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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_the_Treaty_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_the_Treaty_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prior to the Treaty of Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_the_Treaty_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_England_and_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_England_and_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Union of England and Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_England_and_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_wars_and_partition_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars_and_partition_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 World wars and partition of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_wars_and_partition_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Postwar 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Devolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Northern Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law and criminal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">United Kingdom</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 298 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-298" aria-hidden="true" > 298 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Inggr%C3%A9h" title="Keurajeuën Inggréh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Inggréh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Британиэшхуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Британиэшхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%80%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%89%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%9D" title="የተባበሩት የሀገር ንጉሳዊ አገዛዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተባበሩት የሀገር ንጉሳዊ አገዛዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_kun%C3%A2g%C3%A2skodde" title="Ovtâstum kunâgâskodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ovtâstum kunâgâskodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0e%C4%81nod_Cyner%C4%AB%C4%8Be" title="Ġeānod Cynerīċe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ġeānod Cynerīċe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Британиаду – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Британиаду" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uniu" title="Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Mari" title="Britania Mari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Britania Mari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B4mo-Uni" title="Reyômo-Uni – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Reyômo-Uni" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="যুক্তৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যুক্তৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavet%C3%A3_Joaju" title="Tavetã Joaju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavetã Joaju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цолъараб Къиралат – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цолъараб Къиралат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Krall%C4%B1q" title="Birləşmiş Krallıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləşmiş Krallıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="بیرلشمیش شاهلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرلشمیش شاهلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Agung" title="Britania Agung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Britania Agung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonba_Britania" title="Bonba Britania – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bonba Britania" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="যুক্তরাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөйөк Британия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Британия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікабрытанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікабрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікабрытанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікабрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyno_Unido" title="Reyno Unido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reyno Unido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaeted_Kingdom" title="Yunaeted Kingdom – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yunaeted Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaoanigts_Kinireich" title="Vaoanigts Kinireich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vaoanigts Kinireich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱིན་ཇི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱིན་ཇི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh-Unanet" title="Rouantelezh-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ехэ Британи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ехэ Британи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аслă Британи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Британи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiniusang_Gingharian" title="Hiniusang Gingharian – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hiniusang Gingharian" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Spojené království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Unidu" title="Reinu Unidu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Reinu Unidu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_Unidos_de_Gran_Britania_y_Norte_Irelandia" title="Reinos Unidos de Gran Britania y Norte Irelandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Reinos Unidos de Gran Britania y Norte Irelandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuritani" title="Bhuritani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuritani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unitu" title="Regnu Unitu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kindom" title="United Kindom – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="United Kindom" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لمملكة لمتحدة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمملكة لمتحدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovttastuvvan_gonagasriika" title="Ovttastuvvan gonagasriika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ovttastuvvan gonagasriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenichde_Keenichreich" title="Vereenichde Keenichreich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Vereenichde Keenichreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޔުނައިޓެޑް ކިންގްޑަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔުނައިޓެޑް ކިންގްޑަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ta%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tótaʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tótaʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Bone_kralojstwo" title="Zjadnośone kralojstwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zjadnośone kralojstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%98" title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཀིང་ཌམ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཀིང་ཌམ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia" title="Suurbritannia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gn_Un%C3%AE" title="Régn Unî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Régn Unî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инебритания Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Инебритания Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dinta_Re%C4%9Dlando" title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Un%C3%ADu" title="Reinu Uníu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Reinu Uníu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresuma Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ra_Bretland" title="Stóra Bretland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stóra Bretland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Keninkryk" title="Feriene Keninkryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feriene Keninkryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biritaani-Mawndi" title="Biritaani-Mawndi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Biritaani-Mawndi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ream_Un%C3%AEt" title="Ream Unît – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ream Unît" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire_agus_Thuaisceart_%C3%89ireann" title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_Unnaneysit" title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BC%C3%BCk_Britaniya" title="Büük Britaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Büük Britaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%ACoghachd_Aonaichte" title="An Rìoghachd Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rìoghachd Aonaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йоккха Британи – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоккха Британи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_(UK)" title="United Kingdom (UK) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="United Kingdom (UK)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بريتانيا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بريتانيا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%AE" title="યુનાઇટેડ કિંગડમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુનાઇટેડ કિંગડમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="युनायटेड किंगडम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युनायटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AEn-koet" title="Yîn-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yîn-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD" title="영국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtaniya" title="Birtaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Birtaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni_M%C5%8D%CA%BB%C4%AB_Hui_P%C5%AB_%CA%BBia" title="Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միացյալ Թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ Թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87ene_kralestwo" title="Zjednoćene kralestwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zjednoćene kralestwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionita_Rejio" title="Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodo%C3%A9z%C3%A8_N%C3%A0_Of%C3%BA" title="Obodoézè Nà Ofú – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Obodoézè Nà Ofú" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkaykaysa_a_Pagarian" title="Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তিলপারাজ্য – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তিলপারাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unite" title="Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyatu_Unit" title="Reyatu Unit – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Reyatu Unit" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%90%83%E1%93%90_%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%96%93%E1%93%90%E1%93%82" title="ᑯᐃᓐ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᐃᓐ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannapta_Umialgutiat" title="Tannapta Umialgutiat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tannapta Umialgutiat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Стыр Британи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Британи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_Ohlangeneyo" title="Umbuso Ohlangeneyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso Ohlangeneyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bretland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajan_Manunggal" title="Karajan Manunggal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karajan Manunggal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bnda%C9%A3" title="Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%82" title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanmetung_a_Ka-arian" title="Pisanmetung a Ka-arian – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pisanmetung a Ka-arian" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уллу Британия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Уллу Британия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="გაერთიანებული სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაერთიანებული სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%90%DA%91_%DA%A9%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%88%D9%8E%D9%85" title="یونایٹِڑ کِنگڈَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یونایٹِڑ کِنگڈَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C3%B4lg%C3%B4_Britanij%C3%B4" title="Wiôlgô Britanijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wiôlgô Britanijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ұлыбритания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvaneth_Unys" title="Ruvaneth Unys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ruvaneth Unys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwongereza" title="Ubwongereza – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubwongereza" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Muungano" title="Ufalme wa Muungano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Muungano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ыджыд Британия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыджыд Британия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaragazaxo" title="Tanaragazaxo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tanaragazaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Ini" title="Wayòm Ini – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Ini" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rw%C3%A9yonm-Ini" title="Rwéyonm-Ini – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rwéyonm-Ini" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Keyaniya Yekbûyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Yekbûyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Улуу Британия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу Британия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кого Британи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кого Британи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riam_Un%C3%AC" title="Riam Unì – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Riam Unì" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyno_Unido" title="Reyno