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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="جلام روك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلام روك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlem-rok" title="Qlem-rok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qlem-rok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_Rock" title="Glam Rock – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Glam Rock" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глэм-рок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глэм-рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глем рок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глем рок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_Rock" title="Glam Rock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glam Rock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A4mmrokk" title="Glämmrokk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Glämmrokk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam-roko" title="Glam-roko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glam-roko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="گلم راک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلم راک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%A8_%EB%A1%9D" title="글램 록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글램 록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Գլեմ ռոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլեմ ռոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glysrokk" title="Glysrokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Glysrokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="גלאם רוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלאם רוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glemroks" title="Glemroks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glemroks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamrokas" title="Glamrokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glamrokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глам-рок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глам-рок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamrock" title="Glamrock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glamrock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="グラムロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラムロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamrock" title="Glamrock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glamrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamrock" title="Glamrock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glamrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glem-rok" title="Glem-rok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Glem-rok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глэм-рок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глэм-рок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глам рок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глам рок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamrock" title="Glamrock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glamrock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="แกลมร็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกลมร็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Glam rock" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Глем-рок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глем-рок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%BA%97%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="華麗搖滾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="華麗搖滾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76092#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of rock music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Glam rock</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_music" title="1950s in music">1950s</a> <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1970s, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">glam punk</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Make_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Make up">Make up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">scene (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">visual kei</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Glam rock</b> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s and was primarily defined by the flamboyant clothing, <a href="/wiki/Makeup" class="mw-redirect" title="Makeup">makeup</a>, and hairstyles of its musicians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Platform_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform shoes">platform shoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glitter" title="Glitter">glitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam artists drew on diverse sources, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a> and 1950s <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, and complex <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flamboyant clothing and visual styles of performers were often <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a>, and have been described as playing with other <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Glitter rock</b> was a more extreme version of glam rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Glitter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Glitter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK charts were inundated with glam rock acts from 1971 to 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The March 1971 appearance of <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> on the BBC's music show <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i>—performing "<a href="/wiki/Hot_Love_(T._Rex_song)" title="Hot Love (T. Rex song)">Hot Love</a>"—wearing glitter and satins, is often cited as the beginning of the movement. Other British glam rock artists included <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sweet" title="The Sweet">Sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_(band)" title="Mud (band)">Mud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Stardust" title="Alvin Stardust">Alvin Stardust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Glitter" title="Gary Glitter">Gary Glitter</a>. Though not central to the genre, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> also adopted glam styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the scene was much less prevalent, with <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a> the only American artists to score a hit in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other American glam artists include <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparks_(band)" title="Sparks (band)">Sparks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzi_Quatro" title="Suzi Quatro">Suzi Quatro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jobriath" title="Jobriath">Jobriath</a>. Glam rock declined after the mid-1970s, but influenced other musical genres including <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rock">death rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> movement, which began as an underground fashion subculture movement in nightclubs in the late 1970s before becoming mainstream in the early 80s, was also inspired by the visuals of the glam rock era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David-Bowie_Early.