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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_to_Louis_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_to_Louis_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_to_Louis_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 18th and 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 City government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métropole_du_Grand_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métropole_du_Grand_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Métropole du Grand Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Métropole_du_Grand_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Regional government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 National government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Police force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanism_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanism_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Urbanism and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanism_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Suburbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Employment and income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Painting and sculpture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restaurants_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restaurants_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Restaurants and cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restaurants_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.12 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.13 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Motorways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.5 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 International organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paris</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 278 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-278" aria-hidden="true" > 278 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys" title="Parys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5" title="ፓሪስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓሪስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi" title="Pariisi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pariisi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="باريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A3" title="ܦܐܪܝܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܐܪܝܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Փարիզ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարիզ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij" title="Parij – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Parij" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="পেৰিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেৰিছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरीस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पेरीस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%A9" title="Parĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Parĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاریس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاریس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="প্যারিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-l%C3%AD" title="Pa-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Парыж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парыж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Парыж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парыж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पैरिस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पैरिस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕ་རི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Парис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Парис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Paříž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paříž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parighji" title="Parighji – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Parighji" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="باريز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باريز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3t%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_Y%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Wótʼááh Yíʼáhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Wótʼááh Yíʼáhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariis" title="Pariis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pariis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Παρίσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρίσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AC" title="Parì – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Parì" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Париж ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Париж ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parizo" title="Parizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys" title="Parys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AEs" title="Parîs – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Parîs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ras" title="Páras – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarys" title="Paarys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Paarys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Параж – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Параж" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴黎" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="پاريس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پاريس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8" title="પેરિસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પેરિસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2-l%C3%AC" title="Pâ-lì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pâ-lì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_(%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4)" title="파리 (프랑스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리 (프랑스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris" title="Faris – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faris" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palika" title="Palika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Փարիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%90%85%E1%95%86%E1%94%85" title="ᐱᐅᕆᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᐅᕆᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IParisi" title="IParisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IParisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parigi" title="Parigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="פריז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarii" title="Paarii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paarii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="პარიზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%90%D8%B3" title="پیرِس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پیرِس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AEs" title="Parîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ປາຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປາຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%BEa" title="Pariža – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pariža" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lutetia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABze" title="Parīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A4is" title="Paräis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paräis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BEius" title="Paryžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paryžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariggi" title="Pariggi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pariggi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paries" title="Paries – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paries" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parii%C5%BEu" title="Pariižu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pariižu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paris" title="paris – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="paris" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizs" title="Párizs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Париз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Париз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പാരിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C4%A1i" title="Pariġi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pariġi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%AB" title="Parī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Parī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पॅरिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅरिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="პარიზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პარიზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="باريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاریس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاریس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-l%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Bă-là̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă-là̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Париз – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Париз" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Парис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ပါရီမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါရီမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paries" title="Paries – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paries" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="पेरिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेरिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA" title="パリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parigge" title="Parigge – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Parigge" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariis" title="Pariis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pariis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="París (França) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="París (França)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8" title="ପ୍ୟାରିସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ୟାରିସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paaris" title="Paaris – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Paaris" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij" title="Parij – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parij" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੈਰਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پیرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاریس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاریس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F" title="ប៉ារីស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉ារីស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/paris" title="paris – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="paris" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BC" title="Paryż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paryż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Παρίσι – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Παρίσι" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij" title="Parij – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Parij" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6" title="Паріж – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Паріж" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisi" title="Parisi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Parisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parigi" title="Parigi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Parigi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(St%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Paris (Stääd) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Paris (Stääd)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisi" title="Parisi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariggi" title="Pariggi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pariggi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="පැරිස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැරිස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پيرس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيرس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Paríž – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paríž" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Парижь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Парижь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BC" title="Paryż – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Paryż" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baariis" title="Baariis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baariis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پاریس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاریس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Париз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Париз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pariz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi" title="Pariisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பாரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariz" title="Bariz – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bariz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(Fransa)" title="Paris (Fransa) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Paris (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parigge" title="Parigge – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Parigge" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="పారిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పారిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="París" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="ปารีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปารีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Порис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Порис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palesi" title="Palesi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Palesi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%BE" title="Pariž – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pariž" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%CC%B1t" title="Pari̱t – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Pari̱t" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Париж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پیرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%DA%98" title="پارىژ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارىژ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahliz" title="Bahliz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bahliz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parize" title="Parize – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Parize" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%BE" title="Pariž – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pariž" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariis" title="Pariis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pariis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴黎" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys" title="Parys – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Parys" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴黎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="פאריז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאריז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisi" title="Parisi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Parisi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴黎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paries" title="Paries – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Paries" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%AB%C5%BEios" title="Parīžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Parīžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A8s" title="Parès – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Parès" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Париз – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Париз" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Paris" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paris&params=48_51_24_N_2_21_8_E_type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C">48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E / 48.85667°N 2.35222°E / 48.85667; 2.35222</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris,_France&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital city of France. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paris (disambiguation)">Paris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Parisien" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parisien_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parisien (disambiguation)">Parisien (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Île-de-France, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Paris</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques,_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/278px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/417px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/556px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2870" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/87px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/131px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/174px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="4519" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre,_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg/94px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg/141px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg/188px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Montmartre%2C_Paris_18e_140223_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4394" data-file-height="5492" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique du Sacré-Cœur">Sacré-Cœur</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg/89px-Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg/134px-Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg/178px-Facade_of_the_Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_24_January_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="4645" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg/98px-Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg/147px-Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg/196px-Arc_de_Triomphe_HDR_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2341" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Courtyard,_Looking_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/176px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/264px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/352px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15359" data-file-height="5730" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/278px-Paris_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/417px-Paris_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/556px-Paris_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11528" data-file-height="3639" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Paris at night</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Paris"><img alt="Flag of Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg/100px-Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg/150px-Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg/200px-Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Paris" title="Flag of Paris">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Paris"><img alt="Coat of arms of Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/67px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/101px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/135px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="1182" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paris" title="Coat of arms of Paris">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Fluctuat_nec_mergitur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluctuat nec mergitur">Fluctuat nec mergitur</a> "Tossed by the waves but never sunk"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-Position.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paris in France"><img alt="Paris in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paris-Position.svg/250px-Paris-Position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paris-Position.svg/375px-Paris-Position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Paris-Position.svg/500px-Paris-Position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="553" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Paris in France</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Location of Paris</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_7db7e2f3cf6bfb1f0bc5fadc1f5b339b712de126"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Paris&revid=1259007734&groups=_7db7e2f3cf6bfb1f0bc5fadc1f5b339b712de126" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Paris&revid=1259007734&groups=_7db7e2f3cf6bfb1f0bc5fadc1f5b339b712de126 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paris is located in France"><img alt="Paris is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paris is located in Île-de-France (region)"><img alt="Paris is located in Île-de-France (region)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg/270px-Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg/405px-Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg/540px-Ile-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1334" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.861%;left:43.432%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Paris</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Île-de-France (region)</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paris&params=48_51_24_N_2_21_8_E_type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C">48°51′24″N 2°21′8″E / 48.85667°N 2.35222°E / 48.85667; 2.35222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Paris</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France#Intercommunality" title="Communes of France">Intercommunality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Métropole du Grand Paris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">arrondissements</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2020–2026) </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn">1</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,853.5 km2 (1,101.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,940.7 km2 (7,313.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-pop2023-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,102,650</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">9th</a> in Europe <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">1st</a> in France</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">20,000/km2 (52,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2019<a href="#cite_note-paris_UU20_pop-3">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,858,852</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Jan. 2017<a href="#cite_note-paris_AAV20_pop-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,024,518</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Parisian(s) (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) Parisien(s) (masc.), Parisienne(s) (fem.) (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>), Parigot(s) (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/INSEE_code" title="INSEE code">INSEE</a>/Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-75056">75056</a> /75001-75020, 75116</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paris.fr">paris.fr</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr></tbody></table> Paris (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[paʁi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Paris_Pronunciation_in_French_by_James_Tamim.ogg\/Paris_Pronunciation_in_French_by_James_Tamim.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Paris_Pronunciation_in_French_by_James_Tamim.ogg/Paris_Pronunciation_in_French_by_James_Tamim.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Pronunciation_in_French_by_James_Tamim.ogg" title="File:Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. With an official estimated population of 2,102,650 residents in January 2023<a href="#cite_note-pop2023-2">[2]</a> in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-5">[5]</a> Paris is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">fourth-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">30th most densely populated city in the world</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>. For its leading role in the <a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">sciences</a>, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as the City of Light.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The City of Paris is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a>, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France.<a href="#cite_note-pop2023-2">[2]</a> The Paris Region had a nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion when adjusted for <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> in 2021, the highest in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">third-busiest airport in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Orly Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a>, serves 5.23 million passengers daily.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a> is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with 262 million passengers in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Paris has one of the most <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable</a> transportation systems<a href="#cite_note-ICLEI-15">[15]</a> and is one of only two cities in the world that received the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Transport_Award" title="Sustainable Transport Award">Sustainable Transport Award</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-Award-16">[16]</a> Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> received 8.9 million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a> are noted for their collections of French <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a> art. The <a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompidou Centre">Pompidou Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a> are noted for their collections of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a>. The historical district along the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in the city centre has been classified as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1991.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-18">[18]</a> Paris is home to several <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organizations including UNESCO, as well as other international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD_Development_Centre" title="OECD Development Centre">OECD Development Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a>, along with European bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authority" title="European Securities and Markets Authority">European Securities and Markets Authority</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain F.C.">Paris Saint-Germain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> club <a href="/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Stade Français">Stade Français</a> are based in Paris. The 81,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cup</a>, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>. Paris hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> tournament on the red clay of <a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Roland Garros</a>. Paris hosted the <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA Women's World Cup">2019 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 Rugby World Cup</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/1960_European_Nations%27_Cup" title="1960 European Nations' Cup">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1984" title="UEFA Euro 1984">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championships</a> were held in Paris. Every July, the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">bicycle race</a> finishes on the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue des Champs-Élysées">Avenue des Champs-Élysées</a> in Paris. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paris">Wiktionary</a> for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.</div> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> as Luteciam Parisiorum ('<a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (France)">Parisii</a>') and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENègre1990155-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falileyev-20">[20]</a> During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia or Lutecia in Latin, and as Leukotekía in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199438-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003211-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falileyev-20">[20]</a> The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (France)">Parisii</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribe from the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">Iron Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003247-23">[23]</a> The meaning of the Gaulish <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> remains debated. According to <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Xavier Delamarre</a>, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003247-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Holder" title="Alfred Holder">Alfred Holder</a> interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> peryff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse2006199-24">[24]</a> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Pierre-Yves Lambert</a> proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> carr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā.<a href="#cite_note-Falileyev-20">[20]</a> In any case, the city's name is not related to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[paʁizjɛ̃]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Parisien2.ogg\/Parisien2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Parisien2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Parisien2.ogg/Parisien2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Parisien2.ogg" title="File:Parisien2.ogg">ⓘ</a>). They are also pejoratively called Parigots (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[paʁiɡo]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Parigot.ogg\/Parigot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Parigot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Parigot.ogg/Parigot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Parigot.ogg" title="File:Parigot.ogg">ⓘ</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDottin1920535-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paris" title="History of Paris">History of Paris</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Paris" title="Timeline of Paris">Timeline of Paris</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a>, a sub-tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbois_de_JubainvilleDottin1889132-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe2004201-28">[27]</a> One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>, which gradually became an important trading centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand201025-29">[28]</a> The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200965–70-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParisiiCoins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ParisiiCoins.jpg/220px-ParisiiCoins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ParisiiCoins.jpg/330px-ParisiiCoins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ParisiiCoins.jpg/440px-ParisiiCoins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Gold coins minted by the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a>, 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a> in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Left Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt200988–104-31">[30]</a> The Roman town was originally called <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2009154–167-32">[31]</a> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the town was known as Parisius, a <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> name that would later become Paris in French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeunier201412-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Denis</a>, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "<a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>, and many French kings are buried there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2009210–211-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis the Frank</a>, the first king of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, made the city his capital from 508.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> to Paris and the Parisian <a href="/wiki/Francien" class="mw-redirect" title="Francien">Francien</a> dialects were born. Fortification of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> failed to avert <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">sacking by Vikings in 845</a>, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris (885–886)</a>, for which the then <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Paris" title="Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a> (comte de Paris), <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo of France</a>, was elected king of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199448-36">[35]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian</a> dynasty that began with the 987 election of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>, Count of Paris and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Franks" title="Duke of the Franks">Duke of the Franks</a> (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2009210–211-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_Late_Middle_Ages_to_Louis_XIV">High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Paris in the Middle Ages">Paris in the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_16th_century" title="Paris in the 16th century">Paris in the 16th century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_17th_century" title="Paris in the 17th century">Paris in the 17th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/220px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/330px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/440px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, viewed from the Left Bank, from the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a> (month of June) (1410)</figcaption></figure> By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand201027-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a>, the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a>, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> at its eastern extremity. After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussmann198522-38">[37]</a> Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a>) replaced the two smaller ones on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel-de-Ville_%E2%80%93_Esplanade_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération">Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_VitriacoHinnebusch1972262-39">[38]</a> The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government. In the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip Augustus</a> extended the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant201236–40-40">[39]</a> In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and would draw students from all of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant201228–29-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand201027-37">[36]</a> With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-42">[41]</a> By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG/220px-P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG/330px-P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG/440px-P1030887_Paris_IV_h%C3%B4tel_de_Sens_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, Paris was occupied by England-friendly <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian forces</a> from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> entered the French capital in 1420;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> in spite of a 1429 effort by <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> to liberate the city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro199652–53-45">[44]</a> it would remain under English occupation until 1436. In the late 16th-century <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, Paris was a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, the organisers of 24 August 1572 <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayrou1994121–130-47">[46]</a> The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Neuf" title="Pont Neuf">Pont Neuf</a>, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a>. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a> marketplace in 1610.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996577-48">[47]</a> During the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, chief minister of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">College of Sorbonne</a>, and a palace for himself, the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Cardinal</a>. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996582-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG/220px-Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG/330px-Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG/440px-Plan_de_Paris_en_1657.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4605" /></a><figcaption>Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssonius" title="Jan Janssonius">Jan Janssonius</a></figcaption></figure> Due to the Parisian uprisings during the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a> civil war, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> moved his court to a new palace, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>, the Academy of Painting, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the <a href="/wiki/City_walls_of_Paris" title="City walls of Paris">city walls</a> demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the <a href="/wiki/Boulevards_of_Paris#The_grands_boulevards" title="Boulevards of Paris">Grands Boulevards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombeau200342–43-50">[49]</a> Other marks of his reign were the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996590–591-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_18th_century" title="Paris in the 18th century">Paris in the 18th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_during_the_Second_Empire" title="Paris during the Second Empire">Paris during the Second Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a></div> Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> A new boulevard named the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> extended the city west to <a href="/wiki/Place_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Place Charles de Gaulle">Étoile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombeau200345–47-53">[52]</a> while the working-class neighbourhood of the <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine" title="Faubourg Saint-Antoine">Faubourg Saint-Antoine</a> on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012129–133-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>The storming of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Hou%C3%ABl" title="Jean-Pierre Houël">Jean-Pierre Houël</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_2,_Paris_May_11,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Pantheon_2%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="3174" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, a major landmark on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a>, was completed in 1790.</figcaption></figure> Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">D'Alembert</a> published their <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a> in 1751, before the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgolfier Brothers">Montgolfier Brothers</a> launched the first manned flight in a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> on 21 November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012120-55">[54]</a> On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Jacques_Garnerin" title="André-Jacques Garnerin">Garnerin</a>. In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Invalides</a>, acquiring thousands of guns, with which it <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">stormed the Bastille</a>, a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a>, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">Mayor</a>, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a>, on 15 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine1998453-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and the royal family were <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_march_on_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's march on Versailles">brought to Paris</a> and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996674-57">[56]</a> The property of the aristocracy and the church was <a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">nationalised</a>, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012144-58">[57]</a> A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">9 November 1799</a> (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> seized power as First Consul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012147-59">[58]</a> The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012148-60">[59]</a> Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> and the city's first metal bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012148-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Emile_Durandelle,_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction,_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg/220px-Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg/330px-Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg/440px-Louis-Emile_Durandelle%2C_The_Eiffel_Tower_-_State_of_the_Construction%2C_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>, under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a>, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830 (commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/July_Column" title="July Column">July Column</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a>) brought to power a constitutional monarch, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">provinces</a> to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012148-60">[59]</a> In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">popular uprising</a> in the streets of Paris. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, <a href="/wiki/Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" title="Georges-Eugène Haussmann">Georges-Eugène Haussmann</a>, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Moncan20127–35-61">[60]</a> In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Moncan20127–35-61">[60]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "<a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Bloody Week</a>" at the end of May 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118-62">[61]</a> In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 Universal Exposition</a>, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Universal Exposition</a> gave Paris the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraserSpalding2011117-63">[62]</a> Paris became the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>), and of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> in art (<a href="/wiki/Courbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Courbet">Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manet">Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Renoir">Renoir</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996490–491-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Paris in the Belle Époque">Paris in the Belle Époque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_during_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris during the First World War">Paris during the First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_between_the_Wars_(1919%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)">Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">Paris in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paris_(1946%E2%80%932000)" title="History of Paris (1946–2000)">History of Paris (1946–2000)</a></div> By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombeau200361-65">[64]</a> At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996497-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and authors such as <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a> were exploring new approaches to literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996491-68">[67]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a>. The city was also bombed by <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> and shelled by German <a href="/wiki/Paris_Gun" title="Paris Gun">long-range guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996750-69">[68]</a> In the years after the war, known as <a href="/wiki/Paris_between_the_Wars_(1919%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)">Les Années Folles</a>, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Kotchever" title="Eva Kotchever">Eva Kotchever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin" title="Anaïs Nin">Anaïs Nin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bechet" title="Sidney Bechet">Sidney Bechet</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meisler-71">[70]</a> In the years after the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">peace conference</a>, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies</a> and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Paris,_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944</figcaption></figure> On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "<a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012217-73">[72]</a> On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel d'Hiv</a> (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. None of the children came back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996637-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012218-75">[74]</a> On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(France)" title="2nd Armored Division (France)">French 2nd Armoured Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996242–243-76">[75]</a> In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to <a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">violent confrontations</a> between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996658-78">[77]</a> In May 1968, protesting students occupied the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> and put up barricades in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a>. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 events in France</a> resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012226-79">[78]</a> In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996260-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Maine-Montparnasse</a>, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012222-81">[80]</a> The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombeau2003107–108-82">[81]</a> A suburban railway network, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a> (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Périphérique (Paris)">Périphérique</a> expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellde-Shalit2011247-83">[82]</a> Most of the postwar presidents of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (1986); President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> built (1985–1989), the new site of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (1996), the <a href="/wiki/Arche_de_la_D%C3%A9fense" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche de la Défense">Arche de la Défense</a> (1985–1989) in <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (2006), the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du quai Branly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012226–230-84">[83]</a> In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a> became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27" title="Vélib'">Vélib'</a>, a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the <a href="/wiki/Promenade_des_Berges_de_la_Seine" title="Promenade des Berges de la Seine">Promenade des Berges de la Seine</a>, which he inaugurated in June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg/220px-Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg/330px-Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg/440px-Marche_hommage_Charlie_hebdo_et_aux_victimes_des_attentats_de_janvier_2015_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a>, Paris, 11 January 2015, during the <a href="/wiki/Republican_marches" title="Republican marches">Republican marches</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></figcaption></figure> In 2007, President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Grand Paris</a> project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Metropolis of Grand Paris</a>, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Lichfield-87">[86]</a> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris_Express" title="Grand Paris Express">Grand Paris Express</a>, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">high-speed rail (TGV)</a> stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<a href="#cite_note-metro-88">[87]</a> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In January 2015, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> claimed <a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">attacks</a> across the Paris region.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_marches" title="Republican marches">1.5 million people marched in Paris</a> in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In November of the same year, <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">terrorist attacks</a>, claimed by ISIL,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> On 22 April 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> was signed by 196 nations of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> in an aim to limit the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> below 2 °C.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Paris" title="Geography of Paris">Geography of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_France_ESA24382977.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg/220px-Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg/330px-Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg/440px-Paris%2C_France_ESA24382977.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6023" data-file-height="4015" /></a><figcaption>A 2022 satellite image of Paris, by ESA's <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> mission</figcaption></figure> Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, whose crest includes two islands, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis" title="Île Saint-Louis">Île Saint-Louis</a> and the larger <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>, which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.<a href="#cite_note-City-96">[95]</a> Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> at 130 m (427 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmoreMcConnachie2004153-97">[96]</a> Excluding the outlying parks of <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a>, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique" title="Boulevard Périphérique">Boulevard Périphérique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand201069-98">[97]</a> Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The metropolitan area is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-City-96">[95]</a> Measured from the <a href="/wiki/Kilometre_zero#France" title="Kilometre zero">'point zero'</a> in front of its <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame cathedral</a>, Paris by road is 450 km (280 mi) southeast of London, 287 km (178 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, 305 km (190 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 774 km (481 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, 385 km (239 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, and 135 km (84 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Paris" title="Climate of Paris">Climate of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_(8252181936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg/220px-Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg/330px-Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg/440px-Paris_raining_autumn_cityscape_%288252181936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Autumn in Paris</figcaption></figure> Paris has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> within the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010309-102">[101]</a> Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">heat wave of 2003</a> when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reached 40 °C (104 °F) on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein20058-103">[102]</a> Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F).<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), on 25 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), on 10 December 1879.<a href="#cite_note-climate-108">[107]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Paris (<a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a>), elevation: 75 m (246 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6 (108.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.6 (108.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.7 (5.5) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.9 (−11.0) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.9 (−11.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (1.65) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2 (1.78) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8 (1.80) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.0 (2.72) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 (2.02) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4 (2.34) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (2.14) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (2.44) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">634.3 (24.97) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7A7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.9 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.5 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.7 </td> <td style="background: #B5B563; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.6 </td> <td style="background: #838383; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.9 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,717 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Meteo_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteo France">Meteo France</a> (snow days 1981–2010),<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-Infoclimat-110">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-111">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Paris" title="Administration of Paris">Administration of Paris</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_government">City government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">Arrondissements of Paris</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">Mayor of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_plan_jms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_plan_jms.png/220px-Paris_plan_jms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_plan_jms.png/330px-Paris_plan_jms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_plan_jms.png/440px-Paris_plan_jms.png 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">arrondissements of Paris</a></figcaption></figure> For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996334-112">[111]</a> The first modern elected mayor of Paris was <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">socialist</a>, first elected <a href="/wiki/2014_Paris_municipal_election" title="2014 Paris municipal election">in April 2014</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-113">[112]</a> and re-elected <a href="/wiki/2020_Paris_municipal_election" title="2020 Paris municipal election">in June 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg/330px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg/440px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_--_2014_--_1714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3423" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a>, or city hall</figcaption></figure> The mayor of Paris is <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">elected indirectly</a> by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil de Paris">Conseil de Paris</a> (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Election_Code_–_Article_L260-115">[114]</a> Party lists winning an absolute <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> in the first round – or at least a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the <a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">highest averages method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Election_Code_–_Article_L260-115">[114]</a> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Pariscouncil-116">[115]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Paris_municipal_election" title="2020 Paris municipal election">2020 Paris municipal election</a>, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council (<a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27arrondissement" title="Conseil d'arrondissement">conseil d'arrondissement</a>), which elects an arrondissement mayor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShales200716-117">[116]</a> The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996334-112">[111]</a> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Paris_Centre" title="Paris Centre">Paris Centre</a>, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Métropole_du_Grand_Paris">Métropole du Grand Paris</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg/220px-%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg/330px-%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg/440px-%C3%89tablissements_publics_territoriaux_du_Grand_Paris_et_trois_d%C3%A9partements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis and its governing territories</figcaption></figure> In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Métropole du Grand Paris</a>, or simply <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Grand Paris</a>, came into existence.<a href="#cite_note-MGP-119">[118]</a> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>, plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including <a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Oise" class="mw-redirect" title="Val d'Oise">Val d'Oise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paray-Vieille-Poste" title="Paray-Vieille-Poste">Paray-Vieille-Poste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a>, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km2 (314 sq mi). In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million persons.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-lemoniteur1-121">[120]</a> The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-MGP-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-lemoniteur1-121">[120]</a> In January 2016, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ollier" title="Patrick Ollier">Patrick Ollier</a> was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_government">Regional government</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de France">Île de France</a>, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Regional Council of Île-de-France">Regional Council</a>, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Valérie Pécresse</a>, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_(50610423656).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_Arrives_to_Meet_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Le_Drian_in_Paris_%2850610423656%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9086" data-file-height="6057" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>, official residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></figcaption></figure> As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">national government</a>. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the French Republic</a> resides at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>'s seat is at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnappWright200693–94-126">[125]</a> Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrus2012288-127">[126]</a> Both houses of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>, meets in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Luxembourg">Palais du Luxembourg</a>. The more important lower house, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, meets in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President of the Senate</a>, the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a>, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg/220px-Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg/330px-Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg/440px-Conseil_d%27Etat_Paris_WA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Palais-Royal, residence of the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Conseil d'État</a></figcaption></figure> France's highest courts are located in Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a> on the Île de la Cité.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a>, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="1st arrondissement of Paris">1st arrondissement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a>, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="European Union Institute for Security Studies">European Union Institute for Security Studies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Expositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of International Expositions">International Exhibition Bureau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_force">Police force</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg/220px-Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg/330px-Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg/440px-Gendarmerie_BMW_R1100RT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> motorcyclists</figcaption></figure> The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of Police of Paris">Prefecture of Police of Paris</a>, a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a>. It supervises the units of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">National Police</a> who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fire_Brigade" title="Paris Fire Brigade">Paris Fire Brigade</a>. Its headquarters is on <a href="/wiki/Place_Louis_L%C3%A9pine" title="Place Louis Lépine">Place Louis Lépine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Presentation_Generale-132">[131]</a> There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-Presentation_Generale-132">[131]</a> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_R%C3%A9publicaines_de_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité">Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité</a> (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a>. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The Seine river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/1600px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/2400px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/3200px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10500" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>A panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower, in a 360-degree view. The <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> river flows from the north-east to the south-west, right to left</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanism_and_architecture">Urbanism and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Paris" title="Architecture of Paris">Architecture of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="Religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings in Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region">List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night,_Paris_August_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg/220px-Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg/330px-Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg/440px-Rue_de_Rivoli_at_night%2C_Paris_August_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg/220px-Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg/330px-Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg/440px-Paris_Place_des_Vosges_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4515" data-file-height="3013" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a>, the oldest planned square in Paris</figcaption></figure> Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>. Of those, two remain today: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis" title="Île Saint-Louis">Île Saint-Louis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>. A third one is the 1827 artificially created <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Cygnes" title="Île aux Cygnes">Île aux Cygnes</a>. Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and his Prefect of the Seine, <a href="/wiki/Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" title="Georges-Eugène Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre</a>, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "<a href="/wiki/Paris_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris stone">Paris stone</a>". They built the major parks around central Paris.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraimohVlek200812-137">[136]</a> Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-plan_hauteurs-138">[137]</a> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.<a href="#cite_note-plan_hauteurs-138">[137]</a> The 210 m (690 ft) <a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a> was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Since 2011, this record has been held by the <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> quarter <a href="/wiki/Tour_First" title="Tour First">Tour First</a> tower in <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg/220px-Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg/330px-Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg/440px-Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Front_de_Seine" title="Front de Seine">Front de Seine</a> development along the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a></figcaption></figure> In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre, was <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne" title="Avenue Montaigne">Avenue Montaigne</a>, at 22,372 euros per square metre.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1,356,074. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.<a href="#cite_note-insee_logement-141">[140]</a> Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.<a href="#cite_note-notaires_idf-142">[141]</a> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris' population rent their residence.<a href="#cite_note-notaires_idf-142">[141]</a> In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent Paris' residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg/225px-Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg/338px-Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg/450px-Paris_19th_Arrondissement_Residential_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>19th Arrondissement Residential Area</figcaption></figure> In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_France,_September_24,_2016_SkySat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg/330px-Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg/440px-Paris%2C_France%2C_September_24%2C_2016_SkySat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Western Paris in 2016, photographed by a <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg/220px-West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg/330px-West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg/440px-West_of_Paris_seen_from_Tour_Montparnasse_-_2019-09-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>West of Paris seen from <a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a> department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Grand Paris</a> came into existence.<a href="#cite_note-MGP-119">[118]</a> Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delouvrier" title="Paul Delouvrier">Paul Delouvrier</a> promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1984536-146">[145]</a> Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarri2008407-147">[146]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a> commuter train network.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200646–47-148">[147]</a> Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s, to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastells198375-149">[148]</a> These districts were socially mixed at first,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasBlancBonillaIERP2003237-150">[149]</a> but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-villes_nouvelles-151">[150]</a> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.<a href="#cite_note-villes_nouvelles-151">[150]</a> These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its <a href="/wiki/Goutte_d%27Or" title="Goutte d'Or">Goutte d'Or</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (France)">department</a>, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (France)">department</a>. Other difficult areas are located in the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> valley, in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry_(Essonne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Évry (Essonne)">Évry</a> et <a href="/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Corbeil-Essonnes">Corbeil-Essonnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essonne_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Essonne (département)">Essonne</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Les_Mureaux" title="Les Mureaux">Mureaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie" title="Mantes-la-Jolie">Mantes-la-Jolie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The Paris agglomeration's <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a> is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Enghien-les-Bains" title="Enghien-les-Bains">Enghien-les-Bains</a> to the north of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Paris" title="Demographics of Paris">Demographics of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Paris_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Paris_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Paris_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>City of Paris population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">2019 Census Paris Region</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)<a href="#cite_note-immig-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="text-align:left;"> Country/territory of birth</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:right;"> Population</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 9,215,134</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algerians_in_France" title="Algerians in France">Algeria</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 330,935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_France" title="Moroccans in France">Morocco</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 253,518</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">Portugal</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 234,399</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_France" title="Tunisians in France">Tunisia</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 127,827</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_(local).