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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-About" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>About</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Digitization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass-scale_digitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass-scale_digitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mass-scale digitization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-scale_digitization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electronic publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Online edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_versions_of_traditional_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_versions_of_traditional_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Electronic versions of traditional media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_versions_of_traditional_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>New media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Business models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic publishing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نشر إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشر إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ইলেকট্রনিক প্রকাশনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রনিক প্রকাশনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Электронная публікацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронная публікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_udgivelse" title="Digital udgivelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digital udgivelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online-Publikation" title="Online-Publikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Online-Publikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniline_kirjastamine" title="Elektrooniline kirjastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrooniline kirjastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نشر الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشر الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dition_num%C3%A9rique" title="Édition numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édition numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90" title="전자 출판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 출판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रकाशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रकाशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UkuShicilela_ngamazuba" title="UkuShicilela ngamazuba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UkuShicilela ngamazuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editoria_digitale" title="Editoria digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editoria digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="電子出版 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子出版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Publicação eletrônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Publicação eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Цифровое издание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифровое издание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Електронско издаваштво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронско издаваштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6inen_julkaiseminen" title="Sähköinen julkaiseminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköinen julkaiseminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik_yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Elektronik yayıncılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik yayıncılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Електронне видавництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронне видавництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Xuất bản điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xuất bản điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="電子出版 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子出版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Publishing and disseminating documents via electronic means</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electronic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Electronic publishing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electronic+publishing%22">"Electronic publishing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electronic+publishing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electronic+publishing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electronic+publishing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electronic+publishing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electronic+publishing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Electronic publishing</b> (also referred to as <b>e-publishing</b>, <b>digital publishing</b>, or <b>online publishing</b>) includes the digital publication of <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">digital magazines</a>, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital libraries</a> and catalogues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes the editing of books, journals, and magazines to be posted on a screen (computer, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About">About</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: About"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronic publishing has become common in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific publishing">scientific publishing</a> where it has been argued that <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a> are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. It is also becoming common to distribute <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> to consumers through <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet reading devices</a>, a market that is growing by millions each year,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generated by online vendors such as Apple's iTunes bookstore, Amazon's bookstore for Kindle, and books in the Google Play Bookstore. Market research suggested that half of all magazine and newspaper circulation would be via digital delivery by the end of 2015<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that half of all reading in the United States would be done without paper by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although distribution via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) is nowadays strongly associated with electronic publishing, there are many non-network electronic publications such as <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_encyclopedias#On_CD-ROM.2C_DVD-ROM_and.2For_the_Internet" title="Lists of encyclopedias">encyclopedias on CD and DVD</a>, as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high-speed access to a network. Electronic publishing is also being used in the field of test-preparation in developed as well as in developing economies for student education (thus partly replacing conventional books) – for it enables content and analytics combined – for the benefit of students. The use of electronic publishing for textbooks may become more prevalent with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and Apple's negotiation with the three largest textbook suppliers in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic publishing is increasingly popular in works of fiction. Electronic publishers are able to respond quickly to changing market demand, because the companies do not have to order printed books and have them delivered. E-publishing is also making a wider range of books available, including books that customers would not find in standard book retailers, due to insufficient demand for a traditional "print run". E-publication is enabling new authors to release books that would be unlikely to be profitable for traditional publishers. While the term "electronic publishing" is primarily used in the 2010s to refer to online and web-based publishers, the term has a history of being used to describe the development of new forms of production, distribution, and user interaction in regard to computer-based production of text and other <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digitization">Digitization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digitization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a> initiative was in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hart" title="Michael S. Hart">Michael S. Hart</a>, a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, who launched <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public domain classics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a> digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times. In this way were built the foundations of a large dictionary, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Trésor de la langue française au Québec">Trésor de la langue française au Québec</a></i>. