CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Caenorhabditis elegans - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b1cd4dd-d94d-4f1c-a9df-782004cbb837","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Caenorhabditis_elegans","wgTitle":"Caenorhabditis elegans","wgCurRevisionId":1263802788,"wgRevisionId":1263802788,"wgArticleId":57546,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles containing video clips" ,"Caenorhabditis elegans","Nematodes described in 1900","Animal models in neuroscience"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Caenorhabditis_elegans","wgRelevantArticleId":57546,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q91703","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/1200px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="395"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/800px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="263"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/640px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="211"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Caenorhabditis elegans - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Caenorhabditis_elegans rootpage-Caenorhabditis_elegans skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Caenorhabditis+elegans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Caenorhabditis+elegans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Caenorhabditis+elegans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Caenorhabditis+elegans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Anatomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anatomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gut_granules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gut_granules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Gut granules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gut_granules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reproduction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reproduction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sex determination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embryonic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryonic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Embryonic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryonic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axis_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Axis formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Gastrulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-embryonic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-embryonic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Post-embryonic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-embryonic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_model_organism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_model_organism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Use as a model organism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_as_a_model_organism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use as a model organism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_model_organism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cell_lineage_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_lineage_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cell lineage mapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_lineage_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmed_cell_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmed_cell_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Programmed cell death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmed_cell_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RNA_interference_and_gene_silencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RNA_interference_and_gene_silencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 RNA interference and gene silencing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RNA_interference_and_gene_silencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_division_and_cell_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_division_and_cell_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cell division and cell cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_division_and_cell_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_abuse_and_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_abuse_and_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Drug abuse and addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_abuse_and_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Biological databases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ageing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Ageing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Sensory biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_library_screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_library_screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Drug library screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_library_screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spaceflight_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaceflight_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Spaceflight research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaceflight_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_gene_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_gene_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Size and gene content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_gene_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_genomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_genomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Related genomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_genomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other genetic studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Scientific community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Caenorhabditis elegans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ربداء رشيقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ربداء رشيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Фин кенорабдит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фин кенорабдит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8F%C3%A1tko_obecn%C3%A9" title="Háďátko obecné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Háďátko obecné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbuss" title="Varbuss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varbuss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کرم الگانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم الگانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%81%9C%EA%BC%AC%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%EC%B6%A9" title="예쁜꼬마선충 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예쁜꼬마선충" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87" title="ربداء رشيقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ربداء رشيقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="カエノラブディティス・エレガンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カエノラブディティス・エレガンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleganssimato" title="Eleganssimato – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eleganssimato" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="سازاڭسىمان مەددە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سازاڭسىمان مەددە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Caenorhabditis elegans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%80%E9%BA%97%E9%9A%B1%E6%A1%BF%E7%B6%AB%E8%9F%B2" title="秀麗隱桿綫蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="秀麗隱桿綫蟲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%80%E9%BA%97%E9%9A%B1%E6%A1%BF%E7%B7%9A%E8%9F%B2" title="秀麗隱桿線蟲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秀麗隱桿線蟲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91703#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Caenorhabditis_elegans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Caenorhabditis_elegans" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&oldid=1263802788" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Caenorhabditis_elegans&id=1263802788&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaenorhabditis_elegans">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaenorhabditis_elegans">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91703" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free-living species of nematode</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"C. elegans" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/C._elegans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="C. elegans (disambiguation)">C. elegans (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Caenorhabditis elegans </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/220px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/330px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg/440px-Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6424" data-file-height="2113" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">An adult hermaphrodite C. elegans worm </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Caenorhabditis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhabditidae" title="Rhabditidae">Rhabditidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis" title="Caenorhabditis">Caenorhabditis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. elegans</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Caenorhabditis elegans <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Maupas" title="Émile Maupas">Maupas</a>, 1900)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Caenorhabditis elegans var. <a href="/wiki/Bergerac,_Dordogne" title="Bergerac, Dordogne">Bergerac</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (for instance strain BO)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Caenorhabditis elegans var. <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (for instance strain N2)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Caenorhabditis elegans (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsiːnoʊræbˈdaɪtəs ˈɛləɡæns/</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>) is a free-living transparent <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of its genus.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The name is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">blend</a> of the Greek caeno- (recent), rhabditis (rod-like)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and Latin elegans (elegant). In 1900, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Maupas" title="Émile Maupas">Maupas</a> initially named it <a href="/wiki/Rhabditidae" title="Rhabditidae">Rhabditides</a> elegans. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Osche" title="Günther Osche">Osche</a> placed it in the <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> Caenorhabditis in 1952, and in 1955, <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Dougherty" title="Ellsworth Dougherty">Dougherty</a> raised Caenorhabditis to the status of <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> C. elegans is an unsegmented <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoelomate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocoelomate">pseudocoelomate</a> and lacks respiratory or circulatory systems.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Most of these nematodes are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a> and a few are males.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Males have specialised tails for mating that include <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(nematode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (nematode)">spicules</a>. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> proposed research into C. elegans, primarily in the area of neuronal development. In 1974, he began research into the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> of C. elegans, which has since been extensively used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-13">[13]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organism</a> to have its <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequenced</a>, and in 2019<a href="#cite_note-da_freakin_nectome-14">[14]</a> it was the first organism to have its <a href="/wiki/Connectome" title="Connectome">connectome</a> (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-wormbook-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As of 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit">[update]</a> four Nobel prizes have been won for work done on C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" decoding="async" width="219" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Movement of wild-type</figcaption></figure> C. elegans is <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">unsegmented</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:vermiform">vermiform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">bilaterally symmetrical</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> (a strong outer covering, as an <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>), four main <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermal</a> cords, and a fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoelom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocoelom">pseudocoelom</a> (body cavity). It also has some of the same organ systems as larger animals. About one in a thousand individuals is male and the rest are hermaphrodites.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The basic anatomy of C. elegans includes a mouth, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagenous</a> cuticle. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system. The four bands of muscles that run the length of the body are connected to a neural system that allows the muscles to move the animal's body only as dorsal bending or ventral bending, but not left or right, except for the head, where the four muscle quadrants are wired independently from one another. When a wave of dorsal/ventral muscle contractions proceeds from the back to the front of the animal, the animal is propelled backwards. When a wave of contractions is initiated at the front and proceeds posteriorly along the body, the animal is propelled forwards. Because of this dorsal/ventral bias in body bends, any normal living, moving individual tends to lie on either its left side or its right side when observed crossing a horizontal surface. A set of ridges on the lateral sides of the body cuticle, the alae, is believed to give the animal added traction during these bending motions. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lateral (left) side anatomical diagram of an adult-stage hermaphrodite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg/300px-Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg/450px-Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg/600px-Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Lateral (left) side of an adult-stage hermaphrodite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_tissues.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C_elegans_tissues.svg/300px-C_elegans_tissues.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C_elegans_tissues.svg/450px-C_elegans_tissues.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C_elegans_tissues.svg/600px-C_elegans_tissues.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption> Tissues of an adult C. elegans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg/300px-C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg/450px-C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg/600px-C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption> Size and morphology of different C. elegans cells</figcaption></figure> In relation to lipid metabolism, C. elegans does not have any specialized adipose tissues, a <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, or even blood to deliver nutrients compared to mammals. Neutral lipids are instead stored in the intestine, epidermis, and embryos. The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> corresponds to the mammalian adipocytes by being the main <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> depot.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The pharynx is a muscular food pump in the head of C. elegans, which is triangular in cross-section. This grinds food and transports it directly to the intestine. A set of "valve cells" connects the pharynx to the intestine, but how this valve operates is not understood. After digestion, the contents of the intestine are released via the rectum, as is the case with all other nematodes.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> No direct connection exists between the pharynx and the <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretory</a> canal, which functions in the release of liquid urine. Males have a single-lobed gonad, a <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, and a tail specialized for mating, which incorporates <a href="/wiki/Spicule_(nematode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicule (nematode)">spicules</a>. Hermaphrodites have two <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oviducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviducts">oviducts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</a>, and a single <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_male.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/300px-C_elegans_male.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/450px-C_elegans_male.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C_elegans_male.svg/600px-C_elegans_male.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical diagram of a male C. elegans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/220px--C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1024" data-height="768" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm/C._elegans_with_pencil_for_scale.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video of C. elegans with pencil for scale</figcaption></figure> There are 302 neurons in C. elegans, approximately one-third of all the somatic cells in the whole body.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28889277-22">[22]</a> Many neurons contain dendrites which extend from the cell to receive neurotransmitters or other signals, and a <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a> that extends to the nerve ring (the "brain") for a synaptic connection with other neurons.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> C. elegans has excitatory <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">cholinergic</a> and inhibitory <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> motor neurons which connect with body wall muscles to regulate movement. In addition, these neurons and other neurons such as interneurons use a variety of neurotransmitters to control behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gut_granules">Gut granules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gut granules">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>C. elegans under a microscope</figcaption></figure> Numerous gut granules are present in the intestine of C. elegans, the functions of which are still not fully known, as are many other aspects of this nematode, despite the many years that it has been studied. These gut granules are found in all of the Rhabditida orders. They are very similar to <a href="/wiki/Lysosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomes">lysosomes</a> in that they feature an acidic interior and the capacity for <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>, but they are considerably larger, reinforcing the view of their being storage organelles. A particular feature of the granules is that when they are observed under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, they react by emitting an intense blue <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. Another phenomenon seen is termed 'death fluorescence'. As the worms die, a dramatic burst of blue fluorescence is emitted. This death fluorescence typically takes place in an anterior to posterior wave that moves along the intestine, and is seen in both young and old worms, whether subjected to lethal injury or peacefully dying of old age. Many theories have been posited on the functions of the gut granules, with earlier ones being eliminated by later findings. They are thought to store zinc as one of their functions. Recent chemical analysis has identified the blue fluorescent material they contain as a <a href="/wiki/Glycosylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosylated">glycosylated</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Anthranilic_acid" title="Anthranilic acid">anthranilic acid</a> (AA). The need for the large amounts of AA the many gut granules contain is questioned. One possibility is that the AA is antibacterial and used in defense against invading pathogens. Another possibility is that the granules provide photoprotection; the bursts of AA fluorescence entail the conversion of damaging UV light to relatively harmless visible light. This is seen as a possible link to the <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>–containing <a href="/wiki/Melanosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanosomes">melanosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> The hermaphroditic worm is considered to be a specialized form of self-fertile female, as its <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">soma</a> is female. The hermaphroditic germline produces male <a href="/wiki/Gametes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametes">gametes</a> first, and lays eggs through its uterus after internal fertilization. Hermaphrodites produce all their <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> in the L4 stage (150 sperm cells per gonadal arm) and then produce only <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a>. The hermaphroditic gonad acts as an ovotestis with sperm cells being stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</a> (a chamber wherein the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The male can <a href="/wiki/Inseminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inseminate">inseminate</a> the hermaphrodite, which will preferentially use male sperm (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Mating.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Male_Mating.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Once he recognizes a hermaphrodite worm, the male nematode begins tracing the hermaphrodite with his tail until he reaches the vulval region. The male then probes the region with his spicules to locate the vulva, inserts them, and releases sperm.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> The sperm of C. elegans is amoeboid, lacking <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrosomes">acrosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> When self-inseminated, the wild-type worm lays about 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. Hermaphrodites do not typically mate with other hermaphrodites. At 20 °C, the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_strain" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory strain">laboratory strain</a> of C. elegans (N2) has an average lifespan around 2–3 weeks and a generation time of 3 to 4 days. C. elegans has five pairs of <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomes</a> and one pair of <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosomes</a>. Sex in C. elegans is based on an <a href="/wiki/X0_sex-determination_system" class="mw-redirect" title="X0 sex-determination system">X0 sex-determination system</a>. Hermaphrodites of C. elegans have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_determination">Sex determination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sex determination">edit</a>]</div> C. elegans are mostly hermaphroditic organisms, producing both sperms and <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[29]</a> Males do occur in the population in a rate of approximately 1 in 200 hermaphrodites, but the two sexes are highly differentiated.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-31">[31]</a> Males differ from their hermaphroditic counterparts in that they are smaller and can be identified through the shape of their tail.<a href="#cite_note-:4-31">[31]</a> C.elegans reproduce through a process called <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">androdioecy</a>. This means that they can reproduce in two ways: either through self-fertilization in hermaphrodites or through hermaphrodites breeding with males. Males are produced through <a href="/wiki/Nondisjunction" title="Nondisjunction">non-disjunction</a> of the X chromosomes during meiosis. The worms that reproduce through self-fertilization are at risk for high <a href="/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">linkage disequilibrium</a>, which leads to lower genetic diversity in populations and an increase in accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">deleterious</a> alleles.<a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[32]</a> In C. elegans, somatic sex determination is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/TRA_(gene)" title="TRA (gene)">tra-1</a> gene.<a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> The tra-1 is a gene within the TRA-1 transcription factor sex determination pathway that is regulated post-transcriptionally and works by promoting female development.<a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> In hermaphrodites (XX), there are high levels of tra-1 activity, which produces the female reproductive system and inhibits male development.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> At a certain time in their life cycle, one day before adulthood, hermaphrodites can be identified through the addition of a vulva near their tail. In males (XO), there are low levels of tra-1 activity, resulting in a male reproductive system.<a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> Recent research has shown that there are three other genes, fem-1, fem-2, and fem-3, that negatively regulate the TRA-1 pathway and act as the final determiner of sex in C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution">Evolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> The sex determination system in C. elegans is a topic that has been of interest to scientists for years.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> Since they are used as a model organism, any information discovered about the way their sex determination system might have evolved could further the same evolutionary biology research in other organisms. After almost 30 years of research, scientists have begun to put together the pieces in the evolution of such a system.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> What they have discovered is that there is a complex pathway involved that has several layers of regulation.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> The closely related organism <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_briggsae" title="Caenorhabditis briggsae">Caenorhabditis briggsae</a> has been studied extensively and its whole genome sequence has helped put together the missing pieces in the evolution of C. elegans sex determination.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> It has been discovered that two genes have assimilated, leading to the proteins XOL-1 and MIX-1 having an effect on sex determination in C. elegans as well.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> Mutations in the XOL-1 pathway leads to feminization in C. elegans .<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The mix-1 gene is known to hypoactivate the X chromosome and regulates the morphology of the male tail in C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Looking at the nematode as a whole, the male and hermaphrodite sex likely evolved from parallel evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> Parallel evolution is defined as similar traits evolving from an ancestor in similar conditions; simply put, the two species evolve in similar ways over time. An example of this would be <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental</a> mammals. Scientists have also hypothesized that hermaphrodite <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> reproduction, or "selfing", could have evolved convergently by studying species similar to C. elegans<a href="#cite_note-Haag_2005-30">[30]</a> Other studies on the sex determination evolution suggest that genes involving sperm evolve at the faster rate than female genes.