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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iconographic dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconographic_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Female dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_costume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_costume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military costume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_costume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_costume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_costume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Imperial costume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_costume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Court dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerical_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerical_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Clerical dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerical_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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dress</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βυζαντινό ένδυμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινό ένδυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_bizantina" title="Indumentaria bizantina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indumentaria bizantina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AAtement_byzantin" title="Vêtement byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vêtement byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbigliamento_bizantino" title="Abbigliamento bizantino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbigliamento bizantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_divat" title="Bizánci divat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci divat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Византиска облека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византиска облека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE" title="ビザンツの服飾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビザンツの服飾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestu%C3%A1rio_bizantino" title="Vestuário bizantino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vestuário bizantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Византийский светский костюм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византийский светский костюм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodnorimska_no%C5%A1a" title="Vzhodnorimska noša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodnorimska noša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysanttilainen_muoti" title="Bysanttilainen muoti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg/260px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg/390px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg/520px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century military martyr wears four layers, all patterned and richly trimmed: a cloak with <i><a href="/wiki/Tablion" title="Tablion">tablion</a></i> over a short dalmatic, another layer (?), and a tunic</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Byzantine dress</b> changed considerably over the thousand years of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">the Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was essentially conservative. Popularly, Byzantine dress remained attached to its <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">classical Greek</a> roots with most changes and different styles being evidenced in the upper strata of Byzantine society always with a touch of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines liked colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a>, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and <a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">resist-dyed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">printed</a> for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_aristocracy_and_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy">class or rank</a>. Taste for the middle and upper classes followed the latest <a href="/wiki/Fashions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashions">fashions</a> at the Imperial Court. </p><p>As in the West during the Middle Ages, clothing was very expensive for the poor, who probably wore the same well-worn clothes nearly all the time;<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Blanche_p128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Blanche_p128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this meant in particular that any costume owned by most women needed to fit throughout the full length of a pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200643_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200643-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even for the better-off, clothing was "used until death and then reused", and the cut was generous to allow for this.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_body">On the body</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: On the body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanVitale19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/SanVitale19.jpg/220px-SanVitale19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/SanVitale19.jpg/330px-SanVitale19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/SanVitale19.jpg/440px-SanVitale19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. Few later emperors would dress so simply as in a mosaic as <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> here, though his dress is far richer at every point than his attendants'. He and they have the <i><a href="/wiki/Tablion" title="Tablion">tablion</a></i> diagonally across their torsos. This <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> probably wore this style of dress, which is very close to modern church <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>, for most of the time. Note what appears to be shoes and socks.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> was still used as very formal or official dress. By Justinian's time this had been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunica</a>, or long <i><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">chiton</a></i>, for both sexes, over which the upper classes wore other garments, like a <i>dalmatica</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>), a heavier and shorter type of tunica, again worn by both sexes, but mainly by men. The hems often curve down to a sharp point. The <i>scaramangion</i> was a riding-coat of Persian origin, opening down the front and normally coming to the mid-thigh, although these are recorded as being worn by Emperors, when they seem to become much longer. In general, except for military and presumably riding-dress, men of higher status, and all women, had clothes that came down to the ankles, or nearly so. Women often wore a top layer of the <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>, for the rich in <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>. All of these, except the stola, might be belted or not. The terms for dress are often confusing, and certain identification of the name a particular pictured item had, or the design that relates to a particular documentary reference, is rare, especially outside the Court. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a></i>, a semicircular cloak fastened to the right shoulder continued throughout the period. The length fell sometimes only to the hips or as far as the ankles, much longer than the version commonly worn in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>; the longer version is also called a <i><a href="/wiki/Paludamentum" title="Paludamentum">paludamentum</a></i>. As well as his courtiers, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Justinian">Emperor Justinian</a> wears one, with a huge brooch, in the Ravenna mosaics. On each straight edge men of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_senate" title="Byzantine senate">senatorial</a> class had a <a href="/wiki/Tablion" title="Tablion">tablion</a>, a lozenge shaped coloured panel across the chest or midriff (at the front), which was also used to show the further rank of the wearer by the colour or type of embroidery and jewels used (compare those of Justinian and his courtiers). <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and his co-emperors were shown in 388 with theirs at knee level in the <a href="/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I" title="Missorium of Theodosius I">Missorium of Theodosius I</a> of 387, but over the next decades the <i>tablion</i> can be seen to move higher on the <i>Chlamys</i>, for example in ivories of 413-414.