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href="#Alleged_American_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Alleged American funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_American_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spiegel_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spiegel_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The Spiegel affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Spiegel_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_confrontation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_confrontation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism and confrontation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_confrontation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and confrontation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_confrontation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_SDS_Anti-Springer_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_SDS_Anti-Springer_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The SDS Anti-Springer campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_SDS_Anti-Springer_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Brandt_and_Ostpolitik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Brandt_and_Ostpolitik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Opposition to Brandt and Ostpolitik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_to_Brandt_and_Ostpolitik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposition to Brandt and Ostpolitik subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Brandt_and_Ostpolitik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandt's_Kniefall_von_Warschau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandt's_Kniefall_von_Warschau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Brandt's Kniefall von Warschau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandt's_Kniefall_von_Warschau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friend_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friend_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Friend of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friend_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Axel Springer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="أكسل شبرنغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكسل شبرنغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_%C5%9Epringer" title="Aksel Şpringer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aksel Şpringer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="اکسل اشپرینگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسل اشپرینگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EC%85%80_%EC%8A%88%ED%94%84%EB%A7%81%EC%96%B4" title="악셀 슈프링어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악셀 슈프링어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="אקסל שפרינגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקסל שפרינגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="اكسل شبرنجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكسل شبرنجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аксель Шпрингер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аксель Шпрингер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="アクセル・シュプリンガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクセル・シュプリンガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шпрингер, Аксель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шпрингер, Аксель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Axel Springer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аксель Шпрінгер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аксель Шпрінгер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC" title="阿克塞爾·施普林格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the publishing house, see <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Axel Springer SE</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Axel Springer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Axel_Springer_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Axel_Springer_1966.jpg/220px-Axel_Springer_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Axel_Springer_1966.jpg/330px-Axel_Springer_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Axel_Springer_1966.jpg/440px-Axel_Springer_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1121" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Springer in 1966</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Axel Cäsar Springer</div> (1912-05-02)2 May 1912 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona, Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1985(1985-09-22) (aged 73) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Business, publishing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Martha Else Meyer (1933–1938, divorced) Erna Frieda Berta Holm (1939–?, divorced) <a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Springer" title="Rosemarie Springer">Rosemarie Alsen</a> (née <a href="/wiki/Werner_Lorenz" title="Werner Lorenz">Lorenz</a>) (1953–1961, divorced) Helga Alsen (née Ludewig) (1962–?, divorced) <a href="/wiki/Friede_Springer" title="Friede Springer">Friede Springer</a> (1978–1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Lorenz" title="Werner Lorenz">Werner Lorenz</a> (father-in-law)</td></tr></tbody></table> Axel Cäsar Springer (2 May 1912 – 22 September 1985) was a German publisher and founder of what is now <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Axel Springer SE</a>, the largest media publishing firm in Europe. By the early 1960s his print titles dominated the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> daily press market. His <a href="/wiki/Bild_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bild Zeitung">Bild Zeitung</a> became the nation's tabloid. In the late 1960s, Springer entered into confrontation with the emergent <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. Hostile coverage of student protests and a continuing rightward drift in editorial comment were met with boycotts and printing-press blockades, and later in 1972 with the bombing of the company offices by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> (the "Baader Meinhof Gang"). In the late 1970s, exposés of journalistic malpractice by the investigative reporter <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wallraff" title="Günter Wallraff">Günter Wallraff</a> led to Press Council reprimands. Sometimes referred to as Germany's <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-local.de-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirchick_1-2">[2]</a> Springer, with counter suits and minor divestments, was able to ride out public criticism of his editorial ethics and market dominance. Springer engaged in private diplomacy in Moscow in 1958 and, with greater recognition, in Jerusalem in 1966 and 1967. In addition to promotion and defence of the values of the "Western family of nations" and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, Springer declared "reconciliation of Jews and Germans and support for the vital rights of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>" to be a leitmotif of his company's journalism.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_under_the_Hitler_regime">Career under the Hitler regime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career under the Hitler regime">edit</a>]</div> Axel Caesar Springer was born 2 May 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, a borough of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, the son Ottilie (née Müller)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrich_Springer" class="extiw" title="de:Hinrich Springer">Hinrich Springer</a>. The senior Springer owned a small printing and publishing firm, Hammerich & Lesser-Verla, and was the treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a><a href="#cite_note-LeftWingLiberal-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (Deutsche Demokratische Partei).<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> After being apprenticed as a compositor he worked on his father’s paper, Altonaer Nachrichten. Following <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's assumption of untrammeled power</a> in 1933, new press ordinances made Springer directly accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Ministry of Propaganda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> although as editor of the sports and business pages he may have remained relatively free of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi-party</a> dictation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerr2-9">[9]</a> After paper shortages shut the daily in 1941, he stayed with the firm printing literary works until <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Allied air raids</a> in 1944 destroyed both the business premises and the family home.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Notwithstanding its vilification by the Nazis, Springer was a <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> enthusiast. He played with the possibility of a career in music. His model was the Austrian tenor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tauber" title="Richard Tauber">Richard Tauber</a>, a star of both film and operatic stage who, having a Jewish parent, was also deprecated by the regime.