<a href="#cite_note-:9-36">[36]</a> However, sperm genes on the X chromosome have reduced evolution rates. Sperm genes have short coding sequences, high codon bias, and disproportionate representation among <a href="/wiki/Orphan_gene" title="Orphan gene">orphan genes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-36">[36]</a> These characteristics of sperm genes may be the reason for their high rates of evolution and may also suggest how sperm genes evolved out of hermaphrodite worms. Overall, scientists have a general idea of the sex determination pathway in C. elegans, however, the evolution of how this pathway came to be is not yet well defined. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._elegans_embryo_development.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C._elegans_embryo_development.tif/lossy-page1-220px-C._elegans_embryo_development.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C._elegans_embryo_development.tif/lossy-page1-330px-C._elegans_embryo_development.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C._elegans_embryo_development.tif/lossy-page1-440px-C._elegans_embryo_development.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>C. elegans embryonic development</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryonic_development">Embryonic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Embryonic development">edit</a>]</div> The fertilized zygote undergoes rotational holoblastic <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cleavage</a>. Sperm entry into the oocyte commences formation of an anterior-posterior axis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8625834-37">[37]</a> The sperm <a href="/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center" title="Microtubule organizing center">microtubule organizing center</a> directs the movement of the sperm <a href="/wiki/Pronucleus" title="Pronucleus">pronucleus</a> to the future posterior pole of the embryo, while also inciting the movement of <a href="/wiki/Cell_polarity" title="Cell polarity">PAR proteins</a>, a group of cytoplasmic determination factors, to their proper respective locations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As a result of the difference in PAR protein distribution, the first cell division is highly <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division" title="Asymmetric cell division">asymmetric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7758115-39">[39]</a> C. elegans <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> is among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell division.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> All cells of the <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> arise from a single <a href="/wiki/Primordial_germ_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial germ cell">primordial germ cell</a>, called the P4 cell, established early in <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-wormbase0006773-42">[42]</a> This primordial cell divides to generate two germline precursors that do not divide further until after hatching.<a href="#cite_note-wormbase0006773-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_formation">Axis formation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Axis formation">edit</a>]</div> The resulting daughter cells of the first cell division are called the AB cell (containing PAR-6 and PAR-3) and the P1 cell (containing PAR-1 and PAR-2). A second cell division produces the ABp and ABa cells from the AB cell, and the EMS and P2 cells from the P1 cell. This division establishes the dorsal-ventral axis, with the ABp cell forming the dorsal side and the EMS cell marking the ventral side.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling</a>, the P2 cell instructs the EMS cell to divide along the anterior-posterior axis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9288749-44">[44]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch signaling</a>, the P2 cell differentially specifies the ABp and ABa cells, which further defines the dorsal-ventral axis. The left-right axis also becomes apparent early in embryogenesis, although it is unclear exactly when specifically the axis is determined. However, most theories of the L-R axis development involve some kind of differences in cells derived from the AB cell.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastrulation">Gastrulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gastrulation">edit</a>]</div> Gastrulation occurs after the embryo reaches the 24-cell stage.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1601187-46">[46]</a> C. elegans are a species of <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>, so the blastopore eventually forms the mouth. Involution into the blastopore begins with movement of the <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> cells and subsequent formation of the gut, followed by the P4 germline precursor, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> cells, including the cells that eventually form the pharynx. Gastrulation ends when <a href="/wiki/Epiboly" title="Epiboly">epiboly</a> of the hypoblasts closes the blastopore.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-embryonic_development">Post-embryonic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-embryonic development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg/300px-C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg/450px-C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg/600px-C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption> Anatomy and scale of C. elegans developmental stages</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_life_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_elegans_life_cycle.svg/300px-C_elegans_life_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_elegans_life_cycle.svg/450px-C_elegans_life_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_elegans_life_cycle.svg/600px-C_elegans_life_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption> Life cycle and developmental stages of C. elegans</figcaption></figure> Under environmental conditions favourable for <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, hatched <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> develop through four larval stages - L1, L2, L3, and L4 - in just 3 days at 20 °C. When conditions are stressed, as in food insufficiency, excessive population density or high temperature, C. elegans can enter an alternative third larval stage, L2d, called the <a href="/wiki/Dauer_larva" title="Dauer larva">dauer</a> stage (Dauer is German for permanent). A specific dauer pheromone regulates entry into the dauer state. This pheromone is composed of similar derivatives of the 3,6-dideoxy sugar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascarylose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascarylose (page does not exist)">ascarylose</a>. Ascarosides, named after the ascarylose base, are involved in many sex-specific and social behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In this way, they constitute a chemical language that C. elegans uses to modulate various phenotypes. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant; they are thin and their mouths are sealed with a characteristic dauer cuticle and cannot take in food. They can remain in this stage for a few months.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_C._Elegans-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The stage ends when conditions improve favour further growth of the larva, now moulting into the L4 stage, even though the gonad development is arrested at the L2 stage.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Each stage transition is punctuated by a molt of the worm's transparent cuticle. Transitions through these stages are controlled by genes of the heterochronic pathway, an evolutionarily conserved set of regulatory factors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20232378-52">[52]</a> Many heterochronic genes code for <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a>, which repress the expression of heterochronic <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> and other heterochronic miRNAs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962842-53">[53]</a> miRNAs were originally discovered in C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8252621-54">[54]</a> Important developmental events controlled by heterochronic genes include the division and eventual <a href="/wiki/Syncytium" title="Syncytium">syncitial</a> fusion of the hypodermic seam cells, and their subsequent secretion of the alae in young adults. It is believed that the heterochronic pathway represents an evolutionarily conserved predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian clocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15691769-55">[55]</a> Some nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Eutely" title="Eutely">eutely</a>. The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 959 somatic cells and the male has 1033 cells,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sammut_385–390-58">[58]</a> although it has been suggested that the number of their intestinal cells can increase by one to three in response to gut microbes experienced by mothers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Much of the literature describes the cell number in males as 1031, but the discovery of a pair of left and right MCM neurons increased the number by two in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Sammut_385–390-58">[58]</a> The number of cells does not change after cell division ceases at the end of the larval period, and subsequent growth is due solely to an increase in the size of individual cells.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Host_microbe_interactions_in_Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans">Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans</a></div> The different <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis" title="Caenorhabditis">Caenorhabditis</a> species occupy various nutrient- and bacteria-rich environments. They feed on the bacteria that develop in decaying organic matter (<a href="/wiki/Microbivory" title="Microbivory">microbivory</a>). They possess chemosensory receptors which enable the detection of bacteria and bacterial-secreted metabolites (such as iron siderophores), so that they can migrate towards their bacterial prey.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Soil lacks enough organic matter to support self-sustaining populations. C. elegans can survive on a diet of a variety of bacteria, but its wild ecology is largely unknown. Most laboratory strains were taken from artificial environments such as gardens and <a href="/wiki/Compost_pile" class="mw-redirect" title="Compost pile">compost piles</a>. More recently, C. elegans has been found to thrive in other kinds of organic matter, particularly rotting fruit.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> C. elegans can also ingest pollutants, especially tiny nanoplastics, which could enable the association with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in the dissemination of nanoplastics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria by C. elegans across the soil.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> C. elegans can also use different species of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_laurentii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptococcus laurentii">Cryptococcus laurentii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_kuetzingii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptococcus kuetzingii">C. kuetzingii</a>, as sole sources of food.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Although a <a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">bacterivore</a>, C. elegans can be killed by a number of pathogenic bacteria, including human pathogens such as <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Pathogenic bacteria can also form biofilms, whose sticky exopolymer matrix could impede C. elegans motility <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Invertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> can transport dauer larvae to various suitable locations. The larvae have also been seen to feed on their hosts when they die.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Nematodes can survive <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, and in C. elegans, the mechanism for this capability has been demonstrated to be <a href="/wiki/Late_Embryogenesis_Abundant_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins">late embryogenesis abundant proteins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> C. elegans, as other nematodes, can be eaten by predator nematodes and other omnivores, including some insects.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orsay_virus" title="Orsay virus">Orsay virus</a> is a virus that affects C. elegans, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans_Cer1_virus" title="Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus">Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans_Cer13_virus" title="Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus">Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus</a>. <dl><dt>Interactions with fungi</dt></dl> Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans are regularly found with infections by <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> fungi. One such species, <a href="/wiki/Nematocida_parisii" title="Nematocida parisii">Nematocida parisii</a>, replicates in the intestines of C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthrobotrys_oligospora" title="Arthrobotrys oligospora">Arthrobotrys oligospora</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for interactions between fungi and nematodes.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It is the most common and widespread nematode capturing fungus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_model_organism">Use as a model organism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use as a model organism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_research_on_Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="History of research on Caenorhabditis elegans">History of research on Caenorhabditis elegans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv/220px--Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="202" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="348" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="348" data-height="319" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="158" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv/Epigenetic-Regulation-of-Histone-H3-Serine-10-Phosphorylation-Status-by-HCF-1-Proteins-in-C.-pone.0001213.s003.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="262" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Asymmetric cell divisions during early embryogenesis of wild-type C. elegans</figcaption></figure> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> proposed using C. elegans as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for the investigation primarily of neural development in animals. It is one of the simplest organisms with a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. The neurons do not fire <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>, and do not express any <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In the hermaphrodite, this system comprises 302 <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> the pattern of which has been comprehensively mapped,<a href="#cite_note-da_freakin_nectome-14">[14]</a> in what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Connectome" title="Connectome">connectome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brouillette-78">[78]</a> and shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">small-world network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Research has explored the neural and molecular mechanisms that control several behaviors of C. elegans, including <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermotaxis" title="Thermotaxis">thermotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">mechanotransduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2019 the connectome of the male was published using a technique distinct from that used for the hermaphrodite. The same paper used the new technique to redo the hermaphrodite connectome, finding 1,500 new synapses.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It has been used as a model organism to study molecular mechanisms in metabolic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-82">[82]</a> Brenner also chose it as it is easy to grow in bulk populations, and convenient for genetic analysis.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organism, yet simple enough to be studied in great detail. The transparency of C. elegans facilitates the study of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a> and other developmental processes in the intact organism. The spicules in the male clearly distinguish males from females. <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">Strains</a> are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed, they remain viable, allowing long-term storage.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-13">[13]</a> Maintenance is easy when compared to other multicellular model organisms. A few hundred nematodes can be kept on a single <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">agar plate</a> and suitable growth medium. Brenner described the use of a mutant of E. coli – OP50. OP50 is a <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>-requiring organism and its deficiency in the plate prevents the overgrowth of bacteria which would obscure the worms.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The use of OP50 does not demand any major laboratory safety measures, since it is non-pathogenic and easily grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) media overnight.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_lineage_mapping">Cell lineage mapping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cell lineage mapping">edit</a>]</div> The developmental fate of every single <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, whereas in mammals, cell development is more dependent on cellular cues from the embryo. As mentioned previously, the first cell divisions of early <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> in C. elegans are among the best understood examples of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division" title="Asymmetric cell division">asymmetric cell divisions</a>, and the worm is a very popular model system for studying developmental biology.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmed_cell_death">Programmed cell death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Programmed cell death">edit</a>]</div> Programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>) eliminates many additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>); this "apoptotic predictability" has contributed to the elucidation of some <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_gene" title="Caretaker gene">apoptotic genes</a>. Cell death-promoting genes and a single cell-death inhibitor have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RNA_interference_and_gene_silencing">RNA interference and gene silencing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: RNA interference and gene silencing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_elegans_stained.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/220px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/330px-C_elegans_stained.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/440px-C_elegans_stained.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained with the fluorescent dye <a href="/wiki/Texas_Red" title="Texas Red">Texas Red</a> to highlight the nuclei of all cells</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> (RNAi) is a relatively straightforward method of disrupting the function of specific genes. <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">Silencing</a> the function of a gene can sometimes allow a researcher to infer its possible function. The nematode can be soaked in, injected with,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> or fed with genetically <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">transformed</a> bacteria that <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">express</a> the double-stranded RNA of interest, the sequence of which complements the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> RNAi has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of functional genomics. C. elegans has been used to analyse gene functions and claim the promise of future findings in the systematic genetic interactions.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Environmental RNAi uptake is much worse in other species of worms in the genus Caenorhabditis. Although injecting RNA into the body cavity of the animal induces <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">gene silencing</a> in most species, only C. elegans and a few other distantly related nematodes can take up RNA from the bacteria they eat for RNAi.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This ability has been mapped down to a single gene, sid-2, which, when inserted as a <a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">transgene</a> in other species, allows them to take up RNA for RNAi as C. elegans does.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_division_and_cell_cycle">Cell division and cell cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cell division and cell cycle">edit</a>]</div> Research into <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> has been considerably simplified since every germ cell nucleus is at the same given position as it moves down the gonad, so is at the same stage in meiosis. In an early phase of meiosis, the oocytes become extremely resistant to radiation and this resistance depends on expression of genes rad51 and atm that have key roles in recombinational repair.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11058122-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14646232-95">[95]</a> Gene <a href="/wiki/MRE11A" title="MRE11A">mre-11</a> also plays a crucial role in recombinational repair of DNA damage during meiosis.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-96">[96]</a> Furthermore, during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> in C. elegans the tumor suppressor <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a>/BRC-1 and the structural maintenance of chromosomes <a href="/wiki/SMC5" title="SMC5">SMC5</a>/<a href="/wiki/SMC6" title="SMC6">SMC6</a> protein complex interact to promote high fidelity repair of <a href="/wiki/Double-strand_break_repair_model" title="Double-strand break repair model">DNA double-strand breaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A study of the frequency of outcrossing in natural populations showed that <a href="/wiki/Selfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfing">selfing</a> is the predominant mode of reproduction in C. elegans, but that infrequent outcrossing events occur at a rate around 1%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16005289-98">[98]</a> Meioses that result in selfing are unlikely to contribute significantly to beneficial genetic variability, but these meioses may provide the adaptive benefit of recombinational repair of DNA damages that arise, especially under stressful conditions.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_abuse_and_addiction">Drug abuse and addiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drug abuse and addiction">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a> can also be studied using C. elegans because it exhibits behavioral responses to nicotine that parallel those of mammals. These responses include acute response, tolerance, withdrawal, and sensitization.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_databases">Biological databases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biological databases">edit</a>]</div> As for most model organisms, scientists that work in the field curate a dedicated online database and <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a> is that for C. elegans. The WormBase attempts to collate all published information on C. elegans and other related nematodes. Information on C. elegans is included with data on other model organisms in the Alliance of Genome Resources.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ageing">Ageing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ageing">edit</a>]</div> C. elegans has been a model organism for research into <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>; for example, the inhibition of an <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">insulin-like growth factor</a> signaling pathway has been shown to increase adult lifespan threefold;<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> while glucose feeding promotes oxidative stress and reduces adult lifespan by a half.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-82">[82]</a> Similarly, induced degradation of an insulin/IGF-1 receptor late in life extended life expectancy of worms dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Long-lived <a href="/wiki/Mutant" title="Mutant">mutants</a> of C. elegans were demonstrated to be resistant to <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hyun2008-105">[105]</a> These long-lived mutants had a higher <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> capability than wild-type C. elegans.<a href="#cite_note-Hyun2008-105">[105]</a> Knockdown of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">nucleotide excision repair</a> gene Xpa-1 increased sensitivity to UV and reduced the <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">life span</a> of the long-lived mutants. These findings indicate that <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA repair capability underlies longevity</a>. Consistent with the idea that oxidative DNA damage causes aging, it was found that in C. elegans, <a href="/wiki/Exosome_(vesicle)" title="Exosome (vesicle)">exosome</a>-mediated delivery of <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a> (SOD) reduces the level of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> (ROS) and significantly extends lifespan, i.e. delays aging under normal, as well as hostile conditions.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The capacity to repair DNA damage by the process of nucleotide excision repair declines with age.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> C. elegans exposed to 5mM <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a> (LiCl) showed lengthened life spans.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> When exposed to 10μM LiCl, reduced mortality was observed, but not with 1μM.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> C. elegans has been instrumental in the identification of the functions of genes implicated in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/PSEN1" class="mw-redirect" title="PSEN1">presenilin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Moreover, extensive research on C. elegans has identified <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein" title="RNA-binding protein">RNA-binding proteins</a> as essential factors during germline and early embryonic development.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomeres</a>, the length of which have been shown to correlate with increased lifespan and delayed onset of <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a> in a multitude of organisms, from C. elegans<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> to humans,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> show an interesting behaviour in C. elegans. While C. elegans maintains its telomeres in a canonical way similar to other eukaryotes, in contrast <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a> is noteworthy in its use of <a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">retrotransposons</a> to maintain its telomeres,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> during <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">knock-out</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">catalytic subunit of the telomerase (trt-1)</a> C. elegans can gain the ability of alternative telomere lengthening (ALT). C. elegans was the first eukaryote to gain ALT functionality after knock-out of the canonical <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a> pathway.