CINXE.COM

PhilPapers: Online Research in Philosophy

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://philpapers.org/","20230531181634","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1685556994"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title>PhilPapers: Online Research in Philosophy</title> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634cs_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.13.11/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script defer src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.13.11/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script defer src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.13.11/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous" onload="renderMathInElement(document.body, { displayMode: false});"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20230531181634cs_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/vendor/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20230531181634cs_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/vendor/css/bootstrap-tour.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634cs_/https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.1.0/css/all.css" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20230531181634cs_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/vendor/css/bulma.css"> <meta property="og:title" content="PhilPapers: Online Research in Philosophy"/> <meta property="og:description" content="A citation index of Philosophy containing thousands of bibliographies."/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="315507632137867"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/philpeople250.png"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/gif" href="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/favicon-ppl.gif"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20230531181634cs_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/style.4e5a11d6eabc010ff085e28e11226cdf.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230531181634js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/xpapers.6def7aae6fd20dc86b44973159e49aa9.js"></script> <link rel="image_src" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/logo.jpg"> </head> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageDesc="A citation index of Philosophy containing thousands of bibliographies."; var BASE_URL="/"; var SERVER=""; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://widgets.philpapers.org//init.js" async defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230531181634js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/yui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var $j = jQuery.noConflict(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-3-typeahead/4.0.2/bootstrap3-typeahead.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script type="text/javascript">$j(document).ready(prototypeBootstrapCompatibility());</script> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-tour/0.12.0/js/bootstrap-tour-standalone.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/typed.js@2.0.11"></script> <!--<![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript">$j(document).ready(ppTour.initialize());</script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/raw/vendor/js/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-6029851-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-6029851-1'); </script> <body class="yui-skin-sam" id="mainBody"> <div id="all" class="ppskin clearfix"> <div id="banner" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="no-padding-md container"> <div id="headlinks"> <span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://auth.philpapers.org/login?service=https://philpapers.org/cas.pl&amp;gateway=1"><span class="fa fa-sign-in">&nbsp;</span>Sign in</a> | <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/login?action=registration">Create an account</a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="philx desktop"> <div class="top_banner--links"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/"><span class="philxbtn philxbtnsel">PhilPapers</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpeople.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilPeople</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philarchive.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilArchive</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philevents.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilEvents</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philjobs.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilJobs</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="head" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top panel panel-default"> <div class="no-padding-md container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div id="logo" class="nav-left"> <a class="navbar-brand" title="PhilPapers home" rel="home" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/"> <img alt="PhilPapers home" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/pp_logo.svg"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="visible-xs visible-sm"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group" style="margin-left: -25px !important; margin-right: 5px !important; z-index: 6;"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </button> <button id="profile-dropdown-button" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#profile-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i style="font-size:16px" class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></i> </button> </div> <form class="navbar-form-alt" onsubmit="if ($j(this).find('input').val().length < 3) { alert('You must specify a search query of three or more characters')} else {window.location='/s/'+escape(UTF8.encode($j(this).find('input').val()));} return false;" method="GET" action="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/autosense.pl" onsubmit=""> <div class="input-group topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> <span class="input-group-btn search-help"> <div class="dropdown topSearch-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="topSearch-dropdown-btn dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-sort-desc dropdown-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> </form> </div> <div id="main-nav" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group primary-links"> <script type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(function() { initializeToggles(); }); </script> <ul class="navbar-nav nav"> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-new"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">New</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li class="first-item"><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent">All new items</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=journals">Journal articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=web">Manuscripts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-browse"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Topics</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/all">All Categories</a></li> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-10"><a href="#nav-10" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Metaphysics and Epistemology</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics-and-epistemology">Metaphysics and Epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-action">Philosophy of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language">Philosophy of Language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind">Philosophy of Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-religion">Philosophy of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/me-misc">M&E;, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-24"><a href="#nav-24" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Value Theory</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory">Value Theory</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/applied-ethics">Applied Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics">Meta-Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/normative-ethics">Normative Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-gender-race-and-sexuality">Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-law">Philosophy of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-and-political-philosophy">Social and Political Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory-miscellaneous">Value Theory, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-36"><a href="#nav-36" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Science, Logic, and Mathematics</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-logic-and-mathematics">Science, Logic, and Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic">Logic and Philosophy of Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-biology">Philosophy of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-cognitive-science">Philosophy of Cognitive Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-computing-and-information">Philosophy of Computing and Information</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mathematics">Philosophy of Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-physical-science">Philosophy of Physical Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-social-science">Philosophy of Social Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability">Philosophy of Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science">General Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-science-misc">Philosophy of Science, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-51"><a href="#nav-51" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">History of Western Philosophy</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy">History of Western Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/ancient-greek-and-roman-philosophy">Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/medieval-and-renaissance-philosophy">Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/17th18th-century-philosophy">17th/18th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/19th-century-philosophy">19th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/20th-century-philosophy">20th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy-misc">History of Western Philosophy, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-58"><a href="#nav-58" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Philosophical Traditions</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions">Philosophical Traditions</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/africanafricana-philosophy">African/Africana Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/asian-philosophy">Asian Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/continental-philosophy">Continental Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/european-philosophy">European Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-the-americas">Philosophy of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions-miscellaneous">Philosophical Traditions, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-4"><a href="#nav-4" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Philosophy, Misc</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-misc">Philosophy, Misc</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-introductions-and-anthologies">Philosophy, Introductions and Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-general-works">Philosophy, General Works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/teaching-philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-miscellaneous">Philosophy, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-70"><a href="#nav-70" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Other Academic Areas</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas">Other Academic Areas</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/natural-sciences">Natural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/cognitive-sciences">Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-sciences">Formal Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/arts-and-humanities">Arts and Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/professional-areas">Professional Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas-misc">Other Academic Areas, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/journals">Journals</a></li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu hidden-xs" id="nav-profile"> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-submit"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Submit material</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/edit">Submit a book or article</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/utils/batch_import.pl">Upload a bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/pages/list.html">Personal page tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/archives/list.html">Archives we track</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/feeds.html">Information for publishers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-help"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">More</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/whatyoucando.html">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/submit.html">Submitting to PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/subscriptions/">Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/editors.html">Editor's Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/categorization.html">The Categorization Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/feeds.html">For Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/archive_admins.html">For Archive Admins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/surveys/">PhilPapers Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/api/">API</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/utils/bargains.pl">Bargain Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">About PhilPapers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="hidden-xxs hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <form class="navbar-form-alt" onsubmit="if ($j(this).find('input').val().length < 3) { alert('You must specify a search query of three or more characters')} else {window.location='/s/'+escape(UTF8.encode($j(this).find('input').val()));} return false;" method="GET" action="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/autosense.pl" onsubmit=""> <div class="input-group topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> <span class="input-group-btn search-help"> <div class="dropdown topSearch-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="topSearch-dropdown-btn dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-sort-desc dropdown-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div id="profile-dropdown" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group"> <ul class="navbar-nav nav"> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/inoff.html">Sign in</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/users/new.html">Create an account</a></li></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(ppTypeahead.initialize(".topSearch")); </script> <div