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1933, Springer married Martha Else Meyer, whose father (like Tauber's) was Jewish. They divorced in 1938. While the divorce papers list Springer's infidelity as grounds (he would have five wives over the course of his 73 years), by 1938 it was clear that his marriage to a person classified, under the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">new race laws</a>, as a "half-Jew", a <a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischling</a>, would bar him as an editor and publisher.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirchick-13">[13]</a> Springer would later support both Meyer and her mother, who survived the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt Ghetto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avidan-14">[14]</a> Springer later commented: "I cannot say I didn't know what was happening. In 1933 I stood on the <a href="/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm" title="Kurfürstendamm">Kurfürstendamm</a> in Berlin and watched <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Nazi Storm Troopers</a> beating up old Jews. I was a young man, and I couldn't do anything about it. But I never forgot it".<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> In 1934, Springer joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">National Socialist Motorist Corps</a> (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps, NSKK). He later claimed that this was to secure "a Nazi-uniformed buffer" for his family "in an organization that did not make any major ideological commitments and that allowed politics to be combined with the motorsport that I loved so much.”<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Other NSKK members who would go on to occupy prominent positions in the post-war <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1990)">Federal Republic</a> offered similar careerist explanations, among them Springer's future rival in publishing <a href="/wiki/Franz_Burda" title="Franz Burda">Franz Burda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> who was to lead <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>'s ruling <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a>, and (a purportedly inactive party member)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a>, West Germany's third <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> Contrary to their picture of a relatively "apolitical" motorist club, the NSKK was a paramilitary organisation,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> implicated in the regime's racist policy of exclusion and discrimination (it screened its members for <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> traits) and in the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">pogroms of 1938</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_press_lord">German press lord</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German press lord">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Hörzu_to_Bild_and_Die_Welt">From Hörzu to Bild and Die Welt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From Hörzu to Bild and Die Welt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_(Kiel_65.395).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg/290px-Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg/435px-Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg/580px-Verleihung_der_Fritz-Schumacher-Medaille_durch_die_F.V.S._Stiftung_%28Kiel_65.395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Springer (left) in 1974</figcaption></figure> After the war, in 1946, Springer founded his own publishing company, Axel Springer GmbH, in Hamburg publishing the radio (and later TV) listings magazine Hörzu. Never having worn a uniform (thanks to asthma and diabetes) or been a member of the Nazi party (from which, by virtue of his marriage to Martha Meyer, he would have been excluded),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Springer was able to obtain from the British occupation authorities a license to run a newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-Avidan-14">[14]</a> His first daily was the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Abendblatt" title="Hamburger Abendblatt">Hamburger Abendblatt</a>. Competing in Hamburg with the five other dailies, Springer offered a paper he described as "geared to the underdog and the little man", and perfected a formula he launched on the national market in 1952 with <a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild Zeitung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> Fed a tabloid mix of sensation, scandal, celebrity, sports and horoscopes, the Bild readership peaked in the mid-1960s at 4.5 million. It had the largest circulation of any newspaper in Western Europe or North America. Bild allowed Springer the luxury of his 1953 acquisition, the national broadsheet Die Welt, a loss maker but a rival to the <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspapers of record</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1956, from the Jewish family to which it had been restored after the war, Springer took a 26% share in the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein publishing house</a> in Berlin. He became the majority shareholder at the end of 1959 acquiring, among other titles, the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Morgenpost" title="Berliner Morgenpost">Berliner Morgenpost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Springer celebrated Ullstein as having been, in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">the Weimar years</a>, the symbol of a Jewish-German liberal-democratic tradition, but his critics were to note, in line with Die Welt and Bild, a decisive rightward shift in editorial policy.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zehrer_and_the_approach_to_Moscow">Zehrer and the approach to Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zehrer and the approach to Moscow">edit</a>]</div> Springer's choice as chief editor for Die Welt was controversial. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Hans Zehrer</a> was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> of 1920, and in the last <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar years</a> had been the editor of the nationalist and anti-republican journal <a href="/wiki/Die_Tat" title="Die Tat">Die Tat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1946, he had been removed from the then British-controlled Die Welt after protests from <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Britain's Labour government</a> and from the Social Democrats then governing Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At Die Welt Springer allowed Zehrer to entertain the idea of an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian solution</a> for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Muller-26">[26]</a> In 1955, Austria had regained its unity and independence through a four-power agreement guaranteeing the country's non-alignment and neutrality. In January 1958, Springer travelled with Zehrer to Moscow. Before departing he told to a reporter: "I know very well that there are people who consider me naïve. But I believe in reunification within five years." In addition to permanent German neutrality, Springer was proposing a nuclear-free Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keil-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> kept Springer and Zehrer waiting sixteen days for an interview. It did not go well, and cannot have been helped by Springer seeking to convince the Soviet premier of the advantages not only of German neutrality but also of West Germany's <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kruip-30">[30]</a> The Russians, like the Americans, viewed their strategic position in Germany as indispensable. Neutrality was not an option. Springer was to describe the trip as the "central political event of my life", convincing him that there was no alternative to <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>'s Westbindung: to discount Communist overtures and to persevere with the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic alliance.</a><a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> On his return he forbad any criticism of the western allies, whether it was of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">British in Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">French in Algeria</a>, or the Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait</a>, because "we need them in Berlin".<a href="#cite_note-Poscenzsky-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_American_funding">Alleged American funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alleged American funding">edit</a>]</div> There are questions as to how, in the lean post-war years, Springer was able to finance so large and rapid an expansion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> He operated without partners; even after currency reform in 1948, for a relative upstart bank credit would have been difficult to come by; and his first stock for public subscription was not issued until months before his death in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There were rumours that Springer, in the early post war years, was the beneficiary of covert U.S. efforts to shape and direct public opinion in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blum-35">[35]</a> According to the American investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Waas" title="Murray Waas">Murray Waas</a> "highly reliable sources in the U.S. intelligence community" testified to the figure of "some $7 million" funnelled through the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> to Springer in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Waas-36">[36]</a> The case appears otherwise circumstantial, based on Springer's editorial support of U.S. foreign policy .