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/170px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/255px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/340px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> as his alter-ego <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(character)" title="Ziggy Stardust (character)">Ziggy Stardust</a> during the 1972–73 <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour" title="Ziggy Stardust Tour">Ziggy Stardust Tour</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Glam rock can be seen as a fashion as well as musical subgenre.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam artists rejected the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> rhetoric of the late 1960s rock scene, instead glorifying <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>, superficiality, and the simple structures of earlier pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-fe_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these characteristics, scholars such as I.Taylor and D. Wall characterised glam rock as "offensive, commercial, and cultural emasculation".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists drew on such musical influences as <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a>, the brash <a href="/wiki/Guitar_riff" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar riff">guitar riffs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>, stomping rhythms, and 1950s <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, filtering them through the <a href="/wiki/Recording_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording technology">recording innovations</a> of the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-fe_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, it became very diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Stardust" title="Alvin Stardust">Alvin Stardust</a> to the complex <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">art pop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its beginning, it was a youth-orientated reaction to the creeping dominance of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept albums</a> – what <i><a href="/wiki/Bomp!" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomp!">Bomp!</a></i> called the "overall denim dullness" of "a deadly boring, prematurely matured music scene".<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visually, it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> glamour, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> theatrics, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a> literary and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">symbolist</a> styles, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, to ancient and occult <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots.<sup id="cite_ref-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam rock is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a>, beside extensive use of theatrics.<sup id="cite_ref-AllmusicGR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was prefigured by the flamboyant English composer <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, especially his 1931 song "<a href="/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_(song)" title="Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)">Mad Dogs and Englishmen</a>", with music writer Daryl Easlea stating, "Noël Coward's influence on people like Bowie, Roxy Music and <a href="/wiki/Cockney_Rebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney Rebel">Cockney Rebel</a> was absolutely immense. It suggested style, artifice and surface were equally as important as depth and substance. <i>Time</i> magazine noted Coward's 'sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise'. It reads like a glam manifesto."<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Showmanship and <a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">gender identity manipulation</a> acts included <a href="/wiki/The_Cockettes" title="The Cockettes">the Cockettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, the latter of which combined glam with <a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">shock rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg/170px-Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg/255px-Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg/340px-Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> of <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a> performing on ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/In_Concert_(American_TV_series)" title="In Concert (American TV series)">In Concert</a></i>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Glam rock emerged from the English <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a> scenes of the late 1960s and can be seen as both an extension of, and a reaction against, those trends.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its origins are associated with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a>, who had renamed his acoustic duo <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a> and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolan was, in the words of music critic <a href="/wiki/Ken_Barnes_(writer)" title="Ken Barnes (writer)">Ken Barnes</a>, "the man who started it all".<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often cited as the moment of inception is Bolan's appearance on the BBC music show <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit (and first UK Number 1 hit), "<a href="/wiki/Hot_Love_(T._Rex_song)" title="Hot Love (T. Rex song)">Hot Love</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> states that Bolan's appearance on <i>Top of the Pops</i> "permitted a generation of teeny-boppers to begin playing with the idea of androgyny".<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T. Rex's 1971 album <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Warrior" title="Electric Warrior">Electric Warrior</a></i> received critical acclaim as a pioneering glam rock album.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, a few months after the release of the album <i><a href="/wiki/Tanx" title="Tanx">Tanx</a></i>, Bolan captured the front cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a></i> magazine with the declaration "Glam rock is dead!"