Iónová sila – Wikipédia

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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Výpočet_iónovej_sily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Výpočet_iónovej_sily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Výpočet iónovej sily</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Výpočet_iónovej_sily-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Výpočet iónovej sily</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Výpočet_iónovej_sily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Príklad_výpočtu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Príklad_výpočtu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Príklad výpočtu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Príklad_výpočtu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neideálne_roztoky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neideálne_roztoky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Neideálne roztoky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neideálne_roztoky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Význam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Význam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Význam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Význam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Význam</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Význam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debye-Hückelova_teória" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debye-Hückelova_teória"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Debye-Hückelova teória</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debye-Hückelova_teória-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektrická_dvojvrstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektrická_dvojvrstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elektrická dvojvrstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektrická_dvojvrstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vodivosť_roztokov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vodivosť_roztokov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Vodivosť roztokov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vodivosť_roztokov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rovnovážna_konštanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rovnovážna_konštanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rovnovážna konštanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rovnovážna_konštanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zdroj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zdroj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zdroj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zdroj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iónová sila</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 26 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوة أيونية – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة أيونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_i%C3%B2nica" title="Força iònica – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força iònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontov%C3%A1_s%C3%ADla" title="Iontová síla – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iontová síla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionstyrke" title="Ionstyrke – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ionstyrke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionenst%C3%A4rke" title="Ionenstärke – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ionenstärke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_strength" title="Ionic strength – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ionic strength" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_i%C3%B3nica" title="Fuerza iónica – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerza iónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indar_ioniko" title="Indar ioniko – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indar ioniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قدرت یونی – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت یونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionivahvuus" title="Ionivahvuus – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ionivahvuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_ionique" title="Force ionique – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Force ionique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioner%C5%91ss%C3%A9g" title="Ionerősség – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ionerősség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA" title="Իոնական ուժ – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իոնական ուժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuatan_ion" title="Kekuatan ion – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekuatan ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_ionica" title="Forza ionica – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forza ionica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="イオン強度 – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオン強度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8_%EA%B0%95%EB%8F%84" title="이온 강도 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온 강도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionsterkte" title="Ionsterkte – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ionsterkte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionestyrke" title="Ionestyrke – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ionestyrke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82a_jonowa" title="Siła jonowa – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siła jonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_i%C3%B4nica" title="Força iônica – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força iônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83rie_ionic%C4%83" title="Tărie ionică – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tărie ionică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ионная сила раствора – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионная сила раствора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonstyrka" title="Jonstyrka – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonstyrka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Іонна сила – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іонна сила" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="离子强度 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="离子强度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila" title="Zobraziť obsah stránky [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stránka</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia:I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusia o obsahu stránky (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><p><b>Iónová sila</b> roztoku udáva účinok elektrický nábojov všetkých <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3n_(%C4%8Dastica)" title="Ión (častica)">iónov</a> v danom roztoku.