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> ALT is also observed in about 10-15% of all clinical cancers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Thus C. elegans is a prime candidate for ALT research.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Bayat et al. showed the paradoxical shortening of telomeres during <a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">trt-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Over-expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-expression">over-expression</a> which lead to near <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterility</a> while the worms even exhibited a slight increase in lifespan, despite shortened telomeres.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sleep">edit</a>]</div> C. elegans is notable in <a href="/wiki/Non-human_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human sleep">animal sleep</a> studies as the most primitive organism to display sleep-like states. In C. elegans, a <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">lethargus</a> phase occurs shortly before each <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> C. elegans has also been demonstrated to sleep after exposure to physical stress, including heat shock, UV radiation, and bacterial toxins.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_biology">Sensory biology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sensory biology">edit</a>]</div> While the worm has no eyes, it has been found to be sensitive to light due to a third type of light-sensitive animal <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/LITE-1" title="LITE-1">LITE-1</a>, which is 10 to 100 times more efficient at absorbing light than the other two types of photopigments (<a href="/wiki/Opsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsins">opsins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptochromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptochromes">cryptochromes</a>) found in the animal kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> C. elegans is remarkably adept at tolerating acceleration. It can withstand 400,000 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>'s, according to geneticists at the University of São Paulo in Brazil. In an experiment, 96% of them were still alive without adverse effects after an hour in an ultracentrifuge.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_library_screening">Drug library screening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Drug library screening">edit</a>]</div> Having a small size and short life cycle, C. elegans is one of the few organisms that can enable in vivo <a href="/wiki/High_throughput_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="High throughput screening">high throughput screening</a> (HTS) platforms for the evaluation of chemical libraries of drugs and toxins in a multicellular organism.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Orthologous phenotypes observable in C. elegans for human diseases have the potential to enable profiling of drug library profiling that can inform potential repurposing of existing approved drugs for therapeutic indications in humans.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceflight_research">Spaceflight research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spaceflight research">edit</a>]</div> C. elegans made news when specimens were discovered to have survived the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> in February 2003.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Later, in January 2009, live samples of C. elegans from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> were announced to be spending two weeks on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> that October, in a <a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">space research</a> project to explore the effects of <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero gravity">zero gravity</a> on muscle development and physiology. The research was primarily about genetic basis of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>, which relates to <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> or being bed-ridden, <a href="/wiki/Geriatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric">geriatric</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Descendants of the worms aboard Columbia in 2003 were launched into space on <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> for the <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a> mission.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Additional experiments on muscle dystrophy during spaceflight were carried on board the ISS starting in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> It was shown that the genes affecting muscles attachment were expressed less in space. However, it has yet to be seen if this affects muscle strength. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Genome">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274755135">.mw-parser-output .ib-genome{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-image{padding:0.3em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-label{padding:0.2em 0.3em;background-color:#f1EBf1;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-full-data{padding:0.2em 0.3em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-label{background-color:#352f35!important;border:1px solid #54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-image,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-data,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-full-data{border:1px solid #54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-label{background-color:#352f35!important;border:1px solid #54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-image,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-data,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-full-data{border:1px solid #54595d!important}}</style><table class="infobox ib-genome"><caption class="infobox-title">Genomic information</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Karyotype_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Karyotype_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans.png/260px-Karyotype_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Karyotype_of_Caenorhabditis_elegans.png 1.5x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="354" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">Karyotype</a> of C. elegans <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">explanation of colors</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Mitotic chromosomes of C. elegans. DNA (red)/ <a href="/wiki/Kinetochore" title="Kinetochore">Kinetochores</a> (green). <a href="/wiki/Holocentric_chromosome" title="Holocentric chromosome">Holocentric</a> organisms, including C. elegans, assemble diffuse kinetochores along the entire poleward face of each sister chromatid.</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> genome ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=41">41</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Ploidy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diploid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">Genome size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101.169 Mb (haploid)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 pairs of autosomes (I, II, III, IV and V) + 1 or 2 sex chromosomes (X<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Genome_project" title="Genome project">Year of completion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1998</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sequenced <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mitochondrion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organelle size</th><td class="infobox-data">0,01 Mb</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/220px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/330px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>C. elegans hermaphrodite</figcaption></figure> C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequenced</a>. The sequence was published in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> although some small gaps were present; the last gap was finished by October 2002.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the run up to the whole genome the C. elegans Sequencing Consortium/C. elegans Genome Project released several partial scans including Wilson et al. 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Sadler-1998-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hahn-2002-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bustelo-2000-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_and_gene_content">Size and gene content</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Size and gene content">edit</a>]</div> The C. elegans genome is about 100 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C. elegans and a <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_genome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial genome">mitochondrial genome</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Gene_density" title="Gene density">gene density</a> is about one gene per five <a href="/wiki/Kilo-base_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilo-base pair">kilo-base pairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">Introns</a> make up 26% and <a href="/wiki/Intergenic_region" title="Intergenic region">intergenic regions</a> 47% of the genome. Many genes are arranged in clusters and how many of these are <a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">operons</a> is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> C. elegans and other nematodes are among the few eukaryotes currently known to have operons; these include <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosomes">trypanosomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a> <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni" title="Schistosoma mansoni">Schistosoma mansoni</a>), and a primitive <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oikopleura_dioica" title="Oikopleura dioica">Oikopleura dioica</a>. Many more organisms are likely to be shown to have these operons.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The genome contains an estimated 20,470 <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-coding <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> About 35% of C. elegans genes have human <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologs</a>. Remarkably, human genes have been shown repeatedly to replace their C. elegans homologs when introduced into C. elegans. Conversely, many C. elegans genes can function similarly to mammalian genes.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_C._Elegans-49">[49]</a> The number of known <a href="/wiki/RNA_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA gene">RNA genes</a> in the genome has increased greatly due to the 2006 discovery of a new class called <a href="/wiki/21U-RNA" title="21U-RNA">21U-RNA</a> genes,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and the genome is now believed to contain more than 16,000 RNA genes, up from as few as 1,300 in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes; new gene models continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed. The reference C. elegans genome sequence continues to change as new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing. Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs of DNA. For example, the WS202 release of WormBase (April 2009) added two base pairs to the genome sequence.<a href="#cite_note-WS202-142">[142]</a> Sometimes, more extensive changes are made as noted in the WS197 release of December 2008, which added a region of over 4,300 bp to the sequence.<a href="#cite_note-WS197-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-GenomeChanges-144">[144]</a> The C. elegans Genome Project's Wilson et al. 1994 found <a href="/w/index.php?title=CelVav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CelVav (page does not exist)">CelVav</a><a href="#cite_note-Bustelo-2000-136">[136]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factor_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Willebrand factor A">von Willebrand factor A</a> domain<a href="#cite_note-Sadler-1998-134">[134]</a> and with Wilson et al. 1998 provides the first credible evidence for an <a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">aryl hydrocarbon receptor</a> (AHR) <a href="/wiki/Homologous_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologous gene">homolog</a> outside of vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-2002-135">[135]</a> 2 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_genomes">Related genomes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Related genomes">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_briggsae" title="Caenorhabditis briggsae">C. briggsae</a> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a> of these two organisms.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The genome sequences of more nematodes from the same <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_remanei" title="Caenorhabditis remanei">C. remanei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_japonica" title="Caenorhabditis japonica">C. japonica</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_brenneri" title="Caenorhabditis brenneri">C. brenneri</a> (named after Brenner), have also been studied using the <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing" title="Shotgun sequencing">shotgun sequencing</a> technique.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> These sequences have now been completed.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_genetic_studies">Other genetic studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other genetic studies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._elegans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/C._elegans.jpg/220px-C._elegans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/C._elegans.jpg/330px-C._elegans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/C._elegans.jpg/440px-C._elegans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>C. elegans adult with GFP coding sequence inserted into a histone-encoding gene by Cas9-triggered homologous recombination</figcaption></figure> As of 2014, C. elegans is the most basal species in the 'Elegans' group (10 species) of the 'Elegans' supergroup (17 species) in phylogenetic studies. It forms a branch of its own distinct to any other species of the group.<a href="#cite_note-FélixPLoSOne2014-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tc1_transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tc1 transposon">Tc1 transposon</a> is a DNA transposon active in C. elegans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_community">Scientific community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scientific community">edit</a>]</div> Several scientists have won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for scientific discoveries made working with C. elegans. It was awarded in 2002 to <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a> for their work on the genetics of organ development and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a>, in 2006 to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig C. Mello">Craig C. Mello</a> for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>, and in 2024 to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> and its role in gene regulation.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-p119-153">[153]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> shared a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a>; some of the research involved the use of C. elegans. Many scientists who research C. elegans closely connect to Sydney Brenner, with whom almost all research in this field began in the 1970s; they have worked as either a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral">postdoctoral</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner. Most who worked in his lab later established their own worm research labs, thereby creating a fairly well-documented "lineage" of C. elegans scientists, which was recorded into the <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a> database in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_invertebrates" title="Animal testing on invertebrates">Animal testing on invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Southgate" title="Eileen Southgate">Eileen Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intronerator" title="Intronerator">Intronerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWorm" title="OpenWorm">OpenWorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WormBook" title="WormBook">WormBook</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaupas1900" class="citation journal cs1">Maupas, É (1900). "Modes et formes de reproduction des nématodes". Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 8: 463–624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+Zoologie+Exp%C3%A9rimentale+et+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&rft.atitle=Modes+et+formes+de+reproduction+des+n%C3%A9matodes&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Maupas&rft.aufirst=%C3%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigon1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Nigon" title="Victor Nigon">Nigon V</a> (1949). "Les modalités de la reproduction et le déterminisme du sexe chez quelques nematodes libres". Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Biol. Anim. 11: 1–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Sci.+Nat.+Zool.+Biol.+Anim.&rft.atitle=Les+modalit%C3%A9s+de+la+reproduction+et+le+d%C3%A9terminisme+du+sexe+chez+quelques+nematodes+libres.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Nigon&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoermanWaterston1984" class="citation journal cs1">Moerman DG, Waterston RH (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224270">"Spontaneous unstable unc-22 IV mutations in C. elegans var. Bergerac"</a>. Genetics. 108 (4): 859–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F108.4.859">10.1093/genetics/108.4.859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224270">1224270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6096205">6096205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+unstable+unc-22+IV+mutations+in+C.+elegans+var.+Bergerac&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E859-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1984-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1224270%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6096205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F108.4.859&rft.aulast=Moerman&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Waterston%2C+RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1224270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabityStarrRose1990" class="citation journal cs1">Babity JM, Starr TV, Rose AM (June 1990). "Tc1 transposition and mutator activity in a Bristol strain of Caenorhabditis elegans". Molecular & General Genetics. 222 (1): 65–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00283024">10.1007/bf00283024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1978238">1978238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11275388">11275388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+%26+General+Genetics&rft.atitle=Tc1+transposition+and+mutator+activity+in+a+Bristol+strain+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11275388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1978238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00283024&rft.aulast=Babity&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Starr%2C+TV&rft.au=Rose%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisRose1989" class="citation journal cs1">Harris LJ, Rose AM (July 1989). "Structural analysis of Tc1 elements in Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol (strain N2)". Plasmid. 22 (1): 10–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0147-619x%2889%2990031-0">10.1016/0147-619x(89)90031-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2550981">2550981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plasmid&rft.atitle=Structural+analysis+of+Tc1+elements+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+var.+Bristol+%28strain+N2%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0147-619x%2889%2990031-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2550981&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Rose%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Caenorhabditis">"Caenorhabditis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCaenorhabditis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1988" class="citation book cs1">Wood, WB (1988). The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-433-3"><bdi>978-0-87969-433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-433-3&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=WB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudhausKiontke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sudhaus W, Kiontke K (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1996.tb00827.x">"Phylogeny of Rhabditis subgenus Caenorhabditis (Rhabditidae, Nematoda)"</a>. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 34 (4): 217–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1996.tb00827.x">10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00827.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoological+Systematics+and+Evolutionary+Research&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+Rhabditis+subgenus+Caenorhabditis+%28Rhabditidae%2C+Nematoda%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.1996.tb00827.x&rft.aulast=Sudhaus&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Kiontke%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1439-0469.1996.tb00827.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> καινός (caenos) = new, recent; ῥάβδος (rhabdos) = rod, wand. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris2013" class="citation web cs1">Ferris, H (30 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209003325/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G900S2.htm">"Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G900S2.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplpnemweb.ucdavis.edu%2Fnemaplex%2FTaxadata%2FG900S2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceRicciMelone1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace RL, Ricci C, Melone G (1996). "A cladistic analysis of pseudocoelomate (aschelminth) morphology". Invertebrate Biology. 115 (2): 104–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3227041">10.2307/3227041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3227041">3227041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Biology&rft.atitle=A+cladistic+analysis+of+pseudocoelomate+%28aschelminth%29+morphology.&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3227041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3227041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Ricci%2C+C&rft.au=Melone%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_introsexdetermination/introsexdetermination.html">"Introduction to sex determination"</a>. www.wormbook.org. Retrieved 2017-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wormbook.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+sex+determination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_introsexdetermination%2Fintrosexdetermination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner S (May 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">"The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Genetics. 77 (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71">10.1093/genetics/77.1.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">1213120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4366476">4366476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1974-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4366476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-da_freakin_nectome-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-da_freakin_nectome_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-da_freakin_nectome_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookJarrellBrittinWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, SJ; Jarrell, TA; Brittin, CA; Wang, Y; Bloniarz, AE; Yakovlev, MA; Nguyen, KCQ; Tang, Lt-H; Bayer, EA; Duerr, JS; Bulow, HE; Hobert, O; Hall, DH; Emmons, SW (3 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889226">"Whole-animal connectomes of both Caenorhabditis elegans sexes"</a>. Nature. 571 (7763). US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health: 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.571...63C">2019Natur.571...63C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1352-7">10.1038/s41586-019-1352-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889226">6889226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31270481">31270481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Whole-animal+connectomes+of+both+Caenorhabditis+elegans+sexes&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=7763&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6889226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31270481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1352-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.571...63C&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Jarrell%2C+TA&rft.au=Brittin%2C+CA&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Bloniarz%2C+AE&rft.au=Yakovlev%2C+MA&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+KCQ&rft.au=Tang%2C+Lt-H&rft.au=Bayer%2C+EA&rft.au=Duerr%2C+JS&rft.au=Bulow%2C+HE&rft.au=Hobert%2C+O&rft.au=Hall%2C+DH&rft.au=Emmons%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6889226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSouthgateThomsonBrenner1986" class="citation journal cs1">White JG, Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0056">"The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 314 (1165): 1–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986RSPTB.314....1W">1986RSPTB.314....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0056">10.1098/rstb.1986.0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462104">22462104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+the+nervous+system+of+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=1165&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22462104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986RSPTB.314....1W&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Southgate%2C+E&rft.au=Thomson%2C+JN&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstb.1986.0056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wormbook-16"><a href="#cite_ref-wormbook_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation journal cs1">White JG (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781474">"Getting into the mind of a worm--a personal view"</a>. WormBook: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.158.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.158.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781474">4781474</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23801597">23801597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Getting+into+the+mind+of+a+worm--a+personal+view&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781474%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23801597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.158.1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabr2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Jabr F (2012-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/c-elegans-connectome/">"The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It?"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 2014-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Connectome+Debate%3A+Is+Mapping+the+Mind+of+a+Worm+Worth+It%3F&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=Ferris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fc-elegans-connectome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/17/science/nobel-prizes-caenorhabditis-elegans.html">"These Tiny Worms Account for at Least 4 Nobel Prizes"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, Oct. 17, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2007" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2007). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Garland_Science" title="Garland Science">Garland Science</a>. p. 1321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-4105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.pages=1321&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4105-5&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&rft.au=Raff%2C+M&rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&rft.au=Walter%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieuxAshrafi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lemieux GA, Ashrafi K (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958586">"Investigating Connections between Metabolism, Longevity, and Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 27 (8): 586–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tem.2016.05.004">10.1016/j.tem.2016.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958586">4958586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27289335">27289335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Investigating+Connections+between+Metabolism%2C+Longevity%2C+and+Behavior+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E586-%3C%2Fspan%3E596&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4958586%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27289335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tem.2016.05.004&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Ashrafi%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4958586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_organformation/organformation.html">"The C. elegans pharynx: a model for organogenesis"</a>. www.wormbook.org. Retrieved 2017-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wormbook.org&rft.atitle=The+C.+elegans+pharynx%3A+a+model+for+organogenesis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_organformation%2Forganformation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28889277-22"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28889277_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoaresFagundezAvila2017" class="citation book cs1">Soares FA, Fagundez DA, Avila DS (2017). "Neurodegeneration Induced by Metals in Caenorhabditis elegans". Neurotoxicity of Metals. Advances in Neurobiology. Vol. 18. pp. 55–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-60189-2_18">10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-60188-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-60188-5"><bdi>978-3-319-60188-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28889277">28889277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurodegeneration+Induced+by+Metals+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.btitle=Neurotoxicity+of+Metals&rft.series=Advances+in+Neurobiology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28889277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-60189-2_18&rft.isbn=978-3-319-60188-5&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Fagundez%2C+DA&rft.au=Avila%2C+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Nonet, M. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302133204/http://thalamus.wustl.edu/nonetlab/ResearchF/elegans.html">About the nematode Caenorhabdtis elegans</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hobert, Oliver (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781215">"Specification of the nervous system"</a>. WormBook: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.12.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.12.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781215">4781215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18050401">18050401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Specification+of+the+nervous+system&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18050401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.12.1&rft.aulast=Hobert&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburnGems2013" class="citation journal cs1">Coburn C, Gems D (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735983">"The mysterious case of the C. elegans gut granule: death fluorescence, anthranilic acid and the kynurenine pathway"</a>. Frontiers in Genetics. 4: 151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00151">10.3389/fgene.2013.00151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735983">3735983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23967012">23967012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+mysterious+case+of+the+C.+elegans+gut+granule%3A+death+fluorescence%2C+anthranilic+acid+and+the+kynurenine+pathway&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3735983%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23967012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00151&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Gems%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3735983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayakGoreeSchedl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nayak S, Goree J, Schedl T (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539060">"fog-2 and the evolution of self-fertile hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis"</a>. PLOS Biology. 3 (1): e6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539060">539060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630478">15630478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=fog-2+and+the+evolution+of+self-fertile+hermaphroditism+in+Caenorhabditis&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e6&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539060%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15630478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Goree%2C+J&rft.au=Schedl%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoerKenyon1993" class="citation journal cs1">Loer CM, Kenyon CJ (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6576401">"Serotonin-deficient mutants and male mating behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (12): 5407–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2Fjneurosci.13-12-05407.1993">10.1523/jneurosci.13-12-05407.1993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6576401">6576401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8254383">8254383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Serotonin-deficient+mutants+and+male+mating+behavior+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5407-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6576401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8254383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2Fjneurosci.13-12-05407.1993&rft.aulast=Loer&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Kenyon%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6576401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaZhaoSunShimabukuro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ma X, Zhao Y, Sun W, Shimabukuro K, Miao L (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4875351">"Transformation: how do nematode sperm become activated and crawl?"</a>. Protein & Cell. 3 (10): 755–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-012-2936-2">10.1007/s13238-012-2936-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4875351">4875351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22903434">22903434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protein+%26+Cell&rft.atitle=Transformation%3A+how+do+nematode+sperm+become+activated+and+crawl%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E755-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4875351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22903434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13238-012-2936-2&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Y&rft.au=Sun%2C+W&rft.au=Shimabukuro%2C+K&rft.au=Miao%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4875351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarostinaLimSchvarzsteinWells2007" class="citation journal cs1">Starostina NG, Lim JM, Schvarzstein M, Wells L, Spence AM, Kipreos ET (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2064902">"A CUL-2 ubiquitin ligase containing three FEM proteins degrades TRA-1 to regulate C. elegans sex determination"</a>. Developmental Cell. 13 (1): 127–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2007.05.008">10.1016/j.devcel.2007.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2064902">2064902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17609115">17609115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Cell&rft.atitle=A+CUL-2+ubiquitin+ligase+containing+three+FEM+proteins+degrades+TRA-1+to+regulate+C.+elegans+sex+determination&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2064902%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17609115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2007.05.008&rft.aulast=Starostina&rft.aufirst=NG&rft.au=Lim%2C+JM&rft.au=Schvarzstein%2C+M&rft.au=Wells%2C+L&rft.au=Spence%2C+AM&rft.au=Kipreos%2C+ET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2064902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haag_2005-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haag_2005_30-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaag2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haag ES (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781019">"The evolution of nematode sex determination: C. elegans as a reference point for comparative biology"</a>. WormBook: The Online Review of C. Elegans Biology: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.120.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.120.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781019">4781019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18050417">18050417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook%3A+The+Online+Review+of+C.+Elegans+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+nematode+sex+determination%3A+C.+elegans+as+a+reference+point+for+comparative+biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781019%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18050417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.120.1&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=ES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wormatlas.org/male/introduction/mainframe.htm">"Handbook - Male Introduction"</a>. www.wormatlas.org. Retrieved 2021-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wormatlas.org&rft.atitle=Handbook+-+Male+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormatlas.org%2Fmale%2Fintroduction%2Fmainframe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrézalFélix2015" class="citation journal cs1">Frézal L, Félix MA (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373675">"C. elegans outside the Petri dish"</a>. eLife. 4: e05849. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.05849">10.7554/eLife.05849</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373675">4373675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822066">25822066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=C.+elegans+outside+the+Petri+dish&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e05849&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373675%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25822066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.05849&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9zal&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConradtHorvitz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Conradt, Barbara; Horvitz, H.Robert (1999-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981961-3">"The TRA-1A Sex Determination Protein of C. elegans Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Cell Deaths by Repressing the egl-1 Cell Death Activator Gene"</a>. Cell. 98 (3): 317–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981961-3">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81961-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10458607">10458607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14951719">14951719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+TRA-1A+Sex+Determination+Protein+of+C.+elegans+Regulates+Sexually+Dimorphic+Cell+Deaths+by+Repressing+the+egl-1+Cell+Death+Activator+Gene&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1999-08-06&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14951719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10458607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981961-3&rft.aulast=Conradt&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Horvitz%2C+H.Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252800%252981961-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerPlenefischCassonMeyer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Miller LM, Plenefisch JD, Casson LP, Meyer BJ (October 1988). "xol-1: a gene that controls the male modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in C. elegans". Cell. 55 (1): 167–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2888%2990019-0">10.1016/0092-8674(88)90019-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3167975">3167975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5005906">5005906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=xol-1%3A+a+gene+that+controls+the+male+modes+of+both+sex+determination+and+X+chromosome+dosage+compensation+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5005906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3167975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2888%2990019-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Plenefisch%2C+JD&rft.au=Casson%2C+LP&rft.au=Meyer%2C+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wormbase.org/species/c_elegans/gene/WBGene00003367#0-9f-10">"mix-1 (gene) - WormBase : Nematode Information Resource"</a>. wormbase.org. Retrieved 2021-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wormbase.org&rft.atitle=mix-1+%28gene%29+-+WormBase+%3A+Nematode+Information+Resource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwormbase.org%2Fspecies%2Fc_elegans%2Fgene%2FWBGene00003367%230-9f-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutterWard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cutter AD, Ward S (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh267">"Sexual and temporal dynamics of molecular evolution in C. elegans development"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (1): 178–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh267">10.1093/molbev/msh267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15371532">15371532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Sexual+and+temporal+dynamics+of+molecular+evolution+in+C.+elegans+development&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh267&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15371532&rft.aulast=Cutter&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Ward%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsh267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8625834-37"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8625834_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinHird1996" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein B, Hird SN (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625834/">"Specification of the anteroposterior axis in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Development. 122 (5): 1467–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.122.5.1467">10.1242/dev.122.5.1467</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625834">8625834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development&rft.atitle=Specification+of+the+anteroposterior+axis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1467-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdev.122.5.1467&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8625834&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Hird%2C+SN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F8625834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_SF2016" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert SF (2016). Developmental biology (11th ed.). Sinauer. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605354705" title="Special:BookSources/9781605354705"><bdi>9781605354705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+biology&rft.pages=268&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781605354705&rft.au=Gilbert+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7758115-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7758115_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoKemphues1995" class="citation journal cs1">Guo S, Kemphues KJ (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990082-9">"par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed"</a>. Cell. 81 (4): 611–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990082-9">10.1016/0092-8674(95)90082-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7758115">7758115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=par-1%2C+a+gene+required+for+establishing+polarity+in+C.+elegans+embryos%2C+encodes+a+putative+Ser%2FThr+kinase+that+is+asymmetrically+distributed&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990082-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7758115&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kemphues%2C+KJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252895%252990082-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGönczyRose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gönczy P, Rose LS (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780927">"Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo"</a>. WormBook: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.30.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.30.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780927">4780927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18050411">18050411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+cell+division+and+axis+formation+in+the+embryo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18050411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.30.1&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6nczy&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rose%2C+LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Kimble J, Crittenden SL. Germline proliferation and its control. 2005 Aug 15. In: WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology [Internet]. Pasadena (CA): WormBook; 2005-. Available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19769/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19769/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wormbase0006773-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wormbase0006773_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wormbase0006773_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"WBbt:0006773 (anatomy term)". <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a> (WS242 ed.). May 14, 2014. WBbt:0006773.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WBbt%3A0006773+%28anatomy+term%29&rft.btitle=WormBase&rft.edition=WS242&rft.date=2014-05-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_SF2016" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert SF (2016). Developmental biology (11th ed.). Sinauer. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605354705" title="Special:BookSources/9781605354705"><bdi>9781605354705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+biology&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781605354705&rft.au=Gilbert+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9288749-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9288749_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpeSchlesingerCarterBowerman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpe CJ, Schlesinger A, Carter JC, Bowerman B (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980530-9">"Wnt signaling polarizes an early C. elegans blastomere to distinguish endoderm from mesoderm"</a>. Cell. 90 (4): 695–705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980530-9">10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80530-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9288749">9288749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Wnt+signaling+polarizes+an+early+C.+elegans+blastomere+to+distinguish+endoderm+from+mesoderm&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2800%2980530-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9288749&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+A&rft.au=Carter%2C+JC&rft.au=Bowerman%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0092-8674%252800%252980530-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlBao2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pohl C, Bao Z (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952354">"Chiral forces organize left-right patterning in C. elegans by uncoupling midline and anteroposterior axis"</a>. Developmental Cell. 19 (3): 402–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2010.08.014">10.1016/j.devcel.2010.08.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952354">2952354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20833362">20833362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Cell&rft.atitle=Chiral+forces+organize+left-right+patterning+in+C.+elegans+by+uncoupling+midline+and+anteroposterior+axis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20833362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2010.08.014&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bao%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillaresCarlini1988" class="citation journal cs1">Villares JC, Carlini EA (1988). "[Quantification of sebaceous excretion in volunteers: influence of chronological age, sex and race]". Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 16 (6): 439–44. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3073266">3073266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Cutan+Ibero+Lat+Am&rft.atitle=%5BQuantification+of+sebaceous+excretion+in+volunteers%3A+influence+of+chronological+age%2C+sex+and+race%5D&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3073266&rft.aulast=Villares&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Carlini%2C+EA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_SF2016" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert SF (2016). Developmental biology (11th ed.). Sinauer. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605354705" title="Special:BookSources/9781605354705"><bdi>9781605354705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+biology&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781605354705&rft.au=Gilbert+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1601187-46"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1601187_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkibaSchierenberg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Skiba F, Schierenberg E (June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1601187">"Cell lineages, developmental timing, and spatial pattern formation in embryos of free-living soil nematodes"</a>. Developmental Biology. 151 (2): 597–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-1606%2892%2990197-o">10.1016/0012-1606(92)90197-o</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1601187">1601187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Cell+lineages%2C+developmental+timing%2C+and+spatial+pattern+formation+in+embryos+of+free-living+soil+nematodes&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-1606%2892%2990197-o&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1601187&rft.aulast=Skiba&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Schierenberg%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F1601187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_SF2016" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert SF (2016). Developmental biology (11th ed.). Sinauer. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605354705" title="Special:BookSources/9781605354705"><bdi>9781605354705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+biology&rft.pages=273&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781605354705&rft.au=Gilbert+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudewigSchroeder2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ludewig, Andreas H.; Schroeder, Frank C. (2013-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758900">"Ascaroside signaling in C. elegans"</a>. WormBook: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.155.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.155.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1551-8507">1551-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758900">3758900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23355522">23355522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Ascaroside+signaling+in+C.+elegans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1551-8507&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23355522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.155.1&rft.aulast=Ludewig&rft.aufirst=Andreas+H.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Frank+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction_to_C._Elegans-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_C._Elegans_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_C._Elegans_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020818213550/http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/introduction/worms.html">"Introduction to C. Elegans"</a>. C. Elegans as a model organism. Rutgers University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/introduction/worms.html">the original</a> on 2002-08-18. Retrieved August 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C.+Elegans+as+a+model+organism&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+C.+Elegans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favery.rutgers.edu%2FWSSP%2FStudentScholars%2Fproject%2Fintroduction%2Fworms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormatlas.org/hermaphrodite/introduction/mainframe.htm">"Handbook - Introduction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+-+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormatlas.org%2Fhermaphrodite%2Fintroduction%2Fmainframe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_dauer/dauer.html">"Dauer"</a>. www.wormbook.org. Retrieved 2018-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wormbook.org&rft.atitle=Dauer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_dauer%2Fdauer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20232378-52"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20232378_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnickMcCullochRougvie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Resnick TD, McCulloch KA, Rougvie AE (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4698981">"miRNAs give worms the time of their lives: small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Developmental Dynamics. 239 (5): 1477–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvdy.22260">10.1002/dvdy.22260</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4698981">4698981</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20232378">20232378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Dynamics&rft.atitle=miRNAs+give+worms+the+time+of+their+lives%3A+small+RNAs+and+temporal+control+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1477-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4698981%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20232378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdvdy.22260&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=McCulloch%2C+KA&rft.au=Rougvie%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4698981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23962842-53"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23962842_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougvieMoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Rougvie AE, Moss EG (2013). "Developmental Transitions in C. Elegans Larval Stages". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962842">Developmental transitions in C. elegans larval stages</a>. Developmental Timing. Vol. 105. Academic Press. pp. 153–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-396968-2.00006-3">10.1016/B978-0-12-396968-2.00006-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123969682" title="Special:BookSources/9780123969682"><bdi>9780123969682</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962842">23962842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developmental+Transitions+in+C.+Elegans+Larval+Stages&rft.btitle=Developmental+transitions+in+C.