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg/170px-Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg/255px-Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg/340px-Noddy_Holder_-_Slade_-_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noddy_Holder" title="Noddy Holder">Noddy Holder</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Hill_(guitarist)" title="Dave Hill (guitarist)">Dave Hill</a> (left) of <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a>, near the height of their fame in 1973, showing some of the more extreme glam rock fashions</figcaption></figure> <p>From late 1971, already a minor star, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> developed his <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(character)" title="Ziggy Stardust (character)">Ziggy Stardust</a> persona, incorporating elements of professional makeup, mime and performance into his act.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowie, in a 1972 interview in which he noted that other artists described as glam rock were doing different work, said "I think glam rock is a lovely way to categorize me and it's even nicer to be one of the leaders of it".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolan and Bowie were soon followed in the style by acts including <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sweet" title="The Sweet">Sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_(band)" title="Mud (band)">Mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Stardust" title="Alvin Stardust">Alvin Stardust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of glam rock in the UK was such that three glam rock bands had major <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK Singles Chart Christmas number ones">UK Christmas hit singles</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Merry_Xmas_Everybody" title="Merry Xmas Everybody">Merry Xmas Everybody</a>" by Slade, "<a href="/wiki/I_Wish_It_Could_Be_Christmas_Everyday" title="I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday">I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Wizzard" title="Wizzard">Wizzard</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Lonely_This_Christmas" title="Lonely This Christmas">Lonely This Christmas</a>" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam was not only a highly successful trend in UK popular music, it became dominant in other aspects of British popular culture during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A heavier variant of glam rock, emphasising guitar riff centric songs, driving rhythms and live performance with audience participation, were represented by bands like <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>, with later followers such as <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheap_Trick" title="Cheap Trick">Cheap Trick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Riot" title="Quiet Riot">Quiet Riot</a>, some of which either covered Slade compositions (such as "<a href="/wiki/Cum_On_Feel_the_Noize" title="Cum On Feel the Noize">Cum On Feel the Noize</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mama_Weer_All_Crazee_Now" title="Mama Weer All Crazee Now">Mama Weer All Crazee Now</a>") or composed new songs based on Slade templates.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While highly successful in the single charts in the UK (Slade for example had six number one singles), very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the US; David Bowie was the major exception, becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jobriath" title="Jobriath">Jobriath</a>, often known as "glitter rock" and with a darker lyrical content than their British counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p80_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Glitter" title="Gary Glitter">Gary Glitter</a> and the independent band with whom he often performed known as the <a href="/wiki/Glitter_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitter Band">Glitter Band</a>. The Glitter Band and Gary Glitter had between them eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Glitter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Glitter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second wave of glam rock acts, including <a href="/wiki/Suzi_Quatro" title="Suzi Quatro">Suzi Quatro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wood" title="Roy Wood">Roy Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wizzard" title="Wizzard">Wizzard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparks_(band)" title="Sparks (band)">Sparks</a>, had hits on the British single charts in 1973 and 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quatro and T.Rex directly inspired the pioneering Los Angeles based all-girl group <a href="/wiki/The_Runaways" title="The Runaways">The Runaways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> and, for a time, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p72_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p72-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After seeing Marc Bolan wearing <a href="/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes" title="Zandra Rhodes">Zandra Rhodes</a>-designed outfits, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> enlisted Rhodes to design costumes for the next Queen tour in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a>, in part a reaction to the artifice of glam rock, but using some elements of the genre, including makeup and involving cover versions of glam rock records,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p80_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg/220px-Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg/330px-Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg/440px-Boy_George_At_Ronnie_Scotts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>A figure in the <a href="/wiki/New_romantic" class="mw-redirect" title="New romantic">new romantic</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Boy_George" title="Boy George">Boy George</a> of <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a> (performing in 2001) was influenced by glam rock icons Bolan and Bowie.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While glam rock was exclusively a British cultural phenomenon, with Steven Wells in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> writing "Americans only got glam second hand via the posh Bowie version", covers of British glam rock classics are now piped-muzak staples at US sporting events.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam rock was a background influence for <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien" title="Richard O'Brien">Richard O'Brien</a>, writer of the 1973 London musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although glam rock went into a steep decline in popularity in the UK in the second half of the 1970s, it had a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later, including <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> acts like <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Riot" title="Quiet Riot">Quiet Riot</a>, <a href="/wiki/W.A.S.P._(band)" title="W.A.S.P. (band)">W.A.S.P.