severity. Consequently, the pavement should be reconstructed rather than simply rehabilitated. Coring was done to determine the pavement layer thickness. The results were compared to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) design methodology and showed that the existing asphalt thickness is lower than the required asphalt thickness. Prior to the pavement reconstruction, the road materials were tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specification to identify whether the materials are suitable. Accordingly, the ASTM tests that were performed on the base course are Sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified proctor, Los Angeles, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Results show a CBR value higher than 70%. Hence, these aggregates could be used as a base course layer. The asphalt layer was also tested and the results of the Marshall flow and stability tests meet the ASTM specifications. In the last section, an environmentally friendly mix was proposed. An optimal RAP percentage of 30%, which produced a well graded base course and asphalt mix, was determined through a series of trials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20mix" title="asphalt mix">asphalt mix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reclaimed%20asphalt%20pavement" title=" reclaimed asphalt pavement"> reclaimed asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=California%20bearing%20ratio" title=" California bearing ratio"> California bearing ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103234/laboratory-investigation-of-the-pavement-condition-in-lebanon-implementation-of-reclaimed-asphalt-pavement-in-the-base-course-and-asphalt-layer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> English Test Success among Syrian Refugee Girls Attending Language Courses in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nina%20Leila%20Mussa">Nina Leila Mussa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The devastating effects of the war on Syria’s educational infrastructure has been widely reported, with millions of children denied access. However, among those who resettled in Lebanon, the impact of receiving educational assistance on their abilities to pass the English entrance exam is not well described. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of success among Syrian refugees receiving English language courses in a Lebanese university. Methods: The database of Syrian refugee girls matriculated in English courses at the American University of Beirut (AUB) was reviewed. The study period was 7/2018-09/2020. Variables compared included: family size and income, welfare status, parents’ education, English proficiency, access to the internet, and need for external help with homework. Results: For the study period, there were 28 girls enrolled. The average family size was 6 (range 4-9), with eight having completed primary, 14 secondary education, and 6 graduated high school. Eighteen were single-income families. After 12 weeks of English courses, 16 passed the Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL) from the first attempt, and 12 failed. Out of the 12, 8 received external help, and 6 passed on the second attempt, which brings the total number of successful passing to 22. Conclusion: Despite the tragedy of war, girls receiving assistance in learning English in Lebanon are able to pass the basic language test. Investment in enhancing those educational experiences will be determinantal in achieving widespread progress among those at-risk children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee%20girls" title="refugee girls">refugee girls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TOEFL" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=success" title=" success"> success</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136920/english-test-success-among-syrian-refugee-girls-attending-language-courses-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Prevalence and Correlates of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Diabetic Patients in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Naja">Farah Naja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Alameddine"> Mohamad Alameddine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The difficulty of compliance to therapeutic and lifestyle management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) encourages patients to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. Little is known about the prevalence and mode of CAM use among diabetics in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in general and Lebanon in particular. Objective: To assess the prevalence and modes of CAM use among patients with T2DM residing in Beirut, Lebanon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of T2DM patients was conducted on patients recruited from two major referral centers - a public hospital and a private academic medical center in Beirut. In a face-to-face interview, participants completed a survey questionnaire comprised of three sections: socio-demographic, diabetes characteristics and types and modes of CAM use. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to assess the prevalence, mode and correlates of CAM use in the study population. The main outcome in this study (CAM use) was defined as using CAM at least once since diagnosis with T2DM. Results: A total of 333 T2DM patients completed the survey (response rate: 94.6%). Prevalence of CAM use in the study population was 38%, 95% CI (33.1-43.5). After adjustment, CAM use was significantly associated with a “married” status, a longer duration of T2DM, the presence of disease complications, and a positive family history of the disease. Folk foods and herbs were the most commonly used CAM followed by natural health products. One in five patients used CAM as an alternative to conventional treatment. Only 7 % of CAM users disclosed the CAM use to their treating physician. Health care practitioners were the least cited (7%) as influencing the choice of CAM among users. Conclusion: The use of CAM therapies among T2DM patients in Lebanon is prevalent. Decision makers and care providers must fully understand the potential risks and benefits of CAM therapies to appropriately advise their patients. Attention must be dedicated to educating T2DM patients on the importance of disclosing CAM use to their physicians especially patients with a family history of diabetes, and those using conventional therapy for a long time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20supplements" title="nutritional supplements">nutritional supplements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus" title=" type 2 diabetes mellitus"> type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20%28CAM%29" title=" complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)"> complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20therapy" title=" conventional therapy"> conventional therapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9685/prevalence-and-correlates-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-use-among-diabetic-patients-in-lebanon-a-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9685.