Genetically-engineered mosquitoes lose nose for humans

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margin-right: 9px;">SCIENCE</a> </div>  <h1 id="ar_title">Genetically-engineered mosquitoes lose nose for humans</h1> <div class="summary_details_left"> <p>By <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/" rel="author">Darren Quick</a></p> <p><em>May 30, 2013</em></p> </div> <div class="summary_details_right"> <div class="has_comments"><a href="mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering#comments">8 Comments</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="article_share_rail"> <div class="as_button"><div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/" data-send="false" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false"></div><script type="text/javascript">_ga.trackFacebook();</script></div> <div class="as_button"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106/http://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-count="vertical" data-via="gizmag">Tweet</a></div> <div class="as_button"><div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/"></div></div> <div class="as_button"><iframe style="overflow: hidden; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106if_/http://badge.stumbleupon.com/badge/embed/5/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fmosquito-smell-genetic-engineering%2F27714%2F" width="50" height="60" id="iframe-stmblpn-widget-1"></iframe></div> <div class="as_button"><div class="pin-it-button" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106oe_/http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/" data-image="http://images.gizmag.com/hero/aedes-aegypti-mosquito.jpg" data-description="Researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) have genetically engineered mosquitoes to alter their sense of smell, which could provide the understanding required to block the pesky pests attraction to humans."></div></div> <div class="as_button"><script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script></div> <div class="as_button" id="reddit_button_rail"><script type="text/javascript">reddit_newwindow='1'</script></div> <div class="as_button" id="email_a_friend_rail"><span class="email_a_friend">Email</span></div> </div> <div id="hero_box" style="width: 530px;"> <a id="hero_link" href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/pictures"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106im_/http://images.gizmag.com/hero/aedes-aegypti-mosquito.jpg" title="Using genetic engineering to alter the Aedes aegypti mosquito's sense of smell could revea..." width="530" height="298" alt="Using genetic engineering to alter the Aedes aegypti mosquito's sense of smell could revea..."/></a> <div class="pic_caption"> <p>Using genetic engineering to alter the Aedes aegypti mosquito's sense of smell could reveal how and why they are attracted to humans (Photo: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106/http://www.shutterstock.com/pic.mhtml?id=86449642&src=id" target="_blank">Shutterstock</a>)</p> </div> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div class="article_body"> <div id="top_unit"></div> <p>It has long been believed that detecting carbon dioxide was one of the ways that mosquitoes target their human prey. But the fact that mosquitoes tend to favor certain people over others indicates that some other odor also plays a part in the attraction. Researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) have genetically engineered mosquitoes to alter their sense of smell, which could provide the understanding required to block the pesky pests' attraction to humans.</p> <p>A team led by Leslie Vosshall altered the odor-sensing capabilities of <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, a mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions that is a vector for dengue fever, yellow fever and other diseases. Following on from her lab’s previous success in genetically engineering flies to delete a gene called <em>orco</em>, which they knew affected the flies’ ability to respond to odors, Vosshall’s team used zinc-finger nucleases to specifically mutate the <em>orco</em> gene in the mosquito.</p> <p>After injecting the targeted zinc-finger nucleases into mosquito embryos, the researchers waited for them to mature before identifying the mutant individuals and generating mutant strains that allowed them to study the role the <em>orco</em> gene plays in mosquito biology.</p> <p>They found that the genetically engineered mosquitoes exhibited a reduction in neural activity related to odor-sensing, with subsequent tests revealing various behavioral changes. Whereas normal <em>Aedes aegypti</em> will make a bee-line (or mosquito line) for humans when given the choice between a human and another animal, the mosquitoes with <em>orco</em> mutations showed a reduced preference for humans over guinea pigs. These results were seen even in the presence of carbon dioxide.</p> <p>“By disrupting a single gene, we can fundamentally confuse the mosquito from its task of seeking humans,” says Vosshall.</p> <p>However, the researchers still aren’t sure whether this confusion is due to an inability by the engineered mosquitoes to sense a “bad” smell coming from the guinea pig, or a “good” smell coming from the human, or both.</p> <p>The researchers also found that the mosquitoes with <em>orco</em> mutations responded differently to DEET, the active ingredient in most insect repellents. When presented with two human arms, one covered in a solution containing 10 percent DEET, and the other untreated, the mosquitoes showed no preference for either arm, suggesting that they couldn’t smell the DEET. However, those that landed on the DEET-covered arm quickly flew away.