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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cuisine of early modern Europe (c. 1500–1800)</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg/300px-CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg/450px-CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg/600px-CLAESZ_Still_life_with_a_peacock_pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="19618" data-file-height="11686" /></a><figcaption><i>Still life with a peacock pie</i>, 1627, by Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a>, showing various dishes from the 17th century including roast meat, breads, nuts, wine, apples, dried fruits, along with an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a> decorated like a peacock. While common in the warmer climates of Southern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> would have been a relatively new introduction to the Netherlands, requiring growing in a <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">orangery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> (c. 1500–1800) was a mix of dishes inherited from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">medieval cuisine</a> combined with innovations that would persist in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. </p><p>The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, the establishment of new trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and increased foreign influences from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> meant that Europeans became familiarized with a multitude of new foodstuffs. <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a> that previously had been prohibitively expensive luxuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon became available to the majority population, and the introduction of new plants coming from the New World and India like <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> transformed European cuisine forever. </p><p>Though there was a great influx of new ideas, an increase in foreign trade and a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a>, preservation of foods remained traditional: preserved by drying, salting, and smoking or pickling in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. Fare was naturally dependent on the season: a cookbook by Domenico Romoli called "Panunto" made a virtue of necessity by including a recipe for each day of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everywhere both doctors and chefs continued to characterize foodstuffs by their effects on the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four humours</a>: they were considered to be heating or cooling to the constitution, moistening or drying. </p><p>There was a very great increase in prosperity in Europe during this period, which gradually reached all classes and all areas, and considerably changed the patterns of eating. <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> was first conceived in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, but it was not until the 19th century that the notion of a national cuisine emerged. Class differences were far more important dividing lines, and it was almost always upper-class food that was described in recipe collections and cookbooks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval cuisine</a></div> <p>The culinary fashion of European elites changed considerably in this period. Typically medieval spices like <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">grains of paradise</a> were no longer seen in recipes. Updated recipes still had the strong acidic flavors of earlier centuries, but by the 1650s new innovative recipes blending subtle savory flavors like herbs and mushrooms could be found in Parisian cookbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meals">Meals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg/220px-Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg/330px-Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg/440px-Pieter_Aertsen_Peasants_by_the_Hearth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><i>Peasants by the Hearth</i>, 1560, by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The three-meal-regimen so common today did not become a standard until well into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most parts of Europe, two meals per day were eaten, one in the early morning to noon and one in the late afternoon or later at night. The exact times varied both by period and region. In Spain and in parts of Italy such as <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> the early meal was the lighter one while supper was heavier. In the rest of Europe, the first meal of the day was the more substantial. Throughout the period, there was a gradual shift in mealtimes. The shift was mainly influenced by cultural norms. Still, to the circumstances of an earlier age: people got up earlier in the agricultural society without electrical lighting. Since most people were working in the fields they needed a lot of energy throughout the day, which meant that they needed to eat a large meal in the middle of the day to keep their energy up. The first meal, then called dinner in English, moved from before noon to around 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon by the 17th century. The word supper came from the French but it is also slightly related to the Scandinavian and German words for soup, suppe, and suppa. These dinner times began to change for the European upper class especially when there were wars in the 1600s and power was strengthened through kings and other sorts of government. These people in power noticed that since they could very easily afford entertainment and the new expensive lights for their time this would allow them to party way longer than ever before. Therefore, pushed their dinner times to a few hours. In the middle of the 18th century, it could be held as late as 5:00 or 6:00. This necessitated a midday meal, luncheon, later shortened to <a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">lunch</a>, which was established by the late century. Lunch became a standard for everyday life at the end of the 18th century. The word luncheon directly means a light repast between mealtimes which now relates to the modern English “tea” times. Now this is a light snack between lunch and dinner but in the early modern times, it was lunch that was a light snack between breakfast and dinner. It was only in the nineteenth century that the full three meals a day became quite popular. This was mostly popular among the more wealthy but it did gain some popularity in the less wealthy as well. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not receive much attention in any sources. As in the Middle Ages, breakfast in the sense of an early morning meal, is largely absent from the sources. It's unclear if this meant it was universally avoided or that it simply was not fashionable enough to be mentioned, as most sources were written by, for, and about the upper class. There is no doubt that working people since medieval times ate some sort of morning meal, but it is unclear exactly at what time and what it consisted of. Peasants in the early modern world commonly ate a diet that consisted of "gruels, pottages, and ... grains".