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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Émile Roux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بيير بول إميل رو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير بول إميل رو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="پیر پاول امیل روکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر پاول امیل روکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%EB%A3%A8" title="에밀 루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에밀 루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Պիեռ Պոլ Էմիլ Ռու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Պոլ Էմիլ Ռու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بيير بول اميل رو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير بول اميل رو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ру, Пьер Поль Эмиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ру, Пьер Поль Эмиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Emile Roux – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Paul Emile Roux" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjer_Pol_Emil_Ru" title="Pjer Pol Emil Ru – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pjer Pol Emil Ru" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Émile Roux" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83" title="Еміль Ру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еміль Ру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286440#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French physician (1853–1933)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Émile Roux</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/200px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/300px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg/400px-Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1554" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Roux (c. 1900)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1853<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1853-12-17</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Confolens" title="Confolens">Confolens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1933<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1933-11-04</span>)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a><br />anti-<a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1917)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Paul Émile Roux</b> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">FRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (17 December 1853 – 3 November 1933)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a>. Roux was one of the closest collaborators of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1822–1895), a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a>, and responsible for the institute's production of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a>, the first effective therapy for this disease. Additionally, he investigated <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowl_cholera" title="Fowl cholera">chicken-cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Roux is regarded as a founder of the field of <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roux was born in <a href="/wiki/Confolens" title="Confolens">Confolens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>. It is believed that Roux had a fatherless childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his <a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">baccalaureate</a> in sciences in 1871 and started his studies in 1872 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auvergne" title="University of Auvergne">Medical School of Clermont-Ferrand</a>. He worked initially as a student assistant in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> at the Faculty of Sciences, under <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Duclaux" title="Émile Duclaux">Émile Duclaux</a>. From 1874 to 1878, he continued his studies in Paris and was admitted as clinical assistant at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Paris">Hôtel-Dieu</a>. Between 1874 and 1877, Roux received a fellowship for the Military School at <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce" title="Val-de-Grâce">Val-de-Grâce</a>, but quit it after failing to present his dissertation in due time. It is also believed that Roux may have been dismissed from the military for some form of insubordination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, he started to work as an assistant to the course on fermentation given by his patron Duclaux at the Sorbonne University.<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878, Pierre Paul Emile Roux married Rose Anna Shedlock in London, but it was kept a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shedlock was a historical figure in her own right, being one of the first women medical students in Britain and Europe. Shedlock met Roux while both were in medical school in Paris. Shedlock died in 1879 of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> within days of Roux performing his critical experiments on chicken cholera vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an inaccurate biography, Roux's niece stated that Shedlock contracted tuberculosis from Roux. However, this is unlikely, given that Shedlock had symptoms before marrying Roux.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his niece, Roux allegedly believed that marriage was an opportunity for women to satisfy their "deepest aspirations," while for men it was "mutilation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_with_Pasteur">Work with Pasteur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work with Pasteur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duclaux recommended Roux to Louis Pasteur, who was looking for assistants, and Roux joined Pasteur's laboratory as a research assistant from 1878 to 1883 at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> in Paris. When Roux first began his career with Pasteur, he started as an animal <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculator</a>. He performed well in the technical tasks, and became more involved with research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roux began his research on the microbiological causation of diseases, and in this capacity worked with Pasteur on <a href="/wiki/Avian_cholera" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian cholera">avian cholera</a> (1879–1880) and <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> (1879–1890), and was involved in the famous experiment on anthrax <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> of animals at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pouilly-le-Fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pouilly-le-Fort (page does not exist)">Pouilly-le-Fort</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-le-Fort" class="extiw" title="fr:Pouilly-le-Fort">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this vaccination experiment, Roux and Charles Chamberland injected 25 sheep with their anthrax vaccine, and the other 25 were unvaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few weeks later, all 50 sheep were injected with the anthrax bacillus. When it was clear that all 25 vaccinated sheep would survive, and all 25 unvaccinated sheep would die, Pasteur arrived to great fanfare. </p><p>Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux were sometimes in disagreement in their approach to disease. Pasteur was an experimental scientist, whereas Roux was more focused on clinical medicine. They also held different religious and political beliefs, with Pasteur being a right- leaning Catholic, and Roux being a left-leaning atheist. Given their many differences, they clashed often as they worked towards vaccines against <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>. The main issues between Roux and Pasteur regarded the ethics of <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">human