id="contentContainer" class=" container panel panel-body panel-default"> <style> a.blogtitle { color:#109D49; font-size:20px; } </style> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12 col-md-push-3"> <h2 style="margin-top:20px;" class="home">Welcome to PhilPapers</h2> <div id="intro"> <div class="introduction"> <span class="sitename">PhilPapers</span> is a comprehensive <b>index</b> and <b>bibliography</b> of <b>philosophy</b> maintained by the community of philosophers. We monitor all sources of research content in philosophy, including <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/journals/">journals</a>, <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=books">books</a>, and <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/archives/list.html">open access archives</a>. We also host the largest <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philarchive.org/"><b>open access</b> archive in philosophy</a>. Our index currently contains 2,707,235 entries categorized in 5,854 categories. PhilPapers has over 330,000 registered users. </div> </div> <h3 style="margin-top:40px" class="home">Browse by topic</h2> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics-and-epistemology">Metaphysics and Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">420,033</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology">Epistemology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">48,701</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">10,256</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics">Metaphysics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53,560</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-action">Philosophy of Action</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30,120</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language">Philosophy of Language</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">57,295</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind">Philosophy of Mind</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">108,287</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-religion">Philosophy of Religion</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">100,586</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/me-misc">M&E;, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">322</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory">Value Theory</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">52,303</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetics">Aesthetics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">73,472</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/applied-ethics">Applied Ethics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">181,048</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics">Meta-Ethics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">16,911</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/normative-ethics">Normative Ethics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">43,665</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-gender-race-and-sexuality">Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">37,905</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-law">Philosophy of Law</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">24,047</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-and-political-philosophy">Social and Political Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">167,156</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory-miscellaneous">Value Theory, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">69,032</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-logic-and-mathematics">Science, Logic, and Mathematics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">484,405</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic">Logic and Philosophy of Logic</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">86,523</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-biology">Philosophy of Biology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">41,835</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-cognitive-science">Philosophy of Cognitive Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">112,468</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-computing-and-information">Philosophy of Computing and Information</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">8,638</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mathematics">Philosophy of Mathematics</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">24,685</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-physical-science">Philosophy of Physical Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">39,278</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-social-science">Philosophy of Social Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">66,934</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability">Philosophy of Probability</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">9,530</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science">General Philosophy of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53,137</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-science-misc">Philosophy of Science, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">12,162</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy">History of Western Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">366,947</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/ancient-greek-and-roman-philosophy">Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">93,160</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/medieval-and-renaissance-philosophy">Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">37,863</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/17th18th-century-philosophy">17th/18th Century Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">105,170</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/19th-century-philosophy">19th Century Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53,221</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/20th-century-philosophy">20th Century Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">56,844</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy-misc">History of Western Philosophy, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,117</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions">Philosophical Traditions</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">292,390</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/africanafricana-philosophy">African/Africana Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,100</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/asian-philosophy">Asian Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">47,440</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/continental-philosophy">Continental Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145,142</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/european-philosophy">European Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">77,485</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-the-americas">Philosophy of the Americas</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">10,763</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions-miscellaneous">Philosophical Traditions, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,881</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-misc">Philosophy, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">10,916</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-introductions-and-anthologies">Philosophy, Introductions