Unido – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Reyno Unido" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ສະຫະລາຊະອານາຈັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະລາຊະອານາຈັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelbrytaneja" title="Lelbrytaneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lelbrytaneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniarum_regnum" title="Britanniarum regnum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Britanniarum regnum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Apvienotā Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apvienotā Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich" title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЧӀехибритания – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀехибритания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97_Karalyst%C4%97" title="Jungtinė Karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinė Karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Un%C3%AFo" title="Regno Unïo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Regno Unïo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereineg_Keuninkriek" title="Vereineg Keuninkriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vereineg Keuninkriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C9%9Bl%C9%9B%CC%81t%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Ingɛlɛ́tɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ingɛlɛ́tɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_Unida" title="Rena Unida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena Unida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhtistynnyh_kuningaskundu" title="Yhtistynnyh kuningaskundu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Yhtistynnyh kuningaskundu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ritygu%27e" title="ritygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ritygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_Unid" title="Regn Unid – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn Unid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Egyesült Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesült Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обединето Кралство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обединето Кралство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana_Mitambatra" title="Fanjakana Mitambatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana Mitambatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju_Unit" title="Renju Unit – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Renju Unit" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABngitanga_Kotahi" title="Kīngitanga Kotahi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kīngitanga Kotahi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="युनायटेड किंग्डम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC" title="သဟရာဇအာဏာစကြ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သဟရာဇအာဏာစကြ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتانیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯢꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯢꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritania_Rayo" title="Baritania Rayo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baritania Rayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Ĭng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Ounido" title="Reino Ounido – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reino Ounido" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D1%8E_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оцю Британия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Оцю Британия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Их Британи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их Британи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK" title="UK – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="UK" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanitu_Cokovata" title="Matanitu Cokovata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Matanitu Cokovata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verienigd_Keuninkriek" title="Verienigd Keuninkriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Verienigd Keuninkriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="イギリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Vretagna" title="Gran Vretagna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gran Vretagna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%B2" title="ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йоккха Британи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоккха Британи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriind_Kiningrik" title="Feriind Kiningrik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Feriind Kiningrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionati_Regia" title="Unionati Regia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Unionati Regia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reialme Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Ушымо Королевстве – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ушымо Королевстве" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଜ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokkummaa_Biyya_Mootii" title="Tokkummaa Biyya Mootii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tokkummaa Biyya Mootii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlashgan_Qirollik" title="Birlashgan Qirollik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birlashgan Qirollik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="برطانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ယူနုဲက်တဲတ်ကိင်းဒန်းခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူနုဲက်တဲတ်ကိင်းဒန်းခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uni" title="Reino Uni – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino Uni" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="برېتانيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتانيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitid_Kindom" title="Yunaitid Kindom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yunaitid Kindom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Ыджыт Бритму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыджыт Бритму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សហរាជាណាចក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហរាជាណាចក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%A9y%C3%B4me-Uni" title="Roéyôme-Uni – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roéyôme-Uni" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_Un%C3%AC" title="Regn Unì – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Regn Unì" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitet_Kingdom" title="Yunaitet Kingdom – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yunaitet Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigt_K%C3%B6nigriek_vun_Grootbritannien_un_Noordirland" title="Vereenigt Königriek vun Grootbritannien un Noordirland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vereenigt Königriek vun Grootbritannien un Noordirland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Brytania" title="Wielka Brytania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Brytania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Britaniya" title="Büyük Britaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük Britaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parat%C4%81ne" title="Paratāne – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Paratāne" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jru%C3%9Fbritannie" title="Jrußbritannie – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jrußbritannie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phandlo_Thagaripen_la_Bare_Britaniyako_thai_le_Nordutne_Irlandesko" title="Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Reginavel Unì" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukllachasqa_Qhapaq_Llaqta" title="Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика Брітанія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Велика Брітанія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великобритания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Улуу Британия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Британия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peret%C4%81nia" title="Peretānia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Peretānia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="संयुक्ताधिराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संयुक्ताधिराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برطانیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="برطانیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennu_Unidu" title="Rennu Unidu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rennu Unidu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick" title="Unitit Kinrick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Kinrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiris" title="Igiris – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Igiris" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereeniged_K%C3%B6%C3%B6nichriek_fon_Groot-Britannien_un_Noudirlound" title="Fereeniged Köönichriek fon Groot-Britannien un Noudirlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fereeniged Köönichriek fon Groot-Britannien un Noudirlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Bashkuar" title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unitu" title="Regnu Unitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="گڏيل بادشاھت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گڏيل بادشاھت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Spojené kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spojené kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeno_kraljestvo_Velike_Britanije_in_Severne_Irske" title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Вєлика Британїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вєлика Британїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielg%C5%8F_Brytanij%C5%8F" title="Wielgŏ Brytanijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wielgŏ Brytanijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyada_Midowday" title="Boqortooyada Midowday – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyada Midowday" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="شانشینی یەکگرتوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingriskondre" title="Ingriskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ingriskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уједињено Краљевство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињено Краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajaan_Ngahiji" title="Karajaan Ngahiji – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karajaan Ngahiji" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistynyt_kuningaskunta" title="Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%E1%B9%ADanya" title="Briṭanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Briṭanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelda_Yedduklen" title="Tagelda Yedduklen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagelda Yedduklen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Aun%C3%ACte" title="Regne Aunìte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regne Aunìte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөекбритания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөекбритания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%81%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ပရိတ်ႈတဵၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ပရိတ်ႈတဵၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_kingdom" title="United kingdom – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="United kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="యునైటెడ్ కింగ్‌డమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునైటెడ్ కింగ్‌డమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Naklibur" title="Reinu Naklibur – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Reinu Naklibur" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatnhom_M%C3%A4c%C5%8Baknhom" title="Amatnhom Mäcŋaknhom – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Amatnhom Mäcŋaknhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Бритониё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бритониё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilit%C4%81nia" title="Pilitānia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pilitānia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%B2" title="ᎩᎵᏏᏲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᎵᏏᏲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k" title="Birleşik Krallık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Krallık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Paty%C5%9Falyk" title="Birleşen Patyşalyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birleşen Patyşalyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_A%CC%B1byintyok" title="Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великобритания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%89_%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86" title="ᨕᨘᨊᨗᨈᨙᨉ ᨀᨗᨊᨁᨉᨚᨆ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨊᨗᨈᨙᨉ ᨀᨗᨊᨁᨉᨚᨆ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика Британія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика Британія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="متحدہ مملکت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ مملکت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%88%D9%8A%DB%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بۈيۈك بېرىتانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۈيۈك بېرىتانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinghgoz" title="Yinghgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinghgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Un%C3%ACo" title="Regno Unìo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno Unìo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27_Britanii" title="Sur' Britanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sur' Britanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland" title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C3%A4n_Pebal%C3%B6l" title="Regän Pebalöl – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Regän Pebalöl" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctiskuningriik" title="Ütiskuningriik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ütiskuningriik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwey%C3%A5me-Uni" title="Rweyåme-Uni – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rweyåme-Uni" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%AAnigd_Keunienkryk" title="Verênigd Keunienkryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Verênigd Keunienkryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguur-Yu-Bennoo" title="Nguur-Yu-Bennoo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nguur-Yu-Bennoo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פאראייניגטע קעניגרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאראייניגטע קעניגרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dba_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan" title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qraliya_Yewbiyayiye" title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C3%AAnigd_Konienkriek" title="Vereênigd Konienkriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vereênigd Konienkriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongt%C4%97n%C4%97_Karal%C4%ABst%C4%97" title="Jongtėnė Karalīstė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jongtėnė Karalīstė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="United Kingdom (disambiguation)">United Kingdom (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UK (disambiguation)">UK (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of United Kingdom"><img alt="A flag composed of a red cross edged in white and superimposed on a red saltire, also edged in white, superimposed on a white saltire on a blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" 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‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" 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kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coats of arms</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_both_variants).