<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> There was no mistaking Springer's anti-communism (he favoured Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a>'s description of communists as "rotlackierte Nazis", red-painted Nazis).<a href="#cite_note-Kruip-30">[30]</a> But given his dalliance with neutralism, his fixed alignment with American "geopolitical interests" can be dated only from his return from Moscow in 1958. It is possible that CIA funding is confused with support from the Government and Relief in Occupied Areas (GARIOA) programme (wound up in October 1950) which Die Zeit, among other pro-democratic, pro-Allied publishing efforts, are known to have benefitted.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Springer always maintained that his financial springboard was Hörzu which, attuned to the new radio and television age, was ground breaking and had no market rival.<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Spiegel_affair">The Spiegel affair</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Spiegel affair">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_affair" title="Spiegel affair">Spiegel affair</a></div> On 26 October 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> offices of <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> were raided and closed by police. The publisher, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Augstein" title="Rudolf Augstein">Rudolf Augstein</a>, along with the weekly's two editors-in-chief and a reporter were arrested. Defence minister <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> levelled accusations of treason (Landesverrat) in respect to an article detailing NATO projections of "unimaginable chaos" in the event of a Soviet nuclear strike and criticising the government's lack of preparedness. In a statement he was later obliged to recant, Strauss denied himself initiating the police action.<a href="#cite_note-spg-38">[38]</a> Although Augstein was a liberal critic, Springer offered his presses, teletypes and office space so Der Spiegel could keep on publishing.<a href="#cite_note-Blair-39">[39]</a> It was, however, at the cost of further access to Die Welt that columnist <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner">Sebastian Haffner</a> took to the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> to pronounce on the violation of press freedom and constitutional norms.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soukup-41">[41]</a> Adenauer appears to have been sufficiently convinced of Springer's political reliability, that when in October 1963 he resigned as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a>, he suggested (perhaps playfully) to Bild Editor-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boenisch" title="Peter Boenisch">Peter Boenisch</a> that the publisher might be the "politician" best fitted to continue his policies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_confrontation">Criticism and confrontation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism and confrontation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_SDS_Anti-Springer_campaign">The SDS Anti-Springer campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The SDS Anti-Springer campaign">edit</a>]</div> The Spiegel affair ignited youth protest and brought the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS), the German Socialist Student Union, onto the streets. Swift to denounce those who questioned the equity and social costs of the West German <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a> ("economic miracle"), Springer characterised the "extra-parliamentary opposition" as subversive.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> In June 1967 an open letter from a large group of writers (among them <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Drewitz" title="Ingeborg Drewitz">Ingeborg Drewitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>), accused the Springer Press of "incitement" in a police riot in West Berlin that saw the death of student protester <a href="/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Rallied by <a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof" title="Ulrike Meinhof">Ulrike Meinhof</a>'s journal konkret, students had been protesting a visit by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a>. Bild's response (3 June 1967) to the death was to declare that where "Students threaten: We shoot back" and "This is where fun and compromise and democratic tolerance end. We have to take a stand against <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> methods".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Protesters broke windows at Springer offices and tried to disrupt printing and delivery, but the trade unions kept their distance from the anti-Springer campaign, and the SDS, increasingly focussed on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">War in Vietnam</a>, conceded that the protests had failed to "mobilise the masses". After a month it called a halt.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> When on 11 April 1968, the SDS leader <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a> (who had called for the expropriation of Springer's press empire) was shot on the street in West Berlin by the young right-wing extremist <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bachmann" title="Josef Bachmann">Josef Bachmann</a>, the cry again was that Bild was complicit ("Bild schoss mit!"). Serious unrest followed . Demonstrators tried to storm the Springer house in Berlin and set fire to Bild delivery vans. The Hamburg print shop was besieged to prevent the paper leaving the presses, and in Munich a demonstrator and a policeman were killed after students ransacked the Bild editorial offices. There were over a thousand arrests.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> "A tendentious headline in Bild", the protesters claimed, "is more violence than a stone against the head of a policeman".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, then parliamentary leader of the Social Democrats, sought to intervene with Springer. Schmidt conceded that the publisher's success was related to new journalistic methods and formats that catered to public tastes, but charged Springer with using that position of preeminence to mix "news and suggestive commentary". He might have "fewer problems" if he restructured his publishing house on the model of private foundations or public media institutions. In the event, when finally Springer consented to meet with Schmidt in August 1968, their discussion was of the Czechoslovak crisis (Schmidt assuring Springer that it was "impossible" that the Soviets would repeat the events of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Budapest 1956</a> and crush the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> with tanks).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On 19 May 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> (the "Baader Meinhof Gang") bombed Springer's Hamburg offices, injuring 17 employees, two of them seriously.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Springer critics regretted the escalation, but accepted the thesis of <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Honour_of_Katharina_Blum" title="The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum">The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, or: How violence develops and where it can lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a>'s 1974 novel in which violence is framed and driven by a demagogic and unscrupulous tabloid press. "No one", Haffner argued in liberal weekly Stern, "has planted the seeds of violence more keenly than Springer journalism".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations">Investigations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Investigations">edit</a>]</div> Springer declared that no government minister need tell him "what the people think". Critics, however, focussed less on his supposedly canny sense for the public, than on his press capacity to shape opinion. It was said that Federal ministers began each day by "combing Die Welt for signs of whether Springer was smiling of frowning on them."<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> If only in its headline, the front page of Bild was also seen as "agenda setting".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1968, a government commission concluded that the degree of control Springer had achieved over the publishing industry in West Germany (40% of newspapers and about 20% of magazines) threatened the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of the press.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> But official steps towards decartelisation were successfully pre-empted by Springer's sale of a half dozen of his lesser titles.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A critical test of his ability to manage and deflect concern over media concentration might have come only with the introduction of commercial television, and that was delayed in West Germany until 1984, the year before he died.