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> under the brand name <i>Discotext</i>, and then on the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide web">worldwide web</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass-scale_digitization">Mass-scale digitization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass-scale digitization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, American inventor and futurist <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Raymond Kurzweil</a> developed a scanner which was equipped with an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnifont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnifont (page does not exist)">Omnifont</a> software that enabled <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> for numeric inputs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ABU (<i>Association des Bibliophiles Universels)</i>, was a public digital library project created by the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Cnam</a> in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> launched a vast <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a> program. The president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2004, Google created <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the prototype of <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a> was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a> was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> and Europe, as well as Google Books and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_publishing">Electronic publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world. </p><p>Alain Mille, in the book <i>Pratiques de l'édition numérique</i> (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that the beginnings of Internet and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop publishing software">desktop publishing softwares</a> appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and <a href="/wiki/Directory_service" title="Directory service">directories</a>. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> was developing quickly, combining book, <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, let their users buy <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">eBooks</a>; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_edition">Online edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Online edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Participative (or participatory) Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></div> <p>The electronic publishing process follows some aspects of the traditional paper-based publishing process<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but differs from traditional publishing in two ways: 1) it does not include using an <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a> press to print the final product and 2) it avoids the distribution of a physical product (e.g., paper books, paper magazines, or paper newspapers). Because the content is electronic, it may be distributed over the Internet and through electronic bookstores, and users can read the material on a range of electronic and digital devices, including <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptops" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptops">laptops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> or <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> tablets. The consumer may read the published content online on a website, in an application on a tablet device, or in a <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> document on a computer. In some cases, the reader may print the content onto paper using a consumer-grade ink-jet or laser printer or via a <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print-on-demand</a> system. Some users download digital content to their devices, enabling them to read the content even when their device is not connected to the Internet (e.g., on an airplane flight). </p><p>Distributing content electronically as <a href="/wiki/Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software applications</a> ("apps") has become popular in the 2010s, due to the rapid consumer adoption of smartphones and tablets. At first, native apps for each mobile platform were required to reach all audiences, but in an effort toward universal device compatibility, attention has turned to using <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Web_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Web app">web apps</a> that can run on any browser and function on many devices. The benefit of electronic publishing comes from using three attributes of digital technology: <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> tags to define content,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">style sheets</a> to define the look of content, and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (data about data) to describe the content for <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>, thus helping users to find and locate the content (a common example of metadata is the information about a song's songwriter, composer, genre that is electronically encoded along with most CDs and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio file">digital audio files</a>; this metadata makes it easier for music lovers to find the songs they are looking for). With the use of tags, style sheets, and metadata, this enables <a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">"reflowable" content</a> that adapts to various reading devices (tablet, smartphone, e-reader, etc.) or electronic delivery methods. </p><p>Because electronic publishing often requires text mark-up (e.g., <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Markup Language">HyperText Markup Language</a> or some other markup language) to develop online delivery methods, the traditional roles of typesetters and book designers, who created the printing set-ups for paper books, have changed. Designers of digitally published content must have a strong knowledge of mark-up languages, the variety of reading devices and computers available, and the ways in which consumers read, view or access the content. However, in the 2010s, new <a href="/wiki/User_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="User friendly">user friendly</a> design software is becoming available for designers to publish content in this standard without needing to know detailed programming techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>' <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Digital Publishing Suite</a> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a>. The most common file format is <a href="/wiki/.epub" class="mw-redirect" title=".epub">.epub</a>, used in many <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">e-book formats</a>. .epub is a free and open standard available in many publishing programs. Another common format is .folio, which is used by the Adobe Digital Publishing Suite to create content for Apple's iPad tablets and apps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_publishing">Academic publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academic publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">Eprint</a></div> <p>After an article is submitted to an <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> for consideration, there can be a delay ranging from several months to more than two years<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before it is published in a journal, rendering journals a less than ideal format for disseminating current research. In some fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and some areas of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, the role of the journal in disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> repositories such as <a href="/wiki/ArXiv.org" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv.org">arXiv.org</a>. However, scholarly journals still play an important role in quality control and establishing scientific credit. In many instances, the electronic materials uploaded to preprint repositories are still intended for eventual publication in a peer-reviewed journal. There is statistical evidence that electronic publishing provides wider dissemination,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because when a journal is available online, a larger number of researchers can access the journal. Even if a professor is working in a university that does not have a certain journal in its library, she may still be able to access the journal online. A number of journals have, while retaining their longstanding <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process to ensure that the research is done properly, established electronic versions or even moved entirely to electronic publication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright">Copyright</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 2000s, many of the existing copyright laws were designed around printed books, magazines and newspapers. For example, copyright laws often set limits on how much of a book can be mechanically reproduced or copied. Electronic publishing raises new questions in relation to copyright, because if an e-book or e-journal is available online, millions of Internet users may be able to view a single electronic copy of the document, without any "copies" being made. </p><p>Emerging evidence suggests that e-publishing may be more collaborative than traditional paper-based publishing; e-publishing often involves more than one author, and the resulting works are more accessible, since they are published online. At the same time, the availability of published material online opens more doors for <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, unauthorized use, or re-use of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publishers are trying to address these concerns. For example, in 2011, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> limited the number of times that one of its e-books could be lent in a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin</a>, are attempting to incorporate e-book elements into their regular paper publications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_versions_of_traditional_media">Electronic