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/375px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/500px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="2835" /></a> Used in relation to Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-UK_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/250px-Europe-UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/375px-Europe-UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/500px-Europe-UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_(%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies)_in_the_World_(%2BAntarctica_claims).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a>Show <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/375px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/500px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a>Show <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom">its exclusive economic zones</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Kingdom&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_type:city_region:GB">51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0.117</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional and minority languages<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>83.0% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></li><li>8.6% <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a></li><li>3.7% <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a></li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></li><li>2.0% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>46.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Christianity" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Christianity</a></li><li>37.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a></li><li>6.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></li><li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></li><li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a></li><li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></li><li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">Judaism</a></li><li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">other</a></li><li>5.9% not stated</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Briton">Briton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1535 and 1542</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1603</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1706</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union of England and Scotland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1801</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1922</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total<a href="#cite_note-ONSArea-17">[f]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">244,376 km2 (94,354 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-18">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land<a href="#cite_note-ONSLandArea-16">[e]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">242,495 km2 (93,628 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 68,265,209<a href="#cite_note-ONS.UK-Population-19">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">66,940,559<a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_England_and_Wales-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Northern_Ireland-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Scotland-22">[16]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">281/km2 (727.8/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS.UK-Population-19">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">51st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4.282 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMF_DataMapper-23">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $62,574<a href="#cite_note-IMF_DataMapper-23">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.588 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMF_DataMapper-23">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $52,423<a href="#cite_note-IMF_DataMapper-23">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.4<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.940<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-25">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[g]</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[h]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-29">[i]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<a href="#cite_note-30">[j]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[k]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[l]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,<a href="#cite_note-33">[m]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/European_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="European mainland">the continental mainland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[22]</a> It comprises <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-37">[23]</a> The UK includes the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the north-eastern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">the smaller islands</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, making up a total area of 94,354 square miles (244,376 km2).<a href="#cite_note-ONSArea-17">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[24]</a> Northern Ireland shares <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">a land border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. The United Kingdom had an estimated population of over 68.2 million people in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-ONS.UK-Population-19">[13]</a> The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">whose wider metropolitan area</a> is the largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, with a population of 14.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-39">[25]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. In AD 43 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> began; the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure</a> was followed by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement</a>. In 1066, <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">the Normans conquered England</a>. With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">annexation of Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">domination of Scotland</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. In 1707, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> united under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in 1801. Most of Ireland <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">seceded</a> from the UK in 1922 as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a> created the present United Kingdom. The UK <a href="/wiki/History_of_industrialisation#Industrial_Revolution_in_Europe" title="History of industrialisation">became the first industrialised country</a> and was the world's <a href="/wiki/Foremost_power" title="Foremost power">foremost power</a> for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "<a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>" between 1815 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-40">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[27]</a> At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires#Empires_at_their_greatest_extent" title="List of largest empires">largest empire in history</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">its involvement in the First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">the Second World War</a> damaged <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_British_Empire" title="Economy of the British Empire">Britain's economic power</a> and a global wave of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> led to the independence of most British colonies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[30]</a> The United Kingdom is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[32]</a> The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[33]</a> Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolved</a> matters.<a href="#cite_note-49">[34]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, the UK has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product</a> (GDP). It is a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear state">nuclear state</a>, and is ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">fifth globally in military expenditure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[36]</a> The UK has been a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent member of the UN Security Council</a> since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a>. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">its former colonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British culture</a> remains globally influential, particularly <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">in language</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">sport</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">most widely spoken language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">third-most spoken native language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[37]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain (place name)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology of the British Isles</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> declared that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".<a href="#cite_note-53">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[38]</a> The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain".<a href="#cite_note-55">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> and the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922, which left <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed in 1927 to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-56">[40]</a> Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a> The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-page823-58">[42]</a> Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve <a href="/wiki/NUTS_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS of the United Kingdom">NUTS 1 regions</a>, refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as "regions".<a href="#cite_note-59">[43]</a> Northern Ireland is also referred to as a "province".<a href="#cite_note-60">[44]</a> With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used "can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences".<a href="#cite_note-61">[45]</a> The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.<a href="#cite_note-62">[46]</a> It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-63">[47]</a> The word England is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK.<a href="#cite_note-64">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">term "Britain"</a> is used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britain-Col-66">[50]</a> but also sometimes for the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-67">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britain-Col-66">[50]</a> Usage is mixed: the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> prefers to use the term "UK" rather than "Britain" or "British" on its website (except when referring to embassies),<a href="#cite_note-68">[52]</a> while acknowledging that both terms refer to the United Kingdom and that elsewhere "British government" is used at least as frequently as "United Kingdom government".<a href="#cite_note-PCGN-uk-guide-69">[53]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names</a> recognises "United Kingdom", "UK" and "U.K." as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list "Britain" but notes that "it is only the one specific nominal term 'Great Britain' which invariably excludes Northern Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-PCGN-uk-guide-69">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> historically preferred to use "Britain" as shorthand only for Great Britain, though the present style guide does not take a position except that "Great Britain" excludes Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-70">[54]</a> The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">nationality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[q]</a> People of the United Kingdom use several different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>;<a href="#cite_note-75">[58]</a> or as having a combination of different national identities.