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willi Brandt</a> recalls that his "friendly relations" with Axel Springer first suffered in the early 1960s when, as governing mayor of West Berlin, he had declined Springer's request to help him open the Federal Republic to commercial television by licensing a local broadcaster).<a href="#cite_note-Brandt-54">[54]</a> A more serious embarrassment for Springer were the investigations of journalist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wallraff" title="Günter Wallraff">Günter Wallraff</a>. In 1977, his employment, undercover, as an editor for Bild led to exposés, (Der Aufmacher – a pun meaning both "Lead Story" and "the one who opens" – and Zeugen der Anklage, "Witnesses for the Prosecution") of the kinds of journalistic malpractices and unethical research methods Böll had depicted in his novel (directed in 1975 as a film by <a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta" title="Margarethe von Trotta">Margarethe von Trotta</a>). Wallraff (denounced by Springer as a "liar", a "psychopath" and an "underground communist") noted that "Bild regularly broke into the private, even intimate sphere of the people it was reporting about", and he claimed to have seen suicide notes written by people who had their lives publicly scandalised by the paper.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The German Press Council issued Bild six reprimands. After extended legal action brought by Springer, a Federal court in 1981 ruled in favour of Mr. Wallraff. It said his writings had focused on "an aberration in journalism, the discussion of which should be of great interest to the public."<a href="#cite_note-Kerr2-9">[9]</a> Injunctions nonetheless prevented publication of some of the most damning material. Un-redacted copies of Wallraff original reporting were not published until 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_Brandt_and_Ostpolitik">Opposition to Brandt and Ostpolitik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition to Brandt and Ostpolitik">edit</a>]</div> Springer maintained a position, not itself welcome on the conservative right, that Germans had themselves to blame for their country's division: "What Germany did under Hitler was terrible, and we were destined to suffer for it". But noting that "the people in the other part of Germany were no more guilty than those of us over here", he insisted that they deserved "same kind of chance" at rehabilitation that democratic and market freedoms had allowed their compatriots in the west.<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> On that basis, he refused any recognition that might "normalise" the East German <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> regime. When <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">the Wall</a> went up in Berlin in 1961, Springer built his 22-storey headquarters flush up against it in the centre of the city, so that every day it might look over, and be seen from, what his writers regularly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Zone">Soviet Occupation Zone</a> (German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone or SBZ). While dissenters, such as <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner">Sebastian Haffner</a> concluded that there was now no alternative to formal recognition,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Springer was unyielding. He condemned the accommodationist <a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a> pursued from 1969 by Brandt. Springer's hostility to the SED regime was reciprocated. Over the course of two years from 1968 to 1970, GDR state television aired a lavishly-produced 10-hour miniseries, Ich – Axel Cäsar Springer, depicting the media magnate as the puppet of a secretive, post-war Nazi cabal.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> At the same time, the East Germans were so impressed by the seeming power of Bild that between 1957 and 1973 they attempted, with different tabloid formats, to sell their own their NEUE Bild Zeitung to West Germans crossing the border.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Springer's efforts, which his writers may have understood as a general means of discrediting the Social Democrats, were unavailing. Blue-collar workers who formed the core of Bild's now declining readership (down 800,000 by 1972) voted for Brandt regardless. Significantly Springer, who had always cited the "poll" at the newspaper and magazine kiosk (Abstimmung am Kiosk) as the ultimate justification for his journalism, no matter how controversial,<a href="#cite_note-Kruip-30">[30]</a> proved willing to adjust.<a href="#cite_note-Goshko-15">[15]</a> He moved, or parted company with, those in his employ who had been attacking Brandt from ever more extreme right-wing positions. Among these were, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boenisch" title="Peter Boenisch">Peter Boenisch</a>, chief editor at Bild; and <a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a> columnist <a href="/wiki/Willi_Schlamm" title="Willi Schlamm">Willi Schlamm</a> (a former Austrian Communist and an American <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Bircher</a>). Once it was clear that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democrats</a> would not reverse course on recognition, Bild did begin, albeit in quotation marks, to refer to East Germany as the GDR (the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-guardian-20200717-59">[59]</a> From August 1971 Günter Prinz, Boenisch's successor at Bild, restored the paper's circulation by returning to a less politically charged "mix of sex, facts und fiction".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandt's_Kniefall_von_Warschau">Brandt's Kniefall von Warschau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brandt's Kniefall von Warschau">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Kniefall von Warschau</a></div> Springer's son, Axel Springer Jr. (1941–1980), was the photographer and journalist "Sven Simon", and was for a period chief editor of <a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a>. In 1980, at the age of 38, he took his own life. He is perhaps best remembered for his iconic picture of <a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Willi Brandt kneeling</a> on 7 December 1970 before the memorial to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Ghetto Uprising in Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The occasion of Brandt's visit to Poland was the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> between <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a>. This recognised the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder-Neisse Line</a> as Germany's final frontier in the east and, on that basis, established diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">People's Republic of Poland.</a> Writing himself in Die Welt, Springer expressed outrage that a democratically elected German government should license a Communist regime in its annexation of a quarter of the country. In Bild, Boenisch remarked that, while Brandt attempted "kneel away" the crimes of the Nazis, the victims of his Stalinist hosts were being made to kneel by rifle butts to the groin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friend_of_Israel">Friend of Israel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Friend of Israel">edit</a>]</div> Springer's journalism did not explore the history of the Nazi-era in the manner of Der Spiegel or Stern. Bild editor-in-chief Rudolf Michael (1952–58) was against "educating the readers". Nevertheless, under Karl-Heinz Hagen (1960–62) the newspaper began, sensationally as was its wont, to report on trials of Nazi war criminals, including in 1961 the Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">trial of Adolf Eichmann</a>. This was at a time when surveys suggested that only every second West German supported the prosecutions; that a third wished an end to the discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> regime; and that 73% regarded Jews as "a different race".<a href="#cite_note-Avidan-14">[14]</a> Next to post-war Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, it has been said that "no German played a more significant role in the effort to repair his country's burdened relationship with the Jews, and to ensure its support for their state, than Axel Springer."<a href="#cite_note-Kirchick-13">[13]</a> It was a cause to which, as early as 1957, he dedicated his newspapers editorially and to which he made his own personal contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Avidan-14">[14]</a> As had Adenauer in the wake of his 1952 <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Reparations Agreement</a>, Springer found that in Israel "German money" was not universally welcome. During his first visit to Israel in 1966, Springer proposed a donation of 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> ($900,000) to <a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Museum,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Israel Museum, Jerusalem">The Israel Museum, Jerusalem</a>, which would name an auditorium in his honor. Protesters took to the streets, and the Israeli newspaper <a href="/wiki/LaMerhav" title="LaMerhav">LaMerhav</a> declared that for the museum to accept money from a German would be a "disavowal of Jewish memory". (It was ultimately decided that Springer's generosity should be honored by a plaque).