experimentation</a>, specifically, the amount of evidence from animal experimentation needed in order to justify giving the rabies vaccine to humans. Roux was more reluctant to give the vaccine to humans without further evidence that it was safe in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, he presented a doctoral dissertation in medicine titled <i>Des Nouvelles Acquisitions sur la Rage</i>, in which he described his research on <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> with Pasteur since 1881, which led to the development of the first vaccination against this fearsome disease. Roux discovered the idea of intracranial transmission of rabies, which paved the road for many more Pastorian milestones in research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roux was now recognized as an expert in the nascent sciences of medical microbiology and immunology. With Pasteur's other assistants (<a href="/wiki/Edmond_Nocard" title="Edmond Nocard">Edmond Nocard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thuillier" title="Louis Thuillier">Louis Thuillier</a>, who died while in Alexandria after contracting the disease, and Straus), Roux traveled in 1883 to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to study a human <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak there, but they were unable to find the <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> for the disease, which was later discovered in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> (1843–1910).<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883 and for the following 40 years, Émile Roux became closely involved with the creation of what was to become the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a>. Roux is known for developing the concept of combining development, research, and application in a specialized hospital. The most distinctive feature of the Pasteur Hospital was free access to medical care. The hospital was also known for being very hygienic for the time period.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divided his time between biomedical research and administrative duties. In 1888, an important year in his career, he accepted the position of Director of Services, joined the editorial board of the <i>Annales de l’Institut Pasteur</i>, and established the first regular course on microbiological technique, which would become extremely influential in the training of many important French and foreign researchers and physicians in <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pasteur_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasteur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diphtheria_research">Diphtheria research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diphtheria research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of a diphtheria anti-toxin serum was a race between researchers <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a> in Berlin, and Émile Roux in Paris. They both developed it nearly simultaneously. However, the serum was marketed differently in each country. In Germany, the serum was marketed in a private business setting, whereas in France, the serum was distributed through a communal health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The race to develop the <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> anti-toxin serum was considered a national rivalry, although each team of researchers adopted each other's experimental practices and built off of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a controversy, the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine</a> was given to Emil Von Behring for his work on the serum therapy for diphtheria. Roux had been nominated in 1888 for the isolation of the diphtheria toxin, but didn't win the prize in 1901 because his discovery was deemed to be too "old." Over the years, Roux came close to the Nobel Prize but never won.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1883, Roux published, with <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Yersin" title="Alexandre Yersin">Alexandre Yersin</a>, the first of his classical works on the causation of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Klebs-Loeffler_bacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebs-Loeffler bacillus">Klebs-Loeffler bacillus</a>, then an extremely prevalent and lethal disease, particularly among children. <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">Diphtheria</a> is contagious microbial disease marked by throat lesions, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">polyneuritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, and collapse. He studied its toxin and its properties, and began in 1891 to develop an effective serum to treat the disease, following the demonstration, by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a> (1854–1917) and <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> (1852–1931) that <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> against the diphtheric toxin could be produced in animals. He successfully demonstrated the use of this antitoxin with <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chaillou" title="Auguste Chaillou">Auguste Chaillou</a> in a study with 300 diseased children in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_Enfants-Malades" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôpital des Enfants-Malades">Hôpital des Enfants-Malades</a> and was henceforth hailed as a scientific hero in medical congresses throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_research_and_later_years">Other research and later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other research and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following years, Roux dedicated himself indefatigably to many investigations on the microbiology and practical immunology of <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1900. In 1904, he was nominated to Pasteur's former position as General Director of the Pasteur Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, he moved to a small apartment in the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur Hospital">Pasteur Hospital</a>, where he died on 3 November 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1917, he received the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> for his outstanding achievements in research.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/293366_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="293366 Roux">293366 Roux</a>, discovered by French amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Christophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Christophe">Bernard Christophe</a> in 2007, was named in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_293001%E2%80%93294000#366" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 293001–294000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 12 March 2017 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 103971</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roux_culture_bottle" title="Roux culture bottle">Roux culture bottle</a>, a flask for culturing cells, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-kale2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kale2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau,_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An injection against croup at the Hôpital Trousseau [fr] in Paris, with Roux observing, by P.A.A. Brouillet in 1893"><img alt="An injection against croup at the Hôpital Trousseau [fr] in Paris, with Roux observing, by P.A.A. Brouillet in 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg/339px-An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg/508px-An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg/678px-An_injection_against_croup_at_the_H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau%2C_Paris._Wellcome_V0006764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5292" data-file-height="4092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An injection