+elegans+larval+stages&rft.series=Developmental+Timing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23962842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-396968-2.00006-3&rft.isbn=9780123969682&rft.aulast=Rougvie&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Moss%2C+EG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23962842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8252621-54"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8252621_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeFeinbaumAmbros1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990529-y">"The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14"</a>. Cell. 75 (5): 843–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990529-y">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8252621">8252621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+C.+elegans+heterochronic+gene+lin-4+encodes+small+RNAs+with+antisense+complementarity+to+lin-14&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E843-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990529-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8252621&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Feinbaum%2C+RL&rft.au=Ambros%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252893%252990529-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15691769-55"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15691769_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeKwokLinSlack2005" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee D, Kwok A, Lin SY, Slack FJ (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.12.006">"Developmental timing in C. elegans is regulated by kin-20 and tim-1, homologs of core circadian clock genes"</a>. Developmental Cell. 8 (2): 287–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.12.006">10.1016/j.devcel.2004.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15691769">15691769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Cell&rft.atitle=Developmental+timing+in+C.+elegans+is+regulated+by+kin-20+and+tim-1%2C+homologs+of+core+circadian+clock+genes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.12.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15691769&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Kwok%2C+A&rft.au=Lin%2C+SY&rft.au=Slack%2C+FJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.devcel.2004.12.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulstonHorvitz1977" class="citation journal cs1">Sulston, J.E.; Horvitz, H.R. (March 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012160677901580">"Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Developmental Biology. 56 (1): 110–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-1606%2877%2990158-0">10.1016/0012-1606(77)90158-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/838129">838129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Post-embryonic+cell+lineages+of+the+nematode%2C+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-1606%2877%2990158-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F838129&rft.aulast=Sulston&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Horvitz%2C+H.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0012160677901580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulstonSchierenbergWhiteThomson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sulston, J.E.; Schierenberg, E.; White, J.G.; Thomson, J.N. (November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012160683902014">"The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Developmental Biology. 100 (1): 64–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-1606%2883%2990201-4">10.1016/0012-1606(83)90201-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6684600">6684600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+embryonic+cell+lineage+of+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-1606%2883%2990201-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6684600&rft.aulast=Sulston&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Schierenberg%2C+E.&rft.au=White%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Thomson%2C+J.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0012160683902014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sammut_385–390-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sammut_385–390_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sammut_385–390_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammutCookNguyenFelton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sammut, Michele; Cook, Steven J.; Nguyen, Ken C. Q.; Felton, Terry; Hall, David H.; Emmons, Scott W.; Poole, Richard J.; Barrios, Arantza (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650210">"Glia-derived neurons are required for sex-specific learning in C. elegans"</a>. Nature. 526 (7573): 385–390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.526..385S">2015Natur.526..385S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature15700">10.1038/nature15700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650210">4650210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26469050">26469050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Glia-derived+neurons+are+required+for+sex-specific+learning+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=526&rft.issue=7573&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4650210%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.526..385S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26469050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature15700&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Sammut&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Cook%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Ken+C.+Q.&rft.au=Felton%2C+Terry&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+H.&rft.au=Emmons%2C+Scott+W.&rft.au=Poole%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Barrios%2C+Arantza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4650210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhnoBao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ohno, Hayao; Bao, Zhirong (2020-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.11.13.381830">"Small RNAs couple embryonic developmental programs to gut microbes"</a>. bioRxiv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2020.11.13.381830">10.1101/2020.11.13.381830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227060212">227060212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Small+RNAs+couple+embryonic+developmental+programs+to+gut+microbes&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2020.11.13.381830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227060212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ohno&rft.aufirst=Hayao&rft.au=Bao%2C+Zhirong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiorxiv.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1101%2F2020.11.13.381830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 753. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&rft.pages=753&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuMaChua2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Minqi; Ma, Yeping; Chua, Song Lin (2024-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801909">"Bacterivorous nematodes decipher microbial iron siderophores as prey cue in predator–prey interactions"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (3): e2314077121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12114077H">2024PNAS..12114077H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2314077121">10.1073/pnas.2314077121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801909">10801909</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38190542">38190542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Bacterivorous+nematodes+decipher+microbial+iron+siderophores+as+prey+cue+in+predator%E2%80%93prey+interactions&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e2314077121&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10801909%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PNAS..12114077H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38190542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2314077121&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Minqi&rft.au=Ma%2C+Yeping&rft.au=Chua%2C+Song+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10801909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélixBraendle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Félix MA, Braendle C (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.09.050">"The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Current Biology. 20 (22): R965–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CBio...20.R965F">2010CBio...20.R965F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.09.050">10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21093785">21093785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+natural+history+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=R965-9&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21093785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.09.050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010CBio...20.R965F&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Braendle%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2010.09.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanLiuWuWei2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Liu, Sylvia Yang; Wu, Rongben; Wei, Wei; Fang, James Kar-Hei; Chua, Song Lin (2023-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07129">"Simultaneous Dissemination of Nanoplastics and Antibiotic Resistance by Nematode Couriers"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (23): 8719–8727. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.8719C">2023EnST...57.8719C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.2c07129">10.1021/acs.est.2c07129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37267481">37267481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259047038">259047038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+Dissemination+of+Nanoplastics+and+Antibiotic+Resistance+by+Nematode+Couriers&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8719-%3C%2Fspan%3E8727&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259047038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EnST...57.8719C&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.2c07129&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37267481&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Shepherd+Yuen&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sylvia+Yang&rft.au=Wu%2C+Rongben&rft.au=Wei%2C+Wei&rft.au=Fang%2C+James+Kar-Hei&rft.au=Chua%2C+Song+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.2c07129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonakisAusubelPerfectHeitman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mylonakis E, Ausubel FM, Perfect JR, Heitman J, Calderwood SB (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137775">"Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (24): 15675–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9915675M">2002PNAS...9915675M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.232568599">10.1073/pnas.232568599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137775">137775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12438649">12438649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Killing+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+by+Cryptococcus+neoformans+as+a+model+of+yeast+pathogenesis&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15675-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC137775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12438649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.232568599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...9915675M&rft.aulast=Mylonakis&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Ausubel%2C+FM&rft.au=Perfect%2C+JR&rft.au=Heitman%2C+J&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC137775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifriBegunAusubelCalderwood2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sifri CD, Begun J, Ausubel FM, Calderwood SB (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC152095">"Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 71 (4): 2208–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.71.4.2208-2217.2003">10.1128/IAI.71.4.2208-2217.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC152095">152095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12654843">12654843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+model+host+for+Staphylococcus+aureus+pathogenesis&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2208-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC152095%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12654843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.71.4.2208-2217.2003&rft.aulast=Sifri&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Begun%2C+J&rft.au=Ausubel%2C+FM&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC152095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanMahajan-MiklosAusubel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tan MW, Mahajan-Miklos S, Ausubel FM (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15202">"Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Pseudomonas aeruginosa used to model mammalian bacterial pathogenesis"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (2): 715–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96..715T">1999PNAS...96..715T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.2.715">10.1073/pnas.96.2.715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15202">15202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9892699">9892699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Killing+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+used+to+model+mammalian+bacterial+pathogenesis&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E715-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15202%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9892699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.2.715&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96..715T&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Mahajan-Miklos%2C+S&rft.au=Ausubel%2C+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsinVillanuevaBegunKim2003" class="citation journal cs1">Garsin DA, Villanueva JM, Begun J, Kim DH, Sifri CD, Calderwood SB, et al. (June 2003). "Long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants are resistant to bacterial pathogens". Science. 300 (5627): 1921. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080147">10.1126/science.1080147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12817143">12817143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37703980">37703980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Long-lived+C.+elegans+daf-2+mutants+are+resistant+to+bacterial+pathogens&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5627&rft.pages=1921&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37703980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12817143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080147&rft.aulast=Garsin&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Villanueva%2C+JM&rft.au=Begun%2C+J&rft.au=Kim%2C+DH&rft.au=Sifri%2C+CD&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft.au=Ruvkun%2C+G&rft.au=Ausubel%2C+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanLiuSengChua2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Liu, Sylvia Yang; Seng, Zijing; Chua, Song Lin (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7852553">"Biofilm matrix disrupts nematode motility and predatory behavior"</a>. The ISME Journal. 15 (1): 260–269. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ISMEJ..15..260C">2021ISMEJ..15..260C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41396-020-00779-9">10.1038/s41396-020-00779-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-7370">1751-7370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7852553">7852553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32958848">32958848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+ISME+Journal&rft.atitle=Biofilm+matrix+disrupts+nematode+motility+and+predatory+behavior&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7852553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ISMEJ..15..260C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32958848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41396-020-00779-9&rft.issn=1751-7370&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Shepherd+Yuen&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sylvia+Yang&rft.au=Seng%2C+Zijing&rft.au=Chua%2C+Song+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7852553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiuChanChua2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Shaoyang; Liu, Sylvia Yang; Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Chua, Song Lin (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9038794">"Biofilm matrix cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection"</a>. The ISME Journal. 16 (5): 1388–1396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ISMEJ..16.1388L">2022ISMEJ..16.1388L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41396-022-01190-2">10.1038/s41396-022-01190-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-7370">1751-7370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9038794">9038794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034106">35034106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+ISME+Journal&rft.atitle=Biofilm+matrix+cloaks+bacterial+quorum+sensing+chemoattractants+from+predator+detection&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1388-%3C%2Fspan%3E1396&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9038794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ISMEJ..16.1388L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35034106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41396-022-01190-2&rft.issn=1751-7370&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shaoyang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sylvia+Yang&rft.au=Chan%2C+Shepherd+Yuen&rft.au=Chua%2C+Song+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9038794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiontkeSudhaus2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kiontke K, Sudhaus W (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780885">"Ecology of Caenorhabditis species"</a>. WormBook: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.37.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.37.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780885">4780885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18050464">18050464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=Ecology+of+Caenorhabditis+species&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780885%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18050464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.37.1&rft.aulast=Kiontke&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Sudhaus%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalGlazerKoltai2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gal TZ, Glazer I, Koltai H (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.09.049">"An LEA group 3 family member is involved in survival of C. elegans during exposure to stress"</a>. FEBS Letters. 577 (1–2): 21–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004FEBSL.577...21G">2004FEBSL.577...21G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.09.049">10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15527756">15527756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21960486">21960486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=An+LEA+group+3+family+member+is+involved+in+survival+of+C.+elegans+during+exposure+to+stress&rft.volume=577&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.09.049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21960486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15527756&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004FEBSL.577...21G&rft.aulast=Gal&rft.aufirst=TZ&rft.au=Glazer%2C+I&rft.au=Koltai%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.febslet.2004.09.049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Elaine R. Ingham <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/biology/">Soil biology primer</a> USDA </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, N. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.10.924">"Genomic Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Reveals Ancient Families of Retroviral-like Elements"</a>. Genome Research. 9 (10): 924–935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.10.924">10.1101/gr.9.10.924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523521">10523521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Genomic+Analysis+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+Reveals+Ancient+Families+of+Retroviral-like+Elements&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E924-%3C%2Fspan%3E935&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.9.10.924&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10523521&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%252Fgr.9.10.924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuomoDesjardinsBakowskiGoldberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cuomo CA, Desjardins CA, Bakowski MA, Goldberg J, Ma AT, Becnel JJ, Didier ES, Fan L, Heiman DI, Levin JZ, Young S, Zeng Q, Troemel ER (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514677">"Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth"</a>. Genome Research. 22 (12): 2478–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.142802.112">10.1101/gr.142802.112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514677">3514677</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22813931">22813931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Microsporidian+genome+analysis+reveals+evolutionary+strategies+for+obligate+intracellular+growth&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2478-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3514677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22813931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.142802.112&rft.aulast=Cuomo&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Desjardins%2C+CA&rft.au=Bakowski%2C+MA&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+J&rft.au=Ma%2C+AT&rft.au=Becnel%2C+JJ&rft.au=Didier%2C+ES&rft.au=Fan%2C+L&rft.au=Heiman%2C+DI&rft.au=Levin%2C+JZ&rft.au=Young%2C+S&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Q&rft.au=Troemel%2C+ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3514677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiuZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Niu XM, Zhang KQ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21501203.2011.562559">"Arthrobotrys oligospora: A model organism for understanding the interaction between fungi and nematodes"</a>. Mycology. 2 (2): 59–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21501203.2011.562559">10.1080/21501203.2011.562559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycology&rft.atitle=Arthrobotrys+oligospora%3A+A+model+organism+for+understanding+the+interaction+between+fungi+and+nematodes&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21501203.2011.562559&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Xue-Mei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ke-Qin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21501203.2011.562559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClareTateNobbsRomanos2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clare JJ, Tate SN, Nobbs M, Romanos MA (November 2000). "Voltage-gated sodium channels as therapeutic targets". Drug Discovery Today. 5 (11): 506–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2800%2901570-1">10.1016/S1359-6446(00)01570-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11084387">11084387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Discovery+Today&rft.atitle=Voltage-gated+sodium+channels+as+therapeutic+targets&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2800%2901570-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11084387&rft.aulast=Clare&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Tate%2C+SN&rft.au=Nobbs%2C+M&rft.au=Romanos%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosinskiZaremba2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kosinski RA, Zaremba M (2007). "Dynamics of the Model of the Caenorhabditis Elegans Neural Network". Acta Physica Polonica B. 38 (6): 2201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcPPB..38.2201K">2007AcPPB..38.2201K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physica+Polonica+B&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+the+Model+of+the+Caenorhabditis+Elegans+Neural+Network&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2201&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AcPPB..38.2201K&rft.aulast=Kosinski&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Zaremba%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brouillette-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Brouillette_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouillette2022" class="citation journal cs1">Brouillette, Monique (21 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/mapping-brain-understand-mind">"Mapping the brain to understand the mind"</a>. Knowable Magazine. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-042122-1">10.1146/knowable-042122-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+brain+to+understand+the+mind&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-042122-1&rft.aulast=Brouillette&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fmind%2F2022%2Fmapping-brain-understand-mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsStrogatz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Watts DJ, Strogatz SH (June 1998). "Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks". Nature. 393 (6684): 440–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..440W">1998Natur.393..440W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F30918">10.1038/30918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623998">9623998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4429113">4429113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Collective+dynamics+of+%27small-world%27+networks&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=6684&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F30918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4429113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9623998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.393..440W&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Strogatz%2C+SH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Schafer_(neuroscientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Schafer (neuroscientist)">Schafer WR</a> (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.08.020">"Deciphering the neural and molecular mechanisms of C. elegans behavior"</a>. Current Biology. 15 (17): R723–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CBio...15.R723S">2005CBio...15.R723S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.08.020">10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16139205">16139205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Deciphering+the+neural+and+molecular+mechanisms+of+C.+elegans+behavior&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R723-9&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16139205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.08.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CBio...15.R723S&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=WR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2005.08.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookJarrellBrittinWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cook SJ, Jarrell TA, Brittin CA, Wang Y, Bloniarz AE, Yakovlev MA, et al. (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889226">"Whole-animal connectomes of both Caenorhabditis elegans sexes"</a>. Nature. 571 (7763): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.571...63C">2019Natur.571...63C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1352-7">10.1038/s41586-019-1352-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889226">6889226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31270481">31270481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Whole-animal+connectomes+of+both+Caenorhabditis+elegans+sexes&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=7763&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6889226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31270481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1352-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.571...63C&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Jarrell%2C+TA&rft.au=Brittin%2C+CA&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Bloniarz%2C+AE&rft.au=Yakovlev%2C+MA&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+KC&rft.au=Tang%2C+LT&rft.au=Bayer%2C+EA&rft.au=Duerr%2C+JS&rft.au=B%C3%BClow%2C+HE&rft.au=Hobert%2C+O&rft.au=Hall%2C+DH&rft.au=Emmons%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6889226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcántar-FernándezNavarroSalazar-MartínezPérez-Andrade2018" class="citation journal cs1">Alcántar-Fernández J, Navarro RE, Salazar-Martínez AM, Pérez-Andrade ME, Miranda-Ríos J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039004">"Caenorhabditis elegans respond to high-glucose diets through a network of stress-responsive transcription factors"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (7): e0199888. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1399888A">2018PLoSO..1399888A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0199888">10.1371/journal.pone.0199888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039004">6039004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29990370">29990370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans+respond+to+high-glucose+diets+through+a+network+of+stress-responsive+transcription+factors&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0199888&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6039004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29990370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0199888&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1399888A&rft.aulast=Alc%C3%A1ntar-Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Navarro%2C+RE&rft.au=Salazar-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+AM&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Andrade%2C+ME&rft.au=Miranda-R%C3%ADos%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6039004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery" class="citation web cs1">Avery, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815143145/http://elegans.swmed.edu/Sydney.html">"Sydney Brenner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Medical Center">Southwestern Medical Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elegans.swmed.edu/Sydney.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Brenner&rft.pub=Southwestern+Medical+Center&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felegans.swmed.edu%2FSydney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elegans.som.vcu.edu/Sydney.html">Alt. URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208060434/http://elegans.som.vcu.edu/Sydney.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, S (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">"The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Genetics. 77 (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71">10.1093/genetics/77.1.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">1213120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4366476">4366476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4366476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F77.1.71&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_behavior/behavior.html#sec1">"Behavior"</a>. www.wormbook.org. Retrieved 2018-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wormbook.org&rft.atitle=Behavior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_behavior%2Fbehavior.html%23sec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulstonHorvitz1977" class="citation journal cs1">Sulston JE, Horvitz HR (March 1977). "Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans". Developmental Biology. 56 (1): 110–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-1606%2877%2990158-0">10.1016/0012-1606(77)90158-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/838129">838129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Post-embryonic+cell+lineages+of+the+nematode%2C+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-1606%2877%2990158-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F838129&rft.aulast=Sulston&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Horvitz%2C+HR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbleHirsh1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kimble J, Hirsh D (June 1979). "The postembryonic cell lineages of the hermaphrodite and male gonads in Caenorhabditis elegans". Developmental Biology. 70 (2): 396–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-1606%2879%2990035-6">10.1016/0012-1606(79)90035-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/478167">478167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+postembryonic+cell+lineages+of+the+hermaphrodite+and+male+gonads+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=1979-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-1606%2879%2990035-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F478167&rft.aulast=Kimble&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hirsh%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedenKillianXue2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peden E, Killian DJ, Xue D (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2651394">"Cell death specification in C. elegans"</a>. Cell Cycle. 7 (16): 2479–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.7.16.6479">10.4161/cc.7.16.6479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2651394">2651394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18719375">18719375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Cycle&rft.atitle=Cell+death+specification+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2479-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2651394%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18719375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcc.7.16.6479&rft.aulast=Peden&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Killian%2C+DJ&rft.au=Xue%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2651394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIDDK2015" class="citation web cs1">NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (March 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wam-kw4xwZc">"Injection of C. elegans Gonads"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Wam-kw4xwZc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved March 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Injection+of+C.+elegans+Gonads&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=NIDDK&rft.aufirst=National+Institute+of+Diabetes+and+Digestive+and+Kidney+Diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWam-kw4xwZc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamathFraserDongPoulin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kamath RS, Fraser AG, Dong Y, Poulin G, Durbin R, Gotta M, Kanapin A, Le Bot N, Moreno S, Sohrmann M, Welchman DP, Zipperlen P, Ahringer J (January 2003). "Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi". Nature. 421 (6920): 231–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..231K">2003Natur.421..231K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01278">10.1038/nature01278</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F63159">10261/63159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529635">12529635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15745225">15745225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Systematic+functional+analysis+of+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+genome+using+RNAi&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6920&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F63159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15745225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..231K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12529635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01278&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Fraser%2C+AG&rft.au=Dong%2C+Y&rft.au=Poulin%2C+G&rft.au=Durbin%2C+R&rft.au=Gotta%2C+M&rft.au=Kanapin%2C+A&rft.au=Le+Bot%2C+N&rft.au=Moreno%2C+S&rft.au=Sohrmann%2C+M&rft.au=Welchman%2C+DP&rft.au=Zipperlen%2C+P&rft.au=Ahringer%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortunatoFraser2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fortunato A, Fraser AG (2005). "Uncover genetic interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans by RNA interference". Bioscience Reports. 25 (5–6): 299–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10540-005-2892-7">10.1007/s10540-005-2892-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307378">16307378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6983519">6983519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioscience+Reports&rft.atitle=Uncover+genetic+interactions+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+by+RNA+interference&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6983519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16307378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10540-005-2892-7&rft.aulast=Fortunato&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fraser%2C+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix2008" class="citation journal cs1">Félix MA (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776389">"RNA interference in nematodes and the chance that favored Sydney Brenner"</a>. Journal of Biology. 7 (9): 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fjbiol97">10.1186/jbiol97</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776389">2776389</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19014674">19014674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biology&rft.atitle=RNA+interference+in+nematodes+and+the+chance+that+favored+Sydney+Brenner&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19014674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fjbiol97&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstonSutherlinWrightFeinberg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Winston WM, Sutherlin M, Wright AJ, Feinberg EH, Hunter CP (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1965553">"Caenorhabditis elegans SID-2 is required for environmental RNA interference"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (25): 10565–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10410565W">2007PNAS..10410565W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0611282104">10.1073/pnas.0611282104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1965553">1965553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17563372">17563372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans+SID-2+is+required+for+environmental+RNA+interference&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10565-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1965553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17563372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0611282104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10410565W&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Sutherlin%2C+M&rft.au=Wright%2C+AJ&rft.au=Feinberg%2C+EH&rft.au=Hunter%2C+CP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1965553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11058122-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11058122_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakanamiMoriTakahashiHigashitani2000" class="citation journal cs1">Takanami T, Mori A, Takahashi H, Higashitani A (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113154">"Hyper-resistance of meiotic cells to radiation due to a strong expression of a single recA-like gene in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (21): 4232–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4232">10.1093/nar/28.21.4232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113154">113154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11058122">11058122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Hyper-resistance+of+meiotic+cells+to+radiation+due+to+a+strong+expression+of+a+single+recA-like+gene+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4232-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC113154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11058122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4232&rft.aulast=Takanami&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Mori%2C+A&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+H&rft.au=Higashitani%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC113154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14646232-95"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14646232_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakanamiZhangAokiAbe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Takanami T, Zhang Y, Aoki H, Abe T, Yoshida S, Takahashi H, Horiuchi S, Higashitani A (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1269%2Fjrr.44.271">"Efficient repair of DNA damage induced by heavy ion particles in meiotic prophase I nuclei of Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Journal of Radiation Research. 44 (3): 271–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JRadR..44..271T">2003JRadR..44..271T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1269%2Fjrr.44.271">10.1269/jrr.44.271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14646232">14646232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radiation+Research&rft.atitle=Efficient+repair+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+heavy+ion+particles+in+meiotic+prophase+I+nuclei+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14646232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1269%2Fjrr.44.271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JRadR..44..271T&rft.aulast=Takanami&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Aoki%2C+H&rft.au=Abe%2C+T&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+S&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+H&rft.au=Horiuchi%2C+S&rft.au=Higashitani%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1269%252Fjrr.44.271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chin-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Chin_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinVilleneuve2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chin GM, Villeneuve AM (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312651">"C. elegans mre-11 is required for meiotic recombination and DNA repair but is dispensable for the meiotic G(2) DNA damage checkpoint"</a>. Genes & Development. 15 (5): 522–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.864101">10.1101/gad.864101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312651">312651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11238374">11238374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+%26+Development&rft.atitle=C.+elegans+mre-11+is+required+for+meiotic+recombination+and+DNA+repair+but+is+dispensable+for+the+meiotic+G%282%29+DNA+damage+checkpoint&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E522-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC312651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11238374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.864101&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC312651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToraasonSalageanAlmanzarBrown2024" class="citation journal cs1">Toraason E, Salagean A, Almanzar DE, Brown JE, Richter CM, Kurhanewicz NA, Rog O, Libuda DE (August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368404">"BRCA1/BRC-1 and SMC-5/6 regulate DNA repair pathway engagement during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis"</a>. eLife. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.80687">10.7554/eLife.80687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368404">11368404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39115289">39115289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=BRCA1%2FBRC-1+and+SMC-5%2F6+regulate+DNA+repair+pathway+engagement+during+Caenorhabditis+elegans+meiosis&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11368404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39115289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.80687&rft.aulast=Toraason&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Salagean%2C+A&rft.au=Almanzar%2C+DE&rft.au=Brown%2C+JE&rft.au=Richter%2C+CM&rft.au=Kurhanewicz%2C+NA&rft.au=Rog%2C+O&rft.au=Libuda%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11368404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16005289-98"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16005289_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrièreFélix2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barrière A, Félix MA (July 2005). "High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations". Current Biology. 15 (13): 1176–84. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0508003">q-bio/0508003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CBio...15.1176B">2005CBio...15.1176B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.06.022">10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16005289">16005289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2229622">2229622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=High+local+genetic+diversity+and+low+outcrossing+rate+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+natural+populations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1176-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2229622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CBio...15.1176B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0508003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16005289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.06.022&rft.aulast=Barri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bernstein H, Bernstein C (July 2010) "Evolutionary Origin of Recombination during Meiosis," BioScience 60(7), 498-505. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5">https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengLiWardPiggott2006" class="citation journal cs1">Feng Z, Li W, Ward A, Piggott BJ, Larkspur ER, Sternberg PW, Xu XZ (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859215">"A C. elegans model of nicotine-dependent behavior: regulation by TRP-family channels"</a>. Cell. 127 (3): 621–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035">10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859215">2859215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081982">17081982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+C.+elegans+model+of+nicotine-dependent+behavior%3A+regulation+by+TRP-family+channels&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E621-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17081982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.035&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Li%2C+W&rft.au=Ward%2C+A&rft.au=Piggott%2C+BJ&rft.au=Larkspur%2C+ER&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+PW&rft.au=Xu%2C+XZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.alliancegenome.org/">"Alliance of Genome Resources Community Forum"</a>. Alliance of Genome Resources Community Forum. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+of+Genome+Resources+Community+Forum&rft.atitle=Alliance+of+Genome+Resources+Community+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.alliancegenome.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolkowKimuraLeeRuvkun2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wolkow CA, Kimura KD, Lee MS, Ruvkun G (October 2000). "Regulation of C. elegans life-span by insulinlike signaling in the nervous system". Science. 290 (5489): 147–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290..147W">2000Sci...290..147W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5489.147">10.1126/science.290.5489.147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11021802">11021802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+C.+elegans+life-span+by+insulinlike+signaling+in+the+nervous+system&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=5489&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11021802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.290.5489.147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...290..147W&rft.aulast=Wolkow&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Kimura%2C+KD&rft.au=Lee%2C+MS&rft.au=Ruvkun%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwaldLandisPorter_AbateMurphy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ewald CY, Landis JN, Porter Abate J, Murphy CT, Blackwell TK (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352135">"Dauer-independent insulin/IGF-1-signalling implicates collagen remodelling in longevity"</a>. Nature. 519 (7541): 97–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.519...97E">2015Natur.519...97E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14021">10.1038/nature14021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352135">4352135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25517099">25517099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dauer-independent+insulin%2FIGF-1-signalling+implicates+collagen+remodelling+in+longevity&rft.volume=519&rft.issue=7541&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4352135%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25517099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.519...97E&rft.aulast=Ewald&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Landis%2C+JN&rft.au=Porter+Abate%2C+J&rft.au=Murphy%2C+CT&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+TK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4352135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenzPekecKaticCiosk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Venz, Richard; Pekec, Tina; Katic, Iskra; Ciosk, Rafal; <a href="/wiki/Collin_Y._Ewald" title="Collin Y. Ewald">Ewald, Collin Yvès</a> (2021-09-10). Leiser, Scott F; Kaeberlein, Matt; Alcedo, Joy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8492056">"End-of-life targeted degradation of DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor promotes longevity free from growth-related pathologies"</a>. eLife. 10: e71335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.71335">10.7554/eLife.71335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-084X">2050-084X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8492056">8492056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34505574">34505574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=End-of-life+targeted+degradation+of+DAF-2+insulin%2FIGF-1+receptor+promotes+longevity+free+from+growth-related+pathologies&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=e71335&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8492056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2050-084X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34505574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.71335&rft.aulast=Venz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Pekec%2C+Tina&rft.au=Katic%2C+Iskra&rft.au=Ciosk%2C+Rafal&rft.au=Ewald%2C+Collin+Yv%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8492056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyun2008-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun2008_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun2008_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyunLeeLeeMay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hyun, Moonjung; Lee, Jihyun; Lee, Kyungjin; May, Alfred; Bohr, Vilhelm A.; Ahn, Byungchan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275101">"Longevity and resistance to stress correlate with DNA repair capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (4): 1380–1389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1161">10.1093/nar/gkm1161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275101">2275101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18203746">18203746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Longevity+and+resistance+to+stress+correlate+with+DNA+repair+capacity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1380-%3C%2Fspan%3E1389&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2275101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18203746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1161&rft.aulast=Hyun&rft.aufirst=Moonjung&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jihyun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kyungjin&rft.au=May%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Bohr%2C+Vilhelm+A.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Byungchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2275101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaoZhangChenSun2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shao X, Zhang M, Chen Y, Sun S, Yang S, Li Q (June 2023). "Exosome-mediated delivery of superoxide dismutase for anti-aging studies in Caenorhabditis elegans". Int J Pharm. 641: 123090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2023.123090">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37268030">37268030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Pharm&rft.atitle=Exosome-mediated+delivery+of+superoxide+dismutase+for+anti-aging+studies+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=641&rft.pages=123090&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2023.123090&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37268030&rft.aulast=Shao&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Zhang%2C+M&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Sun%2C+S&rft.au=Yang%2C+S&rft.au=Li%2C+Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBoydAzzamHaugen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Joel N.; Boyd, Windy A.; Azzam, Gregory A.; Haugen, Astrid C.; Freedman, Jonathan H.; Van Houten, Bennett (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1929140">"Decline of nucleotide excision repair capacity in aging Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Genome Biology. 8 (5): R70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2007-8-5-r70">10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r70</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1929140">1929140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17472752">17472752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Decline+of+nucleotide+excision+repair+capacity+in+aging+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=R70&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1929140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17472752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2007-8-5-r70&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Joel+N.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Windy+A.&rft.au=Azzam%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Haugen%2C+Astrid+C.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Jonathan+H.&rft.au=Van+Houten%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1929140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCollKillileaHubbardVantipalli2008" class="citation journal cs1">McColl G, Killilea DW, Hubbard AE, Vantipalli MC, Melov S, Lithgow GJ (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739662">"Pharmacogenetic analysis of lithium-induced delayed aging in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (1): 350–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M705028200">10.1074/jbc.M705028200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739662">2739662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17959600">17959600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Pharmacogenetic+analysis+of+lithium-induced+delayed+aging+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2739662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17959600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M705028200&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Killilea%2C+DW&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+AE&rft.au=Vantipalli%2C+MC&rft.au=Melov%2C+S&rft.au=Lithgow%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2739662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarseTeraoTianIwata2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zarse K, Terao T, Tian J, Iwata N, Ishii N, Ristow M (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151375">"Low-dose lithium uptake promotes longevity in humans and metazoans"</a>. European Journal of Nutrition. 