and Anthologies</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">405</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-general-works">Philosophy, General Works</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,099</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/teaching-philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,484</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-miscellaneous">Philosophy, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,718</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas">Other Academic Areas</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">104,305</b>)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/natural-sciences">Natural Sciences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">7,729</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">16,279</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/cognitive-sciences">Cognitive Sciences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30,830</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-sciences">Formal Sciences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,344</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/arts-and-humanities">Arts and Humanities</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">40,471</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/professional-areas">Professional Areas</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,119</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas-misc">Other Academic Areas, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">889</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-md-pull-6"> <div class="home" style="padding-top:15px"> <div class="sideBox"> <div class="sideBoxH">Latest news</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> <div class="newsHead"><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=7026">Noble's Logic bibliography now part of PhilPapers</a></div> <div class="newsSubHead">posted 2022-09-08 by <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpeople.org/profiles/david-bourget">David Bourget</a></div> <div class="newsContent">We&#39;re excited to announce that Bobby Noble&#39;s comprehensive bibliography of books on logic has now been integrated with PhilPapers. Many thanks to Bobby for this contribution!&nbsp; </div> <p> <div class="newsHead"><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=7025">Results of 2020 PhilPapers Survey</a></div> <div class="newsSubHead">posted 2021-11-01 by <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpeople.org/profiles/david-bourget">David Bourget</a></div> <div class="newsContent">We&#39;ve now released the results of the 2020 PhilPapers Survey, which surveyed 1785 professional philosophers on their views on 100 philosophical issues.&nbsp; Results are available on the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://survey2020.philpeople.org/">2020 PhilPapers Survey</a>&nbsp;website and in draft article form in <strong>&quot;</strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://philarchive.org/archive/BOUPOP-3">Philosophers on Philosophy: The 2020 PhilPapers Survey</a><strong>&quot;</strong>.&nbsp;Discussion is welcome in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpeople.org/news#group=1554">PhilPapers Survey 2020 discussion group</a>.</p> </div> <p> <div class="newsHead"><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=7022">The 2020 PhilPapers Survey is here</a></div> <div class="newsSubHead">posted 2020-10-15 by <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpeople.org/profiles/david-bourget">David Bourget</a></div> <div class="newsContent">We are pleased to announce the public launch of the 2020 PhilPapers Survey.&nbsp; The survey is a follow-up on the 2009 PhilPapers Survey, which was conducted in November 2009.&nbsp; As with the previous survey, the primary aim of the survey is to discover information about the distribution of philosophical views among professional philosophers in the English-speaking world.&nbsp; Everyone is welcome to... (<a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=7022">read more</a>)</div> <p> <p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="home" style="padding-top:15px"> <div class="sideBox creditBox" style="max-width:250px;min-width:180px;"> <div class="sideBoxH">Editorial team</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> General Editors:<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://www.dbourget.com/">David Bourget</a> (Western Ontario)<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://consc.net/chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (ANU, NYU) <br> <br> Area Editors:<br> <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/1">David Bourget</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/101427">Gwen Bradford</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/31">Berit Brogaard</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/13269">Margaret Cameron</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/2">David Chalmers</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/195">James Chase</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/2788">Rafael De Clercq</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/2834">Ezio Di Nucci</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/74">Esa Diaz-Leon</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/20041">Barry Hallen</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/8358">Hans Halvorson</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/42">Jonathan Ichikawa</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/9918">Michelle Kosch</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/3014">脴ystein Linnebo</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/23744">Paul Livingston</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/912">Brandon Look</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/324">Manolo Mart铆nez</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/10866">Matthew McGrath</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/4781">Michiru Nagatsu</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/5174">Susana Nuccetelli</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/70">Giuseppe Primiero</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/202">Jack Alan Reynolds</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/4160">Darrell P. Rowbottom</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/882122">Aleksandra Samonek</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/3858">Constantine Sandis</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/121">Howard Sankey</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/631">Jonathan Schaffer</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/13916">Thomas Senor</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/6920">Robin Smith</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/45">Daniel Star</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/6621">Jussi Suikkanen</a><br><a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/profile/7255">Aness Kim Webster</a> <br><br> <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/all">Other editors</a><br> <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a><br> <a href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">Learn more about PhilPapers</a> <br><br> </div> </div> <div class="sideBox creditBox"> <div class="sideBoxH">About us</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> <center> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://cdp.uwo.ca/"><img alt="Centre for Digital Philosophy" style="height:85px" alt="CDP" border="0" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/CDP-logo.gif"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy"><img style="height:45px" alt="UWO" border="0" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/western.gif"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://pdcnet.org/"><img alt="Phiosophy Documentation Center" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/pdc.jpg" border="0" style="height:75px"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://philosophy.sas.ac.uk/"><img alt="Institute of Philosophy, London" style="height:60px" border="0" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/ip-logo-white.png"></a> </center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> watchForSymbol({symbol:"xpa_yui_loaded",onSuccess: function() { YAHOO.util.Event.onDOMReady(function() { $j('.topSearch').focus() }); }}); </script> <div class="yui-skin-sam" style="z-index:3000"> <div class="ppskin" id="container"></div> <div id="load_c" style="display:none"> <div id="load_c2"> <div id="loadmsg">loading ..