<a href="#cite_note-76">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Timeline of British history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_the_Treaty_of_Union">Prior to the Treaty of Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History of Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge,_Condado_de_Wiltshire,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/220px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/330px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/440px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> is a ring of stones, each about 4 m (13 ft) high, 2 m (7 ft) wide and 25 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, erected 2400–2200 BC.</figcaption></figure> Settlement by <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cro-Magnons">Cro-Magnons</a> of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-77">[60]</a> The island has been continuously inhabited only since the last retreat of the ice around 11,500 years ago. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">region's prehistoric period</a>, the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celtic</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brittonic Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos,_Bath,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Baths showing a rectangular area of greenish water surrounded by yellow stone buildings with pillars. In the background is the tower of the abbey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG/220px-Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG/330px-Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG/440px-Ba%C3%B1os_Romanos%2C_Bath%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_39-41_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, are a well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>, beginning in 43 AD, and the 400-year <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">rule of southern Britain</a>, was followed by an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlers, reducing the Brittonic area mainly <a href="/wiki/Wales#Post-Roman_era" title="Wales">to what was to become Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and, until the latter stages of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> (northern England and parts of southern Scotland).<a href="#cite_note-79">[62]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">region settled by the Anglo-Saxons</a> became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-80">[63]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Gaelic speakers in north-west Britain</a> (with connections to the north-east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century)<a href="#cite_note-81">[64]</a> united with the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-82">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/220px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/330px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, 1066, and the events leading to it.</figcaption></figure> In 1066, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> invaded England from northern France. After <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">conquering England</a>, they seized <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">large parts of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">conquered much of Ireland</a> and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> on the Northern French model and <a href="/wiki/Norman-French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-French">Norman-French</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-83">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> greatly influenced, but eventually assimilated with, the local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-84">[67]</a> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">medieval English kings</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Wales">conquest of Wales</a> and tried unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">to annex Scotland</a>. Asserting its independence in the 1320 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>, Scotland maintained its independence thereafter, albeit in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">near-constant conflict with England</a>. In 1215 the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> was the first document to state that no government was above the law, that citizens have rights protecting them and that they were entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[68]</a> The English monarchs, through inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">substantial territories in France</a> and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Kings of Scots</a> were in <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">an alliance with the French</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-86">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> saw religious conflict resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> state churches in each country.<a href="#cite_note-87">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> ushered in political, constitutional, social and cultural change in the 16th century and <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established</a> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Moreover, it defined a national identity for England and slowly, but profoundly, changed people's religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[71]</a> Wales was <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[72]</a> and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown.<a href="#cite_note-90">[73]</a> In what was to become Northern Ireland, the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">given to Protestant settlers</a> from England and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-91">[74]</a> In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> when <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI, King of Scots</a>, inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> to London; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal, and religious institutions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[75]</a> In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">were involved in a series of connected wars</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of King Charles I</a>, and the establishment of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Unitary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary republic">unitary republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, Scotland and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-93">[76]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">monarchy was restored</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Right Act 1689">Claim of Right Act 1689</a> in Scotland ensured that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Royal_absolutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal absolutism">royal absolutism</a> would not prevail, and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne. The <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a> would develop on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[77]</a> With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. During this period, particularly in England, the development of <a href="/wiki/English_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="English navy">naval power</a> and the interest in <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">voyages of discovery</a> led to the acquisition and settlement of <a href="/wiki/First_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First British Empire">overseas colonies</a>, particularly in North America and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-95">[78]</a> Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_England_and_Scotland">Union of England and Scotland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar;_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg/220px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg/330px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg/440px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar%3B_H.M.S._%27Royal_Sovereign%27_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_%27Santa_Ana%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>The opening engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_Carmichael" title="James Wilson Carmichael">J.W. Carmichael</a></figcaption></figure> On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed, the result of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[79]</a> In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, in practice the first prime minister (1721–1742). A series of <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite uprisings">Jacobite uprisings</a> sought to remove the Protestant <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> from the throne and restore the Catholic <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> in 1746, after which the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Highlanders">Scottish Highlanders</a> were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">clan chiefs</a>. The British colonies in North America that broke away in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> became the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[80]</a> British merchants played a leading part in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, mainly between 1662 and 1807 when British or British-colonial <a href="/wiki/Slave_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave ships">slave ships</a> transported nearly 3.3 million slaves from Africa.<a href="#cite_note-98">[81]</a> The slaves were taken to work on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantations</a>, principally in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">Caribbean</a> but also <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[82]</a> However, with pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionism movement</a>, Parliament banned the trade in 1807, banned slavery in the British Empire in 1833, and Britain took a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide through the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">blockade of Africa</a> and pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties.<a href="#cite_note-100">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Union (1800)">Acts of Union (1800)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Queen_victoria.jpg/220px-Queen_victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Queen_victoria.jpg/330px-Queen_victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Queen_victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> reigned as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> during the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> In 1800 the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.<a href="#cite_note-101">[84]</a> After the defeat of France at the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830).<a href="#cite_note-102">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1815–1914" title="Royal Navy">Unchallenged at sea</a>, British dominance was later described as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a> ("British Peace"), a period of <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">relative peace among the great powers</a> (1815–1914) during which the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> became the global <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> and adopted the role of global policeman.<a href="#cite_note-103">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[87]</a> From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[88]</a> participating in the naval battles of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-106">[89]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion in 1857</a>, the British government led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> assumed <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct rule</a> over <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively <a href="/wiki/Informal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal Empire">controlled the economies</a> of regions such as <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[90]</a> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, political attitudes favoured <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> policies. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> in 1832, Parliament gradually <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">widened the voting franchise</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884 Reform Act</a> championed by <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> granting <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to a majority of males for the first time. The British population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanisation</a>, causing significant social and economic stresses.