50 (5): 387–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00394-011-0171-x">10.1007/s00394-011-0171-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151375">3151375</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21301855">21301855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Low-dose+lithium+uptake+promotes+longevity+in+humans+and+metazoans&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151375%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21301855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00394-011-0171-x&rft.aulast=Zarse&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Terao%2C+T&rft.au=Tian%2C+J&rft.au=Iwata%2C+N&rft.au=Ishii%2C+N&rft.au=Ristow%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwaldLi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ewald CY, Li C (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902020">"Understanding the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease using a Caenorhabditis elegans model system"</a>. Brain Structure & Function. 214 (2–3): 263–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00429-009-0235-3">10.1007/s00429-009-0235-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902020">3902020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20012092">20012092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Structure+%26+Function&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+molecular+basis+of+Alzheimer%27s+disease+using+a+Caenorhabditis+elegans+model+system&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3902020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20012092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00429-009-0235-3&rft.aulast=Ewald&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Li%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3902020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanazawaYonetaniSugimoto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hanazawa M, Yonetani M, Sugimoto A (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063142">"PGL proteins self associate and bind RNPs to mediate germ granule assembly in C. elegans"</a>. The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (6): 929–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.201010106">10.1083/jcb.201010106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063142">3063142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402787">21402787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=PGL+proteins+self+associate+and+bind+RNPs+to+mediate+germ+granule+assembly+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E929-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3063142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21402787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1083%2Fjcb.201010106&rft.aulast=Hanazawa&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Yonetani%2C+M&rft.au=Sugimoto%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3063142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouttsPalmosDuartede_Jong2019" class="citation journal cs1">Coutts, Fiona; Palmos, Alish B.; Duarte, Rodrigo R. R.; de Jong, Simone; Lewis, Cathryn M.; Dima, Danai; Powell, Timothy R. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372618">"The polygenic nature of telomere length and the anti-ageing properties of lithium"</a>. Neuropsychopharmacology. 44 (4): 757–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41386-018-0289-0">10.1038/s41386-018-0289-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-634X">1740-634X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372618">6372618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30559463">30559463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+polygenic+nature+of+telomere+length+and+the+anti-ageing+properties+of+lithium&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E757-%3C%2Fspan%3E765&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6372618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1740-634X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30559463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41386-018-0289-0&rft.aulast=Coutts&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Palmos%2C+Alish+B.&rft.au=Duarte%2C+Rodrigo+R.+R.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Simone&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Cathryn+M.&rft.au=Dima%2C+Danai&rft.au=Powell%2C+Timothy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6372618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaicesMaruyamaDillinKarlseder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Raices, Marcela; Maruyama, Hugo; Dillin, Andrew; Karlseder, Jan (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200426">"Uncoupling of longevity and telomere length in C. elegans"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 1 (3): e30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0010030">10.1371/journal.pgen.0010030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200426">1200426</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151516">16151516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Uncoupling+of+longevity+and+telomere+length+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e30&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16151516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0010030&rft.aulast=Raices&rft.aufirst=Marcela&rft.au=Maruyama%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Dillin%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Karlseder%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLulkiewiczBajsertKopczynskiBarczak2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lulkiewicz, M.; Bajsert, J.; Kopczynski, P.; Barczak, W.; Rubis, B. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561533">"Telomere length: how the length makes a difference"</a>. Molecular Biology Reports. 47 (9): 7181–7188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11033-020-05551-y">10.1007/s11033-020-05551-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-4978">1573-4978</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561533">7561533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32876842">32876842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+Reports&rft.atitle=Telomere+length%3A+how+the+length+makes+a+difference&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7181-%3C%2Fspan%3E7188&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7561533%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-4978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32876842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11033-020-05551-y&rft.aulast=Lulkiewicz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Bajsert%2C+J.&rft.au=Kopczynski%2C+P.&rft.au=Barczak%2C+W.&rft.au=Rubis%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7561533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardueDeBaryshe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pardue, Mary-Lou; DeBaryshe, P. G. (2011-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251079">"Retrotransposons that maintain chromosome ends"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (51): 20317–20324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100278108">10.1073/pnas.1100278108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251079">3251079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21821789">21821789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Retrotransposons+that+maintain+chromosome+ends&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20317-%3C%2Fspan%3E20324&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3251079%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21821789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1100278108&rft.aulast=Pardue&rft.aufirst=Mary-Lou&rft.au=DeBaryshe%2C+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3251079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierClejanLiuLowden2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meier, Bettina; Clejan, Iuval; Liu, Yan; Lowden, Mia; Gartner, Anton; Hodgkin, Jonathan; Ahmed, Shawn (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361356">"trt-1 is the Caenorhabditis elegans catalytic subunit of telomerase"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 2 (2): e18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020018">10.1371/journal.pgen.0020018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361356">1361356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477310">16477310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=trt-1+is+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+catalytic+subunit+of+telomerase&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e18&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1361356%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16477310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0020018&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=Clejan%2C+Iuval&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Lowden%2C+Mia&rft.au=Gartner%2C+Anton&rft.au=Hodgkin%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1361356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesareReddel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cesare, Anthony J.; Reddel, Roger R. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351727">"Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications"</a>. Nature Reviews. Genetics. 11 (5): 319–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2763">10.1038/nrg2763</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0064">1471-0064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351727">20351727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19224032">19224032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Genetics&rft.atitle=Alternative+lengthening+of+telomeres%3A+models%2C+mechanisms+and+implications&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2010-05&rft.issn=1471-0064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19224032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20351727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg2763&rft.aulast=Cesare&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Reddel%2C+Roger+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20351727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIjomoneMiahPeresNwoha2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ijomone, Omamuyovwi M.; Miah, Mahfuzur R.; Peres, Tanara V.; Nwoha, Polycarp U.; Aschner, Michael (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593554">"Null allele mutants of trt-1, the catalytic subunit of telomerase in Caenorhabditis elegans, are less sensitive to Mn-induced toxicity and DAergic degeneration"</a>. Neurotoxicology. 57: 54–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NeuTx..57...54I">2016NeuTx..57...54I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuro.2016.08.016">10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-9711">1872-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593554">27593554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurotoxicology&rft.atitle=Null+allele+mutants+of+trt-1%2C+the+catalytic+subunit+of+telomerase+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans%2C+are+less+sensitive+to+Mn-induced+toxicity+and+DAergic+degeneration&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuro.2016.08.016&rft.issn=1872-9711&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27593554&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NeuTx..57...54I&rft.aulast=Ijomone&rft.aufirst=Omamuyovwi+M.&rft.au=Miah%2C+Mahfuzur+R.&rft.au=Peres%2C+Tanara+V.&rft.au=Nwoha%2C+Polycarp+U.&rft.au=Aschner%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27593554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtesselLowdenChengSimon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shtessel, Ludmila; Lowden, Mia Rochelle; Cheng, Chen; Simon, Matt; Wang, Kyle; Ahmed, Shawn (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564990">"Caenorhabditis elegans POT-1 and POT-2 repress telomere maintenance pathways"</a>. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 3 (2): 305–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fg3.112.004440">10.1534/g3.112.004440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2160-1836">2160-1836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564990">3564990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23390606">23390606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G3%3A+Genes%2C+Genomes%2C+Genetics&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans+POT-1+and+POT-2+repress+telomere+maintenance+pathways&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3564990%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2160-1836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23390606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fg3.112.004440&rft.aulast=Shtessel&rft.aufirst=Ludmila&rft.au=Lowden%2C+Mia+Rochelle&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Chen&rft.au=Simon%2C+Matt&rft.au=Wang%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3564990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwonMinJeonHwang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, Mi-Sun; Min, Jaewon; Jeon, Hee-Yeon; Hwang, Kwangwoo; Kim, Chuna; Lee, Junho; Joung, Je-Gun; Park, Woong-Yang; Lee, Hyunsook (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055038">"Paradoxical delay of senescence upon depletion of BRCA2 in telomerase-deficient worms"</a>. FEBS Open Bio. 6 (10): 1016–1024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2211-5463.12109">10.1002/2211-5463.12109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5463">2211-5463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055038">5055038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27761361">27761361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Open+Bio&rft.atitle=Paradoxical+delay+of+senescence+upon+depletion+of+BRCA2+in+telomerase-deficient+worms&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1016-%3C%2Fspan%3E1024&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055038%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2211-5463&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27761361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2211-5463.12109&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Mi-Sun&rft.au=Min%2C+Jaewon&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Hee-Yeon&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Kwangwoo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Chuna&rft.au=Lee%2C+Junho&rft.au=Joung%2C+Je-Gun&rft.au=Park%2C+Woong-Yang&rft.au=Lee%2C+Hyunsook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayatTannyWangHerden2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bayat, Melih; Tanny, Robyn E.; Wang, Ye; Herden, Carla; Daniel, Jens; Andersen, Erik C.; Liebau, Eva; Waschk, Daniel E. J. (2020-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31954861">"Effects of telomerase overexpression in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Gene. 732: 144367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2020.144367">10.1016/j.gene.2020.144367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-0038">1879-0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31954861">31954861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210829489">210829489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Effects+of+telomerase+overexpression+in+the+model+organism+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=732&rft.pages=144367&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.issn=1879-0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210829489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31954861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2020.144367&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Melih&rft.au=Tanny%2C+Robyn+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ye&rft.au=Herden%2C+Carla&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Jens&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Erik+C.&rft.au=Liebau%2C+Eva&rft.au=Waschk%2C+Daniel+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31954861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwanirTrammNagyWright2013" class="citation journal cs1">Iwanir S, Tramm N, Nagy S, Wright C, Ish D, Biron D (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571756">"The microarchitecture of C. elegans behavior during lethargus: homeostatic bout dynamics, a typical body posture, and regulation by a central neuron"</a>. Sleep. 36 (3): 385–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5665%2FSleep.2456">10.5665/Sleep.2456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571756">3571756</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23449971">23449971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sleep&rft.atitle=The+microarchitecture+of+C.+elegans+behavior+during+lethargus%3A+homeostatic+bout+dynamics%2C+a+typical+body+posture%2C+and+regulation+by+a+central+neuron&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571756%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23449971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5665%2FSleep.2456&rft.aulast=Iwanir&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tramm%2C+N&rft.au=Nagy%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+C&rft.au=Ish%2C+D&rft.au=Biron%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillMansfieldLopezRaizen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hill AJ, Mansfield R, Lopez JM, Raizen DM, Van Buskirk C (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254280">"Cellular stress induces a protective sleep-like state in C. elegans"</a>. Current Biology. 24 (20): 2399–405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CBio...24.2399H">2014CBio...24.2399H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.08.040">10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254280">4254280</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25264259">25264259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Cellular+stress+induces+a+protective+sleep-like+state+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2399-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4254280%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25264259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.08.040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014CBio...24.2399H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Mansfield%2C+R&rft.au=Lopez%2C+JM&rft.au=Raizen%2C+DM&rft.au=Van+Buskirk%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4254280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56913-new-photoreceptor-found-in-worms.html">Teensy, Eyeless Worms Have Completely New Light-Detecting Cells</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Scientific American, August 2018, page 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDranchak,_P.K.Oliphant,_E.Queme,_B.Lamy,_L.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dranchak, P.K.; Oliphant, E.; Queme, B.; Lamy, L.; Wang, Y.; Huang, R.; Xia, M.; Tao, D.; Inglese, J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10067442">"In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology"</a>. Dis Model Mech. 16 (3): dmm049863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdmm.049863">10.1242/dmm.049863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10067442">10067442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36786055">36786055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dis+Model+Mech&rft.atitle=In+vivo+quantitative+high-throughput+screening+for+drug+discovery+and+comparative+toxicology.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=dmm049863&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10067442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36786055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdmm.049863&rft.au=Dranchak%2C+P.K.&rft.au=Oliphant%2C+E.&rft.au=Queme%2C+B.&rft.au=Lamy%2C+L.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Huang%2C+R.&rft.au=Xia%2C+M.&rft.au=Tao%2C+D.&rft.au=Inglese%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10067442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropp,_P.A.Bauer,_R.Zafra,_I.Graham,_C.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kropp, P.A.; Bauer, R.; Zafra, I.; Graham, C.; Golden, A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8380043">"Caenorhabditis elegans for rare disease modeling and drug discovery: strategies and strengths"</a>. Dis Model Mech. 14 (8): dmm049010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdmm.049010">10.1242/dmm.049010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8380043">8380043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370008">34370008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dis+Model+Mech&rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans+for+rare+disease+modeling+and+drug+discovery%3A+strategies+and+strengths.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=dmm049010&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8380043%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34370008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdmm.049010&rft.au=Kropp%2C+P.A.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+R.&rft.au=Zafra%2C+I.&rft.au=Graham%2C+C.&rft.au=Golden%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8380043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2992123.stm">"Worms survived Columbia disaster"</a>. BBC News. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 2008-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm">"University sends worms into space"</a>. BBC News. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=University+sends+worms+into+space&rft.date=2009-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnottinghamshire%2F7835020.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotz2011" class="citation news cs1">Klotz, I (16 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616014937/http://news.discovery.com/space/legacy-space-worms-flying-on-shuttle-110516.html">"Legacy Space Worms Flying on Shuttle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discovery_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery News">Discovery News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/space/legacy-space-worms-flying-on-shuttle-110516.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2011-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discovery+News&rft.atitle=Legacy+Space+Worms+Flying+on+Shuttle&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Flegacy-space-worms-flying-on-shuttle-110516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoniAnupomLesanpezeshkiRahman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Soni, Purushottam; Anupom, Taslim; Lesanpezeshki, Leila; Rahman, Mizanur; Hewitt, Jennifer E.; Vellone, Matthew; Stodieck, Louis; Blawzdziewicz, Jerzy; Szewczyk, Nathaniel J.; Vanapalli, Siva A. (2022-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9640571">"Microfluidics-integrated spaceflight hardware for measuring muscle strength of Caenorhabditis elegans on the International Space Station"</a>. npj Microgravity. 8 (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022npjMG...8...50S">2022npjMG...8...50S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41526-022-00241-4">10.1038/s41526-022-00241-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-8065">2373-8065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9640571">9640571</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36344513">36344513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Microgravity&rft.atitle=Microfluidics-integrated+spaceflight+hardware+for+measuring+muscle+strength+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+on+the+International+Space+Station&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9640571%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022npjMG...8...50S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36344513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41526-022-00241-4&rft.issn=2373-8065&rft.aulast=Soni&rft.aufirst=Purushottam&rft.au=Anupom%2C+Taslim&rft.au=Lesanpezeshki%2C+Leila&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Mizanur&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+Jennifer+E.&rft.au=Vellone%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Stodieck%2C+Louis&rft.au=Blawzdziewicz%2C+Jerzy&rft.au=Szewczyk%2C+Nathaniel+J.&rft.au=Vanapalli%2C+Siva+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9640571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromeKellyErcanLieb2014" class="citation journal cs1">Strome S, Kelly WG, Ercan S, Lieb JD (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942922">"Regulation of the X chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (3): a018366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a018366">10.1101/cshperspect.a018366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942922">3942922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24591522">24591522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Biology&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+the+X+chromosomes+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=a018366&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942922%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24591522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a018366&rft.aulast=Strome&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kelly%2C+WG&rft.au=Ercan%2C+S&rft.au=Lieb%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_C._elegans_Sequencing_Consortium1998" class="citation journal cs1">The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (December 1998). "Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology". Science. 282 (5396): 2012–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282.2012.">1998Sci...282.2012.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012">10.1126/science.282.5396.2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9851916">9851916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+C.+elegans%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5396&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2012-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9851916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282.2012.&rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadler-1998-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler-1998_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler-1998_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sadler, J. Evan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.395">"Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Biochemistry" title="Annual Review of Biochemistry">Annual Review of Biochemistry</a>. 67 (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 395–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.395">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4154">0066-4154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9759493">9759493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Biochemistry+and+genetics+of+von+Willebrand+factor&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0066-4154&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9759493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.395&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=J.+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.biochem.67.1.395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn-2002-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn-2002_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hahn-2002_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, Mark E. (2002). "Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: diversity and evolution". <a href="/wiki/Chemico-Biological_Interactions" title="Chemico-Biological Interactions">Chemico-Biological Interactions</a>. 141 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 131–160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002CBI...141..131H">2002CBI...141..131H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0009-2797%2802%2900070-4">10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00070-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2797">0009-2797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12213389">12213389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemico-Biological+Interactions&rft.atitle=Aryl+hydrocarbon+receptors%3A+diversity+and+evolution&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0009-2797%2802%2900070-4&rft.issn=0009-2797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12213389&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002CBI...141..131H&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bustelo-2000-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bustelo-2000_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bustelo-2000_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBustelo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bustelo, Xosé R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85310">"Regulatory and Signaling Properties of the Vav Family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology" title="Molecular and Cellular Biology">Molecular and Cellular Biology</a>. 