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breakfast, when it began to be fashionable, was usually just a coffee, tea or chocolate, and did not become a more substantial meal in many parts of Europe until the 19th century. In the south, where supper was the largest meal, there was less need for breakfast, and it therefore remained unimportant, something that can still be seen today in the traditionally light breakfasts of southern Europe, which usually consists of coffee or tea with bread or pastry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foods">Foods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cereals">Cereals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cereals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/280px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/420px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/560px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21851" /></a><figcaption><i>The Harvesters</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, 1565.</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of Europe, the many varieties of grain were the most important crop and formed the daily staple for segments of society. The differentiation was in the varieties, its quality and how it was prepared. The lower classes ate bread that was coarse and of considerably higher bran content while the upper classes enjoyed the finely ground, white wheat flour that most modern Europeans are used to. Wheat was considerably more expensive than other grains, and rarely eaten by many. Most bread was made with a mixture of wheat and other grains.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grain remained the undisputed main staple of early modern Europe until the 17th century. By this time the skepticism towards New World imports such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> had softened among the general populace, and the potato in particular found new appreciation in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>, where it was a much more productive and flexible crop than wheat. In Ireland, this would later have disastrous results. In the early 19th century, when much of the country depended almost exclusively on potato, the <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">potato blight</a>, a fungus that rotted the edible tubers of the potato plant while still in the ground, caused a massive famine that killed over a million people and forced another two million to emigrate. In regions of Europe such as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the climate and soil types were less suited for wheat cultivation, and rye and barley were far more important. Rye was used to bake the dense, dark bread that is still common in countries like Sweden, Russia, and Finland. Barley was more common in the north, and was often used to make <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">Oats</a> made up a considerable minority of the produced grain but stood very low in status and was commonly used as animal feed, especially for horses. <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a>, grown in much of Europe since prehistoric times was still used throughout much of the early period, but had largely disappeared by the 18th century although its exceptional storage period of up to twenty years meant it was used for emergency reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Italian dish <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, previously made from millet, later was made with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a> had been a common food since the middle of the medieval period, and gained in popularity during the early modern period (notably in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where it was not often seen until the late 18th century), but it was not yet usual to use the hard variety of <a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">durum wheat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> to make dried pasta until the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrial era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> became established in many places, especially Italy and Spain, during the period, but was regarded as a low-status food; the well-off might occasionally have <a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a> but otherwise ignored it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">Peas</a> and beans, which made up a very large part of the diet of the medieval poor, were still often treated as a staple food, but to a diminishing extent over the period, to be replaced by cereals and the potato.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meats">Meats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/250px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/375px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/500px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms" title="A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms">A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms</a></i>, 1551, by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a>, showing various meat ingredients of the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>European consumption of meat remained exceptional by world standards, and during the period high levels generally moved down the social scale. But the poor continued to rely mainly on <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, dairy products, and pulses for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, though wild game and fish were caught and eaten in less populated regions. The richer nations, especially England, ate considerably more meat than the poorer ones. In some areas, especially Germany and the Mediterranean counties, the meat consumption of ordinary people actually declined, beginning in about 1550, and continuing throughout the period. Increasing population seem to lie behind this trend.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits_and_vegetables">Fruits and vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fruits and vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fruits and vegetables that were introduced to Europe during this time include the <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a> (from the Americas) and the <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a> (from the Mediterranean). Additionally, while <a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">wild strawberry</a> had existed, the modern garden <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> was domesticated in France in the late 18th century from varieties found in the Americas. </p><p>The innovation and popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">orangery</a>, an early form of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, in the 17th century enabled the growing or wintering of fruiting plants that would otherwise be unable to survive the climate of more northerly locations in Europe. This enabled the wealthy to have access to fresh oranges, lemons, limes, and even pineapples prior to the advent of refrigerated transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fats">Fats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A map of Early Modern Europe could be drawn based on the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> that predominated: <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>. These kitchen staples had not changed since Roman times, but the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> that coincided with Early Modern Europe affected the northernmost regions where olives would flourish. Only olive oil was a subject of long-distance trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar">Sugar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sugar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Cane sugar</a>, native to India, was already known in Europe in the Middle Ages, expensive and mainly regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. From the end of the 17th century, greatly increased New World production struggled to meet the increase in European demand, so that by the end of the period the maritime nations of England, France, the Low and Iberian Countries were consuming large quantities, but other parts of Europe used it far less.