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>paragauda</i> or border of thick cloth, usually including gold, was also an indicator of rank. Sometimes an oblong cloak would be worn, especially by the military and ordinary people; it was not for court occasions. <a href="/wiki/Cloaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloaks">Cloaks</a> were pinned on the right shoulder for ease of movement, and access to a sword. </p><p>Leggings and hose were often worn, but are not prominent in depictions of the wealthy; they were associated with barbarians, whether European or Persian. Even basic clothes appear to have been surprisingly expensive for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne,_Blanche_p128_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne,_Blanche_p128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some manual workers, probably slaves, are shown continuing to wear, at least in summer, the basic Roman slip costume which was effectively two rectangles sewn together at the shoulders and below the arm. Others, when engaged in activity, are shown with the sides of their tunic tied up to the waist for ease of movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconographic_dress">Iconographic dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconographic dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Bibel_des_Patrice_L%C3%A9on_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>Moses has iconographic dress, the others everyday contemporary clothes, 10th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common images surviving from the Byzantine period are not relevant as references for actual dress worn in the period. <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a> (often even as a baby), the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a> and some others are nearly always shown wearing formulaic "pseudo-Biblical dress",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of a large <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a>, a large rectangular mantle wrapped round the body (almost a <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>), over a chiton, or loose sleeved tunic, reaching to the ankles. Sandals are worn on the feet. This costume is not commonly seen in secular contexts, although possibly this is deliberate, to avoid confusing secular with divine subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>) is shown wearing a <i>maphorion</i>, a more shaped mantle with a hood and sometimes a hole at the neck. This probably is close to actual typical dress for widows, and for married women when in public. The Virgin's underdress may be visible, especially at the sleeves. There are also conventions for <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and other Biblical figures. Apart from Christ and the Virgin, much <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> dress is white or relatively muted in colour especially when on walls (<a href="/wiki/Murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>, but more brightly coloured in <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. Many other figures in Biblical scenes, especially if unnamed, are usually depicted wearing "contemporary" Byzantine clothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_dress">Female dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Female dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelati_fresco_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Gelati_fresco_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Georgia">Kings of Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of Georgia">queens consort</a> wearing Byzantine dress. A fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modesty was important for all, and most women appear almost entirely covered by rather shapeless clothes, which needed to be able to accommodate a full pregnancy. The basic garment in the early Empire comes down to the ankles, with a high round collar and tight sleeves to the wrist. The fringes and cuffs might be decorated with embroidery, with a band around the upper arm as well. In the 10th and 11th century a dress with flared sleeves, eventually very full indeed at the wrist, becomes increasingly popular, before disappearing; working women are shown with the sleeves tied up. In court ladies this may come with a V-collar. Belts were normally worn, possibly with <a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">belt-hooks</a> to support the skirt; they may have been cloth more often than leather, and some tasselled sashes are seen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200650–53,_57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200650–53,_57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neck openings were probably often buttoned, which is hard to see in art, and not described in texts, but must have been needed if only for breast-feeding. Straight down, across, or diagonally are the possible options.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_53-54_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_53-54-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plain linen undergarment was, until the 10th century, not designed to be visible. However at this point a standing collar starts to show above the main dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200653–54_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200653–54-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hair is covered by a variety of head-cloths and veils, presumably often removed inside the home. Sometimes caps were worn under the veil, and sometimes the cloth is tied in turban style. This may have been done while working - for example the midwives in scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a> usually adopt this style. Earlier ones were wrapped in a figure-of-eight fashion, but by the 11th century circular wrapping, possibly sewn into a fixed position, was adopted. In the 11th and 12th centuries head-cloths or veils began to be longer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200643–47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200643–47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With footwear, scholars are more certain, as there are considerable numbers of examples recovered by archaeology from the drier parts of the Empire. A great variety of footwear is found, with sandals, slippers and boots to the mid-calf all common in manuscript illustrations and excavated finds, where many are decorated in various ways. The colour red, reserved for Imperial use in male footwear, is actually by far the most common colour for women's shoes. Purses are rarely visible, and seem to have been made of textile matching the dress, or perhaps tucked into the sash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200657–59_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200657–59-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dancers are shown with special dress including short sleeves or sleeveless dresses, which may or may not have a lighter sleeve from an undergarment below. They have tight wide belts, and their skirts have a flared and differently coloured element, probably designed to rise up as they spin in dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200659–60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200659–60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A remark of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> about her mother suggests that not showing the arm above the wrist was a special focus of Byzantine modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_61_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_61-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is sometimes claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">face-veil</a> was invented by the Byzantines,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine art does not depict women with veiled faces, although it commonly depicts women with veiled hair. It is assumed that Byzantine women outside court circles went well wrapped up in public, and were relatively restricted in their movements outside the house; they are rarely depicted in art.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary sources are not sufficiently clear to distinguish between a head-veil and a face-veil.