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg/22px-Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg/33px-Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg/44px-Unofficial_flag_of_Guadeloupe_%28local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 81,269</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/22px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/33px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/44px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 75,959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">China</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 71,500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">Turkey</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 67,982</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malians_in_France" title="Malians in France">Mali</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 66,085</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivorians_in_France" title="Ivorians in France">Côte d'Ivoire</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 63,810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_people_in_France" title="Senegalese people in France">Senegal</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 60,124</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">Italy</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 58,141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_France" title="Romanians in France">Romania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 53,848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Congolese_people_in_France" title="Congolese people in France">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 52,449</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_France" title="Spanish immigration to France">Spain</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 45,828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_France" title="Sri Lankans in France">Sri Lanka</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 45,786</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cameroonians_in_France" title="Cameroonians in France">Cameroon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 45,370</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Other countries/territories</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Congolese_people_in_France" title="Congolese people in France">Republic of the Congo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 38,651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haiti</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 36,685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_France" title="Poles in France">Poland</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 35,871</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_France" title="Vietnamese people in France">Vietnam</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 35,251</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodians_in_France" title="Cambodians in France">Cambodia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 30,321</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/18px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/27px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/36px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 30,077</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_France" title="Indians in France">India</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 29,623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_France" title="Serbs in France">Serbia</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 25,632</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_France" title="Lebanese people in France">Lebanon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 21,066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people_in_France" title="Malagasy people in France">Madagascar</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 21,002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_France" title="Germans in France">Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 20,523</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_France" title="Pakistanis in France">Pakistan</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 20,178</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_France" title="Russians in France">Russia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 19,019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritians_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritians in France">Mauritius</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 18,840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guineans_in_France" title="Guineans in France">Guinea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 18,709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_France" title="Brazilians in France">Brazil</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 17,887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_France" title="British migration to France">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 17,789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background:#eee;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_France" title="Americans in France">United States</a></td><td style="background:#eee;text-align:right;"> 17,583</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Other countries and territories</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 857,720</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a>, the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a>, declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_22_January_2019-158">[157]</a> This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-159">[158]</a> Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included <a href="/wiki/De-industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-industrialisation">de-industrialisation</a>, high rent, the <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pophis-163">[162]</a> Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_urbaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité urbaine">unité urbaine</a> (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a>), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">largest urban area in the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pop_UU-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-urbaneurope-165">[164]</a> City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metropolitan Area">aire d'attraction de Paris</a>, "functional area", a statistical method comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FU-166">[165]</a>), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-pop_AU-167">[166]</a> 19.6% of the population of France,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">largest metropolitan area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urbaneurope-165">[164]</a> In 2012, according to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, 112,369 were immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, 70,852 from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, 5,059 from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, 91,297 from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> outside Turkey, 38,858 from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and 1,365 from the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">South Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>).<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="Religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_sacre_coeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Le_sacre_coeur.jpg/220px-Le_sacre_coeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Le_sacre_coeur.jpg/330px-Le_sacre_coeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Le_sacre_coeur.jpg/440px-Le_sacre_coeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a></figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In a 2011 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique" title="Institut français d'opinion publique">Institut français d'opinion publique</a> (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion. According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paris" title="Economy of Paris">Economy of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-La_D%C3%A9fense_depuis_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_Janvier_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, the largest dedicated business district in Europe, located to the west of Paris<a href="#cite_note-France.fr-182">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italiens12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italiens12.jpg/220px-Italiens12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italiens12.jpg/330px-Italiens12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italiens12.jpg/440px-Italiens12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> of <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>, the largest banking group in Europe, in the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_des_Italiens" title="Boulevard des Italiens">Boulevard des Italiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg/220px-Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg/330px-Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg/440px-Hotel_de_la_vaupaliere54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Axa" title="Axa">Axa</a> headquarters at Hôtel de La Vaupalière</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Evergreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Campus_Evergreen.jpg/220px-Campus_Evergreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Campus_Evergreen.jpg/330px-Campus_Evergreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Campus_Evergreen.jpg/440px-Campus_Evergreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a>, south of Paris<a href="#cite_note-sieges-184">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The story is similar in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Region">Paris Region</a> (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-189">[188]</a> The second-largest business district in terms of employment is <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levallois-Perret" title="Levallois-Perret">Levallois-Perret</a>, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a> and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-189">[188]</a> In 2021, the top French companies listed in the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> Department, three are in <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> and one is in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>. Some companies, like <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>, have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinsey-193">[192]</a> While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-pop2023-2">[2]</a> the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (<a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a>, IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a>, La Défense and the <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Seine" title="Val de Seine">Val de Seine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> While the Paris economy is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Service_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service Sector">services</a>, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Station_F" title="Station F">Station F</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">business incubator</a> for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_income">Employment and income</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_(2018)_named.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg/220px-Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg/330px-Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg/440px-Median_income_of_Paris_and_inner_ring_%282018%29_named.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The median income in Paris and its nearest departments, 2018. High income in red, low income in yellow</figcaption></figure> In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.<a href="#cite_note-AlapageINSEE-200">[199]</a> Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.<a href="#cite_note-AlapageINSEE-200">[199]</a> Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade.<a href="#cite_note-AlapageINSEE-200">[199]</a> Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-AlapageINSEE-200">[199]</a> Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.<a href="#cite_note-AlapageINSEE-200">[199]</a> Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the <a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a> department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major <a href="/wiki/Aulnay-sous-Bois" title="Aulnay-sous-Bois">Aulnay-sous-Bois</a> Citroën assembly plant.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> The southern <a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a> department specialises in science and technology.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> The south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>, with its wholesale <a href="/wiki/March%C3%A9_international_de_Rungis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marché international de Rungis">Rungis food market</a>, specialises in food processing and beverages.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE_201210-196">[195]</a> Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.<a href="#cite_note-wealth_distribution-201">[200]</a> While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris' wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism in Paris</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks in Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_quarters_of_Paris" title="Historical quarters of Paris">Historical quarters of Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_!_(4787187477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg/170px-Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg/255px-Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg/340px-Visiter_le_Louvre_en_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%21_%284787187477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most-visited art museum in the world</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-pro.visitparisregion.com-205">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Greater Paris</a>, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-KeyFigures-206">[205]</a> These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand) and China (711 thousand).<a href="#cite_note-KeyFigures-206">[205]</a> In 2018, measured by the <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromonitor">Euromonitor</a> Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million).<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.<a href="#cite_note-TIP2016-208">[207]</a> Paris' top cultural attractions in 2022 were the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> (7.7 million visitors), the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> (5.8 million visitors), the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (3.27 million visitors) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a> (3 million visitors).<a href="#cite_note-pro.visitparisregion.com-205">[204]</a> In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.<a href="#cite_note-KeyFigures-206">[205]</a> In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KeyFigures-206">[205]</a> Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from <a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a>, when their experiences do not meet expectations.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Paris" title="Art in Paris">Art in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/220px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/330px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/440px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Renoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Renoir">Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal_du_moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Bal du moulin de la Galette">Bal du moulin de la Galette</a>, 1876, oil on canvas, 131 cm × 175 cm (52 in × 69 in), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></figcaption></figure> For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontclos2003-212">[211]</a> Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_and_Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Baroque and Classicism">French Baroque and Classicism</a> era. Sculptors such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardon" title="François Girardon">Girardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Coysevox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Coustou" title="Nicolas Coustou">Coustou</a> acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a> became the first painter to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> during this period. In 1648, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture</a> (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berthe_Morisot" title="Berthe Morisot">Berthe Morisot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> and others. Paris was central to the development of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> in art, with painters such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movements all evolved in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry199519-214">[213]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a> and many others became associated with Paris. The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi" title="Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi">Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bourdelle" title="Antoine Bourdelle">Antoine Bourdelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Landowski" title="Paul Landowski">Paul Landowski</a> (statue of <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Golden Age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> ended between the two world wars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">List of museums in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg/220px-MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg/330px-MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg/440px-MuseeOrsay_20070324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6722" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-215">[214]</a> holding its position as first among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums" title="List of most-visited museums">most-visited museums</a>. Its treasures include the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> (La Joconde), the <a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a> statue, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a>. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a>, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a> The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">National Museum of Natural History</a> with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, featuring 19th century art and the <a href="/wiki/French_Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="French Impressionists">French Impressionists</a>, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_des_sciences_et_de_l%27industrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité des sciences et de l'industrie">Cité des sciences et de l'industrie</a>, (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Louis Vuitton">Fondation Louis Vuitton</a> (691,000), the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac</a>, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a> (History of Paris) (606,000), and the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a>, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du quai Branly</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a>, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s large <a href="/wiki/Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)">Water Lilies</a> murals. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée national du Moyen Âge">Musée national du Moyen Âge</a>, or Cluny Museum, presents <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a>. The military history of France is presented by displays at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a> at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>. In addition to the national museums, run by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a>, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnavalet Museum">Carnavalet Museum</a> on the history of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo" title="Palais de Tokyo">Palais de Tokyo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">House of Victor Hugo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">House of Balzac</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation" title="Louis Vuitton Foundation">Louis Vuitton Foundation</a>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, opened in October 2014 in the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra National de Paris">Paris Opéra</a>) and modern <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a>; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010178-218">[217]</a> In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Italien" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre-Italien">Théâtre-Italien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a> (which in modern times changed its profile and name to <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville" title="Théâtre de la Ville">Théâtre de la Ville</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumacher199660-219">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a>, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a>, where the first performances of Diaghilev's <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> took place in 1913. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png/220px-CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png/330px-CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png/440px-CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Comédie Française">Comédie Française</a> (Salle Richelieu)</figcaption></figure> Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961173-220">[219]</a> Other famous theatres include the <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe</a>, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9-Montparnasse" title="Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse">Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> The music hall and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> are famous Paris institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a> was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French <a href="/wiki/Cancan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancan">Cancan</a>. It helped make famous the singers <a href="/wiki/Mistinguett" title="Mistinguett">Mistinguett</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia Paris">Olympia Paris</a> invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the <a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a>. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>. Later, Olympia Paris presented <a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Piaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Piaf">Edith Piaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Casino_de_Paris" title="Casino de Paris">Casino de Paris</a> presented many famous French singers, including <a href="/wiki/Mistinguett" title="Mistinguett">Mistinguett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tino_Rossi" title="Tino Rossi">Tino Rossi</a>. Other famous Paris music halls include <a href="/wiki/Le_Lido" title="Le Lido">Le Lido</a>, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_(cabaret)" title="Crazy Horse (cabaret)">Crazy Horse Saloon</a>, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961005–1006-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Writers_in_Paris" title="Writers in Paris">Writers in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/170px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/255px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/340px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></figcaption></figure> The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by <a href="/wiki/Gasparinus_de_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasparinus de Bergamo">Gasparinus de Bergamo</a> (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heynlin" title="Johann Heynlin">Johann Heynlin</a>. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Boileau">Boileau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="La Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996488-224">[223]</a> In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Marivaux" title="Pierre de Marivaux">Pierre de Marivaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a>. During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérimée">Mérimée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>. Victor Hugo's <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a> inspired the renovation of its setting, the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Another of Victor Hugo's works, <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> One of the most popular of all French writers, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Colette" title="Colette">Colette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, and, after World War II, by <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a>. The winner of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a>, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996840-229">[228]</a> It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_in_Paris" title="Music in Paris">Music in Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_Paris" title="History of music in Paris">History of music in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympia_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/170px-Olympia_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/255px-Olympia_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/340px-Olympia_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Paris)" title="Olympia (Paris)">Olympia</a> music hall</figcaption></figure> In the late 12th century, a school of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> was established at Notre-Dame. Among the <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouvères">Trouvères</a> of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. <a href="/wiki/Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubadours">Troubadours</a>, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">François I</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque-era</a>, noted composers included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Musique de Paris</a> was founded in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamschroederWilliams1990157-231">[230]</a> By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic-era</a> composers (in Paris) include <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Léo Delibes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Bizet's">Georges Bizet's</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McClary-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionist</a> composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>. Several foreign-born composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris. <a href="/wiki/Bal-musette" title="Bal-musette">Bal-musette</a> is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDregni200419-234">[233]</a> Patrons danced the <a href="/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e" title="Bourrée">bourrée</a> to the accompaniment of the <a href="/wiki/Cabrette" title="Cabrette">cabrette</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>-blown <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> locally called a "musette") and often the <a href="/wiki/Vielle_%C3%A0_roue" class="mw-redirect" title="Vielle à roue">vielle à roue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDregni200832-235">[234]</a> and Paris became a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMroue2006260-236">[235]</a> Paris is the spiritual home of <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">gypsy jazz</a> in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDregni200832-235">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Quintette_du_Hot_Club_de_France" title="Quintette du Hot Club de France">Quintette du Hot Club de France</a> in the 1930s and 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Gjazz-237">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moulin_Rouge,_Paris_April_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg/220px-Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg/330px-Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg/440px-Moulin_Rouge%2C_Paris_April_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a> has hosted many singers including Parisian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a></figcaption></figure> Immediately after the War the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pres" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Germain-des-Pres">Saint-Germain-des-Pres</a> quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, <a href="/wiki/Le_Tabou" title="Le Tabou">Le Tabou</a>. They introduced Parisians to the music of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Luter" title="Claude Luter">Claude Luter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vian" title="Boris Vian">Boris Vian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Bechet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Bechet">Sydney Bechet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow" title="Mezz Mezzrow">Mezz Mezzrow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Salvador" title="Henri Salvador">Henri Salvador</a>. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBezbakh2004872-238">[237]</a> Some of the finest <a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">manouche</a> musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<a href="#cite_note-Gjazz-237">[236]</a> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMroue2006260-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gjazz-237">[236]</a> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Jazz_Festival" title="Paris Jazz Festival">Paris Jazz Festival</a> and the rock festival <a href="/wiki/Rock_en_Seine" title="Rock en Seine">Rock en Seine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris" title="Orchestre de Paris">Orchestre de Paris</a> was established in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-andante-240">[239]</a> December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Piaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Piaf">Edith Piaf</a>—widely regarded as France's national <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanteuse</a>, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.<a href="#cite_note-yahoomusicbio-241">[240]</a> Paris has a big <a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">hip hop</a> scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Paris" title="List of films set in Paris">List of films set in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Cin%C3%A9matographe_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> 1895 film <a href="/wiki/L%27Arroseur_Arros%C3%A9" title="L'Arroseur Arrosé">L'Arroseur Arrosé</a>, the earliest comedy, and the first film to portray a fictional story.</figcaption></figure> The movie industry was born in Paris when <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rex" title="Grand Rex">Grand Rex</a> theatre with 2,700 seats.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">French cinema</a> comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lelouch" title="Claude Lelouch">Claude Lelouch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director <a href="/wiki/Claude_Zidi" title="Claude Zidi">Claude Zidi</a> as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restaurants_and_cuisine">Restaurants and cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Zimmer,_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg/220px-Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg/330px-Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg/440px-Le_Zimmer%2C_restaurant_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5550" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>Le Zimmer, on the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Place du Châtelet</a></figcaption></figure> Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a>, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Beauvilliers" title="Antoine Beauvilliers">Antoine Beauvilliers</a>; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_V%C3%A9four" title="Le Grand Véfour">Le Grand Véfour</a> in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961136–1138-248">[247]</a> The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Au_Rocher_de_Cancale" title="Au Rocher de Cancale">Rocher de Cancale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Anglais" title="Café Anglais">Café Anglais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maison_dor%C3%A9e_(Paris)" title="Maison dorée (Paris)">Maison Dorée</a> and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_des_Italiens" title="Boulevard des Italiens">Boulevard des Italiens</a>. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim's Paris">Maxim's</a> on Rue Royale, <a href="/wiki/Ledoyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledoyen">Ledoyen</a> in the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Argent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour d'Argent">Tour d'Argent</a> on the Quai de la Tournelle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961137-249">[248]</a> Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominé2014-250">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as <a href="/wiki/L%27Ambroisie" title="L'Ambroisie">L'Ambroisie</a> in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as <a href="/wiki/L%27Astrance" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Astrance">L'Astrance</a>, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gagnaire" title="Pierre Gagnaire">Pierre Gagnaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Ducasse" title="Alain Ducasse">Alain Ducasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannick_All%C3%A9no" title="Yannick Alléno">Yannick Alléno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Passard" title="Alain Passard">Alain Passard</a>, have three-star restaurants in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/220px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/330px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/440px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a> café on Boulevard Saint-Germain</figcaption></figure> Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">café</a> arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a> on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_Rotonde" title="Café de la Rotonde">Café de la Rotonde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%B4me_Caf%C3%A9" title="Le Dôme Café">Le Dôme Café</a> in Montparnasse and <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore" title="Café de Flore">Café de Flore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a> on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961137-249">[248]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bistro" title="Bistro">bistro</a> is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996715-253">[252]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Brasserie" title="Brasserie">brasserie</a> originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Exposition_of_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Exposition of 1867">Paris Exposition of 1867</a>, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996773-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Paris">Fashion in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/170px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/255px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/340px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena Frackowiak">Magdalena Frackowiak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a> (Autumn 2011)</figcaption></figure> Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a>, particularly in the domain of <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a> (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Dior S.A.">Dior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld" title="Karl Lagerfeld">Karl Lagerfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Paul Gaultier">Jean-Paul Gaultier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Givenchy" title="Givenchy">Givenchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lacroix" title="Christian Lacroix">Christian Lacroix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a>, held in January and July in the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a> among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> company: <a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a> as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermés">Hermés</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)" title="Cartier (jeweler)">Cartier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne" title="Avenue Montaigne">Avenue Montaigne</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> and the Seine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3></div> The inventor <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Daguerrotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerrotype">Daguerrotype</a>, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> The work of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey" title="Étienne-Jules Marey">Étienne-Jules Marey</a> in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tabard" title="Maurice Tabard">Maurice Tabard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan2011362-260">[259]</a> Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a>, noted for his depictions of street scenes, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Doisneau" title="Robert Doisneau">Robert Doisneau</a>, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bovis" title="Marcel Bovis">Marcel Bovis</a>, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Henri_Lartigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Henri Lartigue">Jacques-Henri Lartigue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poster_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Poster art">Poster art</a> also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ch%C3%A9ret" title="Jules Chéret">Jules Chéret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset" title="Eugène Grasset">Eugène Grasset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Willette" title="Adolphe Willette">Adolphe Willette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_Feure" title="Georges de Feure">Georges de Feure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Gabriel_Ibels" title="Henri-Gabriel Ibels">Henri-Gabriel Ibels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gavarni" title="Paul Gavarni">Paul Gavarni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin2011-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro,_14_boulevard_Haussmann,_Paris_9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/170px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/255px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg/340px-Si%C3%A8ge_Figaro%2C_14_boulevard_Haussmann%2C_Paris_9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1826, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> is still considered a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></figcaption></figure> Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">Le Nouvel Observateur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Le Canard enchaîné</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Ouen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Échos (France)">Les Échos</a>, Paris Match (<a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>), Réseaux & Télécoms, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> France, <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">l'Équipe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>) and L'Officiel des Spectacles.