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Sister" title="Twisted Sister">Twisted Sister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratt" title="Ratt">Ratt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> acts in the UK such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants" title="Adam and the Ants">Adam and the Ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls" title="A Flock of Seagulls">A Flock of Seagulls</a> extended glam, and its androgyny and sexual politics were picked up by acts including <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronski_Beat" title="Bronski Beat">Bronski Beat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood" title="Frankie Goes to Hollywood">Frankie Goes to Hollywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p79_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> was largely informed by the makeup, clothes, theatricality and sound of glam, and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> adopted some of the performance and persona-creating tendencies of glam, as well as the genre's emphasis on pop-art qualities and simple but powerful instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p80_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wax figure of a red-haired man with a gold "astral sphere" across his forehead." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/255px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/340px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4805" data-file-height="6120" /></a><figcaption>Wax figure of Bowie at <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Glam rock has been influential around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">visual kei</a> was strongly influenced by glam rock aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glam rock has since enjoyed continued influence and sporadic modest revivals in R&B crossover act <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placebo_(band)" title="Placebo (band)">Placebo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_Kittens" title="Chainsaw Kittens">Chainsaw Kittens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacehog" title="Spacehog">Spacehog</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)" title="The Darkness (band)">the Darkness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has inspired pop artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enduring_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enduring-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Its self-conscious embrace of fame and ego continues to reverberate through pop music decades after the death of its prototypical superstar, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> of T. Rex, in 1977. As an elastic concept rather than a fixed stratosphere of '70s personalities, it is even equipped to survive the loss of its most enduring artist, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Judy Berman writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a></i> in 2016, <i>From Bowie to Gaga: How Glam Rock Lives On</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enduring_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enduring-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_the_LGBT_community">Relationship to the LGBT community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship to the LGBT community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The glam rock scene that emerged in early 1970s London included numerous openly bisexual musicians, including Queen's Freddie Mercury, Elton John, and David Bowie.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>'s Claudia Perry felt that "Glam rock was a queer paradise of sorts. Watching <a href="/wiki/Mick_Ronson" title="Mick Ronson">Mick Ronson</a> and Bowie frolic onstage gave hope to every queer kid in the world. John's flamboyancy was also of great comfort. Marc Bolan of T. Rex is still the subject of speculation (a friend who worked at Creem remembers him coming on to just about everyone when he came through Detroit, but this clearly isn't definitive)." Glam also rock helped to normalise androgynous fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jobriath, the rock scene's first openly gay star, was also part of the glam rock scene.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glam rock hits "<a href="/wiki/Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)" title="Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)">Walk on the Wild Side</a>" by Lou Reed and "<a href="/wiki/Rebel_Rebel" title="Rebel Rebel">Rebel Rebel</a>" by David Bowie also brought attention to non-heteronormative situations in the world of rock.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When discussing "Rebel Rebel", Tim Bowers of <i>The New York Times</i> recalls that "glam's vocals had a fruity theatricality, supporting lyrics that presented as a boast: "Your mother can't tell if you're a boy or a girl." Glam was butch and femme at once: bisexuality in sound."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Rocky Horror Show</i>, soundtracked by primarily glam rock, was a keystone of LGBTQ media in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A song from the show, "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Transvestite" title="Sweet Transvestite">Sweet Transvestite</a>", was noted as "the first big, glam rock aria of the musical" and that glam rock "was a <a href="/wiki/Queering" title="Queering">queering</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camping</a>) of the genre of rock music" in the book <i>Trans Representations in Contemporary, Popular Cinema</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical <i>Hedwig and the Angry Inch</i> from 2001 also used glam rock to tell the story of a <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> gone awry. In discussing why glam rock was used for Hedwig, the article goes on to say "by showcasing a more fluid approach to gender expression, glam rock artists like David Bowie, Marc Bolan, and Freddie Mercury became icons for the LGBTQ+ community. They helped pave the way for greater acceptance and understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movies that reflect glam rock aesthetics include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a>'s documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Boogie" title="Born to Boogie">Born to Boogie</a></i> (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sweet" title="The Sweet">The Sweet</a>'s BBC documentary <i>All That Glitters</i> (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Paradise" title="Phantom of the Paradise">Phantom of the Paradise</a></i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p63_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p63-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Glitter" title="Gary Glitter">Gary Glitter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Remember_Me_This_Way_(film)" title="Remember Me This Way (film)">Remember Me This