<a href="#cite_note-Kirchick-13">[13]</a> Springer returned to Jerusalem on 10 June 1967, to celebrate, in the company of Viennese-born mayor <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Kollek" title="Teddy Kollek">Teddy Kollek</a>, the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. He had ordered his newspapers to cover the war obsessively and with an unapologetically pro-Israel bias, later joking that he had simply published Israeli newspapers in German.<a href="#cite_note-Kirchick-13">[13]</a> "The Israelis", he commented on the front page of Bild, "have the right to live in peace without permanent new Arab blackmails."<a href="#cite_note-Avidan-14">[14]</a> Support for Israel is a commitment of their founder that Axel Springer SE sustains.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It remains enshrined in the company's mission statement.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axel_Springerbronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Axel_Springerbronze.jpg/220px-Axel_Springerbronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Axel_Springerbronze.jpg/330px-Axel_Springerbronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Axel_Springerbronze.jpg/440px-Axel_Springerbronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sculpture of Springer at the courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Abendblatt" title="Hamburger Abendblatt">Hamburger Abendblatt</a></figcaption></figure> Springer received honorary degrees from <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a> (1974), and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> (1976).<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-66">[66]</a> In 1977 he received the American Friendship Medal.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-67">[67]</a> In 1978, he was awarded the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Medal" title="Leo Baeck Medal">Leo Baeck Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1985, he received the gold medal of the Jewish service organisation <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> presented Springer the <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Prize" title="Konrad Adenauer Prize">Konrad Adenauer Freedom Prize</a> in recognition of his contribution to the foundation of a liberal press system, his commitment to the reunification of Germany in peace and freedom, and his exemplary activity in support of reconciliation between German and Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Springer died in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> His heiress is his fifth (and last) wife <a href="/wiki/Friede_Springer" title="Friede Springer">Friede Springer</a> (born 1942) who, 30 years Springer's junior, had been his son's nanny.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1971, Springer published a collection of his speeches and essays: Von Berlin aus gesehen. Zeugnisse eines engagierten Deutschen (Seewald Verlag, Hamburg). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Denholm_Barnetson" title="William Denholm Barnetson">William Denholm Barnetson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-local.de-1"><a href="#cite_ref-local.de_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20120502/42291">"Germany's Rupert Murdoch turns 100"</a>. 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The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511071218/https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-man-on-the-hill/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+man+on+the+hill&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.aulast=Avidan&rft.aufirst=Igal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-man-on-the-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goshko-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goshko_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoshko1973" class="citation news cs1">Goshko, John (22 April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83M00914R002800050073-1.pdf">"Axel Springer: Germany's Luce"</a> (PDF). Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710181114/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83M00914R002800050073-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Axel+Springer%3A+Germany%27s+Luce&rft.date=1973-04-22&rft.aulast=Goshko&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP83M00914R002800050073-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosche2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Posche, Ulrike (29 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/biografie-axel-springer-aus-dem-leben-eines-taugewas-3081944.html">"Aus dem Leben eines Taugewas"</a>. stern.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202210327/https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/biografie-axel-springer-aus-dem-leben-eines-taugewas-3081944.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stern.de&rft.atitle=Aus+dem+Leben+eines+Taugewas&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.aulast=Posche&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpolitik%2Fgeschichte%2Fbiografie-axel-springer-aus-dem-leben-eines-taugewas-3081944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger">"Kurt Georg Kiesinger | Chancellor of Germany, CDU leader, WW2 diplomat | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507030457/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Kurt+Georg+Kiesinger+%7C+Chancellor+of+Germany%2C+CDU+leader%2C+WW2+diplomat+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FKurt-Georg-Kiesinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHascher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hascher, Michael (2006). "Motorisierung und "Volksgemeinschaft": Das Nationalsozialistische Kraftfahrkorps (NSKK), 1931-1945 (review)". Technology and Culture. 47 (4): 857–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2006.0228">10.1353/tech.2006.0228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3729">1097-3729</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110344018">110344018</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/204981">204981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Motorisierung+und+%22Volksgemeinschaft%22%3A+Das+Nationalsozialistische+Kraftfahrkorps+%28NSKK%29%2C+1931-1945+%28review%29&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-858&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110344018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1097-3729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.2006.0228&rft.aulast=Hascher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidler1984" class="citation journal cs1">Seidler, Franz W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197352">"Das Nationalsozialistische Kraftfahrkorps und die Organisation Todt im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Die Entwicklung des NSKK bis 1939"</a>. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 32 (4): 625–636. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-5702">0042-5702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197352">30197352</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215205638/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197352">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Das+Nationalsozialistische+Kraftfahrkorps+und+die+Organisation+Todt+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg.+Die+Entwicklung+des+NSKK+bis+1939&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=625-636&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30197352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0042-5702&rft.aulast=Seidler&rft.aufirst=Franz+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30197352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Grau, Günter (2010): Lexikon zur Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933–1945: Institutionen – Kompetenzen – Betätigungsfelder. Lit-Verlag, Münster/ Berlin, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Humphreys1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter Humphreys (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vlTzbOGhdIC&pg=PR6">Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719031977" title="Special:BookSources/9780719031977"><bdi>9780719031977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Media+and+Media+Policy+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780719031977&rft.au=Peter+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vlTzbOGhdIC%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerdorf2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kellerdorf, Sven Felix (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article106147913/Warum-Axel-Springer-den-Ullstein-Verlag-kaufte.html">"100. Geburtstag: Warum Axel Springer den Ullstein-Verlag kaufte - WELT"</a>. DIE WELT (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214102241/https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article106147913/Warum-Axel-Springer-den-Ullstein-Verlag-kaufte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=100.