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs</a>, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> The most-viewed network in France, <a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a>, is in nearby <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_5" title="France 5">France 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)" title="M6 (TV channel)">M6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a>, <a href="/wiki/D8_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="D8 (TV channel)">D8</a>, <a href="/wiki/W9_(TV_channel)" title="W9 (TV channel)">W9</a>, <a href="/wiki/NT1_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="NT1 (TV channel)">NT1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRJ_12" title="NRJ 12">NRJ 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Cha%C3%AEne_parlementaire" title="La Chaîne parlementaire">La Chaîne parlementaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_4" title="France 4">France 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BFM_TV" title="BFM TV">BFM TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulli" title="Gulli">Gulli</a> are other stations located in and around the capital.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a>, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's <a href="/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="16th arrondissement of Paris">16th arrondissement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a>, another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> Paris also holds the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste</a>, France's national postal carrier.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a>. It includes a <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypast</a> over the Champs Élysées by the <a href="/wiki/Patrouille_de_France" title="Patrouille de France">Patrouille de France</a>, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmoreMcConnachie2004204-270">[269]</a> Some other yearly festivals are <a href="/wiki/Paris-Plages" title="Paris-Plages">Paris-Plages</a>, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmoreMcConnachie2004204-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Heritage_Days" title="European Heritage Days">Journées du Patrimoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a>, Techno Parade, <a href="/wiki/Nuit_Blanche" title="Nuit Blanche">Nuit Blanche</a>, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Carnival" title="Paris Carnival">Carnaval de Paris</a>, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Paris" title="Libraries in Paris">Libraries in Paris</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Arsenal Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/220px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/330px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/440px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_Library" title="Sainte-Geneviève Library">Sainte-Geneviève Library</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Forney" title="Bibliothèque Forney">Bibliothèque Forney</a>, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_historique_de_la_ville_de_Paris" title="Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris">Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris</a>, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_Library" title="Sainte-Geneviève Library">Sainte-Geneviève Library</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Labrouste" title="Henri Labrouste">Henri Labrouste</a> and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward2006-272">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine" title="Bibliothèque Mazarine">Bibliothèque Mazarine</a> is the oldest public library in France. The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_Musicale_Mahler" title="Médiathèque Musicale Mahler">Médiathèque Musicale Mahler</a> opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Perrault" title="Dominique Perrault">Dominique Perrault</a> and contains four glass towers.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward2006-272">[271]</a> There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne">Sorbonne Library</a> is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Art_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie">Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie</a>, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<a href="#cite_note-nd.edu-274">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Paris" title="Football in Paris">Football in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg/220px-Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg/330px-Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg/440px-Le_Paris_Saint-Germain_re%C3%A7oit_l%27AS_Monaco_au_Parc_en_Coupe_de_France_le_26_avril_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></figcaption></figure> Paris's most popular sport clubs are the <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain F.C.">Paris Saint-Germain F.C.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Stade Français">Stade Français</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racing_92" title="Racing 92">Racing 92</a>, the last of which is based just outside the city proper. The 80,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cup</a>, is located just north of Paris in the commune of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010300–301-275">[274]</a> It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France national football team</a> for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">French national rugby team</a>'s home matches of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010300–301-275">[274]</a> In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city has a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: <a href="/wiki/Paris_FC" title="Paris FC">Paris FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Saint-Ouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Star Saint-Ouen">Red Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCF_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="RCF Paris">RCF Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Français Paris (football)">Stade Français Paris</a>. Paris hosted the <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>. The city also bid for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Olympic Games</a> but lost to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The city also hosted the finals of the <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938 FIFA World Cup</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Olympique_Yves-du-Manoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir">Stade Olympique de Colombes</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Rugby World Cup Final">2007 Rugby World Cup Final</a> (both at the Stade de France). Three <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League_Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Champions League Finals">UEFA Champions League Finals</a> in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the <a href="/wiki/2000_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 UEFA Champions League Final">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 UEFA Champions League Final">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 UEFA Champions League Final">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Paris hosted <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg/220px-Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg/330px-Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg/440px-Tour_de_france_2010_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es_n10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>2010 Tour de France, <a href="/wiki/Champs_%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Champs Élysées">Champs Élysées</a></figcaption></figure> The final stage of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">bicycle racing</a> in the world, <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>, always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_stage_in_the_Tour_de_France" title="Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France">finished on the Champs-Elysées</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat <a href="/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="AccorHotels Arena">Bercy Arena</a> (officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy) is the venue for the annual <a href="/wiki/Paris_Masters" title="Paris Masters">Paris Masters</a> <a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a> tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2017_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2017 IIHF World Championship">2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany. The final stages of the FIBA <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1951" title="EuroBasket 1951">EuroBasket 1951</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1999" title="EuroBasket 1999">EuroBasket 1999</a> were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy. The <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team <a href="/wiki/Levallois_Metropolitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Levallois Metropolitans">Levallois Metropolitans</a> plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity <a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)" title="Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)">Stade Pierre de Coubertin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> Another top-level professional team, <a href="/wiki/Nanterre_92" title="Nanterre 92">Nanterre 92</a>, plays in <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>. In 2023, a professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Musketeers" title="Paris Musketeers">Paris Musketeers</a>, were formed in the city<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> joining the <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Paris" title="Transport in Paris">Transport in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station,_8_October_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg/220px-Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg/330px-Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg/440px-Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station%2C_8_October_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a> railway station is the busiest in Europe.</figcaption></figure> Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_Mobilit%C3%A9s" title="Île-de-France Mobilités">Île-de-France Mobilités</a> (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.<a href="#cite_note-stif-282">[281]</a> The syndicate coordinates public transport. The <a href="/wiki/RATP_Group" title="RATP Group">RATP</a> operates 347 <a href="/wiki/Bus_(RATP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus (RATP)">bus</a> lines, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Métro</a>, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The <a href="/wiki/Optile" title="Optile">Optile</a> consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> Paris has one of the most <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable</a> transportation systems in the world,<a href="#cite_note-ICLEI-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> and is one of only two cities that received the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Transport_Award" title="Sustainable Transport Award">Sustainable Transport Award</a> twice, in 2008 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Award-16">[16]</a> In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railways">Railways</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Paris_railway_stations" title="List of Paris railway stations">List of Paris railway stations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">Réseau Express Régional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien">Transilien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Tramways in Île-de-France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg/220px-Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg/330px-Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg/440px-Paris_-_Station_de_m%C3%A9tro_Abbesses_-_PA00086748_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> is the busiest subway network in the European Union.</figcaption></figure> A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (<a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_Montparnasse" title="Gare Montparnasse">Gare Montparnasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Gare Saint-Lazare</a>) and a minor one (<a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Bercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Bercy">Gare de Bercy</a>) are connected to three networks: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> lines (<a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa" title="Frecciarossa">Frecciarossa</a>), normal speed trains (<a href="/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s" title="Intercités">Intercités</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s_de_nuit" title="Intercités de nuit">Intercités de nuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightjet" title="Nightjet">Nightjet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_express_r%C3%A9gional" title="Transport express régional">TER</a>), and the suburban rails (<a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien">Transilien</a>). The Transilien is the <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> network serving <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Paris region</a>, through 9 lines, 392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails. Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> There are 16 lines, 320 stations (404 stops) and 245.6 km (152.6 mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">regional express network</a>", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and 602 km (374 mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day <a href="/wiki/RER_A" title="RER A">RER A</a> is the busiest metro line in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Paris region</a> is served by <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">a light rail network, the tramway</a>. Opened since 1992, fourteen lines are operational. The network is 186.6 kilometres (115.9 mi) long, with 278 stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDG_P1020431.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CDG_P1020431.JPG/220px-CDG_P1020431.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CDG_P1020431.JPG/330px-CDG_P1020431.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CDG_P1020431.JPG/440px-CDG_P1020431.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> was the third-busiest airport in Europe and the eleventh-busiest airport in the world.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a></figcaption></figure> Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_city_airport_systems_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic">5th busiest airport system in the world</a>. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Orly Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauvais%E2%80%93Till%C3%A9_Airport" title="Beauvais–Tillé Airport">Beauvais–Tillé Airport</a>. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> There is also one <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airport, <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Paris–Le Bourget Airport</a>, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> In 2023, it was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic">4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic</a> and it is the hub for the nation's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010278–283-293">[292]</a> Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost carriers">low-cost carriers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorways">Motorways</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_(FR75)_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg/220px-Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg/330px-Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg/440px-Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique" title="Boulevard Périphérique">Boulevard Périphérique</a></figcaption></figure> Paris is the most important hub of France's <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Périphérique (Paris)">Périphérique</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand201069-98">[97]</a> which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the <a href="/wiki/A86_autoroute" title="A86 autoroute">A86</a> motorway in the inner suburbs, and the <a href="/wiki/Francilienne" title="Francilienne">Francilienne</a> motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterways">Waterways</h4></div> The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Port_of_Paris" title="Autonomous Port of Paris">Ports of Paris</a>, in facilities located around Paris. The rivers <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Denis" title="Canal Saint-Denis">Canal Saint-Denis</a>, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2009114-294">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling">Cycling</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/220px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/330px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/440px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27" title="Vélib'">Vélib'</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a></figcaption></figure> There are 440 km (270 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Paris" title="Cycling in Paris">cycle paths and routes</a> in Paris. These include piste cyclable, bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and bande cyclable, a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 mi) of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2004355-295">[294]</a> Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a <a href="/wiki/Community_bicycle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Community bicycle program">bike sharing</a> system called <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27" title="Vélib'">Vélib'</a> with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERand2010165-296">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3></div> Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.<a href="#cite_note-prod_electrique_IDF-297">[296]</a> A quarter of the city's <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> is to come from a plant in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine" title="Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine">Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine</a>, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and <a href="/wiki/Wood_pellets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pellets">wood pellets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg/220px-Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg/330px-Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg/440px-Ile_de_la_Cite_from_Pont_de_la_Tournelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The Seine, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bateau_Mouche" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateau Mouche">Bateau Mouche</a></figcaption></figure> Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8vre_(river)" title="Bièvre (river)">Bièvre</a> for water. From 1809, the <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a> provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> From 1857, the civil engineer <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Belgrand" title="Eugène Belgrand">Eugène Belgrand</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchell197193-300">[299]</a> From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground sewers.<a href="#cite_note-sewers-301">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> in Paris, from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Paris" title="List of parks and gardens in Paris">List of parks and gardens in Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Parks and Gardens of Paris">History of Parks and Gardens of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont,_22_April_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg/220px-Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg/330px-Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg/440px-Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont%2C_22_April_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The lawns of the <a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc des Buttes-Chaumont">Parc des Buttes-Chaumont</a> on a sunny day</figcaption></figure> Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarrassé20076-304">[303]</a> Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>, created in 1564 for the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> and redone by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> between 1664 and 1672,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010125-305">[304]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Garden">Luxembourg Garden</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a>, built for <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> in 1612, which today houses the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrenceGondrand2010208-306">[305]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin des plantes</a> was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and the city's first director of parks and gardens, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Adolphe_Alphand" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand">Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc des Buttes-Chaumont">Parc des Buttes-Chaumont</a>, located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarrassé2007122–161-308">[307]</a> Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Villette" title="Parc de la Villette">Parc de la Villette</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc André Citroën">Parc André Citroën</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy" title="Parc de Bercy">Parc de Bercy</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin-Luther-King" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King">Parc Clichy-Batignolles</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarrassé2007242–256-309">[308]</a> One of the newest parks, the <a href="/wiki/Promenade_des_Berges_de_la_Seine" title="Promenade des Berges de la Seine">Promenade des Berges de la Seine</a> (2013), built on a former highway on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">left bank</a> of the Seine between the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_l%27Alma" title="Pont de l'Alma">Pont de l'Alma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, has floating gardens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/220px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/330px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/440px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Paris Catacombs</a> hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.</figcaption></figure> During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">left bank</a> settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents%27_Cemetery" title="Holy Innocents' Cemetery">Holy Innocents' Cemetery</a>, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of <a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Paris's stone mines</a>, today <a href="/wiki/Place_Denfert-Rochereau" title="Place Denfert-Rochereau">place Denfert-Rochereau</a> in the 14th arrondissement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhaley2012101-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwell200792-311">[310]</a> After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers2004271-312">[311]</a> Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy</a>. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen_Cemetery" title="Saint-Ouen Cemetery">Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Pantin" title="Cimetière parisien de Pantin">Cimetière parisien de Pantin</a>, also known as Cimetière parisien de <a href="/wiki/Pantin" title="Pantin">Pantin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a>, the Cimetière parisien d'<a href="/wiki/Ivry-sur-Seine" title="Ivry-sur-Seine">Ivry</a>, and the Cimetière parisien de <a href="/wiki/Bagneux,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine">Bagneux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parisian_Cemeteries-313">[312]</a> Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paris" title="Education in Paris">Education in Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne,_Paris_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg/170px-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg/255px-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg/340px-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne%2C_Paris_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a></figcaption></figure> Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a <a href="/wiki/Licence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence (France)">licence</a>-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-idf_education-316">[315]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, founded in the 12th century, is often called the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_institutions_in_the_Paris_region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and institutions in the Paris region">thirteen autonomous universities</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">student demonstrations in 1968</a>. Most of the campuses today are in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombeau2013213–214-317">[316]</a> The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a> – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered <a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">grands établissements</a>. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a> has remained on rue d'Ulm in the <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> In 2024, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (<a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University" title="Paris Cité University">Paris Cité University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>), political science (<a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>),<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> management (<a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> as well as multidisciplinary universities (<a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">Paris Sciences et Lettres University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris,_February_7,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg/200px-H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg/300px-H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg/400px-H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris%2C_February_7%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Paris">Hôtel-Dieu de Paris</a> is the oldest hospital in Paris.</figcaption></figure> Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Assistance_publique_%E2%80%93_H%C3%B4pitaux_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris">Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris</a> (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-hospital-322">[321]</a> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<a href="#cite_note-hospital-322">[321]</a> One of the most notable hospitals is the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Paris">Hôtel-Dieu</a>, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital</a>, one of the largest in Europe, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Cochin" title="Hôpital Cochin">Hôpital Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bichat%E2%80%93Claude_Bernard_Hospital" title="Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital">Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Europ%C3%A9en_Georges-Pompidou" title="Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou">Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre_Hospital" title="Bicêtre Hospital">Bicêtre Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaujon_Hospital" title="Beaujon Hospital">Beaujon Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lariboisi%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Lariboisière Hospital">Lariboisière Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necker%E2%80%93Enfants_Malades_Hospital" title="Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital">Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Louis" title="Hôpital Saint-Louis">Hôpital Saint-Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_de_la_Charit%C3%A9" title="Hôpital de la Charité">Hôpital de la Charité</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Hospital_of_Paris" title="American Hospital of Paris">American Hospital of Paris</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD).<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Paris hosts the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authority" title="European Securities and Markets Authority">European Securities and Markets Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">List of twin towns and sister cities in France</a></div> Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-IR-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, 1956</li></ul> <dl><dd>Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)</dd> <dd>Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)</dd> <dd>"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paris2-330">[329]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relationships">Other relationships</h3></div> Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:<a href="#cite_note-IR-325">[324]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, 1998</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Paris" title="Art Nouveau in Paris">Art Nouveau in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_in_Paris" title="Art Deco in Paris">Art Deco in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Modern_Industrial_and_Decorative_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts">International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts</a> held in Paris in 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Paris" title="Outline of Paris">Outline of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot* was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 12 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian.com&rft.atitle=The+Surreal+World+of+Salvador+Dal%C3%AD&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Goebel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor">Anti-Imperial Metropolis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012217-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmant2012217_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarmant2012">Sarmant 2012</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996637-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996637_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFierro1996">Fierro 1996</a>, p. 637. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmant2012218-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmant2012218_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarmant2012">Sarmant 2012</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996242–243-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996242–243_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFierro1996">Fierro 1996</a>, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Willsher2011" class="citation news cs1">Kim Willsher (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre">"France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne+Hidalgo+is+new+Mayor+of+Paris&rft.pub=City+of+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fenglish%2Fenglish%2Fanne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor%2Frub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2020" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (28 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections">"Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Greens+surge+in+French+local+elections+as+Anne+Hidalgo+holds+Paris&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F28%2Fvoters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_Code_–_Article_L260-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Code_–_Article_L260_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Code_–_Article_L260_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108">"Code électoral – Article L260"</a> [Election Code – Article L260] (in French). Legifrance. 13 March 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+%C3%A9lectoral+%E2%80%93+Article+L260&rft.pub=Legifrance&rft.date=1983-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichCodeArticle.do%3FcidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006070239%26idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006353607%26dateTexte%3D20141108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pariscouncil-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Pariscouncil_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/">"Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I"</a>. World Elections. 22 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Elections&rft.atitle=Election+Preview%3A+France+Municipal+Elections+2014+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwelections.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F03%2F22%2Felection-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShales200716-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShales200716_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShales2007">Shales 2007</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384">"Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet"</a>. Paris.fr. 12 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161037/https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paris.fr&rft.atitle=Regroupement+des+4+premiers+arrondissements+%3A+le+secteur+Paris+Centre+sera+cr%C3%A9%C3%A9+le+11+juillet&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fpages%2Fregroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGP-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGP_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGP_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGP_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig">"Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1"</a> [General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1] (in French). Legifrance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+collectivit%C3%A9s+territoriales+%E2%80%93+Article+L5219-1&rft.pub=Legifrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichCodeArticle.do%3FcidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006070633%26idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000028528695%26dateTexte%3Dvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte">"Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris"</a> [Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris] (in French). Legifrance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cret+n%C2%B0+2015-1212+du+30+septembre+2015+constatant+le+p%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre+fixant+le+si%C3%A8ge+et+d%C3%A9signant+le+comptable+public+de+la+m%C3%A9tropole+du+Grand+Paris&rft.pub=Legifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Feli%2Fdecret%2F2015%2F9%2F30%2FRDFB1519847D%2Fjo%2Ftexte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemoniteur1-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lemoniteur1_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lemoniteur1_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathalie_Moutarde2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nathalie Moutarde (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917">"La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016"</a> [The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016]. Le Moniteur (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Moniteur&rft.atitle=La+m%C3%A9tropole+du+Grand+Paris+verra+le+jour+le+1er+janvier+2016&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.au=Nathalie+Moutarde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemoniteur.fr%2Farticle%2Fla-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManon_Rescan2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manon Rescan (22 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1">"Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris"</a> [From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. 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Regional Council of Île-de-France. 15 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9gionales+2015+%3A+les+chiffres+cl%C3%A9s+du+scrutin&rft.pub=Regional+Council+of+%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iledefrance.fr%2Ffil-actus-region%2Fregionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/">"Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire"</a> [The Elysée Palace and its history] (in French). Elysee.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Palais+de+L%27%C3%89lys%C3%A9e+et+son+histoire&rft.pub=Elysee.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Fla-presidence%2Fle-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633">"Matignon Hotel"</a>. Embassy of France, Washington. 1 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matignon+Hotel&rft.pub=Embassy+of+France%2C+Washington&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffranceintheus.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnappWright200693–94-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnappWright200693–94_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnappWright2006">Knapp & Wright 2006</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrus2012288-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrus2012288_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorrus2012">Borrus 2012</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html">"A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg"</a> [Discovering Petit Luxembourg] (in French). Senat.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+la+d%C3%A9couverte+du+Petit+Luxembourg&rft.pub=Senat.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Fpresidence%2Fhotel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html">"Introduction"</a>. Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation] (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cour+de+Cassation+%5BCourt+of+Cassation%5D&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courdecassation.fr%2Finstitution_1%2Fvisite_cour_11%2Fintroduction_74.