Way</a></i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander2006p63_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander2006p63-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Slade_in_Flame" title="Slade in Flame">Slade in Flame</a></i> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Too_Young_to_Rock" title="Never Too Young to Rock">Never Too Young to Rock</a></i> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beresford" title="Bruce Beresford">Bruce Beresford</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Side_by_Side_(1975_film)" title="Side by Side (1975 film)">Side by Side</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)" title="Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (film)">Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars: The Motion Picture</a></i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Haynes" title="Todd Haynes">Todd Haynes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Goldmine" title="Velvet Goldmine">Velvet Goldmine</a></i> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_and_the_Angry_Inch_(film)" title="Hedwig and the Angry Inch (film)">Hedwig and the Angry Inch</a></i> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kieran Turner's <i><a href="/wiki/Jobriath_A.D." title="Jobriath A.D.">Jobriath A.D.</a></i> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glam_rock_artists" title="List of glam rock artists">List of glam rock artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attitudeclothing.co.uk/blog/glam-rock-style-guide/">"Glam Rock Style Guide"</a>. <i>attitudeclothing.co.uk</i>. 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=attitudeclothing.co.uk&rft.atitle=Glam+Rock+Style+Guide&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.attitudeclothing.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fglam-rock-style-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224412/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html">"Glam Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encarta&rft.atitle=Glam+Rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fdictionary_561509274%2Fglam_rock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBess_Korey2010" class="citation web cs1">Bess Korey (16 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921020304/https://girlsinthegarage.wordpress.com/2010/07/16/the-sirens-and-70s-female-glam-rockers/">"The Sirens and '70s Female Glam Rockers"</a>. <i>girlsinthegarage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://girlsinthegarage.wordpress.com/2010/07/16/the-sirens-and-70s-female-glam-rockers/">the original</a> on 21 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=girlsinthegarage&rft.atitle=The+Sirens+and+%2770s+Female+Glam+Rockers&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.au=Bess+Korey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgirlsinthegarage.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F07%2F16%2Fthe-sirens-and-70s-female-glam-rockers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/glam-rock-ma0000002619">"Glam Rock | Significant Albums, Artists and Songs"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Glam+Rock+%26%23124%3B+Significant+Albums%2C+Artists+and+Songs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fglam-rock-ma0000002619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P._Auslander,_2006_pp._57,_63_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auslander, <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i> (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7">0-472-06868-7</a>, pp. 57, 63, 87 and 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1995" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Simon (1995). <i>The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion, and Rock n' Roll</i>. 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Erlewine, <i>All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul</i> (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslander2006" class="citation book cs1">Auslander, Philip (2006). <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i>. 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Inglis, ed., <i>Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06868-7">0-472-06868-7</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuker2005pp124-5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuker2005pp124-5_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. 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Retrieved 26 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/gary-glitter-written-out-of-glam-rock-history-in-favour-of-no-l-coward-8911627.html">"Box-set billed as the definitive guide to Seventies music genre has further ostracised its disgraced former star"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 15 September 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gay+Times&rft.atitle=The+tragedy+of+Jobriath%2C+the+world%27s+first+openly+gay+rock+star&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Megarry&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaytimes.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fthe-tragedy-of-jobriath-the-worlds-first-openly-gay-rock-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinav2019" class="citation web cs1">Einav, Dan (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/lola.html">"Lola — The Kinks' 1970 hit was controversial for its risqué lyrics, and its reference to a soft drink"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919030055/https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/lola.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Lola+%E2%80%94+The+Kinks%27+1970+hit+was+controversial+for+its+risqu%C3%A9+lyrics%2C+and+its+reference+to+a+soft+drink&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.aulast=Einav&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fig.ft.com%2Flife-of-a-song%2Flola.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2016" class="citation web cs1">Farber, Jim (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107015723/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/fashion/mens-style/growing-up-gay-glam-rock-queen-bowie-freddie-mercury.html">"Growing up gay to a glam rock soundtrack"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/fashion/mens-style/growing-up-gay-glam-rock-queen-bowie-freddie-mercury.