+Geburtstag%3A+Warum+Axel+Springer+den+Ullstein-Verlag+kaufte+-+WELT&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kellerdorf&rft.aufirst=Sven+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Fhistory%2Farticle106147913%2FWarum-Axel-Springer-den-Ullstein-Verlag-kaufte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHung2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, Jochen (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022009416669419">"The 'Ullstein Spirit': The Ullstein Publishing House, the End of the Weimar Republic and the Making of Cold War German Identity, 1925–77"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 53 (1): 158–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009416669419">10.1177/0022009416669419</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F362112">1874/362112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157773070">157773070</a>. <q>Axel Springer succeeded in integrating an overly positive version of Ullstein's history into West German national identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+%27Ullstein+Spirit%27%3A+The+Ullstein+Publishing+House%2C+the+End+of+the+Weimar+Republic+and+the+Making+of+Cold+War+German+Identity%2C+1925%E2%80%9377&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158-184&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F362112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157773070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009416669419&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009416669419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Philip Rees</a> (1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-089301-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-089301-3">0-13-089301-3</a>), pp. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Demant, Ebbo (1971) Hans Zehrer als politischer Publizist. Von Schleicher zu Springer, Verlag von Hase und Köhler, Mainz 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7758-0815-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7758-0815-9">3-7758-0815-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1969" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Hans Dieter (1969). Press power: A study of Axel Springer. London: Macdonald & Co. pp. 143–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-356-02689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-356-02689-3"><bdi>978-0-356-02689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+power%3A+A+study+of+Axel+Springer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143-148&rft.pub=Macdonald+%26+Co&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-356-02689-3&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Hans+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> von Sothen, Hans Becker (2005), Hans Zehrer als politischer Publizist nach 1945. In Frank-Lothar Kroll ed. Die kupierte Alternative. Konservatismus in Deutschland nach 1945. pp. 125–178. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-11781-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-11781-6">3-428-11781-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keil-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Keil_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil" class="citation web cs1">Keil, Lars-Broder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/the-world-is-changed-by-dreams">""The world is changed by dreams""</a>. Axel Springer SE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630172337/https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/the-world-is-changed-by-dreams">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+world+is+changed+by+dreams%22&rft.pub=Axel+Springer+SE&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Lars-Broder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.com%2Fen%2Finside%2Fthe-world-is-changed-by-dreams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The interview was printed and discussed in Die Welt (7 February 1958). A Russian transcript is held Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDr im Bundesarchiv "Niederschrift der vertaulichedn Unterredung N.S. Chuschtschows mit den westdeutschedn Pressevertreten A. Springer und H. Zehrer, 29.1.1958", DY30/J IV 2/202;75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruip-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kruip_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruip_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruip_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruip1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kruip, Gudrun (25–27 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/ghi_12/www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/westernpapers/kruip.pdf">"Restricted Support. the Role of Axel Springer Verlag in the Process of Westernization"</a> (PDF). The American Impact on Western Europe. Conference at the German Historical Institute, Washington D.C.: 15, 19, 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710181110/http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/ghi_12/www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/westernpapers/kruip.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Impact+on+Western+Europe.+Conference+at+the+German+Historical+Institute%2C+Washington+D.C.&rft.atitle=Restricted+Support.+the+Role+of+Axel+Springer+Verlag+in+the+Process+of+Westernization&rft.pages=15%2C+19%2C+10&rft.date=1999-03-25%2F1999-03-27&rft.aulast=Kruip&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdoc.sub.gwdg.de%2Febook%2Fp%2F2005%2Fghi_12%2Fwww.ghi-dc.org%2Fconpotweb%2Fwesternpapers%2Fkruip.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poscenzsky-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Poscenzsky_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Poscenzsky1962" class="citation news cs1">von Poscenzsky, Gert (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/46196219">"As Befahl die Schwenkung"</a>. Der Spiegel. No. 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809064531/https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/46196219">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=As+Befahl+die+Schwenkung&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=von+Poscenzsky&rft.aufirst=Gert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.spiegel.de%2FEpubDelivery%2Fspiegel%2Fpdf%2F46196219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruip1999" class="citation book cs1">Kruip, Gudrun (31 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/doi/10.1515/9783486595918">Das "Welt"-"Bild" des Axel Springer Verlags: Journalismus zwischen westlichen Werten und deutschen Denktraditionen</a>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783486595918">10.1515/9783486595918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-59591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-59591-8"><bdi>978-3-486-59591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Welt%22-%22Bild%22+des+Axel+Springer+Verlags%3A+Journalismus+zwischen+westlichen+Werten+und+deutschen+Denktraditionen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1999-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783486595918&rft.isbn=978-3-486-59591-8&rft.aulast=Kruip&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783486595918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoam1991" class="citation book cs1">Noam, Eli (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/televisionineuro00noam">Television in Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/televisionineuro00noam/page/90">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506942-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506942-0"><bdi>0-19-506942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+in+Europe&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-506942-0&rft.aulast=Noam&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelevisionineuro00noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/!734289/">"CIA und die Presse"</a>. Die Tageszeitung: Taz. 28 July 2003. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207150055/https://taz.de/!734289/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung%3A+Taz&rft.atitle=CIA+und+die+Presse&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2003-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2F%21734289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Blum_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1986" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (1986). The CIA, a Forgotten History: Us Global Interventions Since World War 2. London: Zed Books. pp. 114–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-480-3"><bdi>978-0-86232-480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA%2C+a+Forgotten+History%3A+Us+Global+Interventions+Since+World+War+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114-116&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-480-3&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waas-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Waas_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaas1982" class="citation journal cs1">Waas, Murray (19 June 1982). "Covert Charge". The Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Covert+Charge&rft.date=1982-06-19&rft.aulast=Waas&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruip1998" class="citation book cs1">Kruip, Gudrun (1998). Das "Welt"-"Bild" des Axel Springer Verlags: Journalismus zwischen westlichen Werten und deutschen Denktraditionen. Oldenbourg, Munich. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56343-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56343-6"><bdi>978-3-486-56343-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Welt%22-%22Bild%22+des+Axel+Springer+Verlags%3A+Journalismus+zwischen+westlichen+Werten+und+deutschen+Denktraditionen&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Oldenbourg%2C+Munich&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56343-6&rft.aulast=Kruip&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spg-38"><a href="#cite_ref-spg_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunkel2012" class="citation news cs1">Gunkel, Christoph (21 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/50th-anniversary-of-the-spiegel-affair-a-857030.html">"50th Anniversary of the 'Spiegel Affair': A Watershed Moment for West German Democracy"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922072308/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/50th-anniversary-of-the-spiegel-affair-a-857030.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=50th+Anniversary+of+the+%27Spiegel+Affair%27%3A+A+Watershed+Moment+for+West+German+Democracy&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft.aulast=Gunkel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F50th-anniversary-of-the-spiegel-affair-a-857030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Blair_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1962" class="citation journal cs1">Blair, Fraser (1 December 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1962/12/1/how-adenauer-awakened-german-democracy-he-raided-the-peoples-paper">"How Adenauer awakened German democracy: he raided the people's paper"</a>. Maclean's. 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Ich bin nun mal Deutscher. Sabastian Haffner, Eine Biographie. Berlin: Aufbau Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-596-15642-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-596-15642-4"><bdi>3-596-15642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ich+bin+nun+mal+Deutscher.+Sabastian+Haffner%2C+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Aufbau+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-596-15642-4&rft.aulast=Soukup&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/how-adenauer-suggested-axel-springer-as-his-successor">"How Adenauer suggested Axel Springer as his successor"</a>. Axel Springer SE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923173432/https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/how-adenauer-suggested-axel-springer-as-his-successor">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axel+Springer+SE&rft.atitle=How+Adenauer+suggested+Axel+Springer+as+his+successor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.com%2Fen%2Finside%2Fhow-adenauer-suggested-axel-springer-as-his-successor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlmaier-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlmaier_43-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlmaier2014" class="citation book cs1">Sedlmaier, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znzm0.8">Consumption and Violence: Radical Protest in Cold-War West Germany</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 168–204. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znzm0.8">j.ctv3znzm0.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znzm0.8">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. 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Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/380310100X" title="Special:BookSources/380310100X">380310100X</a>. p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/presse-caesar-mit-bild-zeitung.870.de.html?dram:article_id=131525">"- Presse-Cäsar mit "Bild"-Zeitung"</a>. Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). 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Kai Herrmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1967/23/die-polizeischlacht-von-berlin">Die Polizeischlacht von Berlin.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211203438/https://www.zeit.de/1967/23/die-polizeischlacht-von-berlin">Archived</a> 11 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, Nr. 23/1967 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "'Gefáhr für uns alle', Studenten gegen Springer", Der Spiegel, 6 May 1968, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/tripartite-summit-after-dutschke-assassination-attempt">"Tripartite summit after Dutschke assassination attempt"</a>. www.axelspringer.com. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811120113/https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/tripartite-summit-after-dutschke-assassination-attempt">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axelspringer.com&rft.atitle=Tripartite+summit+after+Dutschke+assassination+attempt&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.com%2Fen%2Finside%2Ftripartite-summit-after-dutschke-assassination-attempt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/red-army-faction-a-chronology-of-terror/a-2763946#:~:text=In%20its%2028%20years%20of,of%20the%20group's%20terrorist%20activities.">"Red Army Faction: A Chronology of Terror"</a>. DW. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126211438/https://www.dw.com/en/red-army-faction-a-chronology-of-terror/a-2763946#:~:text=In%20its%2028%20years%20of,of%20the%20group's%20terrorist%20activities.">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Red+Army+Faction%3A+A+Chronology+of+Terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fred-army-faction-a-chronology-of-terror%2Fa-2763946%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520its%252028%2520years%2520of%2Cof%2520the%2520group%27s%2520terrorist%2520activities.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Sebastian Haffner, "Blutiges Spiel", Stern, 4 June 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoss2010" class="citation book cs1">Koss, Jennifer (2010). Bildzeitung und Agenda-Setting: Die Titelseite der BILD als Beispiel für mediale Thematisierungsmacht. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-59818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-59818-2"><bdi>978-3-640-59818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bildzeitung+und+Agenda-Setting%3A+Die+Titelseite+der+BILD+als+Beispiel+f%C3%BCr+mediale+Thematisierungsmacht&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-640-59818-2&rft.aulast=Koss&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1968/22/die-pressefreiheit-ist-bedroht">"Die Pressefreiheit ist bedroht".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130200732/https://www.zeit.de/1968/22/die-pressefreiheit-ist-bedroht">Archived</a> 30 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, Nr. 22/1968, 31 May 1968, access date 17 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45997574.html">"Spiegel-Interview mit dem Vorsitzenden der Bonner Presse-Kommission Dr. Eberhard Günther"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, 17 February, no. 27, 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412065136/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45997574.html">archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016, retrieved 17 February 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Spiegel-Interview+mit+dem+Vorsitzenden+der+Bonner+Presse-Kommission+Dr.+Eberhard+G%C3%BCnther&rft.issue=27&rft.date=1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-45997574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandt-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1992" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Willi (1992). My Life in Politics. London: Viking. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84435-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84435-7"><bdi>0-670-84435-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+in+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-670-84435-7&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/60-years-old-bild-newspaper-divisive-as-ever/a-16044303">"60 years old, 'Bild' newspaper divisive as ever | DW | 22 June 2012"</a>. DW.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614035250/https://www.dw.com/en/60-years-old-bild-newspaper-divisive-as-ever/a-16044303">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=60+years+old%2C+%27Bild%27+newspaper+divisive+as+ever+%7C+DW+%7C+22+June+2012&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2F60-years-old-bild-newspaper-divisive-as-ever%2Fa-16044303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2018" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Nils (2018). Von Kommunisten und Kolumnisten Sebastian Haffner, Matthias Walden und das Problem der Anerkennung der DDR. Ernste Reuter Hefte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95410-215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95410-215-0"><bdi>978-3-95410-215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Kommunisten+und+Kolumnisten+Sebastian+Haffner%2C+Matthias+Walden+und+das+Problem+der+Anerkennung+der+DDR&rft.pub=Ernste+Reuter+Hefte&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-95410-215-0&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Jochen Staadt, Tobias Voigt, Stefan Wolle: Feind-bild Springer: Ein Verlag Und Seine Gegner. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525363812" title="Special:BookSources/9783525363812">9783525363812</a>. pp. 165-166. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bild.de/news/inland/60-jahre-bild/so-faelschte-die-ddr-bild-24947846.bild.html">"So fälschte die DDR BILD: An der Grenze wurde sie für 10 Pfennig verkauft"</a>. bild.de (in German). 