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1">"Histoire & Patrimoine"</a> [History & Heritage] (in French). Conseil d'Etat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/">the original</a> on 10 April 2013. 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Retrieved 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+forte+h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rog%C3%A9n%C3%A9it%C3%A9+des+revenus+en+%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Freg_id%3D20%26ref_id%3D20529%26page%3Dalapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm%23carte1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-immig-154"><a href="#cite_ref-immig_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104">"Individus localisés à la région en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers détail"</a> (in French). 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Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMG1B+-+Population+immigr%C3%A9e+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+pays+de+naissance+en+2019+-+R%C3%A9gion+d%E2%80%99%C3%8Ele-de-France+%2811%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F6455264%3Fsommaire%3D6455286%26geo%3DREG-11%23ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> "Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> "Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Monde,_22_January_2019-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Le_Monde,_22_January_2019_158-0">^</a> Le Monde, 22 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-159"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_159-0">^</a> "Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." Le Parisien, 28 December 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities">"Statistics on European cities"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142816/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+on+European+cities&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fstatistics_explained%2Findex.php%2FStatistics_on_European_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26207">Commune data sheet Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> "Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-pophis-163"><a href="#cite_ref-pophis_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_National_de_la_Statistique_et_des_Études_Économiques" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056">"Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056)"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215061844/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+en+historique+depuis+1968%3A+Commune+de+Paris+%2875056%29&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F4515315%3Fgeo%3DCOM-75056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop_UU-164"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_UU_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851">"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851)"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617121211/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89volution+et+structure+de+la+population+en+2017%3A+Unit%C3%A9+urbaine+2020+de+Paris+%2800851%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F4515315%3Fgeo%3DUU2020-00851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbaneurope-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urbaneurope_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbaneurope_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691">"Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs"</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194422/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Europe+%E2%80%94+Statistics+on+cities%2C+towns+and+suburbs&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fproducts-statistical-books%2F-%2FKS-01-16-691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FU-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FU_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173">"Functional areas – Definition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035813/https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Functional+areas+%E2%80%93+Definition&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fmetadonnees%2Fdefinition%2Fc2173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop_AU-167"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_AU_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001">"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617120814/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89volution+et+structure+de+la+population+en+2017%3A+Aire+d%27attraction+des+villes+2020+de+Paris+%28001%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F4515315%3Fgeo%3DAAV2020-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1">"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195634/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89volution+et+structure+de+la+population+en+2017%3A+France+enti%C3%A8re&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F4515315%3Fgeo%3DFE-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level">"Population statistics at regional level"</a>. Eurostat. 25 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level">the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+statistics+at+regional+level&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%2FPopulation_statistics_at_regional_level&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75">"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)"</a> [Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Department of Paris (75)]. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Les+immigr%C3%A9s+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+pays+de+naissance+%E2%80%93+D%C3%A9partement+de+Paris+%2875%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau_local.asp%3Fref_id%3DIMG1B%26millesime%3D2012%26niveau%3D2%26nivgeo%3DDEP%26codgeo%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11">"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11)"</a> [Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Île-de-France region (11)]. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Les+immigr%C3%A9s+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+pays+de+naissance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9gion+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France+%2811%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau_local.asp%3Fref_id%3DIMG1B%26millesime%3D2012%26niveau%3D2%26nivgeo%3DREG%26codgeo%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11">"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11)"</a> [Population by sex, age and nationality – Île-de-France region (11)]. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Population+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+nationalit%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9gion+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France+%2811%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau_local.asp%3Fref_id%3DNAT1%26millesime%3D2012%26niveau%3D3%26nivgeo%3DREG%26codgeo%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75">"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75)"</a> [Population by sex, age and nationality – Department of Paris (75)]. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Population+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+nationalit%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+D%C3%A9partement+de+Paris+%2875%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau_local.asp%3Fref_id%3DNAT1%26millesime%3D2012%26niveau%3D3%26nivgeo%3DDEP%26codgeo%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391">"Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés"</a> [Location of immigrants and descendants of immigrants]. <a href="/wiki/Insee" class="mw-redirect" title="Insee">Insee</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012045430/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insee&rft.atitle=Localisation+des+immigr%C3%A9s+et+des+descendants+d%27immigr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F6793282%3Fsommaire%3D6793391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvereigh2016" class="citation book cs1">Ivereigh, Austen (2016). Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960. Springer. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13618-6"><bdi>978-1-349-13618-6</bdi></a>. <q>Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+Politics+in+Argentina%2C+1810%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-13618-6&rft.aulast=Ivereigh&rft.aufirst=Austen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchardtMichalowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Burchardt, Marian; Michalowski, Ines (26 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02594-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02594-6"><bdi>978-3-658-02594-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032126/https://books.google.fr/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Integration%3A+Islam%2C+Conviviality+and+Contentious+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft.isbn=978-3-658-02594-6&rft.aulast=Burchardt&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Michalowski%2C+Ines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPibBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html">"que pese l'Islam en France"</a>. Le Monde (in French). 21 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127053220/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=que+pese+l%27Islam+en+France&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fles-decodeurs%2Farticle%2F2015%2F01%2F21%2Fque-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643">"How does France count its muslim population?"</a>. Le Figaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002152/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=How+does+France+count+its+muslim+population%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplus.lefigaro.fr%2Fnote%2Fhow-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html">"Interview with Dalil Boubakeur"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Soir&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Dalil+Boubakeur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.francesoir.fr%2Factualite%2Fsociete%2Fdalil-boubakeur-%25E2%2580%259Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%25E2%2580%259D-54083.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiou2013" class="citation news cs1">Riou, Mathilde (29 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html">"Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+3&rft.atitle=Le+manque+de+mosqu%C3%A9e+en+Ile-de-France&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.aulast=Riou&rft.aufirst=Mathilde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrance3-regions.francetvinfo.fr%2Fparis-ile-de-france%2F2013%2F04%2F29%2Fle-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman_Jewish_Databank" class="citation web cs1">Berman Jewish Databank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776">"World Jewish Population 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104100328/http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population+2014&rft.au=Berman+Jewish+Databank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishdatabank.org%2FStudies%2Fdetails.cfm%3FStudyID%3D776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France.fr-182"><a href="#cite_ref-France.fr_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district">"La Défense, Europe's largest business district"</a>. France.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france.fr/en/paris/list/paris-what-to-do-what-to-see">the original</a> on 30 May 2013. 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Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statista.com&rft.atitle=Largest+banks+worldwide+as+of+December+2021%2C+by+assets&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F269845%2Flargest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sieges-184"><a href="#cite_ref-sieges_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647">"De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges"</a>. Crédit Agricole. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035725/https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cr%C3%A9dit+Agricole&rft.atitle=De+Las+Cases+%C3%A0+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s+%3A+Cr%C3%A9dit+Agricole+S.A.+%C3%A0+travers+ses+si%C3%A8ges&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-agricole.com%2FpdfPreview%2F189647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056">"Department of Paris; Complete Dossier"</a> (in French). INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200924/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. 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Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%8Ele-de-France+Region+%E2%80%93+Complete+dossier&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdossier_complet.asp%3Fcodgeo%3DREG-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11">"EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11)"</a> (in French). 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Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft.pub=Paris&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi-site.paris.fr%2Fimages%2F74497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf">"Twinning Rome – Paris"</a> (PDF) (in French). 30 January 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113084709/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+Rome+%E2%80%93+Paris&rft.date=1956-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2FPCR%2Fresources%2Fcms%2Fdocuments%2FGemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">"Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali"</a> (in Italian). Commune Roma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Relazioni+Internazionali+Bilaterali&rft.pub=Commune+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fpcr%2Fit%2Frelaz_int_sadi.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">"Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014)"</a> (PDF). Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali (in French). Rome: Commune Roma. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Relazioni+Internazionali+Bilaterali&rft.atitle=Dichiarazione+congiunta+Roma+%E2%80%93+Parigi+%E2%80%93+%282014%29&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fpcr%2Fit%2Frelaz_int_sadi.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">"Twinning with Rome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">the original</a> on 5 September 2012. 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Retrieved 14 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16468%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris2-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris2_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">"International relations: special partners"</a>. Mairie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">the original</a> on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=International+relations%3A+special+partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fen%2Fcity_government%2Finternational%2Fspecial_partners.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndiaBrialy2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andia, Béatrice de; Brialy, Jean-Claude (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ">Larousse Paris</a> (in French). 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Axel Mendes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-96-7"><bdi>978-3-930698-96-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123205256/https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. 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Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191288-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191288-2"><bdi>978-0-14-191288-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+After+the+Liberation%3A+1944%E2%80%931949%3A+1944%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191288-2&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Artemis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoWtMt2hJIYC%26pg%3DPT242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellde-Shalit2011" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Daniel A.; de-Shalit, Avner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247">The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3972-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-3972-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Cities%3A+Why+the+Identity+of+a+City+Matters+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft.au=de-Shalit%2C+Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRrglOH4kKkC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergBraun2012" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Leo van den; Braun, Erik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85">National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8725-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-8725-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Policy+Responses+to+Urban+Challenges+in+Europe&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Leo+van+den&rft.au=Braun%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jU3Td7GI4oC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1970" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Léon (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ">The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0214-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-0214-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emerging+city%3A+Paris+in+the+age+of+Louis+XIV.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0214-8&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vFnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezbakh2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bezbakh, Pierre (2004). Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France (in French). Larousse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-505369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-505369-5"><bdi>978-2-03-505369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Larousse+de+l%27histoire+de+France&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-03-505369-5&rft.aulast=Bezbakh&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmoreMcConnachie2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackmore, Ruth; McConnachie, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394">Rough Guide to Paris</a> (9th ed.). Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-078-7"><bdi>978-1-84353-078-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+Paris&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-078-7&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=McConnachie%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nEcC1zeg-MC%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmoreMcConnachie2004" class="citation book cs1">Blackmore, Ruth; McConnachie, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153">Rough Guide Paris Directions</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-317-7"><bdi>978-1-84353-317-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+Paris+Directions&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-317-7&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=McConnachie%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ixR236aqQoC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardDerooEl_YazamiFournié2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blanchard, Pascal; Deroo, Eric; El Yazami, Driss; Fournié, Pierre; Manceron, Gilles (2003). Le Paris Arabe (in French). La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-3904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-3904-7"><bdi>978-2-7071-3904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Paris+Arabe&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-3904-7&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Deroo%2C+Eric&rft.au=El+Yazami%2C+Driss&rft.au=Fourni%C3%A9%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Manceron%2C+Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2002" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Carol (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233">Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6810-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-6810-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strength+in+Numbers%3A+Population%2C+Reproduction%2C+and+Power+in+Eighteenth-Century+France&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgkaWS7yDl8C%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogert2012" class="citation book cs1">Boogert, Kate van der (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43">Frommer's Paris 2013</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33143-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33143-9"><bdi>978-1-118-33143-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Paris+2013&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-33143-9&rft.aulast=Boogert&rft.aufirst=Kate+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPB5d0pRRn6IC%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrus2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrus, Kathy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288">Five Hundred Buildings of Paris</a>. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60376-267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60376-267-0"><bdi>978-1-60376-267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Hundred+Buildings+of+Paris&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60376-267-0&rft.aulast=Borrus&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8KuR2TxJY4C%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraimohVlek2008" class="citation book cs1">Braimoh, Ademola K.; Vlek, Paul L. G., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212">Land Use and Soil Resources</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6778-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6778-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-6778-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Use+and+Soil+Resources&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6778-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuV7Jp9Iz1hsC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Broadwell, Valerie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92">City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below</a>. Valerie Broadwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9022-6"><bdi>978-1-4257-9022-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Light%2C+City+of+Dark%3A+Exploring+Paris+Below&rft.pub=Valerie+Broadwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6&rft.aulast=Broadwell&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9cPFcaOKBwC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchell1971" class="citation book cs1">Burchell, S.C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialmasquera00burc">Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III</a>. Atheneum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Masquerade%3A+The+Paris+of+Napoleon+III&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Burchell&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialmasquera00burc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusse2006" class="citation book cs1">Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063413/https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgae&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=195-200&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussmann1985" class="citation book cs1">Bussmann, Klaus (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ">Paris and the Ile de France</a>. Webb & Bower. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86350-038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86350-038-1"><bdi>978-0-86350-038-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201443/https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+and+the+Ile+de+France&rft.pub=Webb+%26+Bower&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86350-038-1&rft.aulast=Bussmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1nYnAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1987" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Jim (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ">Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966</a>. Educational Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Change%3A+Europe+1870%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=Educational+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmemAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2012" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Joseph P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259">Encyclopedia of the Black Death</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-254-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-254-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Black+Death&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-254-8&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAppsDAKOW3QC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells1983" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75">The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05617-6"><bdi>978-0-520-05617-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Grassroots%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Theory+of+Urban+Social+Movements&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05617-6&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUbZLcYsA_QC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Linda L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101">Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65098-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65098-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Achievement+in+Nineteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65098-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Linda+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtitRt1uUXMC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombeau2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Combeau, Yvan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredeparis0000comb">Histoire de Paris</a> (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-060852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-060852-3"><bdi>978-2-13-060852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-13-060852-3&rft.aulast=Combeau&rft.aufirst=Yvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredeparis0000comb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombeau2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Combeau, Yvan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ">Histoire de Paris</a> (in French). Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053865-3"><bdi>978-2-13-053865-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-13-053865-3&rft.aulast=Combeau&rft.aufirst=Yvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVmfGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompayré2004" class="citation book cs1">Compayré, Gabriel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205">Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities</a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-4646-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-4646-4"><bdi>978-1-4179-4646-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abelard+And+the+Origin+And+Early+History+of+Universities&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-4646-4&rft.aulast=Compayr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_bwH0j_EOtIC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2004" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201">Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest</a> (4th ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34779-2"><bdi>978-0-415-34779-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203913/https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+communities+in+Britain+%3A+an+account+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Wales+from+the+seventh+century+BC+until+the+Roman+conquest&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34779-2&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lkEgdtOvGEC%26q%3DIron%2BAge%2BCommunities%2Bin%2BBritain%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Jay_Grimminger_Ph.D.2010" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Jay Grimminger Ph.D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95">Paris</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-4101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-4101-9"><bdi>978-1-4396-4101-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4396-4101-9&rft.au=Daniel+Jay+Grimminger+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbNpLIZzFKoC%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamschroederWilliams1990" class="citation book cs1">Damschroeder, David; Williams, David Russell (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157">Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide</a>. Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-99-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-99-9"><bdi>978-0-918728-99-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Theory+from+Zarlino+to+Schenker%3A+A+Bibliography+and+Guide&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-918728-99-9&rft.aulast=Damschroeder&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAw3PBpdEw4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (in French). Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-369-5"><bdi>978-2-87772-369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-369-5&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Moncan2007" class="citation book cs1">De Moncan, Patrice (2007). Les jardins du Baron Haussmann. Paris: Les Éditions du Mécène. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-907970-91-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-907970-91-4"><bdi>978-2-907970-91-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+jardins+du+Baron+Haussmann&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+M%C3%A9c%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-907970-91-4&rft.aulast=De+Moncan&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Moncan2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Moncan, Patrice (2012). Le Paris d'Haussmann (in French). Paris: Les Editions du Mecene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-907970-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-907970-98-3"><bdi>978-2-907970-98-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Paris+d%27Haussmann&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Editions+du+Mecene&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-907970-98-3&rft.aulast=De+Moncan&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominé2014" class="citation book cs1">Dominé, André (2014). Culinaria France. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-1129-7"><bdi>978-3-8331-1129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinaria+France&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbh&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-1129-7&rft.aulast=Domin%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosch2010" class="citation book cs1">Dosch, Dee Davidson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16">A Summer in '69</a>. Strategic Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60976-878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60976-878-2"><bdi>978-1-60976-878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229020537/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Summer+in+%2769&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60976-878-2&rft.aulast=Dosch&rft.aufirst=Dee+Davidson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcD41kgBYTMC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottin1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dottin, George (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lalanguegauloise00dottuoft">La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire</a> (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-05-100208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-05-100208-0"><bdi>978-2-05-100208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Langue+Gauloise+%3A+Grammaire%2C+Textes+et+Glossaire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-2-05-100208-0&rft.aulast=Dottin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flalanguegauloise00dottuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregni2004" class="citation book cs1">Dregni, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19">Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803743-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803743-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Django+%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+a+Gypsy+Legend%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+a+Gypsy+Legend&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803743-9&rft.aulast=Dregni&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3t8SLVloJjsC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregni2008" class="citation book cs1">Dregni, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32">Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804262-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804262-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Jazz+%3A+In+Search+of+Django+Reinhardt+and+the+Soul+of+Gypsy+Swing%3A+In+Search+of+Django+Reinhardt+and+the+Soul+of+Gypsy+Swing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804262-4&rft.aulast=Dregni&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmcDVbulh1gC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Camp1875" class="citation book cs1">Du Camp, Maxim (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gJoAAAAMAAJ">Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870</a>. G. Rondeau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-910305-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-910305-02-4"><bdi>978-2-910305-02-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gJoAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+ses+organes%2C+ses+fonctions+et+sa+vie+jusqu%27en+1870&rft.pub=G.+Rondeau&rft.date=1875&rft.isbn=978-2-910305-02-4&rft.aulast=Du+Camp&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gJoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1994" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Paul Edward (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142">The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire</a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1653-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1653-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Dreaming+in+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1653-2&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHQEP3oJDsoC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1912" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Esther (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BL1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210">Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ...</a> Dodd, Mead & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=BL1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+as+Seen+and+Described+by+Famous+Writers+...&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBL1CAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Graeme (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68">Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance?</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45974-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45974-4"><bdi>978-0-203-45974-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Planning%3A+An+Urban+Renaissance%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-45974-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVpIIHrUOZEC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalileyev2010" class="citation book cs1">Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557182-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557182-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9557182-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Continental+Celtic+Place-names%3A+A+Celtic+Companion+to+the+Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pub=CMCS&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9557182-3-6&rft.aulast=Falileyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallonWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Fallon, Steve; Williams, Nicola (2008). Paris (7 ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-850-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-850-7"><bdi>978-1-74059-850-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-850-7&rft.aulast=Fallon&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Williams%2C+Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris (in French). Lafont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7859-9300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7859-9300-1"><bdi>978-0-7859-9300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Lafont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7859-9300-1&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1867" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, David (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0KTnvvPwJ0C">Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0KTnvvPwJ0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette+in+the+Conciergerie%2C+a+lecture&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0KTnvvPwJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranck2003" class="citation book cs1">Franck, Dan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC">Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art</a>. Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3997-9"><bdi>978-0-8021-3997-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bohemian+Paris%3A+Picasso%2C+Modigliani%2C+Matisse%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Art&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3997-9&rft.aulast=Franck&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hYBzRzZ0kcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraserSpalding2011" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Benjamin; Spalding, Steven D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUOY8941RjMC&pg=PA117">Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6749-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-6749-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUOY8941RjMC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trains%2C+Culture%2C+and+Mobility%3A+Riding+the+Rails&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6749-6&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Steven+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUOY8941RjMC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrommer's2012" class="citation book cs1">Frommer's (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTmRa1s1Z48C&pg=PA103">AARP Paris 2012</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-26621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-26621-2"><bdi>978-1-118-26621-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTmRa1s1Z48C&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AARP+Paris+2012&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-26621-2&rft.au=Frommer%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTmRa1s1Z48C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrioch2002" class="citation book cs1">Garrioch, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofrevoluti00davi">The making of revolutionary Paris</a> (electronic resource). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24327-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+revolutionary+Paris&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24327-9&rft.aulast=Garrioch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofrevoluti00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2015" class="citation book cs1">Goebel, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNMmCgAAQBAJ">Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07305-0"><bdi>978-1-107-07305-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201207/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNMmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Imperial+Metropolis%3A+Interwar+Paris+and+the+Seeds+of+Third+World+Nationalism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07305-0&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLNMmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Natalie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPZuf6gxIBAC&pg=PP8">Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0536-9"><bdi>978-1-4042-0536-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPZuf6gxIBAC&pg=PP8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droughts+And+Heat+Waves%3A+A+Practical+Survival+Guide&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-0536-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPZuf6gxIBAC%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1999" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, David C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC">The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20082-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20082-0"><bdi>978-0-415-20082-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Cities+and+Technology+Reader%3A+Industrial+to+Post-industrial+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20082-0&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2xKjURYgHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, David (2006). Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28061-7"><bdi>978-0-415-28061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Twentieth+Century+Capital+Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28061-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaine1998" class="citation book cs1">Haine, W. Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65r1hSAq-dQC&pg=PA144">The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789–1914</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6070-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-6070-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=65r1hSAq-dQC&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Paris+Caf%C3%A9%3A+Sociability+Among+the+French+Working+Class%2C+1789%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6070-6&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65r1hSAq-dQC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallPain2012" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter; Pain, Kathy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhelHHnagCsC&pg=PA83">The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54768-3"><bdi>978-1-136-54768-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhelHHnagCsC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polycentric+Metropolis%3A+Learning+from+Mega-City+Regions+in+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-54768-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Pain%2C+Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhelHHnagCsC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2002" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Vanessa (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25">The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81126-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81126-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+and+the+Living+in+Paris+and+London%2C+1500%E2%80%931670&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81126-2&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJCPXfSUlUV8C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNBaIocHNUC&pg=PA355">Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital</a>. How To Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85703-985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85703-985-6"><bdi>978-1-85703-985-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNBaIocHNUC&pg=PA355">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+to+Live+in+Paris%3A+How+to+Live+and+Work+in+France%27s+Great+Capital&rft.pub=How+To+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85703-985-6&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pNBaIocHNUC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreavesKelsayTwiss2007" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Alec Gordon; Kelsay, John; Twiss, Sumner B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C">Politics and Religion in France and the United States</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1930-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-1930-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Religion+in+France+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Pub+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1930-3&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Alec+Gordon&rft.au=Kelsay%2C+John&rft.au=Twiss%2C+Sumner+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre2wIpEB310C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazan2011" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Eric (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=og_RDdEdHz4C&pg=PA362">The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps</a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-800-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-800-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=og_RDdEdHz4C&pg=PA362">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Paris%3A+A+History+in+Footsteps&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-800-6&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dog_RDdEdHz4C%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervé1818" class="citation book cs1">Hervé, Peter (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L40DAAAAQAAJ">A Chronological Account of the History of France</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L40DAAAAQAAJ/page/n77">72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronological+Account+of+the+History+of+France&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Herv%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_L40DAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigonnet2009" class="citation book cs1">Higonnet, Patrice L. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432">Paris: Capital of the World</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03864-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+Capital+of+the+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03864-6&rft.aulast=Higonnet&rft.aufirst=Patrice+L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-E7P9dVSbgC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2003" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenagesofparis00alis">Seven Ages of Paris</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45481-6"><bdi>978-0-679-45481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Ages+of+Paris&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-679-45481-6&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenagesofparis00alis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Istria2002" class="citation book cs1">d'Istria, Robert Colonna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAn8tHE3zB4C&pg=PA6">Paris and Versailles</a>. Editions Marcus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7131-0202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7131-0202-8"><bdi>978-2-7131-0202-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=VAn8tHE3zB4C&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+and+Versailles&rft.pub=Editions+Marcus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-7131-0202-8&rft.aulast=d%27Istria&rft.aufirst=Robert+Colonna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAn8tHE3zB4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0khM9JqazzUC">Through the French Canals</a> (12th ed.). A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0381-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-0381-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210028/https://books.google.com/books?id=0khM9JqazzUC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+French+Canals&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0381-4&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0khM9JqazzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwlQyQ_WAtYC">Paris: Biography of a City</a>. Penguin Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028292-4"><bdi>978-0-14-028292-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwlQyQ_WAtYC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+Biography+of+a+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Adult&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028292-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwlQyQ_WAtYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1994" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone">The Cambridge Illustrated History of France</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00jone/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66992-4</bdi></a>. <q>west francia kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+France&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66992-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrassé2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarrassé, Dominique (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HxGAQAAIAAJ">Grammaire des jardins parisiens: de l'héritage des rois aux créations contemporaines</a> (in French). Parigramme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-476-6"><bdi>978-2-84096-476-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5HxGAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+des+jardins+parisiens%3A+de+l%27h%C3%A9ritage+des+rois+aux+cr%C3%A9ations+contemporaines&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-476-6&rft.aulast=Jarrass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HxGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaberryBrown2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaberry, Rachel; Brown, Amy K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miniroughguideto00rach">Paris</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-679-2"><bdi>978-1-85828-679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-679-2&rft.aulast=Kaberry&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Brown%2C+Amy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminiroughguideto00rach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorgenWhite2008" class="citation book cs1">Korgen, Kathleen Odell; White, Jonathan Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_AADznCsgAsC&pg=PT177">The Engaged Sociologist: Connecting the Classroom to the Community</a>. Pine Forge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6900-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-6900-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=_AADznCsgAsC&pg=PT177">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Engaged+Sociologist%3A+Connecting+the+Classroom+to+the+Community&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6900-0&rft.aulast=Korgen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Odell&rft.au=White%2C+Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_AADznCsgAsC%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti0000knap">The Government and Politics of France</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6"><bdi>978-0-415-35732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35732-6&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernmentpoliti0000knap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1996). Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29078-2"><bdi>978-0-486-29078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synagogues+of+Europe%3A+Architecture%2C+History%2C+Meaning&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-486-29078-2&rft.aulast=Krinsky&rft.aufirst=Carol+Herselle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Lambert, Pierre-Yves</a> (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2"><bdi>978-2-87772-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+gauloise%3A+description+linguistique%2C+commentaire+d%27inscriptions+choisies&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-089-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceGondrand2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris0000unse_b2o4">Paris (City Guide)</a> (12th ed.). London: Insight Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-282-079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-282-079-2"><bdi>978-981-282-079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+%28City+Guide%29&rft.place=London&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Insight+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-282-079-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Gondrand%2C+Fabienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis0000unse_b2o4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclanche1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclanche, Maria Spyropoulou (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55">Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud</a> (in French). Presses Univ. Limoges. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84287-096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84287-096-6"><bdi>978-2-84287-096-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+refrain+dans+la+chanson+fran%C3%A7aise%3A+de+Bruant+%C3%A0+Renaud&rft.pub=Presses+Univ.+Limoges&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-84287-096-6&rft.aulast=Leclanche&rft.aufirst=Maria+Spyropoulou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYy2-adLaGQkC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgeWillmott2006" class="citation book cs1">Madge, Charles; Willmott, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11">Inner City Poverty in Paris and London</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41762-4"><bdi>978-0-415-41762-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+City+Poverty+in+Paris+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41762-4&rft.aulast=Madge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Willmott%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFDIS847zl8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1984" class="citation book cs1">Masson, Jean-Louis (1984). Provinces, départements, régions: l'organisation administrative de la France. Fernand Lanore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provinces%2C+d%C3%A9partements%2C+r%C3%A9gions%3A+l%27organisation+administrative+de+la+France&rft.pub=Fernand+Lanore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraLevy2011" class="citation book cs1">Mehra, Ajay K.; Levy, Rene (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138">The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France</a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3145-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3145-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Police%2C+State+and+Society%3A+Perspectives+from+India+and+France&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3145-1&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Ajay+K.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0JJdEhSWS90C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzelthin1981" class="citation book cs1">Metzelthin, Pearl Violette Newfield (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ">Gourmet</a>. Condé Nast Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206020104/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gourmet&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Metzelthin&rft.aufirst=Pearl+Violette+Newfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5XyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meunier, Florian (2014). Le Paris du Moyen Âge (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6217-0"><bdi>978-2-7373-6217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Paris+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-6217-0&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelin2011" class="citation book cs1">Michelin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105">Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013</a>. Michelin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-06-718220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-06-718220-2"><bdi>978-2-06-718220-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Green+Guide+Michelin+2012%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Michelin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-06-718220-2&rft.au=Michelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP945gwAL-oAC%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontclos2003" class="citation book cs1">Montclos, Jean-Marie Perouse De (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ">Paris, City of Art</a>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-226-2"><bdi>978-0-86565-226-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+City+of+Art&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-226-2&rft.aulast=Montclos&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie+Perouse+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOCJ2QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModoodTriandafyllidouZapata-Barrero2012" class="citation book cs1">Modood, Tariq; Triandafyllidou, Anna; Zapata-Barrero, Ricard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64">Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25561-0"><bdi>978-1-134-25561-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism%2C+Muslims+and+Citizenship%3A+A+European+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25561-0&rft.aulast=Modood&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft.au=Triandafyllidou%2C+Anna&rft.au=Zapata-Barrero%2C+Ricard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1v45lM76wjsC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMroue2006" class="citation book cs1">Mroue, Haas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8">Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03712-6"><bdi>978-0-470-03712-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Memorable+Walks+in+Paris&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03712-6&rft.aulast=Mroue&rft.aufirst=Haas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nUVnF1rPXoC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNègre1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_N%C3%A8gre" title="Ernest Nègre">Nègre, Ernest</a> (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02883-7"><bdi>978-2-600-02883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymie+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+la+France&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-2-600-02883-7&rft.aulast=N%C3%A8gre&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevez2010" class="citation book cs1">Nevez, Catherine Le (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C">Paris Encounter</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-503-8"><bdi>978-1-74220-503-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Encounter&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74220-503-8&rft.aulast=Nevez&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb4TSjy-9X4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanThornley2002" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter; Thornley, Andy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185">Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42794-1"><bdi>978-0-203-42794-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Planning+in+Europe%3A+International+Competition%2C+National+Systems+and+Planning+Projects&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42794-1&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Thornley%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVpYlyaqfoQC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOscherwitz2010" class="citation book cs1">Oscherwitz, Dayna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135">Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage</a>. SIU Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-8588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-8588-1"><bdi>978-0-8093-8588-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Forward%3A+French+Cinema+and+the+Post-Colonial+Heritage&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-8588-1&rft.aulast=Oscherwitz&rft.aufirst=Dayna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8n5iKE9gdcC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2006" class="citation book cs1">Overy, Richard (2006). Why the Allies Won. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-065-1"><bdi>978-1-84595-065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Allies+Won&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-065-1&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1998" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453">Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283557-4"><bdi>978-0-19-283557-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+of+Man%2C+Common+Sense%2C+and+Other+Political+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283557-4&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYU_o6E572uIC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapayanis2004" class="citation book cs1">Papayanis, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C">Planning Paris Before Haussmann</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7930-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-7930-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Paris+Before+Haussmann&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7930-2&rft.aulast=Papayanis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumLmjHFZoT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1995" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Gillian (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4165-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-4165-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Artists+and+the+Parisian+Avant-garde%3A+Modernism+and+%27feminine+Art%27+Art%2C+1900+to+the+Late+1920s&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4165-5&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwg4NAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryChaseJacobJacob2011" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James R.; Jacob, Margaret C.; Von Laue, Theodore H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476">Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s</a> (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83171-4"><bdi>978-1-111-83171-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+from+1600%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+From+the+1600s&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83171-4&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Chase%2C+Myrna&rft.au=Jacob%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Margaret+C.&rft.au=Von+Laue%2C+Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFDKUW0z4bsC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Betty Lou (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchconnection0000phil">The French Connection</a>. Gibbs Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-529-1"><bdi>978-1-58685-529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Connection&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58685-529-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Betty+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchconnection0000phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2010" class="citation book cs1">Rand, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165">Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World</a>. Greenleaf Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9812952-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9812952-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9812952-0-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kick+the+Fossil+Fuel+Habit%3A+10+Clean+Technologies+to+Save+Our+World&rft.pub=Greenleaf+Book+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCYf7F5erwYC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2010" class="citation book cs1">Robb, Graham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646">Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris</a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52254-0"><bdi>978-0-330-52254-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parisians%3A+An+Adventure+History+of+Paris&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-330-52254-0&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTaRv7lr7uoC%26pg%3DPT646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Jamie Cox (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37">A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light</a>. Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-0740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-0740-3"><bdi>978-1-4405-0740-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+Paris%3A+Hemingway%2C+Colette%2C+Sedaris%2C+and+Others+on+the+Uncommon+Lure+of+the+City+of+Light&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Jamie+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNDki71jxYQC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1999" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Eamonn J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60">Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13187-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13187-2"><bdi>978-0-415-13187-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Spanish+Culture&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13187-2&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Eamonn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DymIXLhegGnwC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougerie2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871 (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-062078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-062078-5"><bdi>978-2-13-062078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Commune+de+1871&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-13-062078-5&rft.aulast=Rougerie&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseau2004" class="citation book cs1">Rousseau, George Sebastian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ">Yourcenar</a>. Haus Bublishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-28-4"><bdi>978-1-904341-28-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yourcenar&rft.pub=Haus+Bublishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904341-28-4&rft.aulast=Rousseau&rft.aufirst=George+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDxlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyerssonYaccarino2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryersson, Scot D.; Yaccarino, Michael Orlando (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25">Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4520-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-4520-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+variety%3A+the+life+and+legend+of+the+Marchesa+Casati&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6&rft.aulast=Ryersson&rft.aufirst=Scot+D.&rft.au=Yaccarino%2C+Michael+Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AAMEqfFtngC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmant2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarmant, Thierry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ">Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation</a> (in French). Editions Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7558-0330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7558-0330-3"><bdi>978-2-7558-0330-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Paris%3A+politique%2C+urbanisme%2C+civilisation&rft.pub=Editions+Gisserot&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7558-0330-3&rft.aulast=Sarmant&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZM4XNQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Joël (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ">Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis</a> (in French). Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03015-5"><bdi>978-2-262-03015-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lut%C3%A8ce%3A+Paris%2C+des+origines+%C3%A0+Clovis&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03015-5&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLi5xQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1996" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, Claude (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60">Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23014-8"><bdi>978-0-521-23014-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalism+and+Symbolism+in+European+Theatre+1850%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23014-8&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtanPYs6ArLIC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShack2001" class="citation book cs1">Shack, William A. (2001). Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22537-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlem+in+Montmartre%2C+A+Paris+Jazz+Story+between+the+Great+Wars&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22537-4&rft.aulast=Shack&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShales2007" class="citation book cs1">Shales, Melissa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17">Paris</a>. New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-661-1"><bdi>978-1-84537-661-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84537-661-1&rft.aulast=Shales&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYPU8V_oWz8C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmer1997" class="citation book cs1">Simmer, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4">Innovation Networks and Learning Regions?</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-702360-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-702360-4"><bdi>978-0-11-702360-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+Networks+and+Learning+Regions%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-11-702360-4&rft.aulast=Simmer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtOmZc-Vd_gC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Valerie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR">Paris Fashion: A Cultural History</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-973-0"><bdi>978-1-85973-973-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Fashion%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-973-0&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwhieeo_nfMC%26pg%3DPR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2003" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Cara (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37">The Statue of Liberty</a>. Barnes & Noble Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-3890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-3890-0"><bdi>978-0-7607-3890-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statue+of+Liberty&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCnYe0cPTq4C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallettAtkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Tallett, Frank; Atkin, Nicholas (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC">Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-057-9"><bdi>978-1-85285-057-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+France+Since+1789&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-057-9&rft.aulast=Tallett&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Atkin%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaL4lsWdd-rAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellier2009" class="citation book cs1">Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281">Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective</a>. PUQ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1"><bdi>978-2-7605-2209-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+World+History%3A+An+Economic+and+Geographical+Perspective&rft.pub=PUQ&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.aufirst=Luc-Normand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXuCjDbxC1YC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasBlancBonillaIERP2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, François; Blanc, Jean-Noël; Bonilla, Mario; IERP (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237">Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue</a>. Université de Saint-Étienne. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86272-260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86272-260-3"><bdi>978-2-86272-260-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+grands+ensembles%3A+une+histoire+qui+continue&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Saint-%C3%89tienne&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-86272-260-3&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Blanc%2C+Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Bonilla%2C+Mario&rft.au=IERP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTX7h9H8DJEC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruslovede_Blowitz1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Truslove, Roland; de Blowitz, Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Paris">"Paris" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 805–822.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paris&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=805-822&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Truslove&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=de+Blowitz%2C+Henri+Georges+Stephane+Adolphe+Opper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VitriacoHinnebusch1972" class="citation book cs1">de Vitriaco, Jacobus; Hinnebusch, John Frederick (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262">The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry</a>. Saint-Paul. GGKEY:R8CJPKJJK4D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411065259/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historia+Occidentalis+of+Jacques+de+Vitry&rft.pub=Saint-Paul&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=de+Vitriaco&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft.au=Hinnebusch%2C+John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlua0N-AQNgC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingardt2009" class="citation book cs1">Weingardt, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15">Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris</a>. ASCE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-1010-3"><bdi>978-0-7844-1010-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circles+in+the+Sky%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+George+Ferris&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3&rft.aulast=Weingardt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIFwg5LOnnoC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2012" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Joachim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101">Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81060-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81060-2"><bdi>978-1-136-81060-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirrors+of+Mortality+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+Social+Studies+in+the+History+of+Death&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81060-2&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIksZtWqrd0C%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley1915" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft">Coronation Rites</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft/page/106">106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronation+Rites&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoronationrites00wooluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarri2008" class="citation book cs1">Yarri, Monique (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22">Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968</a>. Amsterdam, New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2500-4"><bdi>978-90-420-2500-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+French+City%3A+Architecture%2C+Dwelling%2C+and+Display+After+1968&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi+B.V.