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, modern distinctions between sweet and savoury dishes were becoming general; meat dishes were much less likely to be sweetened than in the Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drink">Drink</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/200px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/300px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/400px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_La_cioccolata_del_mattino_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="4269" /></a><figcaption><i>The morning chocolate</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Longhi" title="Pietro Longhi">Pietro Longhi</a>; Venice, 1775–1780.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> as a neutral table beverage did not appear in Europe until well into the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial era</a>, when efficient water purification could ensure safe drinking water. All but the poorest drank mildly <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic drinks</a> on a daily basis, for every meal; <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> in the north, east, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Europe">middle Europe</a>. Both drinks came in many varieties, vintages, and at varying qualities. Those northerners who could afford to do so drank imported wines, and wine remained an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, even for the poor. <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a> had been the most common form of beer in England through most of the Middle Ages, but was mostly replaced with <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hopped</a> beer from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> in the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</a></div> <p>Shifting trade patterns and political events resulted in the growth of new regional wine industries and winemaking traditions. It saw the rise of sparkling <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sack_(wine)" title="Sack (wine)">Sack</a>, and fortified <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a>. In England, repeated wars with France resulted in regular disruptions of trade and thus difficulties importing French wines. Following the <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Treaty" title="Methuen Treaty">Methuen Treaty</a> of 1703 between England and Portugal, which favorably taxed Portuguese wines, England became increasingly reliant instead on Portuguese imports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirits">Spirits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art of distillation was perfected in Europe during the 15th century, and many of today's most common and familiar spirits were invented and perfected before the 18th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a> (from Low German <i>Brandwein</i> via Dutch <i>brandewijn</i>, meaning "distilled wine") first appeared in 15th-century Germany. When the English and Dutch were in fierce competition for the control of the lucrative European export market, the Dutch encouraged wine growing outside the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> area, where the English had strong connections. The result that the regions of <a href="/wiki/Cognac,_France" title="Cognac, France">Cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (region)">Armagnac</a> became famous for producing high-quality brandy. <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">schnapps</a> were produced in small household stills. Whisky became fashionable, commercialised, and exported in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a>, grain liquor flavored with <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, was invented by the Dutch and commercial production by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Bols" title="Lucas Bols">Lucas Bols</a> began in the mid-17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production was later refined in England and became immensely popular among the English working classes, ultimately resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a> of the early 18th century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> which began in the 16th and 17th century between Europe, North America and the Caribbean, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> was one of the most important commodities. It was made from <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> and was one of the most important products made from the sugar grown on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> Islands and in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Punch_(drink)" title="Punch (drink)">punch</a> developed as a result of various influences, and was popularized during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee,_tea_and_chocolate"><span id="Coffee.2C_tea_and_chocolate"></span>Coffee, tea and chocolate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coffee, tea and chocolate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Early modern period, the social drinks of Europe had all been alcoholic. With the increased contact with Asia and Africa and the discovery of the Americas meant that Europeans came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking chocolate">drinking chocolate</a>. But it was not until the 17th century that all three products became popular as social beverages. The new drinks contained <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a>, both mild stimulants that are not intoxicating in the same way as alcohol. Chocolate was the first drink to gain popularity, and was one of the preferred drinks of the Spanish nobility in the 16th and early 17th century. All three remained very expensive throughout the early modern period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_cuisines">National cuisines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As nations began to form in Europe, the foundations of cuisine had begun to form. Although nationalization of many of today's European nations had not occurred in early modern Europe, many of the characteristics that establish a national cuisine began to emerge. These attributes included attributes such as the emergence of professional chefs, professional kitchens, the printing of codified culinary texts, and educated diners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine#Early_modern_era" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/220px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/330px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg/440px-Carracci_-_Der_Bohnenesser.