<a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a> By the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> initiated a period of <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">imperial expansion in Africa</a>, maintained a policy of <a href="/wiki/Splendid_isolation" title="Splendid isolation">splendid isolation</a> in Europe, and attempted to contain Russian influence in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>, in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[92]</a> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were granted self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> At the turn of the century, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">social reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">home rule for Ireland</a> become important domestic issues, while the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> emerged from an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade unions</a> and small socialist groups in 1900, and <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">suffragettes</a> campaigned for women's right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_wars_and_partition_of_Ireland">World wars and partition of Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">History of the United Kingdom during the First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during the Second World War">United Kingdom home front during the Second World War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph,_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg/220px-Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg/330px-Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg/440px-Wreaths_Are_Laid_at_the_Cenotaph%2C_London_During_Remembrance_Sunday_Service_MOD_45152052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>Wreaths being laid during the <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a> service at the <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a> in Whitehall, London</figcaption></figure> Britain was one of the principal <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> that defeated the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918). Alongside their French, Russian and (after 1917) American counterparts,<a href="#cite_note-113">[96]</a> British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westwell&Cove-114">[97]</a> The high fatalities of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order. Britain had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt.<a href="#cite_note-Westwell&Cove-114">[97]</a> The consequences of the war persuaded the government to expand the right to vote in national and local elections to all adult men and most adult women with the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westwell&Cove-114">[97]</a> After the war, Britain became a permanent member of the Executive Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and received a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> over a number of former German and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> colonies. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, the British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population.<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> By the mid-1920s, most of the British population could listen to <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> radio programmes.<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[100]</a> Experimental television broadcasts <a href="/wiki/History_of_television#United_Kingdom" title="History of television">began in 1929</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_BBC_television" title="First day of BBC television">first scheduled BBC Television Service</a> commenced in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>, and disputes within Ireland over the terms of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>, led eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of the island</a> in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-119">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">A period of conflict in what is now Northern Ireland</a> occurred from June 1920 until June 1922. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> became independent, initially with <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status in 1922, and <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931#Irish_Free_State" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">unambiguously independent in 1931</a>. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-120">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1928_Equal_Franchise_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Equal Franchise Act">1928 Equal Franchise Act</a> gave women electoral equality with men in national elections. Strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the <a href="/wiki/General_Strike_of_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="General Strike of 1926">General Strike of 1926</a>. Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the First World War when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a> (1929–1932) led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas, as well as political and social unrest with rising membership in communist and socialist parties. A <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">coalition government</a> was formed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-121">[104]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg/220px-Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg/330px-Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg/440px-Spitfire_and_Hurricane_in_the_Battle_of_Britain_Memorial_Flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricane</a> as flown in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></figcaption></figure> Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system."<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton2012-122">[105]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded Poland in 1939, Britain entered the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> became prime minister and head of a <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">coalition government</a> in 1940. Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year, Britain and its Empire continued the war against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton2012-122">[105]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> defeated the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Alliance (World War II)">Grand Alliance</a> of Britain, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> formed in 1941, leading the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. There were eventual hard-fought victories in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa campaign">North Africa campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>. British forces played important roles in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> of 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Europe">liberation of Europe</a>. The British Army led the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> against Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a> fought Japan at sea. British scientists <a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">contributed to the Manhattan Project</a> whose task was to build an atomic weapon.<a href="#cite_note-123">[106]</a> Once built, it was decided, with British consent, to use the weapon against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-124">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_20th_century">Postwar 20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (1945–1979)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/300px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/450px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/600px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at its territorial peak in 1921</figcaption></figure> The UK was one of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three (World War II)">Big Three</a> powers (along with the US and the Soviet Union) who met to plan the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">post-war world</a>;<a href="#cite_note-125">[108]</a> it drafted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> with the United States and became one of the five permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. It worked closely with the United States to establish the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[109]</a> The war left the UK severely weakened and financially dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[110]</a> but it was spared the total war that devastated eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-128">[111]</a> In the immediate post-war years, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Government_1945%E2%80%931951" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Government 1945–1951">Labour government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> initiated a radical programme of reforms, which significantly impacted British society <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">in the following decades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[112]</a> Major industries and public utilities were <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, was created.<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain's much-diminished economic position, so that a policy of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> was unavoidable. Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a> Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, and many became members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Belfast_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/220px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/330px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/440px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>British troops in southern <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> The UK was the third country to develop <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">a nuclear weapons arsenal</a> (with its first atomic bomb test, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane" title="Operation Hurricane">Operation Hurricane</a>, in 1952), but the post-war limits of Britain's international role were illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956. The <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">international spread of the English language</a> ensured the continuing international influence of <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">its literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-133">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-sheridan-134">[117]</a> As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s, the government encouraged immigration from <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a>. In the following decades, the UK became a more multi-ethnic society.<a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and Japan. The UK was the first democratic nation to <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">lower its voting age to 18</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-:22-136">[119]</a> In the decades-long process of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, the UK was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>, established with the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">London and Paris Conferences</a> in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC). In a <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a> 67% voted to stay in it.<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a> When the EC became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states. From the late 1960s, Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence (sometimes affecting other parts of the UK) conventionally known as <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. It is usually considered to have ended with the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Agreement">Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[121]</a> Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of the 1980s led by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> initiated a radical policy of <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>, deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">Big Bang</a> in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others.<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG/220px-Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG/330px-Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG/440px-Cardiff_anchored_outside_Port_Stanley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cardiff" title="HMS Cardiff">HMS Cardiff</a> anchored outside <a href="/wiki/Port_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Stanley">Port Stanley</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, 1982</figcaption></figure> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> invaded the British territories of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, leading to the 10-week <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> in which Argentine forces were defeated. The inhabitants of the islands are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty, expressed in a <a href="/wiki/2013_Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_referendum" title="2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum">2013 referendum</a>. From 1984, the UK economy was helped by the inflow of substantial <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> revenues.<a href="#cite_note-140">[123]</a> Another British overseas territory, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, ceded to Great Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht,<a href="#cite_note-141">[124]</a> is <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gibraltar" title="Port of Gibraltar">a key military base</a>. A <a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">referendum in 2002</a> on shared sovereignty with Spain was rejected by 98.97% of voters in the territory. Around the end of the 20th century, there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-142">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">statutory incorporation</a> followed acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>. The UK remained a <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers#United_Kingdom" title="List of modern great powers">great power</a> with global diplomatic and military influence and a leading role in the United Nations and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-David_M._McCourt-143">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg/220px-Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg/330px-Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg/440px-Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pro-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016, after the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit referendum">Brexit referendum</a></figcaption></figure> The UK broadly supported the United States' approach to the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>" in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-144">[127]</a> British troops fought in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>, but controversy surrounded Britain's <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">military deployment in Iraq</a>, which saw the <a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">largest protest in British history</a> in opposition to the government led by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> severely affected the UK economy.