versions of traditional media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronic versions of traditional media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CD-ROM</li> <li>E-book</li> <li>Electronic journal</li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">catalog</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochure</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">newsletter</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentation</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">flyer</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">menu</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_media">New media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_publication_app" title="Digital publication app">Digital publication app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_publication" title="Enhanced publication">Enhanced publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile apps">Mobile apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">Open access (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">Print on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriptions">Subscriptions</a></li> <li>Non-subsidy publishing<sup id="cite_ref-Non-Subsidy_Publishing_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non-Subsidy_Publishing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_typesetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic typesetting">Electronic typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile publishing">Mobile publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook#vBook" title="Ebook">vBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium (website)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Stephanie A. (March 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIc4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Electronic+publishing+(also+referred+to+as+publishing,+digital+publishing,+or+online+publishing)+includes+the+digital+publication+of+e-books,+digital+magazines&pg=PT82"><i>Careers in Media and Communication</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5443-2078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5443-2078-6"><bdi>978-1-5443-2078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Careers+in+Media+and+Communication&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.isbn=978-1-5443-2078-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIc4DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DElectronic%2Bpublishing%2B%28also%2Breferred%2Bto%2Bas%2Bpublishing%2C%2Bdigital%2Bpublishing%2C%2Bor%2Bonline%2Bpublishing%29%2Bincludes%2Bthe%2Bdigital%2Bpublication%2Bof%2Be-books%2C%2Bdigital%2Bmagazines%26pg%3DPT82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713170148/https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/e-publishing/">"E-publishing"</a>. <i>MaRS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/e-publishing/">the original</a> on July 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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L'édition numérique et le livre numérique"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadix.parisnanterre.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5.+L%27%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique+et+le+livre+num%C3%A9rique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediadix.parisnanterre.fr%2Fcours%2FEdition%2F305EdNum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2016)577954">"EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank"</a>. European Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBooks%3A+Evolving+markets+and+new+challenges+%E2%80%93+Think+Tank&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fthinktank%2Fen%2Fdocument.html%3Freference%3DEPRS_BRI%282016%29577954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleicher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bleicher, Paul (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com/web-20-revolution-power-people">"Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People"</a>. <i>Applied Clinical Trials</i>. Applied Clinical Trials-08-01-2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Clinical+Trials&rft.atitle=Web+2.0+Revolution%3A+Power+to+the+People&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Bleicher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com%2Fweb-20-revolution-power-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222024930/http://mediadix.parisnanterre.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm">"5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique"</a>. February 22, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediadix.parisnanterre.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5.+L%27%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique+et+le+livre+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediadix.parisnanterre.fr%2Fcours%2FEdition%2F305EdNum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/15/appA_1.html"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615173909/https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/15/appA_9.html">"The Chicago Manual of Style Online: Appendix A"</a>. June 15, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/15/appA_9.html">the original</a> on June 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online%3A+Appendix+A&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2F15%2FappA_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, Glenn (October 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/341868">"The Slowdown of the Economics Publishing Process"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>110</b> (5): 947–993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F341868">10.1086/341868</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F64233">1721.1/64233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Slowdown+of+the+Economics+Publishing+Process&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=947-993&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F64233&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F341868&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F341868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/publications/CITESEER2001online-nature.pdf">Online Or Invisible?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lawrence" title="Steve Lawrence">Steve Lawrence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Research Institute">NEC Research Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chennupati K. Ramaiah, Schubert Foo and Heng Poh Choo, <i>eLearning and Digital Publishing</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2013)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStross2011" class="citation news cs1">Stross, Randall (December 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/business/for-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html">"Publishers vs. Libraries: An E-Book Tug of War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Publishers+vs.+Libraries%3A+An+E-Book+Tug+of+War&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Stross&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Ffor-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+publishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Non-Subsidy_Publishing-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Non-Subsidy_Publishing_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "non-subsidy publisher" is used to distinguish an electronic publisher that uses the traditional method of accepting submissions from authors without payment by the author. It is, therefore, to be distinguished from any form of self-publishing. It is traditional publishing, probably using a non-traditional medium, like electronic, or <a href="/wiki/Publishing_on_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishing on demand">POD</a>. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writing-world.com/publish/esub.shtml">Subsidy Publishing vs. Self-Publishing: What's the Difference?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102042417/http://writing-world.com/publish/esub.shtml">Archived</a> January 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_publishing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Collaborative_play_writing" class="extiw" title="v:Collaborative play writing">Collaborative play writing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/dpub/">W3C Digital Publishing Activity</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebooks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ebooks" title="Template:Ebooks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ebooks" title="Template talk:Ebooks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FictionBook" title="FictionBook">FictionBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">CBR/CBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196904#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/907433/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elektronisches Publizieren"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014363-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electronic publishing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042368">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Édition électronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987996j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Édition électronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987996j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575535">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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