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Availability of Safety Measures and Knowledge Towards Hazardous Waste Management among Workers in Scientific Laboratories of Two Universities in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inaam%20Nasrallah">Inaam Nasrallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pascale%20Salameh"> Pascale Salameh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20El-Outa"> Abbas El-Outa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assem%20Alkak"> Assem Alkak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rihab%20Nasr"> Rihab Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafa%20Toufic%20Bawab"> Wafa Toufic Bawab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Hazardous Waste Management(HWM). is critical to human health outcomes and environmental protection. This study evaluated the knowledge regarding safety measures to be applied when collecting and storing waste in scientific laboratories of two universities in Lebanon.Method: A survey-based observational study was conducted in scientific laboratories of the public university and that of a private university, where a total of 309 participants were recruited.Result: The mean total knowledge score on safety measures of HWM was 9.02±4.34 (maximum attainable score, 13). Significant association (p<0.05) was found between knowledge score and job function, years of experience, educational level, professional status, work schedule, and training on proper HWM. Participants had adequate perceptions regarding the impact of HWM on health and the environment. Linear regression modeling revealed that knowledge score was significantly higher among bachelor level lab workers compared to those with doctoral degrees (p=0.043), full-time schedule workers versus part-timers (p=0.03), and among public university participants as compared to those of the private university (p<0.001).Conclusion: This study showed good knowledge concerning HWM in the scientific laboratoriesof the studied universities in Lebanon and a good awareness of the HWM on health and the environment. It highlights the importance of culture, attitude, and practice on proper HWM in the academic scientific laboratory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hasardous%20waste" title="hasardous waste">hasardous waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20measures" title=" safety measures"> safety measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knwoledge%20score" title=" knwoledge score"> knwoledge score</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scientific%20laboratory%20workers" title=" scientific laboratory workers"> scientific laboratory workers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142018/availability-of-safety-measures-and-knowledge-towards-hazardous-waste-management-among-workers-in-scientific-laboratories-of-two-universities-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Analysis of Intra-Varietal Diversity for Some Lebanese Grapevine Cultivars</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Khater">Stephanie Khater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Chehade"> Ali Chehade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamis%20Chalak"> Lamis Chalak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The progressive replacement of the Lebanese autochthonous grapevine cultivars during the last decade by the imported foreign varieties almost resulted in the genetic erosion of the local germplasm and the confusion with cultivars' names. Hence there is a need to characterize these local cultivars and to assess the possible existing variability at the cultivar level. This work was conducted in an attempt to evaluate the intra-varietal diversity within Lebanese traditional cultivars 'Aswad', 'Maghdoushe', 'Maryame', 'Merweh', 'Meksese' and 'Obeide'. A total of 50 accessions distributed over five main geographical areas in Lebanon were collected and submitted to both ampelographic description and ISSR DNA analysis. A set of 35 ampelographic descriptors previously established by the International Office of Vine and Wine and related to leaf, bunch, berry, and phenological stages, were examined. Variability was observed between accessions within cultivars for blade shape, density of prostrate and erect hairs, teeth shape, berry shape, size and color, cluster shape and size, and flesh juiciness. At the molecular level, nine ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) primers, previously developed for grapevine, were used in this study. These primers generated a total of 35 bands, of which 30 (85.7%) were polymorphic. Totally, 29 genetic profiles were differentiated, of which 9 revealed within 'Obeide', 6 for 'Maghdoushe', 5 for 'Merweh', 4 within 'Maryame', 3 for 'Aswad' and 2 within 'Meksese'. Findings of this study indicate the existence of several genotypes that form the basis of the main indigenous cultivars grown in Lebanon and which should be further considered in the establishment of new vineyards and selection programs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ampelography" title="ampelography">ampelography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autochthonous%20cultivars" title=" autochthonous cultivars"> autochthonous cultivars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISSR%20markers" title=" ISSR markers"> ISSR markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebanon" title=" Lebanon"> Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitis%20vinifera%20L." title=" Vitis vinifera L. "> Vitis vinifera L. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130529/analysis-of-intra-varietal-diversity-for-some-lebanese-grapevine-cultivars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Dietary Patterns and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Breast Cancer Female Patients in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasmine%20Aridi">Yasmine Aridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lara%20Nasreddine"> Lara Nasreddine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Khalil"> Maya Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arafat%20Tfayli"> Arafat Tfayli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anas%20Mugharbel"> Anas Mugharbel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Naja"> Farah Naja </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer site among women worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer mortality. Breast cancer rates differ vastly between geographical areas, countries, and within the same country. In Lebanon, the proportion of breast cancer to all other sites of tumor is 38.2%; these rates are still lower than those observed worldwide, but remain the highest among Arab countries. Studies and evidence based reviews show a strong association between breast cancer development and prognosis and dietary habits, specifically the Mediterranean diet (MD). As such, the aim of this study is to examine dietary patterns and adherence to the MD among a sample of 182 breast cancer female patients in Beirut, Lebanon. Subjects were recruited from two major hospitals; a private medical center and a public hospital. All subjects were administered two questionnaires: socio- demographics and Mediterranean diet adherence. Five Mediterranean scores were calculated: MS, MSDPS, PMDI, PREDIMED and DDS. The mean age of the participants was 53.78 years. The overall adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was low since the sample means of 3 out of the 5 calculated scores were less than the scores’ medians. Given that 4 out of the 5 Mediterranean scores significantly varied between the recruitment sites, women in the private medical center were found to adhere more to the MD. Our results also show that the majority of the sample population’s intakes are exceeding the recommendations for total and saturated fat, while meeting the requirements for fiber, EPA, DHA and Linolenic Acid. Participants in the private medical center were consuming significantly more calories, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, Lycopene, Calcium, Iron and Folate and less fat. After conducting multivariate linear regression analyses, the following significant results were observed: positive associations between MD (CPMDI, PREDIMED) and monthly income & current state of health, while negative associations between MD (MSDPS, PREDIMED) and age & employment status. Our findings indicated a low overall adherence to the MD and identified factors associated with it; which suggests a need to address dietary habits among BC patients in Lebanon, specifically encouraging them to adhere to their traditional Mediterranean diet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adherence" title="Adherence">Adherence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Breast%20cancer" title=" Breast cancer"> Breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dietary%20patterns" title=" Dietary patterns"> Dietary patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mediterranean%20diet" title=" Mediterranean diet"> Mediterranean diet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nutrition" title=" Nutrition"> Nutrition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24407/dietary-patterns-and-adherence-to-the-mediterranean-diet-among-breast-cancer-female-patients-in-lebanon-a-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Effect of Concentration Level and Moisture Content on the Detection and Quantification of Nickel in Clay Agricultural Soil in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Layan%20Moussa">Layan Moussa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darine%20Salam"> Darine Salam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Mustapha"> Samir Mustapha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in Lebanon poses serious environmental and health problems. Intensive efforts are employed to improve existing quantification methods of heavy metals in contaminated environments since conventional detection techniques have shown to be time-consuming, tedious, and costly. The implication of hyperspectral remote sensing in this field is possible and promising. However, factors impacting the efficiency of hyperspectral imaging in detecting and quantifying heavy metals in agricultural soils were not thoroughly studied. This study proposes to assess the use of hyperspectral imaging for the detection of Ni in agricultural clay soil collected from the Bekaa Valley, a major agricultural area in Lebanon, under different contamination levels and soil moisture content. Soil samples were contaminated with Ni, with concentrations ranging from 150 mg/kg to 4000 mg/kg. On the other hand, soil with background contamination was subjected to increased moisture levels varying from 5 to 75%. Hyperspectral imaging was used to detect and quantify Ni contamination in the soil at different contamination levels and moisture content. IBM SPSS statistical software was used to develop models that predict the concentration of Ni and moisture content in agricultural soil. The models were constructed using linear regression algorithms. The spectral curves obtained reflected an inverse correlation between both Ni concentration and moisture content with respect to reflectance. On the other hand, the models developed resulted in high values of predicted R2 of 0.763 for Ni concentration and 0.854 for moisture content. Those predictions stated that Ni presence was well expressed near 2200 nm and that of moisture was at 1900 nm. The results from this study would allow us to define the potential of using the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique as a reliable and cost-effective alternative for heavy metal pollution detection in contaminated soils and soil moisture prediction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperspectral%20imaging" title=" hyperspectral imaging"> hyperspectral imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20content" title=" moisture content"> moisture content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20contamination" title=" soil contamination"> soil contamination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163449/effect-of-concentration-level-and-moisture-content-on-the-detection-and-quantification-of-nickel-in-clay-agricultural-soil-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lebanon&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lebanon&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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