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_61_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_61-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the early 3rd-century Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, in his treatise <i>The Veiling of Virgins,</i> Ch. 17, describes <a href="/wiki/Arab_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab polytheism">pagan Arab</a> women as veiling the entire face except the eyes, in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a>. This shows that some Middle Eastern women veiled their faces long before Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colour">Colour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_Museum_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coptic_Museum_02.jpg/220px-Coptic_Museum_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coptic_Museum_02.jpg/330px-Coptic_Museum_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coptic_Museum_02.jpg/440px-Coptic_Museum_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Two embroidered roundels from an Egyptian 7th century tunic</figcaption></figure> <p>As in Graeco-Roman times, purple was reserved for the royal family; other colours in various contexts conveyed information as to class and clerical or government rank. Lower-class people wore simple tunics but still had the preference for bright colours found in all Byzantine fashions. </p><p>The races in the Hippodrome used four teams: red, white, blue and green; and the supporters of these became <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political factions</a>, taking sides on the great theological issues—which were also political questions—of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, and therefore on the Imperial claimants who also took sides. Huge <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">riots</a> took place, in the 4th to 6th centuries and mostly in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, with deaths running into the thousands, between these factions, who naturally dressed in their appropriate colours. In medieval France, there were similar colours-wearing political factions, called <a href="/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)" title="Chaperon (headgear)"><i>chaperons</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg/350px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg/525px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg/700px-Meister_der_Kahriye-Cami-Kirche_in_Istanbul_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin and St. Joseph register for the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census</a> before Governor <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a>, mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a> (1315-20). <i>See text</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A 14th-century mosaic (right) from the <i>Kahriye-Cami</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> gives an excellent view of a range of costume from the late period. From the left, there is a soldier on guard, the governor in one of the large hats worn by important officials, a middle-ranking civil servant (holding the register <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">roll</a>) in a dalmatic with a wide border, probably embroidered, over a long tunic, which also has a border. Then comes a higher-ranking soldier, carrying a sword on an untied belt or <a href="/wiki/Baldric" title="Baldric">baldric</a>. The Virgin and St Joseph are in their normal iconographic dress, and behind St Joseph a queue of respectable citizens wait their turn to register. Male hem lengths drop as the status of the person increases. All the exposed legs have hose, and the soldiers and citizens have foot-wrappings above, presumably with sandals. The citizens wear dalmatics with a wide border around the neck and hem, but not as rich as that of the middle-level official. The other men would perhaps wear hats if not in the presence of the governor. A donor figure in the same church, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Logothete" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Logothete">Grand Logothete</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodore Metochites</a>, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an even larger hat, which he keeps on whilst kneeling before Christ (see Gallery). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hats">Hats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello,_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo,_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/220px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/330px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/440px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_John_VIII_Palaeologus" title="Medal of John VIII Palaeologus">Medal of John VIII Palaeologus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a>, who saw him at Ferrara in 1438</figcaption></figure> <p>Many men went bareheaded and, apart from the Emperor, they were normally so in votive depictions, which may distort the record we have. In the late Byzantine period a number of extravagantly large hats were worn as uniform by officials. In the 12th century, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a> wore a hat shaped like a pyramid, but eccentric dress is one of many things he was criticised for. This was perhaps related to the very elegant hat with a very high-domed peak, and a sharply turned-up brim coming far forward in an acute triangle to a sharp point (left), that was drawn by Italian artists when the Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ferrara">Council of Ferrara</a> in 1438 in the last days of the Empire. Versions of this and other clothes, including many spectacular hats, worn by the visitors were carefully drawn by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> and other artists.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Byzantium/g10_pop_3.R.asp">[2]</a> They passed through copies across Europe for use in Eastern subjects, especially for depictions of the three kings or Magi in Nativity scenes. In 1159 the visiting Crusader Prince <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> wore a <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a> shaped felt cap, embellished in gold. An Iberian wide brimmed felt hat came into vogue during the 12th century. Especially in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, small caps with or without fur brims were worn, of the sort later adopted by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoes">Shoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140,_73141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg/220px-Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg/330px-Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg/440px-Byzantine_-_Pair_of_Shoes_-_Walters_73140%2C_73141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine men's shoes of partially gilded leather, 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not many shoes are seen clearly in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Art">Byzantine Art</a> because of the long robes of the rich. Red shoes marked the Emperor; blue shoes, a <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i>; and green shoes a <i><a href="/wiki/Protovestiarios" title="Protovestiarios">protovestiarios</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> mosaics show the men wearing what may be sandals with white socks, and soldiers wear sandals tied around the calf or strips of cloth wrapped round the leg to the calf. These probably went all the way to the toes (similar foot-wrappers are still worn by Russian other ranks). </p><p>Some soldiers, including later Imperial portraits in military dress, show boots nearly reaching the knee - red for the Emperor. In the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a> of the Holy Roman Emperors there are shoes or slippers in Byzantine style made in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> before 1220. They are short, only to the ankle, and generously cut to allow many different sizes to be accommodated. They are lavishly decorated with pearls and jewels and gold scrollwork on the sides and over the toe of the shoe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More practical footwear was no doubt worn on less formal occasions. </p><p>Outside labourers would either have sandals or be barefoot. The sandals follow the Roman model of straps over a thick sole. Some examples of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">caligae</a> or military boot are also seen on