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Beans were among the most important staples for the early modern Tuscans; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beaneater" title="The Beaneater">The Beaneater</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>, 1580–90.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, a didactic switch occurred during the early modern era which changed the cuisine from one of high court cuisine, to a regional local cuisine by the end of the era. In the beginning of the era the courts of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> were an integral component to the creation of fine cooking in Italy with the court of Estes in Ferrara a central figure to the creation of this high-cuisine. A number of chefs were integral to this process, including <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_di_Messisbugo" title="Cristoforo di Messisbugo">Cristoforo di Messisbugo</a>, steward to Ippolito d'Este, published <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banchetti_Composizioni_di_Vivande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banchetti Composizioni di Vivande (page does not exist)">Banchetti Composizioni di Vivande</a></i> in 1549, which detailed banquets in the first half of the book, while the second half of the book featured a multitude of recipes for items such as pies and tarts (containing 124 recipes with various fillings).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1570, <i>Opera dell'arte del cucinare</i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Scappi" title="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a>, personal chef to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, a five-volume work which to that date encompassed the most comprehensive example of Italian cooking. The work contained over 1,000 recipes, with information on banquets including displays and menus as well as illustrations of kitchen and table utensils. <i>Opera</i> was an important text as it is seen as one of the first integral works which shed game meats in favor of domesticated animals. Additionally "alternative" cuts of animals such as tongue, head, and shoulder appear in recipes. Seasonality to fish and seafood dishes was also featured along with emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Lenten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenten">Lenten</a> cookery. Opera also featured an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, however, it was a sweet concoction unlike today's savory dish. Turkey and maize also appear for a first time in Italy in this book.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike France's continued path toward high-cuisine, Italy began to show a change toward regionalism and simple cooking in the late 17th century. In 1662 the last cookbook on Italian high-cuisine was published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Stefani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Stefani (page does not exist)">Bartolomeo Stefani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Stefani" class="extiw" title="it:Bartolomeo Stefani">it</a>]</span> chef to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzagas</a>. <i>L'Arte di Ben Cucinare</i> introduced <i>vitto ordinario</i> ("ordinary food") to Italian cookery.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, at the beginning of the 18th century, the cookery books of Italy began to show the regionalism of Italian cuisine in order for Italian chefs to better show the pride of their regions instead of the high cuisine of France. These books were no longer addressed to professional chefs but to <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> housewives who could address their home cook.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originating in booklet form, periodicals such as <i>La cuoca cremonese</i> (<i>The cook of Cremona</i>) written in 1794 give a sequence of ingredients according to season along with chapters on meat, fish, and vegetables. As the century progressed these books increased in size, popularity, and frequency, while the price to attain them dropped well within the reach of the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine#Ancien_régime" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></div> <p>In France, shift came from the specialization of culinary skills by-way-of <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. The two major separations of guilds were between those who supplied raw products and those who prepared them. Guilds specialized in specific forms of cookery included <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">bakers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastrycook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastrycook (page does not exist)">pastrycooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saucier" title="Saucier">saucemakers</a>, poulterers, and <a href="/wiki/Caterer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterer">caterers</a>. It was through this specialization that many of the well-known French dishes of today began to take hold, but it was not until the 17th century that France's <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> would begin codification with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_La_Varenne" title="François Pierre La Varenne">La Varenne</a> the author of works such as <i>Cvisinier françois</i> and <i>Le Parfait confitvrier</i>, he is credited with publishing the first true French <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbook</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a> marked a change from the style of cookery known in the Middle Ages, to new techniques aimed at creating somewhat lighter dishes, and more modest presentations of pies as individual pastries and turnovers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 15th and 16th centuries, French cuisine assimilated many new food items from the New World. Although they were slow to be adopted, records of banquets show <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> serving sixty-six turkeys at one dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish called <a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">cassoulet</a> has its roots in the New World discovery of <a href="/wiki/Haricot_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haricot bean">haricot beans</a>, which are central to the dish's creation but had not existed outside of the New World until its exploration by Christopher Columbus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during this era that <i><a href="/wiki/Coulis" title="Coulis">coulis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Roux" title="Roux">roux</a></i> first became part of the standard repertoire of French cooking techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the 18th century (and with it the Early Modern era) saw and coincided with several major advancements that would change European foodways as it entered the modern industrial era. First was the introduction of the first modern public <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> in Paris in the 1780s. Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> led the former cooks for the aristocracy to turn to new clients, either elsewhere in Europe or with the general public in France, accelerating the growth of restaurant culture. Second, around 1800, <a href="/wiki/Count_Rumford" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Rumford">Count Rumford</a> developed early designs for a new form of efficient <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">kitchen stove</a>, distinct from the traditional simple kitchen fireplace; which later in the 19th century would be mass-produced in cast-iron and become the new center of the kitchen and cooking. </p><p>Through the influence of colonization and emigration, early modern European cuisine would be foundational to the cuisines of the early United States and Canada, and play a significant role in the foodways of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. At the same time, the influence of indigenous ingredients and foodways more suited to the local environment, together with the impact of foodways brought by enslaved Africans, and growing national identities as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">decolonization of the Americas</a> from the 1780s to the 1830s would lead to culinary traditions that diverged from their respective European roots, and from subsequent developments there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_food_and_drink" title="Tudor food and drink">Tudor food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Modern_cookbooks" title="Category:Early Modern cookbooks">Category:Early Modern cookbooks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrendler2004" class="citation book cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissanceencyc04publ_306"><i>The Renaissance : an encyclopedia for student</i></a></span>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissanceencyc04publ_306/page/n94">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684312835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684312835"><bdi>978-0684312835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+%3A+an+encyclopedia+for+student&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0684312835&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissanceencyc04publ_306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+European+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romoli, <i>La singolar dottrina</i>, Venice, 1560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2009" class="citation book cs1">Day, Ivan (2009). <i>Cooking in Europe: 1650-1850</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+in+Europe%3A+1650-1850&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+European+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albala (2002), pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "breakfast" is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>disjejunare</i>, literally "to un-fast", and rendered <i>disnare</i> or <i>disner</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>. The word was later borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as "dinner" and referred to the first (accepted) meal of the day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yong (2016). "Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History by Rachel Laudan". <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 187–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2016.0020">10.1353/jwh.2016.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050">1527-8050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163943113">163943113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Cuisine+and+Empire%3A+Cooking+in+World+History+by+Rachel+Laudan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187-189&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163943113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-8050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2016.0020&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+European+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, pp. 105–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, pp. 112–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel pp. 190-199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, pp. 224–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023814/http://www.houseofbols.com/index.asp">"History"</a>. <i>About the House of Bols</i>. Lucas Bols, B.V. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofbols.com/index.asp">the original</a> on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-17</span></span>. <q>...the Bols family founded the company in 1575 and began by making liqueurs... The production of genever came 100 years later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+the+House+of+Bols&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houseofbols.com%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+modern+European+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Conte, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Conte, pp. 14,15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Conte, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Conte, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capatti, 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheaton, pp. 114–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheaton, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheaton, 85.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albala, Ken. <i>Food in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800.</i> Greenwood Press. Westport, CT, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313319626" title="Special:BookSources/0313319626">0313319626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>. <i>Civilization & Capitalism, 15–18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life.</i> William Collins & Sons, London. 1981.</li> <li>Capatti, Alberto and Montanari, Massimo. <i>Italian Cuisine: a Cultural History.</i> Columbia University Press, New York. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231122322" title="Special:BookSources/0231122322">0231122322</a></li> <li>Del Conte, Anna. <i>The Concise Gastronomy of Italy.</i> Barnes and Nobles Books. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862056625" title="Special:BookSources/1862056625">1862056625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ketcham_Wheaton" title="Barbara Ketcham Wheaton">Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham</a>. <i>Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789.</i> First Touchstone, New York. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684818573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684818573">978-0684818573</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&oldid=1224249389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_European_cuisine&oldid=1224249389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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