against <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_Trousseau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital Trousseau (page does not exist)">Hôpital Trousseau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Armand-Trousseau" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital Armand-Trousseau">fr</a>]</span> in Paris, with Roux observing, by P.A.A. Brouillet in 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dr. Emile Roux, Albert Edelfelt, 1896"><img alt="Dr. Emile Roux, Albert Edelfelt, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg/181px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg/272px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg/363px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dr. Emile Roux</i>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a>, 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Marsan,_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux,_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Office in 1906"><img alt="Office in 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paul_Marsan%2C_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux%2C_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg/388px-Paul_Marsan%2C_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux%2C_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paul_Marsan%2C_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux%2C_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg/582px-Paul_Marsan%2C_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux%2C_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Paul_Marsan%2C_dit_Dornac_-_Docteur_%C3%89mile_Roux%2C_M%C3%A9decin_Et_Biologiste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Office in 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 340px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 338px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_(1906)_-_Veloso_Salgado_(Sala_dos_Actos,_FCM-UNL).png" class="mw-file-description" title="18th and 19th Century Medicine by Veloso Salgado in 1906, Pasteur at the center and Roux kneeling in front with the rabbit"><img alt="18th and 19th Century Medicine by Veloso Salgado in 1906, Pasteur at the center and Roux kneeling in front with the rabbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png/507px-Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png/761px-Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png/1014px-Medicina_dos_S%C3%A9culos_XVIII_e_XIX_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado_%28Sala_dos_Actos%2C_FCM-UNL%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4666" data-file-height="2412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>18th and 19th Century Medicine</i> by <a href="/wiki/Veloso_Salgado" title="Veloso Salgado">Veloso Salgado</a> in 1906, Pasteur at the center and Roux kneeling in front with the rabbit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friendly caricature of members of the Academy of Medicine designed by Hector Moloch [fr] and published in the journal Chanteclair in 1910"><img alt="Friendly caricature of members of the Academy of Medicine designed by Hector Moloch [fr] and published in the journal Chanteclair in 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg/180px-Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg/270px-Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Dr._Emile_Roux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friendly caricature of members of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine" title="Académie Nationale de Médecine">Academy of Medicine</a> designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hector_Moloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hector Moloch (page does not exist)">Hector Moloch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Moloch" class="extiw" title="fr:Hector Moloch">fr</a>]</span> and published in the journal <i>Chanteclair</i> in 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_(1926-27_Microbe_Hunters).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roux, unknown date"><img alt="Roux, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg/220px-Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg/330px-Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg/440px-Pierre_Paul_Emile_Roux_%281926-27_Microbe_Hunters%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roux, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15-11-13,_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel,_William_Martin,_Emile_Roux,_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9,_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="25th anniversary of the Pasteur Institute on 15 November 1913"><img alt="25th anniversary of the Pasteur Institute on 15 November 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg/362px-15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg/543px-15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg/724px-15-11-13%2C_25e_anniversaire_de_l%27Institut_Pasteur_cort%C3%A8ge_officiel%2C_William_Martin%2C_Emile_Roux%2C_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9%2C_Ren%C3%A9_Vallery-Radot_et_Antonin_Dubost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">25th anniversary of the Pasteur Institute on 15 November 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89mile_Roux_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roux in 1927"><img alt="Roux in 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C3%89mile_Roux_1927.jpg/216px-%C3%89mile_Roux_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/%C3%89mile_Roux_1927.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roux in 1927</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rsp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsp_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.1934.0005">"Pierre Paul Emile Roux. 1853-1933"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" 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Kaleta (2006): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiabiotech.com/10/1014/0717_0725.pdf">A Brief History, Modes of Spread and Impact of Fowl Plague Viruses</a>". <i>Asia-Pacific Biotech News</i>, volume 10, issue 14, pages 717-725. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0219030306001236">10.1142/S0219030306001236</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809163108/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Colleagues/biographies/pierre-paul-emile-roux-1853-1933.html">English biography of Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a>. Pasteur Brewing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041226221707/http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/biblio/bibliogr/roux.html#7">Bibliography of P.P.E. Roux</a>. Pasteur Institute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Kruif" title="Paul de Kruif">Paul de Kruif</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221187/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Microbe Hunters</i></a> (Blue Ribbon Books) Harcourt Brace & Company Inc., New York 1926: ch. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286440#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122757221">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2480764">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/136664/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmJyQC7vQhGFYf3P8Qv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117597929">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84805383">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011715v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011715v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091761&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p170115895">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690928605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352259305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/394749">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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