shepherds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_costume">Military costume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military costume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stayed close to the Greco-Roman pattern, especially for officers (see Gallery section for example). A breastplate of armour, under which the bottom of a short tunic appeared as a skirt, often overlaid with a fringe of leather straps, the <a href="/wiki/Pteruges" title="Pteruges">pteruges</a>. Similar strips covered the upper arms, below round armour shoulder-pieces. Boots came to the calf, or sandals were strapped high on the legs. A rather flimsy-looking cloth belt is tied high under the ribs as a badge of rank rather than a practical item. </p><p>Dress and equipment changed considerably across the period to have the most efficient and effective accoutrements current economics would allow. Other ranks' clothing was largely identical to that of common working men. The manuals recommend tunics and coats no longer than the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200716_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200716-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an army marches first of all on its feet, the manual writers were more concerned that troops should have good footwear than anything else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200718_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200718-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ranged from low lace up shoes to thigh boots, all to be fitted with "a few (hob) nails".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A head-cloth ("phakiolion" or "maphorion")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which ranged from a simple cloth coming from below the helmet (as still worn by Orthodox clergy)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to something more like a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>, was standard military headgear in the Middle and Late Empire for both common troops and for ceremonial wear by some ranks;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were also worn by women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_costume">Imperial costume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial costume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg/260px-Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg/390px-Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg/520px-Nicephorus_III_and_Maria_of_Alania_BnF_Coislin79_fol2bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>Emperor and Empress in the <i><a href="/wiki/Loros" title="Loros">loros</a></i> costume, <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus III">Nicephorus III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a>. 1074-81</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinctive garments of the Emperors (often there were two at a time) and Empresses were the crown and the heavily jewelled Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Loros" title="Loros">loros</a></i> or pallium, that developed from the <i><a href="/wiki/Trabea" title="Trabea">trabea</a> triumphalis</i>, a ceremonial coloured version of the Roman toga worn by <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consuls</a> (during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> Consulship became part of the imperial status), and worn by the Emperor and Empress as a quasi-ecclesiastical garment. It was also worn by the twelve most important officials and the imperial bodyguard, and hence by <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, who were seen as divine bodyguards, its main purpose was ideological, representing the different Hellenistic political values such as the deification of the monarch and his role as the sole legislator and administrator of the commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain_1977_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain_1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice it was only normally worn a few times a year, such as on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> Sunday, but it was very commonly used for depictions in art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200318–27_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200318–27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men's version of the loros was a long strip, dropping down straight in front to below the waist, and with the portion behind pulled round to the front and hung gracefully over the left arm. The female loros was similar at the front end, but the back end was wider and tucked under a belt after pulling through to the front again. Both male and female versions changed style and diverged in the middle Byzantine period, the female later reverting to the new male style. Apart from jewels and embroidery, small <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamelled</a> plaques were sewn into the clothes; the dress of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a> was described as being like a meadow covered with flowers. Generally sleeves were closely fitted to the arm and the outer dress comes to the ankles (although often called a scaramangion), and is also rather closely fitted. The sleeves of empresses became extremely wide in the later period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200319–27_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200319–27-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal daily robe was a simpler and more idealized regalia of the various Hellenistic kings, depicted in various frescoes and miniatures, which featured the emperor in a simple "<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(garment)" title="Chiton (garment)">chiton</a>" robe, a "<a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a>" of various sizes, a royal <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> and the imperial boots <i><a href="/wiki/Tzangion" title="Tzangion">Tzangion</a></i> of which elaborated examples are evidenced in imperial works such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Psalter" title="Paris Psalter">Paris psalter</a> or the <a href="/wiki/David_Plates" title="David Plates">David plates</a>, idealizing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">beneficence</a> as the main roles of the perfect Hellenistic and Byzantine monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain_1977_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain_1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handschuh_Palermo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Handschuh_Palermo.jpg/220px-Handschuh_Palermo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Handschuh_Palermo.jpg/330px-Handschuh_Palermo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Handschuh_Palermo.jpg/440px-Handschuh_Palermo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Glove from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a> of the Holy Roman Emperors in Vienna, including enamelled plaques. Palermo, c. 1220</figcaption></figure> <p>The superhumeral, worn throughout the history of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, was the imperial decorative collar, often forming part of the loros. It was copied by at least women of the upper class. It was of cloth of gold or similar material, then studded with gems and heavily embroidered. The decoration was generally divided into compartments by vertical lines on the collar. The edges would be done in pearls of varying sizes in up to three rows. There were occasionally drop pearls placed at intervals to add to the richness. The collar came over the collarbone to cover a portion of the upper chest. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a>, kept in the <a href="/wiki/Schatzkammer_(Vienna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schatzkammer (Vienna)">Schatzkammer (Vienna)</a>, contains a full set of outer garments made in the 12th century in essentially Byzantine style at the Byzantine-founded workshops in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. These are among the best surviving Byzantine garments and give a good idea of the lavishness of Imperial ceremonial clothing. There is a cloak (worn by the Emperors with the gap at the front), "alb", dalmatic, stockings, slippers and gloves. The <i>loros</i> is Italian and later. Each element of the design on the cloak (see Textiles below) is outlined in pearls and embroidered in gold. </p><p>Especially in the early and later periods (approximately before 600 and after 1,000) Emperors may be shown in military dress, with gold breastplates, red boots, and a crown. Crowns had <i><a href="/wiki/Pendilia" title="Pendilia">pendilia</a></i> and became closed on top during the 12th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_dress">Court dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Court dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Court life "passed in a sort of ballet", with precise ceremonies prescribed for every occasion, to show that "Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order", and "the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the Universe as it was made by the Creator", according to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, who wrote a <a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis"><i>Book of Ceremonies</i></a> describing in enormous detail the annual round of the Court. Special forms of dress for many classes of people on particular occasions are set down; at the name-day dinner for the Emperor or Empress various groups of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_aristocracy_and_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy">high officials</a> performed ceremonial "dances", one group wearing "a blue and white garment, with short sleeves, and gold bands, and rings on their ankles. In their hands they hold what are called <i>phengia</i>". The second group do just the same, but wearing "a garment of green and red, split, with gold bands". These colours were the marks of the old <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> factions, the four now merged to just the Blues and the Greens, and incorporated into the official hierarchy. At this period a court official could be required to wear five different outfits over a single festival day, his costumes being provided as part of his pay package.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjohn_shanghai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stjohn_shanghai.png/125px-Stjohn_shanghai.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stjohn_shanghai.png/188px-Stjohn_shanghai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stjohn_shanghai.png/250px-Stjohn_shanghai.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>The Russian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/John_(Maximovitch)_of_Shanghai_and_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="John (Maximovitch) of Shanghai and San Francisco">Archbishop John Maximovich</a> in 1934, in clerical garb with many Byzantine features</figcaption></figure> <p>Various <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">tactica</a></i>, treatises on administrative structure, court protocol and precedence, give details of the costumes worn by different office-holders. According to <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kodinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Kodinos">pseudo-Kodinos</a>, the distinctive colour of the <a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">Sebastokrator</a> was blue; his ceremonial costume included blue shoes embroidered with eagles on a red field, a red tunic (<i><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a></i>), and a diadem (<i>stephanos</i>) in red and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200367–69,_72_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200367–69,_72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the Versailles of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, elaborate dress and court ritual probably were at least partly an attempt to smother and distract from political tensions. </p><p>However this ceremonial way of life came under stress as the military crisis deepened, and never revived after the interlude of the Western Emperors following the capture of Constantinople by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204; in the late period a French visitor was shocked to see the Empress riding in the street with fewer attendants and less ceremony than a Queen of France would have had. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clerical_dress">Clerical dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clerical dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png/330px-Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png/495px-Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png/660px-Serbs_Serbia_Studenica_UNESCO.png 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serb</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_royal_consorts" title="List of Serbian royal consorts">queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbian_nobility" title="Medieval Serbian nobility">nobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">head</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serb Church</a> wearing Byzantine dress. A fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Studenica_Monastery" title="Studenica Monastery">Studenica Monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This is certainly the area in which Byzantine and classic clothing is nearest to living on, as many forms of habit and </p><p>vestments still in use (especially in the Eastern, but also in the Western churches) are closely related to their predecessors. Over the period clerical dress went from being merely normal lay dress to a specialized set of garments for different purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> in the Ravenna mosaic wears a <a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a> very close to what is regarded as the "modern" Western form of the 20th century, the garment having become much larger, and then contracted, in the meantime. Over his shoulder he wears a simple bishop's <i><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a></i>, resembling the clerical <i>pallium</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, and a symbol of his position. This later became much larger, and produced various types of similar garments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Epitrachelion" title="Epitrachelion">epitrachelion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orarion" title="Orarion">orarion</a>, for other ranks of clergy. Modern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> clerical hats are also survivals from the much larger and brightly coloured official headgear of the Byzantine civil service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hair">Hair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men's hair was generally short and neat until the late Empire, and often is shown elegantly curled, probably artificially (picture at top). The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Khludov_Psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Khludov Psalter">Khludov Psalter</a> has <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">Iconophile</a> illuminations which vilify the last <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a> Patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_VII_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch John VII of Constantinople">John the Grammarian</a>, caricaturing him with untidy hair sticking straight out in all directions. Monk's hair was long, and most clergy had beards, as did many lay men, especially later. Upper-class women mostly wore their hair up, again very often curled and elaborately shaped. If we are to judge by religious art, and the few depictions of other women outside the court, women probably kept their hair covered in public, especially when married. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textiles">Textiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg/300px-Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg/450px-Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg/600px-Meister_der_Predigtsammlung_des_Heiligen_Johannes_Chrysostomus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illumination of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus III">Nicephorus III</a> Botaniates (1078-81) flanked by St John Chrysostomos and the Archangel Michael</figcaption></figure> <p>As in China, there were large Byzantine Imperial workshops, apparently always based in Constantinople, for textiles as for other arts like mosaic. Although there were other important centres, the Imperial workshops led fashion and technical developments and their products were frequently used as diplomatic gifts to other rulers, as well as being distributed to favoured Byzantines. In the late 10th century, the Emperor sent gold and fabrics to a Russian ruler in the hope that this would prevent him attacking the Empire. </p><p> Most surviving examples were not used for clothes and feature very large woven or embroidered designs. Before the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> these often contained religious scenes such as Annunciations, often in a number of panels over a large piece of cloth. This naturally stopped during the periods of Iconoclasm and with the exception of church vestments <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Byzantium/g5_pop_2.R.asp">[3]</a> for the most part figural scenes did not reappear afterwards, being replaced by patterns and animal designs. Some examples show very large designs being used for clothing by the great - two enormous embroidered lions killing camels occupy the whole of the <i>Coronation cloak of Roger II</i> in Vienna, produced in Palermo about 1134 in the workshops the Byzantines had established there. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.virtue.to/articles/images/1133_real_mantle.jpg">[4]</a> A sermon by Saint <a href="/wiki/Asterius_of_Amasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asterius of Amasia">Asterius of Amasia</a>, from the end of the 5th century, gives details of imagery on the clothes of the rich (which he strongly condemns):<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>When, therefore, they dress themselves and appear in public, they look like pictured walls in the eyes of those that meet them. And perhaps even the children surround them, smiling to one another and pointing out with the finger the picture on the garment; and walk along after them, following them for a long time. On these garments are lions and leopards; bears and bulls and dogs; woods and rocks and hunters; and all attempts to imitate nature by painting.... But such rich men and women as are more pious, have gathered up the gospel history and turned it over to the weavers.... You may see the wedding of Galilee, and the water-pots; the paralytic carrying his bed on his shoulders; the blind man being healed with the clay; the woman with the bloody issue, taking hold of the border of the garment; the sinful woman falling at the feet of Jesus; Lazarus returning to life from the grave....</p></blockquote> <p>Both Christian and pagan examples, mostly embroidered panels sewn into plainer cloth, have been preserved in the exceptional conditions of graves in Egypt, although mostly iconic portrait-style images rather than the narrative scenes Asterius describes in his diocese of <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The portrait of the Caesar <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Chronography of 354</a> shows several figurative panels on his clothes, mostly round or oval (see gallery). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg/220px-Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg/330px-Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg/440px-Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption>The silk shroud of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> manufactured in Constantinople c. 814</figcaption></figure> <p>Early decorated cloth is mostly embroidered in wool on a linen base, and linen is generally more common than cotton throughout the period. Raw Silk yarn was initially imported from China, and the timing and place of the first weaving of it in the Near Eastern world is a matter of controversy, with Egypt, Persia, Syria and Constantinople all being proposed, for dates in the 4th and 5th centuries. Certainly Byzantine textile decoration shows great Persian influence, and very little direct from China. According to legend agents of Justinian I bribed two Buddhist monks from <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> in about 552 to discover the secret of cultivating silk, although much continued to be imported from China. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist dyeing</a> was common from the late Roman period for those outside the Court, and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> dates to at least the 6th century, and possibly earlier - again this would function as a cheaper alternative to the woven and embroidered materials of the rich. Apart from Egyptian burial-cloths, rather fewer cheap fabrics have survived than expensive ones. It should also be remembered that depicting a patterned fabric in paint or mosaic is a very difficult task, often impossible in a small miniature, so the artistic record, which often shows patterned fabrics in large-scale figures in the best quality works, probably under-records the use of patterned cloth overall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 852px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Caesar Constantius Gallus in a later copy of the Chronography of 354, with one of the best surviving indications of what the pictures on clothes described by Asterius looked like."><img alt="The Caesar Constantius Gallus in a later copy of the Chronography of 354, with one of the best surviving indications of what the pictures on clothes described by Asterius looked like." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png/161px-Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png/241px-Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png/322px-Chronography_354_gallus_caesar.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Caesar <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> in a later copy of the <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Chronography of 354</a>, with one of the best surviving indications of what the pictures on clothes described by Asterius looked like. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Consul Anastasius wearing consular robes akin to imperial ones. From his consular diptych, 517."><img alt="Consul Anastasius wearing consular robes akin to imperial ones. From his consular diptych, 517." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/150px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/225px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/300px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Anastasius_(Roman_Consul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Anastasius (Roman Consul)">Anastasius</a> wearing consular robes akin to imperial ones. From his <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptych</a>, 517.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_(6).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chora Church, the Grand Logothete Theodore Metochites, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an enormous hat, like all high officials, and a patterned robe."><img alt="Chora Church, the Grand Logothete Theodore Metochites, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an enormous hat, like all high officials, and a patterned robe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG/170px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG/255px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG/340px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Logothete" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Logothete">Grand Logothete</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodore Metochites</a>, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an enormous hat, like all high officials, and a patterned robe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilios_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basil II in military dress, early 11th century"><img alt="Basil II in military dress, early 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/161px-Basilios_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/242px-Basilios_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/322px-Basilios_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> in military dress, early 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_of_salonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, 12th century Greek mosaic from Kyiv showing military dress, including the high sash around the ribs, as a badge of rank."><img alt="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, 12th century Greek mosaic from Kyiv showing military dress, including the high sash around the ribs, as a badge of rank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg/111px-Michael_of_salonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg/167px-Michael_of_salonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg/223px-Michael_of_salonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki</a>, 12th century Greek mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> showing military dress, including the high sash around the ribs, as a badge of rank.