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BBC - WebWise - BBC - WebWise - A to Z Glossary
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<div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/j/">J</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/k/">K</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li class="on"> <span>L</span> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/m/">M</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/n/">N</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/o/">O</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/p/">P</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/q/">Q</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/r/">R</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/s/">S</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/t/">T</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/u/">U</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/v/">V</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/w/">W</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/xyz/">XYZ</a> <div class="divider"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/a-z/0-9/">0 - 9</a> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="blq-content" class="blq-typ"> <div id="column"> <h1>L</h1> <div class="item-list"> <ul><li> <h2> <a id="lan" name="lan">LAN</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> Local Area Network: a small private network of computers, for example in an office. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/what-computer-do-i-need"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/what-computer-do-i-need">Buying a computer: What do I need, and how much do I need to spend?</a> </h3> </li> <li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/where-to-buy-a-computer"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/where-to-buy-a-computer">Where can I buy a computer?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="laptop" name="laptop">Laptop</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A small computer which consists of a screen and a keyboard which folds in half so that it can be easily carried. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <h2> <a id="lcd" name="lcd">LCD screen</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> Liquid Crystal Display: a thin, flat kind of electronic screen used in modern computer monitors and televisions. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/courses/internet-basics/lessons/internet-basics/"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/c9e85e5cb20ef8adda0995419d24dac6fd988199.gif" alt="course"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/courses/internet-basics/lessons/internet-basics/">Internet basics</a> </h3> </li> <li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/how-the-web-works"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/how-the-web-works">How does the web work?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="link" name="link">Link</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A piece of text, image or other item on a website which, when clicked on, takes you to a different web page. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/courses/social-media-basics/lessons/join-groups-and-pages-on-social-networks/"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/c9e85e5cb20ef8adda0995419d24dac6fd988199.gif" alt="course"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/courses/social-media-basics/lessons/join-groups-and-pages-on-social-networks/">Join groups and pages on social networks</a> </h3> </li> <li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-social-networking"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-social-networking">What are social networking sites? </a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="linkedin" name="linkedin">LinkedIn</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A social network used to help people make professional business connections. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <h2> <a id="linux" name="linux">Linux</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A type of free, open-source operating system made by the people who use it. It is most frequently used on servers and as an alternative to Microsoft Windows. Popular versions include Ubuntu, Fedora and Mint. Pronounced "LIN-ucks". </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/choosing-a-password"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/choosing-a-password">How do I choose a good password?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="log-in" name="log-in">Log in/on</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> To sign in to a service by entering your details and password. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/protecting-personal-info"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/protecting-personal-info">How can I protect my personal information online?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="log-off" name="log-off">Log off</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> To 'sign out' from a service so that nobody else can access your data or pretend to be you. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-netiquette"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-netiquette">What is netiquette?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="lol" name="lol">LOL</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> Internet shorthand for 'Laugh Out Loud', meaning that something you see on the internet or on your computer made you laugh. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <h2> <a id="lolcat" name="lolcat">Lolcat</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A popular internet site. Normally a picture of a cat with an amusing caption on top of it, usually captalised and spelt very badly (as if the cat itself had written the caption). </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li> <h2> <a id="lossless" name="lossless">Lossless</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A way of compressing files to make them smaller without losing any of the data or fine detail when they are reconstructed. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> <li class="last"> <div class="related-links image-links"> <ul><li> <a class="img" href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/unzipping-files"> <img width="32" height="32" src="/web/20191003074302im_/http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/80816cd1cf95f5e816d405d108a398eab701bd31.gif" alt="article"></a> <h3> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/unzipping-files">How do I zip and unzip documents?</a> </h3> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> <h2> <a id="lossy" name="lossy">Lossy</a> </h2> <div class="richtext"> A way of compressing files to smaller sizes that will mean that some data or fine detail will be lost when they are reconstructed. </div> <div class="horiz-dots-full"></div> </li> </ul><div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div id="ft-img"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer orb-footer-black"> <aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"> <div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation"> <h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2> <div id="orb-footer-promo" class="orb-d"></div> <div class="orb-footer-primary-links"> <ul><li class="orb-nav-news orb-d"> <a href="/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom orb-w"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003074302/http://www.bbc.com/news/">News</a> </li> <li class="orb-nav-sport"> <a 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