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Po rozpustení vo vode sa <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Iónová väzba">iónové zlúčeniny</a> disociujú na ióny. Celková koncentrácia <a href="/wiki/Elektrolyt" title="Elektrolyt">elektrolytov</a> v roztoku ovplyvňuje dôležité vlastnosti, ako napríklad <a href="/wiki/Disoci%C3%A1cia_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Disociácia (chémia)">disociačnú konštantu</a> alebo <a href="/wiki/Rozpustnos%C5%A5" title="Rozpustnosť">rozpustnosť</a> iných solí. Iónová sila je jednou z hlavných charakteristík roztoku s rozpustenými iónmi. Môže byť udávaná v <a href="/wiki/Molarita" title="Molarita">molárnej</a> alebo <a href="/wiki/Molalita" title="Molalita">molálnej</a> koncentrácii. </p><p>Koncept iónovej sily bol prvýkrát predstavený v roku 1921 pri popisoch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivitn%C3%BD_koeficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivitný koeficient (stránka neexistuje)">aktivitných koeficientov</a> silných elektrolytov.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Výpočet_iónovej_sily"><span id="V.C3.BDpo.C4.8Det_i.C3.B3novej_sily"></span>Výpočet iónovej sily</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Výpočet iónovej sily" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Výpočet iónovej sily"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Iónová sila</b> roztoku, <b>I</b>, je závislá na koncentrácii a <a href="/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1boj" title="Elektrický náboj">náboji</a> všetkých prítomných iónov v danom roztoku. Je možné ju spočítať ako<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}z_{i}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}z_{i}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bad39d053c4f596885bf787cf95e754d83577eb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.76ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}z_{i}^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kde jedna polovica zohľadňuje príspevok aniónov i katiónov, <i>c</i><sub>i</sub> je <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A1rna_koncentr%C3%A1cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Molárna koncentrácia">molárna koncentrácia</a> iónu <i>i</i> (v mol/l) a <i>z</i><sub>i</sub> je náboj daného iónu. Suma zahŕňa všetky ióny prítomné v roztoku.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre elektrolyty, kde každý ión má jednotkový náboj, ako sú napríklad <a href="/wiki/Chlorid_sodn%C3%BD" title="Chlorid sodný">chlorid sodný</a> či <a href="/wiki/Chlorovod%C3%ADk" title="Chlorovodík">chlorovodík</a>, je iónová sila rovná koncentrácii soli.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avšak napríklad pre <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADran_hore%C4%8Dnat%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Síran horečnatý (stránka neexistuje)">síran horečnatý</a>, MgSO<sub>4</sub>, kde je každý ión nabitý dvakrát (Mg<sup>2+</sup> a SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>), je iónová sila rovná štvornásobku ekvivalentnej koncentrácie chloridu sodného:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}[c(+2)^{2}+c(-2)^{2}]={\frac {1}{2}}[4c+4c]=4c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}[c(+2)^{2}+c(-2)^{2}]={\frac {1}{2}}[4c+4c]=4c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c3153d34f527dc9229f3cd4402029e72d149cb1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:42.922ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}[c(+2)^{2}+c(-2)^{2}]={\frac {1}{2}}[4c+4c]=4c}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Všeobecne teda platí, že ióny s vyšším nábojom (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>...) prispievajú k iónovej sile výraznejšie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Príklad_výpočtu"><span id="Pr.C3.ADklad_v.C3.BDpo.C4.8Dtu"></span>Príklad výpočtu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Príklad výpočtu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Príklad výpočtu"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iónovú silu možno výpočítať i pre zmesi roztokov. Pre roztok 0,050 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> a 0,020 M KCl bude iónová sila </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times \left[{\begin{array}{l}\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Na+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Na}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {SO4^2-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {SO4}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {K+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {K}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Cl-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Cl}})^{2}\}\end{array}}\right]\\&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times [\{0,050M\times 2\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,050M\times 1\times (-2)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (-1)^{2}\}]\\&=0,17M\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>I</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>koncentrácia </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> v M</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>počet </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>náboj </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Na</mtext> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>koncentrácia </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> v M</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>počet </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>náboj </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>koncentrácia </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>KCl</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> v M</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>počet </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>náboj </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>koncentrácia </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>KCl</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> v M</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>počet </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>náboj </mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Cl</mtext> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>050</mn> <mi>M</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>050</mn> <mi>M</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>020</mn> <mi>M</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>020</mn> <mi>M</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>17</mn> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times \left[{\begin{array}{l}\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Na+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Na}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {SO4^2-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {SO4}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {K+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {K}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Cl-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Cl}})^{2}\}\end{array}}\right]\\&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times [\{0,050M\times 2\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,050M\times 1\times (-2)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (-1)^{2}\}]\\&=0,17M\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0841325ba6d08a96aac641f715c231465a6e56a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.505ex; width:111.848ex; height:22.