2 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921111221/https://www.bild.de/news/inland/60-jahre-bild/so-faelschte-die-ddr-bild-24947846.bild.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bild.de&rft.atitle=So+f%C3%A4lschte+die+DDR+BILD%3A+An+der+Grenze+wurde+sie+f%C3%BCr+10+Pfennig+verkauft&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bild.de%2Fnews%2Finland%2F60-jahre-bild%2Fso-faelschte-die-ddr-bild-24947846.bild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-20200717-59"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-20200717_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeaney2020" class="citation news cs1">Meaney, Thomas (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/16/bild-zeitung-tabloid-julian-reichelt-angela-merkel-germany">"Bild, Merkel and the culture wars: the inside story of Germany's biggest tabloid"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bild%2C+Merkel+and+the+culture+wars%3A+the+inside+story+of+Germany%27s+biggest+tabloid&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Meaney&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjul%2F16%2Fbild-zeitung-tabloid-julian-reichelt-angela-merkel-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2002" class="citation web cs1">Jacobi, Claus (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202053709/http://www.axelspringer.de/inhalte/pressese/inhalte/fotolounge/texte_bild/jacobi.htm">"Bild wrd 50"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axelspringer.de/inhalte/pressese/inhalte/fotolounge/texte_bild/jacobi.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bild+wrd+50&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.de%2Finhalte%2Fpressese%2Finhalte%2Ffotolounge%2Ftexte_bild%2Fjacobi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontheimer2020" class="citation news cs1">Sontheimer, Michael (6 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/willy-brandt-in-warschau-a-946886.html">"Willy Brandt in Warschau, Kniefall vor der Geschichte"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207101235/https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/willy-brandt-in-warschau-a-946886.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020. 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Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Bild%22+l%C3%A4sst+Willy+Brandt+f%C3%BCr+sich+knien+%E2%80%94+BILDblog&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbildblog.de%2F2372%2Fbild-laesst-willy-brandt-fuer-sich-knien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-axel-springer-tells-staff-quit-anti">"German publisher tells pro-Palestinian staff to quit"</a>. Middle East Eye. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203010546/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-axel-springer-tells-staff-quit-anti">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. 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The Intercept. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203010546/https://theintercept.com/2023/10/26/axel-springer-fires-employee-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Axel+Springer+Fires+Lebanese+Employee+Who+Questioned+Pro-Israel+Stance&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Boguslaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2Faxel-springer-fires-employee-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axelspringer.com/en/values">"Values"</a>. www.axelspringer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031190945/https://www.axelspringer.com/en/values">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axelspringer.com&rft.atitle=Values&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.com%2Fen%2Fvalues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ksw0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84">Germans and Jews Since the Holocaust</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. 24 November 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137570291" title="Special:BookSources/9781137570291"><bdi>9781137570291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+and+Jews+Since+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.isbn=9781137570291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dksw0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnIpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA574">Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. 18 October 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442269576" title="Special:BookSources/9781442269576"><bdi>9781442269576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Germany&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.isbn=9781442269576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnIpDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Der deutsch-israelische Dialog: Dokumentation eines erregenden Kapitels deutscher Aussenpolitik. K.G. Saur. 1987. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783598219405" title="Special:BookSources/9783598219405"><bdi>9783598219405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+deutsch-israelische+Dialog%3A+Dokumentation+eines+erregenden+Kapitels+deutscher+Aussenpolitik&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=K.G.+Saur&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783598219405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/springer-axel-caesardeg">"Springer, Axel Caesar"</a>. encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023234840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/springer-axel-caesardeg">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Springer%2C+Axel+Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fspringer-axel-caesardeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-jan-09-1958-axel-springer-got-the-konrad-adenauer-freedom-award-the-88604625.html">"Stock Photo – Jan. 9, 1958 [actually 1981]- Axel Springer Got The Konrad-Adenauer-Freedom-Award: The Konrad-adenauer-freedom-award of this year was given to the West-Berlin publisher Axel Springer by the"</a>. Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417061001/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-jan-09-1958-axel-springer-got-the-konrad-adenauer-freedom-award-the-88604625.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alamy&rft.atitle=Stock+Photo+%E2%80%93+Jan.+9%2C+1958+%5Bactually+1981%5D-+Axel+Springer+Got+The+Konrad-Adenauer-Freedom-Award%3A+The+Konrad-adenauer-freedom-award+of+this+year+was+given+to+the+West-Berlin+publisher+Axel+Springer+by+the&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Alamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo-jan-09-1958-axel-springer-got-the-konrad-adenauer-freedom-award-the-88604625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152831/http://www.axelspringer.de/en/artikel/Brief-Biography-of-Axel-Springer-1912-1985_85853.html">"Brief Biography of Axel Springer on www.axelspringer.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axelspringer.de/en/artikel/Brief-Biography-of-Axel-Springer-1912-1985_85853.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Biography+of+Axel+Springer+on+www.axelspringer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.de%2Fen%2Fartikel%2FBrief-Biography-of-Axel-Springer-1912-1985_85853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaracsKoenig1998" class="citation news cs1">Karacs, Imre; Koenig, Peter (31 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/its-like-watching-two-rundown-old-elephants-perform-a-dance-1156324.html">"It's like watching two run-down old elephants perform a dance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925052905/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/its-like-watching-two-rundown-old-elephants-perform-a-dance-1156324.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=It%27s+like+watching+two+run-down+old+elephants+perform+a+dance&rft.date=1998-05-31&rft.aulast=Karacs&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fits-like-watching-two-rundown-old-elephants-perform-a-dance-1156324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxel+Springer" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117949106">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51761476">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100287763">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8035/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118616420">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50024365">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123362268">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123362268">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701692&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069977259">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90720682">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810544679505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463418105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500340592">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118616420.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118616420">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08611882X">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080791077">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jz3phk">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&oldid=1248463516">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Springer&oldid=1248463516</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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