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Growing+up+gay+to+a+glam+rock+soundtrack&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F04%2Ffashion%2Fmens-style%2Fgrowing-up-gay-glam-rock-queen-bowie-freddie-mercury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2023" class="citation web cs1">Roach, Jackie (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.com/stories/159acb4ce570425d9d070b5d0f55a5ff.html">"The Rocky Horror Picture Show's Impact on Queer Communities"</a>. <i>Storymaps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storymaps&rft.atitle=The+Rocky+Horror+Picture+Show%27s+Impact+on+Queer+Communities&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.com%2Fstories%2F159acb4ce570425d9d070b5d0f55a5ff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonSmith2022" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Niall; Smith, Frances (23 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dcx0EAAAQBAJ"><i>Trans Representations in Contemporary, Popular Cinema: The Transgender Tipping Point</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-61877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-61877-8"><bdi>978-1-000-61877-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans+Representations+in+Contemporary%2C+Popular+Cinema%3A+The+Transgender+Tipping+Point&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-000-61877-8&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft.au=Smith%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcx0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzzanti2023" class="citation web cs1">Guzzanti, Flor (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockandart.org/hedwig-and-the-angry-inch-gender-identity/">"Hedwig And The Angry Inch: Celebrating 22 Years Of Glam Rock And Gender Identity"</a>. <i>rockandart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rockandart.org&rft.atitle=Hedwig+And+The+Angry+Inch%3A+Celebrating+22+Years+Of+Glam+Rock+And+Gender+Identity&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft.aulast=Guzzanti&rft.aufirst=Flor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockandart.org%2Fhedwig-and-the-angry-inch-gender-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auslander, <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i> (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-bbc-have-released-some-archive-footage-of-the-sweet-and-its-pure-glam-magic">"The BBC have released some archive footage of The Sweet and it's pure glam magic"</a>. <i>Louder Sound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louder+Sound&rft.atitle=The+BBC+have+released+some+archive+footage+of+The+Sweet+and+it%27s+pure+glam+magic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loudersound.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-bbc-have-released-some-archive-footage-of-the-sweet-and-its-pure-glam-magic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander2006p63-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p63_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auslander2006p63_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auslander, <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i> (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002 Europa International Who's Who in Popular Music</i> (Abingdon: Routledge, 4th edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-161-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-161-8">1-85743-161-8</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/filmprogramme/filmprogramme_20070406.shtml">"On The Film Programme this week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Film_Programme" title="The Film Programme">The Film Programme</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Film+Programme&rft.atitle=On+The+Film+Programme+this+week&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Farts%2Ffilmprogramme%2Ffilmprogramme_20070406.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Hunt, <i>British Low Culture: From Safari suits to Sexploitation</i> (Abdindon: Routledge, 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415151821" title="Special:BookSources/0415151821">0415151821</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auslander, <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i> (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auslander, <i>Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music</i> (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4057-4">0-7546-4057-4</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2001" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (20 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/movies/film-review-betwixt-between-on-a-glam-frontier.html">"FILM REVIEW; Betwixt, Between on a Glam Frontier"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FILM+REVIEW%3B+Betwixt%2C+Between+on+a+Glam+Frontier&rft.date=2001-07-20&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F07%2F20%2Fmovies%2Ffilm-review-betwixt-between-on-a-glam-frontier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2001" class="citation web cs1">Emerson, Jim (3 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hedwig-and-the-angry-inch-2001">"Hedwig and the Angry Inch Movie Review (2001)"</a>. Roger Ebert<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedwig+and+the+Angry+Inch+Movie+Review+%282001%29&rft.pub=Roger+Ebert&rft.date=2001-08-03&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fhedwig-and-the-angry-inch-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravers2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Travers, Peter (20 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/hedwig-and-the-angry-inch-20010706">"Hedwig and the Angry Inch | Movie Reviews"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Hedwig+and+the+Angry+Inch+%26%23124%3B+Movie+Reviews&rft.date=2001-07-20&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmovies%2Freviews%2Fhedwig-and-the-angry-inch-20010706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2012" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Kieran (19 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kieran-turner/jobriath-ad_b_1687315.html">"Jobriath A.D.: His Time Has Come"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Jobriath+A.D.%3A+His+Time+Has+Come&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fkieran-turner%2Fjobriath-ad_b_1687315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlam+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapman, Ian and Johnson, Henry. (eds) <i>Global Glam and Popular Music: Style and Spectacle from the 1970s to the 2000s</i>. New York: Routledge, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138821767" title="Special:BookSources/9781138821767">9781138821767</a></li> <li>Rock, Mick, <i>Glam! An Eyewitness Account</i> Omnibus Press, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84609-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84609-149-7">1-84609-149-7</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Simon <i>Shock and Awe: Glam Rock and Its Legacy, from the Seventies to the Twenty-first Century</i> Day Street Press, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062279804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062279804">978-0062279804</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glam_rock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doremi.co.uk/glam/">A Biased History of UK Glam Rock</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by<br />decade of origin<br /><span class="nobold">(sub-subgenres <br />not included)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_rock" title="Cello rock">Cello rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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