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello,_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council of Florence in 1439"><img alt="Sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council of Florence in 1439" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg/170px-Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg/255px-Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg/340px-Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sketches by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> of the Byzantine delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> in 1439</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Greek dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Ottoman clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dress" title="Sasanian dress">Sasanian dress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 6 for a brief summary, with Early Byzantine clothing still emerging from Roman stles, and Late Byzantine increasingly influenced by the West, and sometimes the East.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne,_Blanche_p128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Blanche_p128_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne,_Blanche_p128_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Blanche; Winakor, Geitel; Farrell-Beck Jane: <i>The History of Costume, from the Ancient Mesopotamia to the Twentieth Century</i>, 2nd Edn, p128, HarperCollins, 1992. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-047141-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-047141-7">0-06-047141-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200643-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200643_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilerich, 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 6-7, 7 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200650–53,_57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200650–53,_57_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, pp. 50–53, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson,_53-54-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_53-54_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson (2006), 53-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200653–54-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200653–54_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200643–47-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200643–47_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200657–59-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200657–59_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200659–60-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200659–60_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2006">Dawson 2006</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson,_61-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_61_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_61_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson (2006), 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson (2006) 61, gives two examples; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalnews.blogspot.com/2007/09/review-of-byzantium-surprising-life-of.html">Review of Herrin book</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Angold, <i>Church and Society in Byzantium Under the Comneni, 1081-1261</i>, pp. 426-7 & ff;1995, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26986-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26986-5">0-521-26986-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photo that does not show the gold embroidery very well. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.virtue.to/articles/images/1200_real_shoes.jpg">[1]</a> Also see <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperial_Regalia_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire">Commons images</a> of the Regalia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200716-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200716_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2007">Dawson 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson200718-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson200718_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2007">Dawson 2007</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strategikon. Leo, Taktika</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson (2006), 44-45; Phokas, Composition on Warfare, on common troops, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, Treatise on Imperial Military Expeditions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain_1977-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_1977_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_1977_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpain1977" class="citation book cs1">Spain, Suzanne (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/888246271"><i>Heraclius, byzantine imperial ideology, and the David plates</i></a>. Verfasser. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/888246271">888246271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclius%2C+byzantine+imperial+ideology%2C+and+the+David+plates&rft.pub=Verfasser&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F888246271&rft.aulast=Spain&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F888246271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200318–27-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200318–27_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParani2003">Parani 2003</a>, pp. 18–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200319–27-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200319–27_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParani2003">Parani 2003</a>, pp. 19–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParani200367–69,_72-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParani200367–69,_72_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParani2003">Parani 2003</a>, pp. 67–69, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/asterius_01_sermon1.html">Asterius of Amasia</a> Online English translation - near the start</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/140px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/210px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_culture" title="Template talk:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ball, Jennifer L., <i>Byzantine Dress: Representations of Secular Dress in Eight- to Twelfth-Century Painting</i>, 2006, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403967008" title="Special:BookSources/1403967008">1403967008</a></li> <li>Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-01085-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-540-01085-5">0-540-01085-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Timothy (2006). "Women's Dress in Byzantium". In <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (ed.). <i>Byzantine women : varieties of experience 800-1200</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754657378" title="Special:BookSources/9780754657378"><bdi>9780754657378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Dress+in+Byzantium&rft.btitle=Byzantine+women+%3A+varieties+of+experience+800-1200&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780754657378&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+dress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Timothy (2007). <i>Byzantine infantryman: Eastern Roman empire c.900-1204</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846031052" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846031052"><bdi>978-1846031052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+infantryman%3A+Eastern+Roman+empire+c.900-1204&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1846031052&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+dress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kilerich, Bente, "Representing an Emperor: Style and Meaning on the Missorium of Theodosius I", in Almagro-Gorbea, Álvarez Martínez, Blázquez Martínez y Rovira (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7LqEeTUyxQC"><i>El Disco de Teodosio</i></a>, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a>, Madrid, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89512-60-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-89512-60-4">84-89512-60-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParani2003" class="citation book cs1">Parani, Maria G. (2003). <i>Reconstructing the Reality of Images: Byzantine Material Culture and Religious Iconography (11th–15th