<a href="#cite_note-Latest_UK_GDP_data-146">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg coalition</a> government of 2010 introduced <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity measures</a> intended to tackle the substantial public deficits.<a href="#cite_note-147">[130]</a> Studies have suggested that policy led to significant social disruption and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-148">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[132]</a> A referendum on <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a> in 2014 resulted in the Scottish electorate <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">voting by 55.3 to 44.7%</a> to remain part of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a> In 2016, 51.9 per cent of voters in the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">voted to leave the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">UK left the EU</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a> On 1 May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> came into force.<a href="#cite_note-commission.europa.eu-153">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had a severe <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">impact on the UK's economy</a>, caused major <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">disruptions to education</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">far-reaching impacts on society and politics</a> in 2020 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-GOVUK-154">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a> The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to use an approved <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a>, developing <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">its own vaccine</a> through a collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, which allowed the UK's vaccine rollout to be among the fastest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">Fauna of Great Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">Flora of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a> of the United Kingdom (excluding <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>)</figcaption></figure> The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 94,354 square miles (244,376 km2),<a href="#cite_note-ONSArea-17">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-18">[12]</a> with a land area of 93,723 square miles (242,741 km2).<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-18">[12]</a> The country occupies the major part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within 22 miles (35 km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-160">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a> in London was chosen as the defining point of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Meridian">Prime Meridian</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[144]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Meridian_Conference" title="International Meridian Conference">International Meridian Conference</a> in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-162">[145]</a> The United Kingdom lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49°</a> and <a href="/wiki/61st_parallel_north" title="61st parallel north">61° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_meridian_west" title="9th meridian west">9° W</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_meridian_east" title="2nd meridian east">2° E</a>. Northern Ireland shares a 224-mile (360 km) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-160">[143]</a> The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles (17,820 km) long,<a href="#cite_note-UK_coastline-163">[146]</a> though measurements can vary greatly due to the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[147]</a> It is connected to continental Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, which at 31 miles (50 km) (24 miles (38 km) underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.<a href="#cite_note-165">[148]</a> The UK contains four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Celtic broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands beech forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_moist_mixed_forests" title="North Atlantic moist mixed forests">North Atlantic moist mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Forest" title="Caledonian Forest">Caledonian conifer forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[149]</a> The area of woodland in the UK in 2023 is estimated to be 3.25 million hectares, which represents 13% of the total land area in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-167">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">Climate change in the United Kingdom</a></div> Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-160">[143]</a> The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below 0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (32 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) or rising above 30 °C (86 °F).<a href="#cite_note-168">[151]</a> Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">subpolar oceanic climate</a>. Higher elevations in Scotland experience a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">continental subarctic climate</a> and the mountains experience a <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">tundra climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[152]</a> The prevailing wind is from the southwest and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-160">[143]</a> although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind. Since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions, the eastern parts are the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, bring mild winters, especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the southeast of England and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.<a href="#cite_note-170">[153]</a> The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours, which is just under 30% of the maximum possible.<a href="#cite_note-ukaverages-171">[154]</a> The hours of sunshine vary from 1200 to about 1580 hours per year, and since 1996 the UK has been and still is receiving above the 1981 to 2010 average hours of sunshine.<a href="#cite_note-met_off_climate_series-172">[155]</a> Climate change has a serious impact on the country. A third of food price rise in 2023 is attributed to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-173">[156]</a> As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> A law has been passed that <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">UK greenhouse gas emissions</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/220px-Uk_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/330px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/440px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption>The United Kingdom's topography</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">England</a> accounts for 53 per cent of the UK, covering 50,350 square miles (130,395 km2).<a href="#cite_note-176">[159]</a> Most of the country consists of lowland terrain,<a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-177">[160]</a> with upland and mountainous terrain northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Tees%E2%80%93Exe_line" title="Tees–Exe line">Tees–Exe line</a> which roughly divides the UK into lowland and upland areas. Lowland areas include <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Broads" title="The Broads">Norfolk Broads</a>. Upland areas include the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>. The main rivers and estuaries are the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>. England's highest mountain is <a href="/wiki/Scafell_Pike" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a>, at 978 metres (3,209 ft) in the Lake District; its largest island is the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Scotland</a> accounts for 32 per cent of the UK, covering 30,410 square miles (78,772 km2).<a href="#cite_note-178">[161]</a> This includes nearly 800 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[162]</a> notably the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> Islands and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands. Scotland is the most mountainous constituent country of the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> to the north and west are the more rugged region containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond_and_The_Trossachs" class="mw-redirect" title="Loch Lomond and The Trossachs">Loch Lomond and The Trossachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> which at 1,345 metres (4,413 ft)<a href="#cite_note-180">[163]</a> is the highest point in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-181">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Wales</a> accounts for less than 9 per cent of the UK, covering 8,020 square miles (20,779 km2).<a href="#cite_note-182">[165]</a> Wales is mostly mountainous, though <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> is less mountainous than <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">mid Wales</a>. The highest mountains in Wales are in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Yr Wyddfa) which, at 1,085 metres (3,560 ft), is the highest peak in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-177">[160]</a> Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,704 kilometres) of coastline including the <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembrokeshire Coast">Pembrokeshire Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_coastline-163">[146]</a> Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> (Ynys Môn). <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, separated from Great Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a>, has an area of 5,470 square miles (14,160 km2) and is mostly hilly. It includes <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a> which, at 150 square miles (388 km2), is the largest lake in the British Isles by area,<a href="#cite_note-183">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lough_Erne" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> which has over 150 islands and the <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> which is a World Heritage Site. The highest peak in Northern Ireland is <a href="/wiki/Slieve_Donard" title="Slieve Donard">Slieve Donard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a> at 852 metres (2,795 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-177">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Charles III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/148px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/222px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/296px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">king</a> since 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Keir Starmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/312px-Prime_Minister_Sir_Keir_Starmer_Official_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="2054" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> since 2024</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large sand-coloured building of Gothic design beside brown river. The building has several large towers, including large clock tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="2843" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> in London is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> The UK is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> operating under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, otherwise known as a "democratic parliamentary monarchy".<a href="#cite_note-184">[167]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[169]</a> wherein the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> is <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">sovereign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[170]</a> Parliament is made up of the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, the appointed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> (as personified by <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">the monarch</a>).<a href="#cite_note-190">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[173]</a> The main business of parliament takes place in the two houses,<a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[173]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> is required for a bill to become <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">an act of parliament</a> (that is, <a href="/wiki/Statute_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute law">statute law</a>).<a href="#cite_note-192">[174]</a> As a result of parliamentary sovereignty, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">British constitution</a> is <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified</a>, consisting mostly of disparate written sources, including parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, judge-made <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> and international treaties, together with <a href="/wiki/British_Constitution#Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Constitution">constitutional conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[175]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> recognises a number of principles underlying the British constitution, such as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and upholding <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> is the current monarch and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the UK and of 14 other independent countries. These 15 countries are today referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>". The monarch is formally vested with all executive authority as the personal embodiment of the Crown and is "fundamental to the law and working of government in the UK."