20 (5). <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a>: 1461–1477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.20.5.1461-1477.2000">10.1128/mcb.20.5.1461-1477.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7306">0270-7306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85310">85310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10669724">10669724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.atitle=Regulatory+and+Signaling+Properties+of+the+Vav+Family&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1461-%3C%2Fspan%3E1477&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC85310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0270-7306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10669724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmcb.20.5.1461-1477.2000&rft.aulast=Bustelo&rft.aufirst=Xos%C3%A9+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC85310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthalEvansLinkGuffanti2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal T, Evans D, Link CD, Guffanti A, Lawson D, Thierry-Mieg J, Thierry-Mieg D, Chiu WL, Duke K, Kiraly M, Kim SK (June 2002). "A global analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans operons". Nature. 417 (6891): 851–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..851B">2002Natur.417..851B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00831">10.1038/nature00831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12075352">12075352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4351788">4351788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+global+analysis+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+operons&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6891&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E851-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature00831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4351788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12075352&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.417..851B&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Evans%2C+D&rft.au=Link%2C+CD&rft.au=Guffanti%2C+A&rft.au=Lawson%2C+D&rft.au=Thierry-Mieg%2C+J&rft.au=Thierry-Mieg%2C+D&rft.au=Chiu%2C+WL&rft.au=Duke%2C+K&rft.au=Kiraly%2C+M&rft.au=Kim%2C+SK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal T (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbfgp%2F3.3.199">"Operons in eukaryotes"</a>. Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics. 3 (3): 199–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbfgp%2F3.3.199">10.1093/bfgp/3.3.199</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642184">15642184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Briefings+in+Functional+Genomics+%26+Proteomics&rft.atitle=Operons+in+eukaryotes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbfgp%2F3.3.199&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15642184&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbfgp%252F3.3.199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131128221823/http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS227">"WS227 Release Letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>. 10 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS227">the original</a> on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WS227+Release+Letter&rft.pub=WormBase&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbase.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FWS227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubyJanPlayerAxtell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ruby JG, Jan C, Player C, Axtell MJ, Lee W, Nusbaum C, Ge H, Bartel DP (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.10.040">"Large-scale sequencing reveals 21U-RNAs and additional microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans"</a>. Cell. 127 (6): 1193–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.10.040">10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17174894">17174894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Large-scale+sequencing+reveals+21U-RNAs+and+additional+microRNAs+and+endogenous+siRNAs+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1193-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.10.040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17174894&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Jan%2C+C&rft.au=Player%2C+C&rft.au=Axtell%2C+MJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+W&rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+C&rft.au=Ge%2C+H&rft.au=Bartel%2C+DP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2006.10.040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStricklinGriffiths-JonesEddy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stricklin SL, Griffiths-Jones S, Eddy SR (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781554">"C. elegans noncoding RNA genes"</a>. WormBook: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.1.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781554">4781554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18023116">18023116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WormBook&rft.atitle=C.+elegans+noncoding+RNA+genes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18023116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.1.1&rft.aulast=Stricklin&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Griffiths-Jones%2C+S&rft.au=Eddy%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4781554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS202-142"><a href="#cite_ref-WS202_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131201022934/http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS202">"WS202 Release Letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>. 29 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS202">the original</a> on December 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WS202+Release+Letter&rft.pub=WormBase&rft.date=2009-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbase.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FWS202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS197-143"><a href="#cite_ref-WS197_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017232138/https://wiki.wormbase.org/index.php/WS197">"WS197 Release Letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>. 27 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS197">the original</a> on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 2013-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WS197+Release+Letter&rft.pub=WormBase&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbase.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FWS197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenomeChanges-144"><a href="#cite_ref-GenomeChanges_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017232140/https://wiki.wormbase.org/index.php/Genome_sequence_changes">"Genome sequence changes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>. 15 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/Genome_sequence_changes">the original</a> on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 2011-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genome+sequence+changes&rft.pub=WormBase&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbase.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FGenome_sequence_changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinBaoBlasiarBlumenthal2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stein LD, Bao Z, Blasiar D, Blumenthal T, Brent MR, Chen N, Chinwalla A, Clarke L, Clee C, Coghlan A, Coulson A, D'Eustachio P, Fitch DH, Fulton LA, Fulton RE, Griffiths-Jones S, Harris TW, Hillier LW, Kamath R, Kuwabara PE, Mardis ER, Marra MA, Miner TL, Minx P, Mullikin JC, Plumb RW, Rogers J, Schein JE, Sohrmann M, Spieth J, Stajich JE, Wei C, Willey D, Wilson RK, Durbin R, Waterston RH (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261899">"The genome sequence of Caenorhabditis briggsae: a platform for comparative genomics"</a>. PLOS Biology. 1 (2): E45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261899">261899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624247">14624247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+Caenorhabditis+briggsae%3A+a+platform+for+comparative+genomics&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=E45&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261899%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14624247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=LD&rft.au=Bao%2C+Z&rft.au=Blasiar%2C+D&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+T&rft.au=Brent%2C+MR&rft.au=Chen%2C+N&rft.au=Chinwalla%2C+A&rft.au=Clarke%2C+L&rft.au=Clee%2C+C&rft.au=Coghlan%2C+A&rft.au=Coulson%2C+A&rft.au=D%27Eustachio%2C+P&rft.au=Fitch%2C+DH&rft.au=Fulton%2C+LA&rft.au=Fulton%2C+RE&rft.au=Griffiths-Jones%2C+S&rft.au=Harris%2C+TW&rft.au=Hillier%2C+LW&rft.au=Kamath%2C+R&rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+PE&rft.au=Mardis%2C+ER&rft.au=Marra%2C+MA&rft.au=Miner%2C+TL&rft.au=Minx%2C+P&rft.au=Mullikin%2C+JC&rft.au=Plumb%2C+RW&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J&rft.au=Schein%2C+JE&rft.au=Sohrmann%2C+M&rft.au=Spieth%2C+J&rft.au=Stajich%2C+JE&rft.au=Wei%2C+C&rft.au=Willey%2C+D&rft.au=Wilson%2C+RK&rft.au=Durbin%2C+R&rft.au=Waterston%2C+RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenome_Sequencing_Center" class="citation web cs1">Genome Sequencing Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616091639/http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis+remanei">"Caenorhabditis remanei: Background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20remanei">the original</a> on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caenorhabditis+remanei%3A+Background&rft.pub=Washington+University+School+of+Medicine&rft.au=Genome+Sequencing+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.wustl.edu%2Fgenome.cgi%3FGENOME%3DCaenorhabditis%2520remanei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenome_Sequencing_Center" class="citation web cs1">Genome Sequencing Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626053444/http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis+japonica">"Caenorhabditis japonica: Background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20japonica">the original</a> on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caenorhabditis+japonica%3A+Background&rft.pub=Washington+University+School+of+Medicine&rft.au=Genome+Sequencing+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.wustl.edu%2Fgenome.cgi%3FGENOME%3DCaenorhabditis%2520japonica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaden1979" class="citation journal cs1">Staden R (June 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327874">"A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 6 (7): 2601–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F6.7.2601">10.1093/nar/6.7.2601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327874">327874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/461197">461197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=A+strategy+of+DNA+sequencing+employing+computer+programs&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2601-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1979-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC327874%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F461197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F6.7.2601&rft.aulast=Staden&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC327874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ucsc.edu">"UCSC genome browser"</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCSC+genome+browser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ucsc.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnKarolchikZweigWang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn RM, Karolchik D, Zweig AS, Wang T, Smith KE, Rosenbloom KR, Rhead B, Raney BJ, Pohl A, Pheasant M, Meyer L, Hsu F, Hinrichs AS, Harte RA, Giardine B, Fujita P, Diekhans M, Dreszer T, Clawson H, Barber GP, Haussler D, Kent WJ (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686463">"The UCSC Genome Browser Database: update 2009"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (Database issue): D755–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkn875">10.1093/nar/gkn875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686463">2686463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18996895">18996895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=The+UCSC+Genome+Browser+Database%3A+update+2009&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D755-61&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2686463%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18996895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkn875&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Karolchik%2C+D&rft.au=Zweig%2C+AS&rft.au=Wang%2C+T&rft.au=Smith%2C+KE&rft.au=Rosenbloom%2C+KR&rft.au=Rhead%2C+B&rft.au=Raney%2C+BJ&rft.au=Pohl%2C+A&rft.au=Pheasant%2C+M&rft.au=Meyer%2C+L&rft.au=Hsu%2C+F&rft.au=Hinrichs%2C+AS&rft.au=Harte%2C+RA&rft.au=Giardine%2C+B&rft.au=Fujita%2C+P&rft.au=Diekhans%2C+M&rft.au=Dreszer%2C+T&rft.au=Clawson%2C+H&rft.au=Barber%2C+GP&rft.au=Haussler%2C+D&rft.au=Kent%2C+WJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2686463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FélixPLoSOne2014-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FélixPLoSOne2014_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélixBraendleCutter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Félix MA, Braendle C, Cutter AD (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984244">"A streamlined system for species diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with name designations for 15 distinct biological species"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...994723F">2014PLoSO...994723F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094723">10.1371/journal.pone.0094723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984244">3984244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24727800">24727800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+streamlined+system+for+species+diagnosis+in+Caenorhabditis+%28Nematoda%3A+Rhabditidae%29+with+name+designations+for+15+distinct+biological+species&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e94723&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3984244%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24727800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094723&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...994723F&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Braendle%2C+C&rft.au=Cutter%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3984244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFireXuMontgomeryKostas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/238264">"Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans"</a>. Nature. 391 (6669): 806–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.391..806F">1998Natur.391..806F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35888">10.1038/35888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9486653">9486653</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4355692">4355692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&rft.volume=391&rft.issue=6669&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E806-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4355692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9486653&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.391..806F&rft.aulast=Fire&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Xu%2C+S&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+MK&rft.au=Kostas%2C+SA&rft.au=Driver%2C+SE&rft.au=Mello%2C+CC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dspace.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F238264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p119-153"><a href="#cite_ref-p119_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallawaySanderson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen; Sanderson, Katharine (2024-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03212-9">"Medicine Nobel awarded for gene-regulating 'microRNAs'"</a>. Nature. 634 (8034). Nature Publishing Group: 524–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-03212-9">10.1038/d41586-024-03212-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39375555">39375555</a>. Retrieved 2024-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Medicine+Nobel+awarded+for+gene-regulating+%27microRNAs%27&rft.volume=634&rft.issue=8034&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E524-%3C%2Fspan%3E525&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-024-03212-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39375555&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-024-03212-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisAntoshechkinBieriBlasiar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Harris TW, Antoshechkin I, Bieri T, Blasiar D, Chan J, Chen WJ, et al. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808986">"WormBase: a comprehensive resource for nematode research"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (Database issue): D463-7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkp952">10.1093/nar/gkp952</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808986">2808986</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19910365">19910365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=WormBase%3A+a+comprehensive+resource+for+nematode+research&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D463-7&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808986%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19910365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkp952&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=TW&rft.au=Antoshechkin%2C+I&rft.au=Bieri%2C+T&rft.au=Blasiar%2C+D&rft.au=Chan%2C+J&rft.au=Chen%2C+WJ&rft.au=De+La+Cruz%2C+N&rft.au=Davis%2C+P&rft.au=Duesbury%2C+M&rft.au=Fang%2C+R&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+J&rft.au=Han%2C+M&rft.au=Kishore%2C+R&rft.au=Lee%2C+R&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+HM&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+C&rft.au=Ozersky%2C+P&rft.au=Petcherski%2C+A&rft.au=Rangarajan%2C+A&rft.au=Rogers%2C+A&rft.au=Schindelman%2C+G&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+EM&rft.au=Tuli%2C+MA&rft.au=Van+Auken%2C+K&rft.au=Wang%2C+D&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft.au=Williams%2C+G&rft.au=Yook%2C+K&rft.au=Durbin%2C+R&rft.au=Stein%2C+LD&rft.au=Spieth%2C+J&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+PW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdBird1991" class="citation book cs1">Bird J, Bird AC (1991). The structure of nematodes. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 1, 69–70, 152–153, 165, 224–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-099651-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-099651-3"><bdi>978-0-12-099651-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&rft.pages=1%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E153%2C+165%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-12-099651-3&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bird%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope1999" class="citation book cs1">Hope, IA (1999). C. elegans: a practical approach. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963738-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963738-6"><bdi>978-0-19-963738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-963738-6&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=IA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddleBlumenthalMeyerPriess1997" class="citation book cs1">Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer RJ, Priess JR (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2">C. elegans II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a>. pp. 1–4, 679–683. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-532-3"><bdi>978-0-87969-532-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413221">21413221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+elegans+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E679-%3C%2Fspan%3E683&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21413221&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-532-3&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+T&rft.au=Meyer%2C+RJ&rft.au=Priess%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="extiw" title="commons:Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caenorhabditis elegans">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a taxon profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/taxon/Q91703" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/taxon/Q91703">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q91703" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q91703">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> (also Horvitz and Sulston lectures)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420234209/http://www.wormbase.org/">WormBase</a> – an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of C. elegans and other nematodes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormatlas.org">WormAtlas</a> – online database on all aspects of C. elegans anatomy with detailed explanations and high-quality images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org">WormBook</a> – online review of C. elegans biology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html?worm">AceView WormGenes</a> – another genome database for C. elegans, maintained at the NCBI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=ce2.TOC">C. elegans II</a> – a free online textbook.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormweb.org/neuralnet">WormWeb Neural Network</a> – an online tool for visualizing and navigating the connectome of C. elegans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.bio.unc.edu/Goldstein/movies.html">C. elegans movies</a> – a visual introduction to C. elegans</li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=ce11">ce11</a> genome assembly in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CAEOEL">Caenorhabditis elegans at eppo.int</a> (<a href="/wiki/EPPO_code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO code">EPPO code</a> CAEOEL)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCylinder2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cylinder, Drew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualiseyourthesis.figshare.com/articles/presentation/Neural_Correlates_of_Behavioural_Changes_During_Propofol_General_Anaesthesia_in_Caenorhabditis_Elegans/20963590">"Using C. elegans to study anesthesia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.20963590.v1">10.6084/m9.figshare.20963590.v1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Using+C.+elegans+to+study+anesthesia&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.20963590.v1&rft.aulast=Cylinder&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseyourthesis.figshare.com%2Farticles%2Fpresentation%2FNeural_Correlates_of_Behavioural_Changes_During_Propofol_General_Anaesthesia_in_Caenorhabditis_Elegans%2F20963590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaenorhabditis+elegans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_model_organisms_in_genetics41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Model_organisms" title="Template:Model organisms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Model_organisms" title="Template talk:Model organisms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Model_organisms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Model organisms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_model_organisms_in_genetics41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">Lambda phage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_in_molecular_biology" title="Escherichia coli in molecular biology">E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii">Chlamydomonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Budding yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Fission yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicago_truncatula" title="Medicago truncatula">Medicago truncatula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. elegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">Xenopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Zebrafish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Caenorhabditis elegans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q91703">Q91703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id88399">88399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=27260">27260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/87THG">87THG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/403869">403869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CAEOEL">CAEOEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/247866">247866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:224245">224245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/6dd1ded7-802e-4779-877e-e20eafcada89">6dd1ded7-802e-4779-877e-e20eafcada89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2283683">2283683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/372486">372486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10955681">10955681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=63332">63332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000068531">NHMSYS0000068531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6239">6239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=395048">395048</a></li> <li>Taxonomicon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=13102">13102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=583290">583290</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata852" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata852" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/843843/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147127-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018675">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12288876t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12288876t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293676905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&oldid=1263802788">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&oldid=1263802788</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Category:Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nematodes_described_in_1900" title="Category:Nematodes described in 1900">Nematodes described in 1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_models_in_neuroscience" title="Category:Animal models in neuroscience">Animal models in neuroscience</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 December 2024, at 18:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Caenorhabditis elegans</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 47 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-dtllb","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.169","walltime":"2.523","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14325,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":445594,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8855,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":641842,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":18,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2226.250 1 -total"," 47.60% 1059.752 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.28% 763.200 115 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.32% 274.204 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 11.96% 266.180 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 9.65% 214.895 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.61% 169.441 20 Template:Cite_web"," 4.76% 106.014 1 Template:Model_Organisms"," 4.61% 102.678 1 Template:Navbox"," 4.05% 90.085 1 Template:Refn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.473","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8197785,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","360","22.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.8"],["assert","40","2.5"],["[others]","300","18.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-679bf888dd-kkjkb","timestamp":"20250225123646","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caenorhabditis_elegans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q91703","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q91703","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-16T08:31:36Z","dateModified":"2024-12-18T18:45:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg","headline":"free-living species of nematode"}</script> </body> </html>