</div> <img id="loadimg" width="16" height="16" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/generic-load.gif"> </div> </div> <div id="outer-con" class="ppskin" style="z-index:1000"> <div id="editor-con" style="display:none"> <div class="hd"></div> <div class="bd" id="editor-bd" style=""></div> </div> <div id="categorizer-con" style="display:none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container footer-container panel panel-default panelb-body"> <div id="footerWrap"> <div class="footer centered" style=""> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> var authResponse; window.fbAsyncInit = function() { /* FB.init({ appId : '315507632137867', // App ID channelUrl : '//web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://bits/channel.html', // Channel File status : true, // check login status cookie : true, // enable cookies to allow the server to access the session xfbml : true // parse XFBML }); */ FB.init({appId: '315507632137867', status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true, oauth:true, channelUrl:"https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/channel.html"}); FB.getLoginStatus(function(response) { if (response.authResponse) { // logged in and connected user, someone you know //fb_step2(response.authResponse); authResponse = response.authResponse; } else { // no user session available, someone you dont know } }); FB.Event.subscribe('auth.login', function(response) { if (response.session) { fb_step2(response.authResponse); } else { } }); // Additional initialization code here }; // Load the SDK Asynchronously (function(d){ var js, id = 'facebook-jssdk', ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.src = "//web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js"; ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); </script> <div style="margin-bottom:10px" class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.facebook.com/PhilPapersPlus" data-send="true" height="63" max_rows="1" data-show-faces="false"></div> <div class="hidden-xs"> <div class="centered" style="padding-bottom:5px"><table class="centered"><tr><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/applied-ethics" rel="subsection">Applied ethics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="subsection">Epistemology</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy" rel="subsection">History of Western Philosophy</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics" rel="subsection">Meta-ethics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics" rel="subsection">Metaphysics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/normative-ethics" rel="subsection">Normative ethics</a></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-biology" rel="subsection">Philosophy of biology</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="subsection">Philosophy of language</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind" rel="subsection">Philosophy of mind</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-religion" rel="subsection">Philosophy of religion</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-logic-and-mathematics" rel="subsection">Science Logic and Mathematics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/categories.pl">More ...</a></td></tr></table></div> </div> <div class="btnmenu"> <a rel="subsection" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/">Home</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/recent">New books and articles</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/categories.pl">Bibliographies</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/journals">Philosophy journals</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">About PhilPapers</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/api">API</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/codeofconduct.html">Code of conduct</a> </div> <br> <a class="sponsorbtm" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://cdp.uwo.ca/"><img style="height:75px" alt="CDP" border="0" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/CDP-logo.gif"></a> <a class="sponsorbtm" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/http://pdcnet.org/"><img alt="Phiosophy Documentation Center" src="/web/20230531181634im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/pdc.jpg" border="0" style="height:75px"></a> <br> <div> PhilPapers logo by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://www.behance.net/AndreaAndrews">Andrea Andrews</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://www.behance.net/MeghanDriscoll">Meghan Driscoll</a>. </div> This site uses cookies and Google Analytics (see our <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/terms.html#analytics">terms &amp; conditions</a> for details regarding the privacy implications). <br> <br>Use of this site is subject to <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/help/terms.html">terms &amp; conditions</a>. <br>All rights reserved by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531181634/https://philpapers.org/foundation">The PhilPapers Foundation</a><br> <br> <span style="color:#aaa;font-size:smaller">Server: philpapers-web-768c78dffc-czrrn N</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230531181634js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/webpack/webpack.1be144b6f6097175bfb9.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var onload_functions = new Array(); onload_functions[0] = function() { basicOnLoad() }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function() { // store pre-loaded menus for my biblio etc. for (x=0;x<onload_functions.length;x++) { onload_functions[x](); } const vues = document.querySelectorAll(".philstar-components"); vues.forEach(el => { el.classList.remove('is-hidden'); }); } </script> <script>(function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7d01356fbeb597e2',m:'93aQhesIXX4PshBwPtHUpyWQ6YSXBkaWGNmAeemiQJ4-1685556995-0-AYeemDmhfxWt3ONNVwxJpxeX57TPs+z7SOf/F6HxCzOF',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})();</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 18:16:34 May 31, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 23:40:45 Nov 27, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.596 exclusion.robots: 0.032 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.019 esindex: 0.011 cdx.remote: 18.317 LoadShardBlock: 309.606 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 192.125 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 184.612 (2) load_resource: 125.369 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10