Centuries</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004124624" title="Special:BookSources/9004124624"><bdi>9004124624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Reality+of+Images%3A+Byzantine+Material+Culture+and+Religious+Iconography+%2811th%E2%80%9315th+Centuries&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004124624&rft.aulast=Parani&rft.aufirst=Maria+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+dress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steven Runciman, <i>Byzantine Style and Civilization</i>, 1975, Penguin</li> <li>David Talbot-Rice, <i>Byzantine Art</i>, 3rd edn 1968, Penguin Books Ltd</li> <li>L Syson & <a href="/wiki/Dillian_Gordon" title="Dillian Gordon">Dillian Gordon</a>, "Pisanello, Painter to the Renaissance Court", 2001, National Gallery Company, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-946-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-946-X">1-85709-946-X</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Costello, Angela L., "Material Wealth and Immaterial Grief: The Last Will and Testament of Kale Pakouriane.", 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31598154/Material_Wealth_and_Immaterial_Grief_The_Last_Will_and_Testament_of_Kale_Pakouriane">Academia.edu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Byzantine_textiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Byzantine textiles">Byzantine textiles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantia.com.au/">A newer look at Byzantine Clothing.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtue.to/articles/extant.html">Photos of major pieces of extant medieval clothing, some Byzantine (including some of the Imperial Regalia) by Cynthia du Pré Argent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Byzantium/gallery_5.asp">Exhibition online feature from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY <i>Byzantium, Faith and Power, 1261-1453</i> - Gallery V in particular</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/58371/rec/3">Byzantium: faith and power (1261-1557)</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewelryhistorian.com/sca/projects/Byz/Byz-fashion.htm">Byzantine fashion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/COSTUME2_INDEX.HTML#Plate9">Some plates from a German 19th-century history of costume</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annasrome.com">A blog on Byzantine clothing for historical reenactors.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion" title="Template:Timeline of clothing and fashion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion" title="Template talk:Timeline of clothing and fashion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of clothing and fashion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline</a> of clothing and fashion</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History of fashion design</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world" title="Clothing in the ancient world">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">Prehistory of nakedness and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China" title="Popular fashion in ancient China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu" title="Clothing in ancient Shu">Shu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_clothing" title="Inuit clothing">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_clothing" title="Biblical clothing">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_clothing" title="Thracian clothing">Thracian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg/120px-LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg/180px-LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg/240px-LA2-NSRW-2-0065_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress" title="Anglo-Saxon dress">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty">Jurchen Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia" title="Fashion in Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_medieval_clothing" title="English medieval clothing">English</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress" title="Early medieval European dress">400s–1000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion" title="1100–1200 in European fashion">1100s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion" title="1200–1300 in European fashion">1200s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion" title="1300–1400 in European fashion">1300s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion" title="1400–1500 in European fashion">1400s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok#History" title="Hanbok">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing#Lý_dynasty_to_Trần_dynasty_(1009–1400)" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s–1820s Western fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_European_fashion" title="1500–1550 in European fashion">1500–1550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_European_fashion" title="1550–1600 in European fashion">1550–1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_fashion" title="1600–1650 in Western fashion">1600–1650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_fashion" title="1650–1700 in Western fashion">1650–1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion" title="1700–1750 in Western fashion">1700–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion" title="1750–1775 in Western fashion">1750–1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion" title="1775–1795 in Western fashion">1775–1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion" title="1795–1820 in Western fashion">1795–1820</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion" title="1820s in Western fashion">1820s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830s–1910s Western fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion" title="1830s in Western fashion">1830s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion" title="1840s in Western fashion">1840s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion" title="1850s in Western fashion">1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion" title="1860s in Western fashion">1860s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion" title="1870s in Western fashion">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion" title="1880s in Western fashion">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion" title="1890s in Western fashion">1890s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era#Fashion" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion" title="1900s in Western fashion">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion" title="1910s in Western fashion">1910s</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s–1950s Western fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_and_Western_women%27s_fashion_through_the_early_20th_century" title="Women's suffrage and Western women's fashion through the early 20th century">Suffrage Movement period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion" title="1920s in Western fashion">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion" title="1930–1945 in Western fashion">1930–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion" title="1945–1960 in Western fashion">1945–1960</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s-1990s fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_fashion" title="1960s in fashion">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_fashion" title="1970s in fashion">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_fashion" title="1990s in fashion">1990s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_fashion" title="2000s in fashion">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_fashion" title="2010s in fashion">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_fashion" title="2020s in fashion">2020s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing#History" title="Japanese clothing">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing_during_the_Meiji_period" title="Japanese clothing during the Meiji period">Meiji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing" title="History of Thai clothing">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_bikini" title="History of the bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corsets" title="History of corsets">Corset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_swimwear" title="History of swimwear">Swimwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&oldid=1247908123">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_dress&oldid=1247908123</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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