</p> <p>“This tells us that there are two totally different mechanisms that mosquitoes are using to sense DEET,” explains Vosshall. “One is what’s happening in the air, and the other only comes into action when the mosquito is touching the skin.” The researchers say this dual mechanism had never been identified before.</p> <p>The research team plans to continue their study of the <em>orco</em> protein and how it interacts with the mosquitoes’ odor receptors.</p> <p>“We want to know what it is about these mosquitoes that makes them so specialized for humans,” she says. “And if we can also provide insights into how existing repellants are working, then we can start having some ideas about what a next-generation repellant would look like.”</p> <p>Even though mosquitoes cause more human deaths than any other animal, they do perform some beneficial ecological functions. So finding a more effective insect repellent would likely be a more palatable idea for those opposed to the idea of using <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/genetically-modified-mosquitoes-aegypti-mosquito/20668/" target="_blank">genetic engineering to wipe the mosquito out</a> altogether.</p> <p>Source: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106/http://www.hhmi.org/news/vosshall20130529.html" target="_blank">HHMI</a></p>    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106js_/http://static.fmpub.net/zone/7980"></script> <div id="bottom_unit"><span class="title">Post a Comment</span> <div class="dotsontop" id="comment_form_div"> <div id="comment_form" data-article="27714"> <div id="comments_login"> <form action="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/index.php" name="login_form" id="login_form" onsubmit="return false;"> <p class="bold">Login with your gizmag account:</p> <p id="login_status"></p> <label for="email">Email</label><input type="text" name="email" id="email" value=""/> <label for="password">Password</label><input type="password" name="password" id="password" value=""/> <input type="submit" value="Log In" class="med"/> <div id="options"> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/register/">Register here</a><br> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/new_password/">Forgotten your password?</a> </div> <input type="hidden" id="expired_comment" value=""/> </form> </div> <div id="facebook_login"> <p>Or <span class="bold">Login with Facebook:</span></p><br/> <div class="fb-login-button" data-scope="email" data-max-rows="1" data-onlogin="loginFUser(27714);" data-autologoutlink="true"></div> </div> </div> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> </div>  </div> <span class="title share_bar">Share</span> <div id="article_share_bar" class="dotsontop share_bar"> <div class="as_button fb_as_button"><div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/" data-send="false" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false"></div><script type="text/javascript">_ga.trackFacebook();</script></div> <div class="as_button"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106/http://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-count="vertical" data-via="gizmag">Tweet</a></div> <div class="as_button"><div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/"></div></div> <div class="as_button"><iframe style="overflow: hidden; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106if_/http://badge.stumbleupon.com/badge/embed/5/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fmosquito-smell-genetic-engineering%2F27714%2F" width="50" height="60" id="iframe-stmblpn-widget-2"></iframe></div> <div class="as_button"><div class="pin-it-button" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106oe_/http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-smell-genetic-engineering/27714/" data-image="http://images.gizmag.com/hero/aedes-aegypti-mosquito.jpg" data-description="Researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) have genetically engineered mosquitoes to alter their sense of smell, which could provide the understanding required to block the pesky pests attraction to humans."></div></div> <div class="as_button"><script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script></div> <div class="as_button" id="reddit_button_bar"><script type="text/javascript">reddit_newwindow='1'</script></div> <div class="as_button" id="email_a_friend_bar"><span class="email_a_friend">Email</span></div> </div>  <span class="title clear_left" id="author_byline_title">About the Author</span> <div class="dotsontop" id="authorcontainer">  <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106im_/http://images.gizmag.com/author_profiles/34.jpg" alt="Darren Quick" id="bio_pic"/> </a>   Darren's love of technology started in primary school with a Nintendo Game & Watch Donkey Kong (still functioning) and a Commodore VIC 20 computer (not still functioning). In high school he upgraded to a 286 PC, and he's been following Moore's law ever since. This love of technology continued through a number of university courses and crappy jobs until 2008, when his interests found a home at Gizmag.   <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/">All articles by Darren Quick</a> <span id="author_byline_links">   </span> <br class="clear_both"> </div>  <div id="tags"> <span class="title">Tags</span> <div class="dotsontop"> <ul> <li>» <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/genetic-engineering/" rel="tag">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/insect/" rel="tag">Insect</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/mosquito/" rel="tag">Mosquito</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/odor/" rel="tag">Odor</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/pests/" rel="tag">Pests</a></li> </ul> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> </div> <div id="bing_unit"></div>  <span class="title" id="comments">8 Comments</span> <div class="dotsontop"> <div id="comment-228772" class="a_comment"> <p>I believe I heard that there would be more than twice as many people in the world now were it not for the mosquito. </p> <p></p> <span class="name">Steven Thompson</span><br> <span class="date"> 30th May, 2013 @ 05:41 am PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-228886" class="a_comment"> <p>There needs to be scientific consensus that eliminates profit from ecological considerations and supersedes political determinations of law. </p> <span class="name">ezeflyer</span><br> <span class="date"> 30th May, 2013 @ 11:51 am PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-228973" class="a_comment"> <p>I can't think of anything beneficial about mosquitos outside of population control per Steve's comment, if you can call it a benefit. Maybe it is as long as your not the one being controlled. I almost died from malaria and it was no picnic believe me. There are better ways to control population. Wars are pretty good and we humans seem to be addicted to them. </p> <span class="name">JAT</span><br> <span class="date"> 30th May, 2013 @ 07:15 pm PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-229033" class="a_comment"> <p>I don't get it. </p> <p>Is the idea to release these by the millions and have them out-compete normal mozzies so we have a population of insects that don't bite us? </p> <p>I wonder if a GE mosquito that doesn't like biting humans is better adapted for survival than one that does. </p> <span class="name">warren52nz</span><br> <span class="date"> 30th May, 2013 @ 10:50 pm PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-229051" class="a_comment"> <p>Wouldn't it make more sense to fix the problem that makes the mosquito need to suck blood than just retarget them. </p> <p></p> <p>re; warren52nz </p> <p></p> <p>Presumably the changed genetic structure is dominant so that the offspring of a modified and unmodified parents will be modified. Assuming that the modification does not put the mosquito at a survival disadvantage eventually most or all will get the modification. </p> <p>I would want to see at least 10 generations without unintended consequences before releasing them out of the lab. </p> <span class="name">Slowburn</span><br> <span class="date"> 31st May, 2013 @ 12:00 am PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-229303" class="a_comment"> <p>re; JAT </p> <p></p> <p>They are an important food supply to many small predators some of which we like to eat. </p> <span class="name">Slowburn</span><br> <span class="date"> 31st May, 2013 @ 08:30 pm PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-229369" class="a_comment"> <p>Make skeeters taste deliscious so that WE want to eat THEM. </p> <span class="name">Harold Gorebinsky</span><br> <span class="date"> 1st June, 2013 @ 06:12 am PDT</span> </div> <div id="comment-230542" class="a_comment"> <p>Or just the concentration of deet is strong enough to overcome the bad nose. </p> <p></p> <p>I can't smell bleach from a couple feet away but if I breath it right on top of it I'm gonna cough my lungs out. </p> <p></p> <p>It's not 2 factors. </p> <span class="name">Andrew Zuckerman</span><br> <span class="date"> 6th June, 2013 @ 03:06 am PDT</span> </div> </div>  <span class="title">Related Articles</span> <div id="related_articles" class="dotsontop"> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/genetically-modified-non-malarial-mosquitoes/22938/" title="Scientists have created genetically-modified mosquitoes that are incapable of spreading ma..."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106im_/http://images.gizmag.com/related/gmmosquitoes.jpeg" alt="Scientists have created genetically-modified mosquitoes that are incapable of spreading ma..."/> </a> <a class="rel_title" href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/genetically-modified-non-malarial-mosquitoes/22938/">Genetically-engineered mosquitoes can't transmit malaria</a> <p class="rel_date">13th June, 2012</p> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/lg-anti-mosquito-air-conditioner/25144/" title="LG's 'Anti-Mosquito' air conditioner uses ultrasonic waves to repel malaria-transmitting m..."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106im_/http://images.gizmag.com/related/lg-anti-mosquito-ac.jpg" alt="LG's 'Anti-Mosquito' air conditioner uses ultrasonic waves to repel malaria-transmitting m..."/> </a> <a class="rel_title" href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/lg-anti-mosquito-air-conditioner/25144/">LG mosquito-repelling air conditioner aims to help reduce malaria cases in Africa</a> <p class="rel_date">22nd November, 2012</p> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/natural-tool-tells-mosquito-moms-to-lay-their-eggs-someplace-else/15817/" title="Mosquitoes won't lay their eggs wherever they detect a newly-identified chemical compound"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028062106im_/http://images.gizmag.com/related/mosquitoes.jpg" alt="Mosquitoes won't lay their eggs wherever they detect a newly-identified chemical compound"/> </a> <a class="rel_title" href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/natural-tool-tells-mosquito-moms-to-lay-their-eggs-someplace-else/15817/">Natural tool tells mosquito moms to lay their eggs someplace else</a> <p class="rel_date">25th July, 2010</p> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20131028062106/http://www.gizmag.com/mosquito-laser/11266/" title="Bullseye! 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