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2500-4&rft.aulast=Yarri&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCe9VUj5pRMUC%26q%3Ddelouvrier%2B%2522villes%2Bnouvelles%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarkaTaussigFleury2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zarka, Yves Charles; Taussig, Sylvie; Fleury, Cynthia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ">"Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation"</a>. L'Islam en France (in French). Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053723-6"><bdi>978-2-13-053723-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928174957/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+contours+d%27une+population+susceptible+d%27%C3%AAtre+musulmane+d%27apr%C3%A8s+la+filiation&rft.btitle=L%27Islam+en+France&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-13-053723-6&rft.aulast=Zarka&rft.aufirst=Yves+Charles&rft.au=Taussig%2C+Sylvie&rft.au=Fleury%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8UiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Paris" title="Bibliography of Paris">Bibliography of Paris</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Cronin1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Vincent Cronin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisoneve19001900cron">Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-04876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-04876-1"><bdi>978-0-312-04876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+on+the+Eve%2C+1900%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-312-04876-1&rft.au=Vincent+Cronin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisoneve19001900cron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Cronin1994" class="citation book cs1">Vincent Cronin (1994). Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215191-7"><bdi>978-0-00-215191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+City+of+Light%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215191-7&rft.au=Vincent+Cronin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Favier1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean Favier (1997). Paris (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59874-1"><bdi>978-2-213-59874-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-213-59874-1&rft.au=Jean+Favier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Hillairet2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques Hillairet (2005). Connaissance du Vieux Paris (in French). Rivages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86930-648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86930-648-6"><bdi>978-2-86930-648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connaissance+du+Vieux+Paris&rft.pub=Rivages&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-86930-648-6&rft.au=Jacques+Hillairet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Jones2004" class="citation book cs1">Colin Jones (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisbiographyof00jone">Paris: The Biography of a City</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Viking</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03393-5"><bdi>978-0-670-03393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+The+Biography+of+a+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03393-5&rft.au=Colin+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisbiographyof00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Marchand1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernard Marchand (1993). Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-012864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-012864-3"><bdi>978-2-02-012864-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+histoire+d%27une+ville+%3A+XIXe-XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-02-012864-3&rft.au=Bernard+Marchand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Wakeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Wakeman (2009). The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87023-6"><bdi>978-0-226-87023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroic+City%3A+Paris%2C+1945%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87023-6&rft.au=Rosemary+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Paris" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paris">Paris</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paris.fr">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (in French)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Paris at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paris">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="c:Paris">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Paris" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Paris">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="q:Paris">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="s:Paris">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Paris">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Paris">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Paris" class="extiw" title="voy:Paris">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="d:Special:Search/Paris">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris" title="Template:Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris" title="Template talk:Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">Arrondissements</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Centre" title="Paris Centre">Paris Centre</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="1st arrondissement of Paris">1st</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="2nd arrondissement of Paris">2nd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="3rd arrondissement of Paris">3rd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="4th arrondissement of Paris">4th</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="6th arrondissement of Paris">6th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="8th arrondissement of Paris">8th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="9th arrondissement of Paris">9th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="10th arrondissement of Paris">10th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="11th arrondissement of Paris">11th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="12th arrondissement of Paris">12th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="13th arrondissement of Paris">13th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="14th arrondissement of Paris">14th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="15th arrondissement of Paris">15th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="16th arrondissement of Paris">16th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="17th arrondissement of Paris">17th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="18th arrondissement of Paris">18th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/19th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="19th arrondissement of Paris">19th</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/20th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="20th arrondissement of Paris">20th</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Paris" title="Administration of Paris">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_A%C3%A9roport" title="Paris Aéroport">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Orly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Archdiocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Paris" title="Architecture of Paris">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_architecture_in_the_era_of_absolutism" title="Paris architecture in the era of absolutism">era of absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region">tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Paris" title="List of bridges in Paris">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paris" title="Culture of Paris">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Paris" title="Music in Paris">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Paris" title="Cycling in Paris">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27_M%C3%A9tropole" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélib' Métropole">Vélib' Métropole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paris" title="Economy of Paris">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paris" title="Education in Paris">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paris" title="History of Paris">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Paris" title="Timeline of Paris">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Paris" title="Libraries in Paris">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Paris" title="Museums in Paris">Museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_Paris" title="Squares in Paris">Squares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Topography of Paris">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Paris" title="Transport in Paris">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Métro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien">Transilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Tramways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">Grand Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_France_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_France" title="Template talk:Cities in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_France_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities in France by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeurbanne" title="Villeurbanne">Villeurbanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis, Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Paul, Réunion">Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Complete list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism in Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A8nes_de_Lut%C3%A8ce" title="Arènes de Lutèce">Arènes de Lutèce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Brongniart" title="Palais Brongniart">Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Montparnasse" title="Gare Montparnasse">Gare Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Gare Saint-Lazare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(Fr%C3%A9miet)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)">Jeanne d'Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisks" title="Luxor Obelisks">Luxor Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty" title="Flame of Liberty">Flame of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Porte Saint-Martin">Porte Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Paris" title="Museums in Paris">Museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Carnavalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_des_Sciences_et_de_l%27Industrie" title="Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie">Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation" title="Louis Vuitton Foundation">Louis Vuitton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts décoratifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">Maison de Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que" title="Musée de la Cinémathèque">Musée de la Cinémathèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin" title="Musée Grévin">Musée Grévin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Musée Guimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Montmartre" title="Musée de Montmartre">Musée de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Gustave_Moreau" title="Musée national Gustave Moreau">Musée national Gustave Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Monuments_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Musée national des Monuments Français">Musée national des Monuments Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur" title="Musée Pasteur">Musée Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Musée de la Légion d'honneur">Musée de la Légion d'honneur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Vie_romantique" title="Musée de la Vie romantique">Musée de la Vie romantique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="List of religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cathedral_in_Paris" title="American Cathedral in Paris">American Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris" title="American Church in Paris">American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist">Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Paris" title="Grand Synagogue of Paris">Grand Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_de_Nazareth" title="Synagogue de Nazareth">Synagogue de Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle" title="Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle">Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Lorette,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris">Notre-Dame-de-Lorette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Notre-Dame-des-Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ambroise,_Paris" title="Saint-Ambroise, Paris">Saint Ambroise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Augustin,_Paris" title="Saint-Augustin, Paris">Saint-Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Mont" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Mont">Saint-Étienne-du-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier,_Paris" title="Saint-François-Xavier, Paris">Saint-François-Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_(abbey)" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Jean de Montmartre">Saint-Jean de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis" title="Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis">Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Roch,_Paris" title="Saint-Roch, Paris">Saint-Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" title="Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" title="Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Sainte-Trinité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Marais" title="Temple du Marais">Temple du Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hôtels particuliers and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Beauvais" title="Hôtel de Beauvais">Hôtel de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Charost" title="Hôtel de Charost">Hôtel de Charost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon" title="Hôtel de Crillon">Hôtel de Crillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Hôtel d'Estrées">Hôtel d'Estrées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva" title="Hôtel de la Païva">Hôtel de la Païva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully" title="Hôtel de Sully">Hôtel de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets, areas, squares and waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_George_V" title="Avenue George V">Avenue George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_la_Madeleine" title="Boulevard de la Madeleine">Boulevard de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_S%C3%A9bastopol" title="Boulevard de Sébastopol">Boulevard de Sébastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_passages_of_Paris" title="Covered passages of Paris">Covered passages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_V%C3%A9ro-Dodat" title="Galerie Véro-Dodat">Galerie Véro-Dodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Choiseul" title="Passage Choiseul">Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas" title="Passage des Panoramas">Panoramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Vivienne" title="Galerie Vivienne">Galerie Vivienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_du_Havre" title="Passage du Havre">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Jouffroy" title="Passage Jouffroy">Jouffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Brady" title="Passage Brady">Brady</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">Le Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Dauphine" title="Place Dauphine">Place Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89meutes-de-Stonewall" title="Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall">Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Place des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Pyramides" title="Place des Pyramides">Place des Pyramides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Place du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Tertre" title="Place du Tertre">Place du Tertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Saint-Michel" title="Place Saint-Michel">Place Saint-Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Bir-Hakeim" title="Pont de Bir-Hakeim">Pont de Bir-Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Neuf" title="Pont Neuf">Pont Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_du_Louvre" title="Port du Louvre">Port du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Basse" title="Rue Basse">Rue Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Bonaparte" title="Rue Bonaparte">Rue Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Charlemagne" title="Rue Charlemagne">Rue Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_d%27Argenteuil" title="Rue d'Argenteuil">Rue d'Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Ferronnerie" title="Rue de la Ferronnerie">Rue de la Ferronnerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Sourdi%C3%A8re" title="Rue de la Sourdière">Rue de la Sourdière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Montmorency" title="Rue de Montmorency">Rue de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Francs-Bourgeois" title="Rue des Francs-Bourgeois">Rue des Francs-Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Lombards" title="Rue des Lombards">Rue des Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Elz%C3%A9vir" title="Rue Elzévir">Rue Elzévir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Foyatier" title="Rue Foyatier">Rue Foyatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Rue Molière">Rue Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Montorgueil" title="Rue Montorgueil">Rue Montorgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Radziwill" title="Rue Radziwill">Rue Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Rambuteau" title="Rue Rambuteau">Rue Rambuteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Mond%C3%A9tour" title="Rue Mondétour">Rue Mondétour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Pastourelle" title="Rue Pastourelle">Rue Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Rosiers" title="Rue des Rosiers">Rue des Rosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">Rue Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Denis_(Paris)" title="Rue Saint-Denis (Paris)">Rue Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Anne" title="Rue Sainte-Anne">Rue Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaduc_d%27Austerlitz" title="Viaduc d'Austerlitz">Viaduc d'Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_parks_and_gardens_of_Paris" title="History of parks and gardens of Paris">Parks and gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin d'Acclimatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parc_floral_de_Paris" title="Parc floral de Paris">Parc floral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Parc André-Citroën">Parc André-Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Parc Clichy-Batignolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Belleville" title="Parc de Belleville">Parc de Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy" title="Parc de Bercy">Parc de Bercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge" title="Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge">Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumont" title="Parc des Buttes Chaumont">Parc des Buttes Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Georges-Brassens" title="Parc Georges-Brassens">Parc Georges-Brassens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coul%C3%A9e_verte_Ren%C3%A9-Dumont" title="Coulée verte René-Dumont">Coulée verte René-Dumont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Accor Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome" title="Auteuil Hippodrome">Auteuil Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Georges_Carpentier" title="Halle Georges Carpentier">Halle Georges Carpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse" title="Longchamp Racecourse">Longchamp Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscine_Molitor" title="Piscine Molitor">Piscine Molitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_de_La_Chapelle_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte de La Chapelle Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)" title="Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)">Stade Jean Bouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pershing" title="Stade Pershing">Stade Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)" title="Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)">Stade Pierre de Coubertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty" title="Stade Sébastien Charléty">Stade Sébastien Charléty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Hippodrome de Vincennes">Vincennes Hippodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Oscar Wilde's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Région parisienne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Château d'Écouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Château de Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sceaux" title="Château de Sceaux">Château de Sceaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Château</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_pavilion" title="Fresh pavilion">Fresh pavilion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Disneyland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park" title="Walt Disney Studios Park">Walt Disney Studios Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorad%C3%B4me" title="Exploradôme">Exploradôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Miniature" title="France Miniature">France Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="Musée de l'air et de l'espace">Musée de l'air et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fragonard_d%27Alfort" title="Musée Fragonard d'Alfort">Musée Fragonard d'Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Ast%C3%A9rix" title="Parc Astérix">Parc Astérix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Parc de Saint-Cloud">Parc de Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon" title="La Roche-Guyon">La Roche-Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paris" title="Culture of Paris">Culture and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AEner_en_Blanc" title="Dîner en Blanc">Dîner en Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuit_Blanche" title="Nuit Blanche">Nuit Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Plages" title="Paris-Plages">Paris-Plages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir" title="Bateau-Lavoir">Bateau-Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateaux_Mouches" title="Bateaux Mouches">Bateaux Mouches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_des_2_Moulins" title="Café des 2 Moulins">Café des 2 Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_in_Paris" title="Fountains in Paris">Fountains in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s" title="Maxim's">Maxim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Moulin de la Galette">Moulin de la Galette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_entrances_by_Hector_Guimard" title="Paris Métro entrances by Hector Guimard">entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular">Montmartre Funicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Mus%C3%A9es" title="Paris Musées">Paris Musées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Zoological_Park" title="Paris Zoological Park">Paris Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Pyramide inversée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Paris" title="Art in Paris">Art in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_transport_network" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_transport_network" title="Template:Paris transport network"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_transport_network" title="Template talk:Paris transport network"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_transport_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris transport network"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_transport_network" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Paris" title="Transport in Paris">Paris transport network</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro"><img alt="Paris Métro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Métro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_1" title="Paris Métro Line 1"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_2" title="Paris Métro Line 2"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_3" title="Paris Métro Line 3"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_3bis" title="Paris Métro Line 3bis"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 3bis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_3bis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_4" title="Paris Métro Line 4"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_5" title="Paris Métro Line 5"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_6" title="Paris Métro Line 6"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_7" title="Paris Métro Line 7"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_7bis" title="Paris Métro Line 7bis"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 7bis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_7bis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_8" title="Paris Métro Line 8"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_9" title="Paris Métro Line 9"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_10" title="Paris Métro Line 10"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_11" title="Paris Métro Line 11"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_12" title="Paris Métro Line 12"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_13" title="Paris Métro Line 13"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14" title="Paris Métro Line 14"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dt>Under construction</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_15" title="Paris Métro Line 15"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_16" title="Paris Métro Line 16"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_17" title="Paris Métro Line 17"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 17" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_17.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_18" title="Paris Métro Line 18"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 18" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dt>Proposed</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_19" title="Paris Métro Line 19"><img alt="Paris Métro Line 19" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional"><img alt="RER" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RER_A" title="RER A"><img alt="RER A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RER_B" title="RER B"><img alt="RER B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RER_C" title="RER C"><img alt="RER C" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RER_D" title="RER D"><img alt="RER D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RER_E" title="RER E"><img alt="RER E" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien"><img alt="Transilien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien">Transilien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Nord#Line_H" title="Transilien Line H (Paris-Nord)"><img alt="Transilien Line H (Paris-Nord)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Saint-Lazare#Line_J" title="Transilien Line J (Paris-Saint-Lazare)"><img alt="Transilien Line J (Paris-Saint-Lazare)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_J.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Nord#Line_K" title="Transilien Line K (Paris-Nord)"><img alt="Transilien Line K (Paris-Nord)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Saint-Lazare#Line_L" title="Transilien Line L (Paris-Saint-Lazare)"><img alt="Transilien Line L (Paris-Saint-Lazare)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Line_N" title="Transilien Line N (Paris-Montparnasse)"><img alt="Transilien Line N (Paris-Montparnasse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Line_P" title="Transilien Line P (Paris-Est)"><img alt="Transilien Line P (Paris-Est)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_P.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Line_R" title="Transilien Line R (Paris-Gare-de-Lyon)"><img alt="Transilien Line R (Paris-Gare-de-Lyon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Line_U" title="Transilien Line U"><img alt="Transilien Line U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Line_V" title="Transilien Line V"><img alt="Transilien Line V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France"><img alt="Tramways in Île-de-France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Tramway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_1" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 1"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_2" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 2"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_3a" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 3a"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 3a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_3b" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 3b"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 3b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_3b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_4" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 4"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_5" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 5"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_6" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 6"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_7" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 7"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_8" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 8"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_9" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 9"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_10" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 10"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_11" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 11"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_12" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 12"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_13" title="Île-de-France tramway Line 13"><img alt="Île-de-France tramway Line 13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Tram_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bus_(RATP)" title="Bus"><img alt="Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/RATP_bus_network" title="RATP bus network">Bus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(RATP)" title="Bus"><img alt="Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Bus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/RATP_bus_network" title="RATP bus network">RATP</a> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Val-de-Marne" title="Trans-Val-de-Marne"> Tvm </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctilien" title="Noctilien"><img alt="Noctilien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Noctilien.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Noctilien" title="Noctilien">Noctilien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDGVAL" title="CDGVAL"><img alt="CDGVAL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/16px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/24px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/32px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="53" /></a> <a href="/wiki/CDGVAL" title="CDGVAL">CDGVAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlyval" title="Orlyval"><img alt="Orlyval" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/16px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/24px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg/32px-Paris_Orlyval_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="53" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orlyval" title="Orlyval">Orlyval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular"><img alt="Montmartre Funicular" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BSicon_FUNI.svg/18px-BSicon_FUNI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BSicon_FUNI.svg/27px-BSicon_FUNI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BSicon_FUNI.svg/36px-BSicon_FUNI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular">Montmartre Funicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris_Express" title="Grand Paris Express">Grand Paris Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDG_Express" title="CDG Express">CDG Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_of_Paris_M%C3%A9tro_lines_3bis_and_7bis" title="Merger of Paris Métro lines 3bis and 7bis">Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_Mobilit%C3%A9s" title="Île-de-France Mobilités">IDFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RATP_Group" title="RATP Group">RATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optile" title="Optile">Optile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keolis" title="Keolis">Keolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdev" title="Transdev">Transdev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_fares_in_the_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Public transport fares in the Île-de-France">Fares and tickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_t%2B" title="Ticket t+">Ticket t+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_visite" title="Paris visite">Paris visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigo_card" title="Navigo card">Navigo card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versement_transport" title="Versement transport">Versement transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paris_M%C3%A9tro_stations" title="List of Paris Métro stations">List of Paris Métro stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Architecture of the Paris Métro">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_stations_of_the_Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Ghost stations of the Paris Métro">Ghost stations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists of railway stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional_stations" title="List of Réseau Express Régional stations">RER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Transilien_stations" title="List of Transilien stations">Transilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paris_railway_stations" title="List of Paris railway stations">in Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_stops_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="List of tram stops in Île-de-France">List of tram stops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Administrative_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative structures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Communes_in_the_Paris_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template:Paris Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template talk:Paris Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Metropolitan_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Communes_in_the_Paris_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png/14px-Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png/21px-Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png/29px-Paris-metropolitan-area-symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="50" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">Communes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population over 2 million</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population over 100,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population over 75,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulnay-sous-Bois" title="Aulnay-sous-Bois">Aulnay-sous-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champigny-sur-Marne" title="Champigny-sur-Marne">Champigny-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombes" title="Colombes">Colombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Créteil">Créteil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison" title="Rueil-Malmaison">Rueil-Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitry-sur-Seine" title="Vitry-sur-Seine">Vitry-sur-Seine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population over 50,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antony,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Antony, Hauts-de-Seine">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Blanc-Mesnil" title="Le Blanc-Mesnil">Le