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times \left[{\begin{array}{l}\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Na+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Na}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {Na2SO4}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {SO4^2-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {SO4}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {K+}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {K}})^{2}\}\ +\\\{({\text{koncentrácia }}{\ce {KCl}}{\text{ v M}})\times ({\text{počet }}{\ce {Cl-}})\times ({\text{náboj }}{\ce {Cl}})^{2}\}\end{array}}\right]\\&={\tfrac {1}{2}}\times [\{0,050M\times 2\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,050M\times 1\times (-2)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (+1)^{2}\}+\{0,020M\times 1\times (-1)^{2}\}]\\&=0,17M\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neideálne_roztoky"><span id="Neide.C3.A1lne_roztoky"></span>Neideálne roztoky</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Neideálne roztoky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Neideálne roztoky"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keďže v neideálnych roztokoch nie sú objemy aditívne, často je lepšie namiesto molárnej koncentrácie využiť <a href="/wiki/Molalita" title="Molalita">molálnu koncentráciu</a>, teda <i>b</i> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1tkov%C3%A9_mno%C5%BEstvo" title="Látkové množstvo">látkové množstvo</a> látky na kilogram rozpúšťadla). V tom prípade je možné iónovú silu vypočítať ako </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{{i}=1}^{n}b_{i}z_{i}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{{i}=1}^{n}b_{i}z_{i}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98bf82a1f9ff5c20cdf851a9b9fe833c7cdcd11c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.34ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{{i}=1}^{n}b_{i}z_{i}^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kde <i>i</i> je poradové číslo iónu, <i>b</i> je molálna koncentrácia v mol/kg a <i>z</i> je náboj iónu. Výpočet je teda obdobný výpočtu v prípade molárnej koncentrácie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Význam"><span id="V.C3.BDznam"></span>Význam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Význam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Význam"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minerálna voda a slaná voda majú takisto často nezanedbateľnú iónovú silu práve vďaka tomu, že sú v nich prítomné rozpustené soli, čo výrazne ovplyvňuje ich vlastnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debye-Hückelova_teória"><span id="Debye-H.C3.BCckelova_te.C3.B3ria"></span>Debye-Hückelova teória</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Debye-Hückelova teória" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Debye-Hückelova teória"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iónová sila je dôležitá v rámci <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debye%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckelova_te%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debye–Hückelova teória (stránka neexistuje)">Debye–Hückelovej teórie</a>, ktorá popisuje veľké odchýlky vznikajúce pri meraní iónových roztokov oproti popisu ideálnych roztokov.<sup id="cite_ref-Debye_Huckel_1923_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debye_Huckel_1923-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iónová sila umožňuje vypočítať <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stredn%C3%BD_aktivitn%C3%BD_koeficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stredný aktivitný koeficient (stránka neexistuje)">stredný aktivitný koeficient</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-Axy{\sqrt {I}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>I</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-Axy{\sqrt {I}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af6b0ba523f6c129415fab498c76705965421062" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.316ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-Axy{\sqrt {I}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{\pm }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{\pm }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ffca6a32533af26551a9361897688d6f0dca50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{\pm }}"></span> je stredný aktivitný koeficient, <i>A</i> je <a href="/wiki/Kon%C5%A1tanta" title="Konštanta">konštanta</a> (jej hodnota je 0,509 pre <a href="/wiki/Vodn%C3%BD_roztok" title="Vodný roztok">vodný roztok</a> pri 25 °C<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>x</i> a <i>y</i> sú počty katiónov a aniónov <a href="/wiki/Elektrolyt" title="Elektrolyt">elektrolytu</a> (ktorého vzorec je K<sub>x</sub>A<sub>y</sub>) a <i>I</i> je iónová sila. Aktivitný koeficient je teda zhodný vo všetkých roztokoch s rovnakou iónovou silou. Tento zákon však platí len pre relatívne zriedené roztoky, kde I < 0,02 M.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatívne sa tento vzťah uvádza ako<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-|z_{+}z_{-}|A{\sqrt {I}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>I</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-|z_{+}z_{-}|A{\sqrt {I}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b48554e2c986ed06f464c6f0b651c0b63551e7d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.309ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log \gamma _{\pm }=-|z_{+}z_{-}|A{\sqrt {I}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kde <i>z<sub>+</sub></i> a <i>z<sub>-</sub></i> sú náboje katiónu a aniónu elektrolytu. Tento vzťah sa nazýva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debye-H%C3%BCckelov_limitn%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debye-Hückelov limitný zákon (stránka neexistuje)">Debye-Hückelov limitný zákon</a>. Označuje sa ako limitný, pretože platí len pre malé koncentrácie a pri vyšších koncentráciách nastáva poznateľný rozdiel, ktorý však opravujú korekcie v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roz%C5%A1%C3%ADren%C3%BD_Debye-H%C3%BCckelov_z%C3%A1kon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozšírený Debye-Hückelov zákon (stránka neexistuje)">rozšírenom Debye-Hückelovom zákone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektrická_dvojvrstva"><span id="Elektrick.C3.A1_dvojvrstva"></span>Elektrická dvojvrstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Elektrická dvojvrstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Elektrická dvojvrstva"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iónová sila je takisto dôležitá v teórii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrick%C3%A1_dvojvrstva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrická dvojvrstva (stránka neexistuje)">elektrickej dvojvrstvy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vznikajúcej napríklad pri meraní elektrických vlastností roztokov na rozhraní <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3da" title="Elektróda">elektródy</a> a roztoku, a pridružených elektrokinetických fenoménoch a elektroakustických fenoménoch v koloidných a iných heterogénnych roztokoch. Konkrétne, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debyeova_d%C4%BA%C5%BEka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debyeova dĺžka (stránka neexistuje)">Debyeova dĺžka</a>, ktorá je prevrátenou hodnotou Debyeovho parametra (<i>κ</i>), je nepriamo úmerná odmocnine iónovej sily.