Blanc-Mesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondy" title="Bondy">Bondy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cergy" title="Cergy">Cergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelles,_Seine-et-Marne" title="Chelles, Seine-et-Marne">Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamart" title="Clamart">Clamart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine">Clichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Corbeil-Essonnes">Corbeil-Essonnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy" title="Drancy">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinay-sur-Seine" title="Épinay-sur-Seine">Épinay-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry-Courcouronnes" title="Évry-Courcouronnes">Évry-Courcouronnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenay-sous-Bois" title="Fontenay-sous-Bois">Fontenay-sous-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivry-sur-Seine" title="Ivry-sur-Seine">Ivry-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois-Perret" title="Levallois-Perret">Levallois-Perret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisons-Alfort" title="Maisons-Alfort">Maisons-Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massy,_Essonne" title="Massy, Essonne">Massy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaux" title="Meaux">Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy-le-Grand" title="Noisy-le-Grand">Noisy-le-Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantin" title="Pantin">Pantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine" title="Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine">Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcelles" title="Sarcelles">Sarcelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartrouville" title="Sartrouville">Sartrouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevran" title="Sevran">Sevran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villejuif" title="Villejuif">Villejuif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population over 25,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville" title="Alfortville">Alfortville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athis-Mons" title="Athis-Mons">Athis-Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagneux,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine">Bagneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnolet" title="Bagnolet">Bagnolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezons" title="Bezons">Bezons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Colombes" title="Bois-Colombes">Bois-Colombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9tigny-sur-Orge" title="Brétigny-sur-Orge">Brétigny-sur-Orge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunoy" title="Brunoy">Brunoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussy-Saint-Georges" title="Bussy-Saint-Georges">Bussy-Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachan" title="Cachan">Cachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs-sur-Marne" title="Champs-sur-Marne">Champs-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charenton-le-Pont" title="Charenton-le-Pont">Charenton-le-Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry" title="Châtenay-Malabry">Châtenay-Malabry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine">Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatou" title="Chatou">Chatou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chesnay-Rocquencourt" title="Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt">Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choisy-le-Roi" title="Choisy-le-Roi">Choisy-le-Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois" title="Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflans-Sainte-Honorine" title="Conflans-Sainte-Honorine">Conflans-Sainte-Honorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormeilles-en-Parisis" title="Cormeilles-en-Parisis">Cormeilles-en-Parisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Courneuve" title="La Courneuve">La Courneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creil" title="Creil">Creil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draveil" title="Draveil">Draveil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaubonne" title="Eaubonne">Eaubonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lancourt" title="Élancourt">Élancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermont" title="Ermont">Ermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tampes" title="Étampes">Étampes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenay-aux-Roses" title="Fontenay-aux-Roses">Fontenay-aux-Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconville,_Val-d%27Oise" title="Franconville, Val-d'Oise">Franconville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnes,_Val-de-Marne" title="Fresnes, Val-de-Marne">Fresnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagny" title="Gagny">Gagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Garenne-Colombes" title="La Garenne-Colombes">La Garenne-Colombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garges-l%C3%A8s-Gonesse" title="Garges-lès-Gonesse">Garges-lès-Gonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennevilliers" title="Gennevilliers">Gennevilliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goussainville,_Val-d%27Oise" title="Goussainville, Val-d'Oise">Goussainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigny,_Essonne" title="Grigny, Essonne">Grigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyancourt" title="Guyancourt">Guyancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses" title="L'Haÿ-les-Roses">L'Haÿ-les-Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herblay-sur-Seine" title="Herblay-sur-Seine">Herblay-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houilles" title="Houilles">Houilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeil-Br%C3%A9vannes" title="Limeil-Brévannes">Limeil-Brévannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livry-Gargan" title="Livry-Gargan">Livry-Gargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakoff,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Malakoff, Hauts-de-Seine">Malakoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie" title="Mantes-la-Jolie">Mantes-la-Jolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfermeil" title="Montfermeil">Montfermeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montigny-le-Bretonneux" title="Montigny-le-Bretonneux">Montigny-le-Bretonneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mureaux" title="Les Mureaux">Les Mureaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Marne" title="Neuilly-sur-Marne">Neuilly-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogent-sur-Marne" title="Nogent-sur-Marne">Nogent-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy-le-Sec" title="Noisy-le-Sec">Noisy-le-Sec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Perreux-sur-Marne" title="Le Perreux-sur-Marne">Le Perreux-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrefitte-sur-Seine" title="Pierrefitte-sur-Seine">Pierrefitte-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaisir,_Yvelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaisir, Yvelines">Plaisir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Plessis-Robinson" title="Le Plessis-Robinson">Le Plessis-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontault-Combault" title="Pontault-Combault">Pontault-Combault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puteaux" title="Puteaux">Puteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris-Orangis" title="Ris-Orangis">Ris-Orangis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romainville" title="Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosny-sous-Bois" title="Rosny-sous-Bois">Rosny-sous-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois,_Essonne" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannois" title="Sannois">Sannois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savigny-sur-Orge" title="Savigny-sur-Orge">Savigny-sur-Orge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savigny-le-Temple" title="Savigny-le-Temple">Savigny-le-Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stains,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Stains, Seine-Saint-Denis">Stains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucy-en-Brie" title="Sucy-en-Brie">Sucy-en-Brie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes" title="Suresnes">Suresnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverny" title="Taverny">Taverny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiais" title="Thiais">Thiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappes" title="Trappes">Trappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremblay-en-France" title="Tremblay-en-France">Tremblay-en-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Ulis" title="Les Ulis">Les Ulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanves" title="Vanves">Vanves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigneux-sur-Seine" title="Vigneux-sur-Seine">Vigneux-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villemomble" title="Villemomble">Villemomble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeneuve-Saint-Georges" title="Villeneuve-Saint-Georges">Villeneuve-Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeparisis" title="Villeparisis">Villeparisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villepinte,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis">Villepinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villiers-le-Bel" title="Villiers-le-Bel">Villiers-le-Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villiers-sur-Marne" title="Villiers-sur-Marne">Villiers-sur-Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viry-Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Viry-Châtillon">Viry-Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerres" title="Yerres">Yerres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population under 25,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1,792 other communes</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_division_of_Île-de-France_(on_1_January_2022)Prefecture:_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_division_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Template:Administrative division of Île-de-France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_division_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Template talk:Administrative division of Île-de-France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_division_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative division of Île-de-France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_division_of_Île-de-France_(on_1_January_2022)Prefecture:_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative division of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> (on 1 January 2022) Prefecture: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a> (91)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry-Courcouronnes" title="Évry-Courcouronnes">Évry-Courcouronnes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Essonne_department" title="Arrondissements of the Essonne department">Three arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Essonne_department" title="Cantons of the Essonne department">21 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Essonne_department" title="Communes of the Essonne department">194 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Essonne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Essonne department (page does not exist)">10 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Essonne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Essonne department (page does not exist)">10 intercommunalities</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> (92)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Hauts-de-Seine_department" title="Arrondissements of the Hauts-de-Seine department">Three arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Hauts-de-Seine_department" title="Cantons of the Hauts-de-Seine department">23 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Hauts-de-Seine_department" title="Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department">36 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Hauts-de-Seine_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Hauts-de-Seine department (page does not exist)">13 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Hauts-de-Seine_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Hauts-de-Seine department (page does not exist)">4 EPTs</a> </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> (75)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Paris" title="Arrondissement of Paris">One departmental arrondissement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1 commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">20 municipal arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_Paris" title="Quarters of Paris">80 administrative quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of Paris (page does not exist)">18 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Paris" title="Grand Paris">1 intercommunality</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a> (77)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department" title="Arrondissements of the Seine-et-Marne department">Five arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department" title="Cantons of the Seine-et-Marne department">23 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department" title="Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department">507 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Seine-et-Marne department (page does not exist)">11 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Seine-et-Marne department (page does not exist)">21 intercommunalities</a> </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> (93)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Seine-Saint-Denis_department" title="Arrondissements of the Seine-Saint-Denis department">Three arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Seine-Saint-Denis_department" title="Cantons of the Seine-Saint-Denis department">21 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-Saint-Denis_department" title="Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department">40 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Seine-Saint-Denis_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Seine-Saint-Denis department (page does not exist)">12 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Seine-Saint-Denis_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Seine-Saint-Denis department (page does not exist)">4 EPTs</a> </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a> (94)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Créteil">Créteil</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Val-de-Marne_department" title="Arrondissements of the Val-de-Marne department">Three arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Val-de-Marne_department" title="Cantons of the Val-de-Marne department">25 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Val-de-Marne_department" title="Communes of the Val-de-Marne department">47 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Val-de-Marne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Val-de-Marne department (page does not exist)">11 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Val-de-Marne_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Val-de-Marne department (page does not exist)">3 EPTs</a> </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a> (95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department" title="Arrondissements of the Val-d'Oise department">Three arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department" title="Cantons of the Val-d'Oise department">21 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department" title="Communes of the Val-d'Oise department">184 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Val-d'Oise department (page does not exist)">10 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Val-d%27Oise_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Val-d'Oise department (page does not exist)">10 intercommunalities</a> </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a> (78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prefecture: <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Yvelines_department" title="Arrondissements of the Yvelines department">Four arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Yvelines_department" title="Cantons of the Yvelines department">21 cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Yvelines_department" title="Communes of the Yvelines department">259 communes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislative_constituencies_of_the_Yvelines_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of legislative constituencies of the Yvelines department (page does not exist)">12 legislative constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_intercommunalities_of_the_Yvelines_department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of intercommunalities of the Yvelines department (page does not exist)">10 intercommunalities</a> </li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template talk:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourg-en-Bresse" title="Bourg-en-Bresse">Bourg-en-Bresse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulins,_Allier" title="Moulins, Allier">Moulins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne-les-Bains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Gap, Hautes-Alpes">Gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privas" title="Privas">Privas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodez" title="Rodez">Rodez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurillac" title="Aurillac">Aurillac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle" title="Tulle">Tulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ret" title="Guéret">Guéret</a> (<a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Périgueux">Périgueux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence (city)">Valence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auch" title="Auch">Auch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Châteauroux">Châteauroux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Marsan" title="Mont-de-Marsan">Mont-de-Marsan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende,_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Mende, Lozère">Mende</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaumont,_Haute-Marne" title="Chaumont, Haute-Marne">Chaumont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne" title="Laval, Mayenne">Laval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesoul" title="Vesoul">Vesoul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niort" title="Niort">Niort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="La Roche-sur-Yon">La Roche-sur-Yon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry-Courcouronnes" title="Évry-Courcouronnes">Évry-Courcouronnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Créteil">Créteil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cergy" title="Cergy">Cergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Overseas_departments"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas departments</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint Denis</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Departments_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_of_France" title="Template:Departments of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_France" title="Template talk:Departments of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Departments_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Metropolitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>01 <a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a></li> <li>02 <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a></li> <li>03 <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a></li> <li>04 <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a></li> <li>05 <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a></li> <li>06 <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a></li> <li>07 <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a></li> <li>08 <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a></li> <li>09 <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a></li> <li>11 <a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a></li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a></li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a></li> <li>14 <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a></li> <li>15 <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a></li> <li>17 <a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a></li> <li>18 <a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a></li> <li>19 <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a></li> <li>2A <a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a></li> <li>2B <a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a></li> <li>21 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li>22 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a></li> <li>23 <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a></li> <li>24 <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a></li> <li>25 <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a></li> <li>26 <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a></li> <li>27 <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a></li> <li>28 <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a></li> <li>29 <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a></li> <li>30 <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a></li> <li>31 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a></li> <li>32 <a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a></li> <li>33 <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a></li> <li>34 <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a></li> <li>35 <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a></li> <li>36 <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a></li> <li>37 <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a></li> <li>38 <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a></li> <li>39 <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a></li> <li>40 <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a></li> <li>41 <a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a></li> <li>42 <a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a></li> <li>43 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a></li> <li>44 <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a></li> <li>45 <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a></li> <li>46 <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a></li> <li>47 <a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a></li> <li>48 <a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a></li> <li>49 <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a></li> <li>50 <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a></li> <li>51 <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a></li> <li>52 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a></li> <li>53 <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a></li> <li>54 <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a></li> <li>55 <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a></li> <li>56 <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li>57 <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a></li> <li>58 <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a></li> <li>59 <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a></li> <li>60 <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a></li> <li>61 <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a></li> <li>62 <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a></li> <li>63 <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a></li> <li>64 <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a></li> <li>65 <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a></li> <li>66 <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li> <li>67 <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a></li> <li>68 <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a></li> <li>69D <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a></li> <li>70 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a></li> <li>71 <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a></li> <li>72 <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a></li> <li>73 <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a></li> <li>74 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a></li> <li>76 <a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a></li> <li>77 <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a></li> <li>78 <a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a></li> <li>79 <a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a></li> <li>80 <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a></li> <li>81 <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a></li> <li>82 <a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a></li> <li>83 <a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a></li> <li>84 <a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a></li> <li>85 <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>86 <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a></li> <li>87 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a></li> <li>88 <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a></li> <li>89 <a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a></li> <li>90 <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a></li> <li>91 <a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a></li> <li>92 <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a></li> <li>93 <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li>94 <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a></li> <li>95 <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>971 <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li>972 <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> (territorial collectivity)</li> <li>973 <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (territorial collectivity)</li> <li>974 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li>976 <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>69M <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lyon" title="Metropolis of Lyon">Lyon</a> (collectivity with special status)</li> <li>75 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris</a> (collectivity with special status)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>975 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> (Overseas collectivity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012114268X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158822968">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205283/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmbyBWhYrMkc793vqWjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044660-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058874">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865278m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865278m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629026">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V149084">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35995688">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130380&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451222">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1009791">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=021097610&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042629&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000031011">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047813">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561794505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613861806706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/dc10c22b-e510-4006-8b7f-fecb4f36436e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10980120?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/5fd4d231-00c4-4f69-abf6-cd63ffe60e2a">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/13498/">Victoria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026397765">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006604">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045153">NARA</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044289">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n62wkx">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-96sb8","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_7db7e2f3cf6bfb1f0bc5fadc1f5b339b712de126":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q90","properties":{"title":"Paris","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q90","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Paris"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.213","walltime":"6.207","ppvisitednodes":{"value":61722,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1161957,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":107377,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":80,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1176623,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4947.571 1 -total"," 24.70% 1222.275 3 Template:Reflist"," 15.89% 786.183 156 Template:Cite_web"," 15.24% 753.940 134 Template:Cite_book"," 14.28% 706.737 2 Template:Infobox"," 12.50% 618.421 1 Template:Infobox_French_commune"," 12.22% 604.504 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 10.56% 522.466 124 Template:Sfn"," 7.32% 362.375 10 Template:Navbox"," 4.75% 235.153 1 Template:Paris_transport_network"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.959","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24219765,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFARWU\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndante2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndiaBrialy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArbois_de_JubainvilleDottin1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthelemyBordinBerestyckiGribaudi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayrou1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeevorCooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellde-Shalit2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergBraun2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman_Jewish_Databank\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Marchand1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBezbakh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmoreMcConnachie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmoreMcConnachie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchardDerooEl_YazamiFournié2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoogert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorrus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraimohVlek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadwell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurchardtMichalowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurchell1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBussmann1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr-Allinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastells1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Jones2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombeau2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombeau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompayré2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtney_Traub2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamschroederWilliams1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Jay_Grimminger_Ph.D.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Moncan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Moncan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelamarre2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominé2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDosch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDottin1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDregni2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDregni2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Camp1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurantDurant1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalileyev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallonWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFierro1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinancial_Times\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranck2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserSpalding2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommer\u0026#039;s2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrioch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoebel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallPain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHargreavesKelsayTwiss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHervé1818\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigonnet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINSEE\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFInstitut_National_de_la_Statistique_et_des_Études_Économiques\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvereigh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacques_Hillairet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarrassé2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_Favier1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaberryBrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelby_Carr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Willsher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnappWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorgenWhite2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Préfecture_de_la_Région_d\u0026#039;Île-de-France\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceGondrand2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclanche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgeWillmott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManon_Rescan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedeiros2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeghelli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehraLevy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzelthin1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeunier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModoodTriandafyllidouZapata-Barrero2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontclos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathalie_Moutarde2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanThornley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNègre1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOscherwitz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapayanis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryChaseJacobJacob2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanête_grandes_écoles2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRand2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosemary_Wakeman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougerie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousseau2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyerssonYaccarino2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarmant2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacher1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShales2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingleton1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSource:_PPPs_and_exchange_rates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyndicat_des_Transports_d\u0026#039;Île-de-France_(STIF)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallettAtkin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasBlancBonillaIERP2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruslovede_Blowitz1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUEFA.com2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversalis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidalon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneau2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent_Cronin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent_Cronin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeingardt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhaley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillsher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolley1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarkaTaussigFleury2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Istria2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VitriacoHinnebusch1972\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuisine\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Administrative division of Île-de-France\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cassini-Ehess\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 134,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 151,\n [\"Cities in France\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries \u0026 territories of birth\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 37,\n [\"Departments of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 52,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1165541\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1356074\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:91835\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Fv\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox French commune\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 3,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Paris\"] = 1,\n [\"Paris Metropolitan Area\"] = 1,\n [\"Paris transport network\"] = 1,\n [\"Paris weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Prefectures of departments of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Prefectures of regions of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 124,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Visitor attractions in Paris\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"WikidataCoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","6.1"],["recursiveClone 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-06T11:45:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:50:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg","headline":"capital city of France"}</script> </body> </html>