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debyeova dĺžka popisuje mieru elektrostratického efektu nosiča náboja a to, ako ďaleko tento náboj pôsobí,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a vyjadruje tak šírku elektrickej dvojvrstvy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zvyšovanie koncentrácie alebo náboja protiiónu (teda zvyšovaním iónovej sily) sa zmenšuje šírku dvojvrstvy, čo vedie k zvýšeniu gradientu elektrického potenciálu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vodivosť_roztokov"><span id="Vodivos.C5.A5_roztokov"></span>Vodivosť roztokov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vodivosť roztokov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vodivosť roztokov"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pridanie indiferentného (nereagujúceho) elektrolytu má za následok zvýšenie vodivých vlastností roztoku, čo sa uplatňuje napríklad vo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltametria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltametria (stránka neexistuje)">voltametrii</a> alebo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amp%C3%A9rometria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampérometria (stránka neexistuje)">ampérometrii</a>. Týmto sa minimalizuje rozdielnosť aktivity rôznych stanovovaných iónov a znižuje chyba merania.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typicky sa využíva <a href="/wiki/Chlorid_draseln%C3%BD" title="Chlorid draselný">chlorid draselný</a> alebo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloristan_sodn%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloristan sodný (stránka neexistuje)">chloristan sodný</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> je však možné využiť i iné elektrolyty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rovnovážna_konštanta"><span id="Rovnov.C3.A1.C5.BEna_kon.C5.A1tanta"></span>Rovnovážna konštanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rovnovážna konštanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rovnovážna konštanta"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roztoky s vysokou iónovou silou sa používajú v stanovení <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rovnov%C3%A1%C5%BEna_kon%C5%A1tanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rovnovážna konštanta (stránka neexistuje)">rovnovážnych konštánt</a>, aby sa minimalizovali zmeny <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivitn%C3%BD_koeficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivitný koeficient (stránka neexistuje)">aktivitných koeficientov</a> rozpustených látok pri nízkych koncentráciách počas <a href="/wiki/Titr%C3%A1cia" title="Titrácia">titrácie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_sila&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-3"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-4"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-5"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-6"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">g</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">iónová sila. In: BÍNA, Jaroslav. <i>Malá encyklopédia chémie</i>. Bratislava : Obzor, 1981. S. 343. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> The concept of ionic strength eighty years after its introduction in chemistry. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, 2004, s. 750. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed081p750">10.1021/ed081p750</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debye_Huckel_1923-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Debye_Huckel_1923_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Zur Theorie der Elektrolyte. I. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und verwandte Erscheinungen. <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>, 1923, s. 185–206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrochem.cwru.edu/estir/hist/hist-12-Debye-1.pdf">Dostupné online</a>. </cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102204230/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/estir/hist/hist-12-Debye-1.pdf">Archivované</a> 2013-11-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">SKOOG, D.A.; WEST, D.M.; HOLLER, F.J.. <i>Fundamentals of analytical chemistry</i>. [s.l.] : Brooks/Cole Pub Co, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofa00skoo">Dostupné online.</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/0-03-058459-0" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/0-03-058459-0">ISBN <span class="ISBN">0-03-058459-0</span></a></span>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">ATKINS, P. W.. <i>Physical chemistry.</i>. New York : W.H. Freeman and Co, 2010. (9th ed..) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475435086">Dostupné online.</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-1-4292-1812-2" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-1-4292-1812-2">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-1-4292-1812-2</span></a></span>. S. 195-198. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> <i>Meziiontové interakce</i> [online]. is.muni.cz, [cit. 2022-11-03]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/prif/js11/fyz_chem/web/elektrochem/interakce.htm">Dostupné online.</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">BLACK, Jay R.. <i>Debye-Hückel Equation</i>. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_61-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_61-1">Dostupné online.</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-3-319-39193-9" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-3-319-39193-9">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-3-319-39193-9</span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_61-1">10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_61-1</a> S. 1–3. (po anglicky)</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">DUKHIN, Andrei S.; GOETZ, Philip J.. <i>Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science</i>. [s.l.] : Elsevier, 2017-01-01. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63908-0.00002-8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444639080000028">Dostupné online.</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-0-444-63908-0" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-0-444-63908-0">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-0-444-63908-0</span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63908-0.00002-8">10.1016/b978-0-444-63908-0.00002-8</a> S. 19–83. (po anglicky)</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Zur Theorie der Elektrolyte. I. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und verwandte Erscheinungen. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physikalische_Zeitschrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physikalische Zeitschrift (stránka neexistuje)">Physikalische Zeitschrift</a></i>, 2019, s. 185–206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/79225">Dostupné online</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> <i>What is Ionic Strength Adjuster and Why is it Added to Samples and Standards for ISE Sensors?</i> [online]. [Cit. 2021-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128060338/https://www.nexsens.com/knowledge-base/technical-notes/faq/what-is-ionic-strength-adjuster-and-why-is-it-added-to-samples-and-standards-for-ise-sensors.htm">Dostupné online.</a> Archivované 2021-01-28 z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexsens.com/knowledge-base/technical-notes/faq/what-is-ionic-strength-adjuster-and-why-is-it-added-to-samples-and-standards-for-ise-sensors.htm">originálu.</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/ionic-strength">Ionic Strength</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">SEYMOUR, M. D.; FERNANDO, Quintus. Effect of Ionic Strength on Equilibrium Constants. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>, 1977-04, roč. 54, čís. 4, s. 225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed054p225">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2022-11-03]. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed054p225">10.1021/ed054p225</a>. 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Iónová sila – Wikipédia