<a href="#cite_note-195">[177]</a> The disposition of such powers however, including those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">royal prerogative</a>, is generally exercised only on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> responsible to Parliament and thence to the electorate. Nevertheless, in the performance of official duties, the monarch has "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".<a href="#cite_note-196">[178]</a> In addition, the monarch has a number of <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power#United_Kingdom" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> at his disposal, albeit rarely used, to uphold <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> and prevent <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[s]</a> For <a href="/wiki/General_elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="General elections in the United Kingdom">general elections</a> (elections to the House of Commons), the UK is currently divided into 650 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">constituencies</a>, each of which is represented by one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) elected by the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[180]</a> MPs hold office for up to five years and must then stand for re-election if they wish to continue to be an MP.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, colloquially known as the Tory Party or the Tories, and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> have been the dominant political parties in the UK since the 1920s, leading to the UK being described as a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>. However, since the 1920s other <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">political parties</a> have won seats in the House of Commons, although never more than the Conservatives or Labour.<a href="#cite_note-200">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">The prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-201">[182]</a> Acting under the direction and supervision of a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of senior ministers selected and led by the prime minister, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a> serves as the principal instrument for public policymaking, administers public services and, through the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>, promulgates <a href="/wiki/Statutory_instrument_(UK)" title="Statutory instrument (UK)">statutory instruments</a> and tenders advice to the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-202">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[185]</a> Nearly all prime ministers have served concurrently as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[186]</a> and all prime ministers have continuously served as First Lord of the Treasury since 1905,<a href="#cite_note-206">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Minister for the Civil Service">Minister for the Civil Service</a> since 1968,<a href="#cite_note-207">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Union" title="Minister for the Union">Minister for the Union</a> since 2019.<a href="#cite_note-208">[189]</a> While appointed by the monarch, in modern times the prime minister is, by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom">convention</a>, an MP, the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons, and holds office by virtue of their ability to <a href="/wiki/Confidence_motions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Confidence motions in the United Kingdom">command the confidence</a> of the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-209">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[192]</a> The current Prime Minister, as of July 2024, is <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Sir Keir Starmer</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. Although not part of the United Kingdom, the three <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and 14 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> across the globe are subject to the sovereignty of the British Crown. The Crown exercises its responsibilities in relation to the Crown Dependencies mainly through the British government's <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> and for the British Overseas Territories principally through the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative geography of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counties in the United Kingdom">List of counties in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg/180px-United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg/270px-United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg/360px-United_Kingdom_labelled_map7_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> The geographical division of the United Kingdom into <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">counties</a> or shires began in England and Scotland in the early Middle Ages, and was completed throughout Great Britain and Ireland by the early Modern Period.<a href="#cite_note-213">[194]</a> Modern local government by elected councils, partly based on the ancient counties, was established by separate Acts of Parliament: in England and Wales in <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">1888</a>, Scotland in <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1889" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889">1889</a> and Ireland in <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">1898</a>, meaning there is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the UK.<a href="#cite_note-214">[195]</a> Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function.<a href="#cite_note-215">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Local government in England</a> is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. The upper-tier <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">subdivisions of England</a> are the nine <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions</a>, now used primarily for statistical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-216">[197]</a> One of the regions, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London</a>, has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a <a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government in Scotland</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">32 council areas</a> with a wide variation in size and population. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> are separate council areas, as is the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Highland_council_area" title="Politics of the Highland council area">Highland Council</a>, which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000 people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-218">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government in Wales</a> consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are unitary authorities in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-unitary-219">[200]</a> Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.<a href="#cite_note-unitary-219">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a> since 1973, has been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as waste collection, dog control, and maintaining parks and cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-Devenport-220">[201]</a> In 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system.<a href="#cite_note-221">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolution">Devolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolved national parliaments</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scottish Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg/200px-Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg/300px-Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg/400px-Scottish_Parliament_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3162467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> in Edinburgh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast,_Parliament_Buildings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Northern Ireland Assembly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG/200px-Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG/300px-Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG/400px-Belfast%2C_Parliament_Buildings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> in Belfast</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Senedd,_Welsh_parliament,_Cardiff_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Senedd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/200px-Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/300px-Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/400px-Senedd%2C_Welsh_parliament%2C_Cardiff_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4886" data-file-height="3054" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> – <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Parliament">Welsh Parliament</a> in Cardiff</div></div></div></div></div> In the United Kingdom a process of devolution has transferred various powers from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> to three of the four UK countries - Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, as well as to the regions of England. These powers vary and have been moved to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> and in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined Authorities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined County Authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[203]</a> The UK has an <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified constitution</a> and constitutional matters are not among the powers that have been devolved. Under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, the UK Parliament could, in theory, therefore, abolish the Scottish Parliament, Senedd or Northern Ireland Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-223">[204]</a> Though in the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">Scotland Act 2016</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a> it states that the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government "are a permanent part of the United Kingdom's constitutional arrangements".<a href="#cite_note-224">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[206]</a> In practice, it would be politically difficult for the UK Parliament to abolish devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Senedd, because these institutions were created by referendum decisions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[207]</a> The political constraints placed upon the UK Parliament's power to interfere with devolution in Northern Ireland are greater still, because devolution in Northern Ireland rests upon an international agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[208]</a> The UK Parliament restricts the three devolved parliaments' legislative powers in economic policy matters through an act passed in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-UKIM-228">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4></div> Unlike Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, England does not have a separate devolved government or national parliament,<a href="#cite_note-229">[210]</a> rather a process of devolution of powers from the central government to local authorities has taken place, first in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-230">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> (GLA) was set up following a <a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">referendum in 1998</a>. Colloquially known as City Hall, it is the devolved regional government body for Greater London. It consists of two political branches: an <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Executive Mayor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, which serves as a check and balance on the Mayor. A <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined Authority</a> (CA) is a type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Democracy,_Economic_Development_and_Construction_Act_2009" title="Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009">Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009</a>. CAs allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain devolved functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area.<a href="#cite_note-231">[212]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined County Authority</a> (CCA) is a similar type of local-government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the <a href="/wiki/Levelling-up_and_Regeneration_Act_2023" title="Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023">Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023</a>, but may only be formed by upper-tier authorities: <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_(53840421342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg/220px-First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg/330px-First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg/440px-First_Minister_meets_Prime_Minister_%2853840421342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3547" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets with <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a>, Edinburgh.</figcaption></figure> Since 1999, Scotland has had a devolved national government and parliament with wide-ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically <a href="/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">reserved</a> to the UK Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-233">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[215]</a> Their power over economic issues is significantly constrained by an <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">act of the UK parliament</a> passed in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-UKIM-228">[209]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> minority government,<a href="#cite_note-242">[223]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a>, leader of the Scottish National Party. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scottish independence referendum</a> was held, with 55.3% voting against independence from the United Kingdom and 44.7% voting in favour, resulting in Scotland staying within the United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government in Scotland</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">32 council areas</a> with a wide variation in size and population. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-218">[199]</a> The Scottish Parliament is separate from the Scottish Government. It is made up of 129 elected <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the Scottish Parliament">Members of the Scottish Parliament</a> (MSPs). It is the law-making body of Scotland, and thus it scrutinises the work of the incumbent Scottish Government and considers any piece of proposed legislation through parliamentary debates, committees and parliamentary questions.<a href="#cite_note-243">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4></div> Since 1999, Wales has a devolved national government and legislature, known as the Senedd. Elections to the Senedd use the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>. It has more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-244">[225]</a> The Senedd can legislate on any matter not specifically reserved to the UK Parliament by <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Senedd_Cymru" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Senedd Cymru">Acts of Senedd Cymru</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> is <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Labour</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan" title="Eluned Morgan">Eluned Morgan</a>, who has been the First Minister since 2024. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government in Wales</a> consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4></div> The devolved form of government in Northern Ireland is based on the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, which brought to an end a 30-year period of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> communal conflict known as <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>. The Agreement was <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">confirmed by referendum</a> and implemented later that year. It established <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power sharing</a> arrangements for a devolved government and legislature, referred to as the Executive and Assembly respectively.<a href="#cite_note-245">[226]</a> Elections to the Assembly use the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system. The Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-246">[227]</a> The Executive is led by a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Designated_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated Unionist">unionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Designated_Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated Nationalist">nationalist</a> members of the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-northernireland1-247">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a> are the joint heads of government of Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-248">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a> since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-Devenport-220">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_(53837747114).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_speaks_with_US_President_Joe_Biden_%2853837747114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7845" data-file-height="5233" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Keir Starmer speaks with US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> by telephone, July 2024.</figcaption></figure> The UK is a <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(United_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (United Nations)">permanent member of</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7_finance_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="G7 finance ministers">G7 finance ministers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="G7 forum">G7 forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[231]</a> The UK has the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> which is a British organisation based in over 100 countries specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. The UK is said to have a "<a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a>" with the United States and a close partnership with France – the "<a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">Entente cordiale</a>" – and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries;<a href="#cite_note-251">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[233]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a> is considered to be the oldest binding military alliance in the world. The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> and co-operate through the <a href="/wiki/British-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British-Irish_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Irish Council">British-Irish Council</a>. Britain's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations, foreign investments, <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> and military engagements.<a href="#cite_note-253">[234]</a> Canada, Australia and New Zealand, all of which are former colonies of the British Empire which share King Charles as their head of state, are the most favourably viewed countries in the world by <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_criminal_justice">Law and criminal justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland law">Northern Ireland law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middlesex_Guildhall_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Middlesex_Guildhall_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> is the final court of appeal for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and civil cases in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">1706 Treaty of Union</a> provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system.<a href="#cite_note-255">[236]</a> Today the UK has three distinct <a href="/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal systems of the world">systems of law</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Courts of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> came into being in October 2009 to replace the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Appellate Committee of the House of Lords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, including the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[238]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, which applies in England and Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland law">Northern Ireland law</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>) principles.<a href="#cite_note-258">[239]</a> It originated in England in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and is the basis for many legal systems around the world.<a href="#cite_note-259">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">courts of England and Wales</a> are headed by the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Courts of England and Wales">Senior Courts of England and Wales</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> (for civil cases) and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> (for criminal cases).<a href="#cite_note-260">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> is a hybrid system based on common-law and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil-law</a> principles. The chief courts are the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, for civil cases,<a href="#cite_note-261">[242]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, for criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-262">[243]</a> The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law.<a href="#cite_note-263">[244]</a> Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995, though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66 per cent in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015,<a href="#cite_note-264">[245]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime statistics in the United Kingdom">crime statistics</a>. As of June 2023, the United Kingdom has the highest per-capita incarceration rate in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-265">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">UK labour laws</a> entitle staff to have a minimum set of employment rights including a <a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">minimum wage</a>, a minimum of 28 days annual holiday, parental leave, statutory sick pay and a <a href="/wiki/Pensions_Act_2008" title="Pensions Act 2008">pension</a>. <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> has been legal in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014, and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> since 2020.<a href="#cite_note-268">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT equality</a> in the United Kingdom is considered advanced by modern standards.<a href="#cite_note-269">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military history of the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg/141px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg/212px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg/282px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_and_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_meet_at_sea_for_the_first_time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(R09)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (R09)">HMS Prince of Wales</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_(D36).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg/143px-Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg/215px-Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg/286px-Royal_Navy_Destroyer_HMS_Defender_%28D36%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1798" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal Navy Destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defender_(D36)" title="HMS Defender (D36)">HMS Defender</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg/142px-Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg/213px-Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg/284px-Royal_Air_Force_Eurofighter_Typhoon_FGR4_MOD_45160575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal Air Force <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> Jet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Challenger_3.jpg/142px-Challenger_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Challenger_3.jpg/213px-Challenger_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Challenger_3.jpg/284px-Challenger_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">British Army <a href="/wiki/Challenger_3" title="Challenger 3">Challenger 3</a> Main Battle Tank</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> consist of three professional service branches: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> (forming the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Service (United Kingdom)">Naval Service</a>), the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[252]</a> The armed forces of the United Kingdom are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> and controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Defence Council of the United Kingdom">Defence Council</a>, chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a>, to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-272">[253]</a> The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories, promoting the UK's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Rapid_Reaction_Corps" title="Allied Rapid Reaction Corps">Allied Rapid Reaction Corps</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>, <a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a> and other worldwide coalition operations. <a href="/wiki/Overseas_military_bases_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom">Overseas garrisons</a> and facilities are maintained in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_Salman" title="Mina Salman">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_based_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Forces based in Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Training_Unit_Suffield" title="British Army Training Unit Suffield">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Cyprus" title="British Forces Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Germany" title="British Forces Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Training_Unit_Kenya" title="British Army Training Unit Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[254]</a> The UK is the 34th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[255]</a> According to sources which include the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>, the UK has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">fourth- or fifth-highest military expenditure</a>. Total defence spending in 2024 is estimated at 2.3% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-275">[256]</a> Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, defence policy has a stated assumption that "the most demanding operations" will be undertaken as part of a coalition.<a href="#cite_note-276">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy of Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Skyline_(125508655).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/220px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/330px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/440px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban economy">urban economy</a> in Europe<a href="#cite_note-277">[258]</a> and, alongside <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, the city in the world most integrated with the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[259]</a></figcaption></figure> The UK has a regulated <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-ftms-281">[262]</a> Based on market <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a>, the UK is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">sixth-largest economy</a> in the world and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">second-largest</a> in Europe, both by nominal GDP. Its currency, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>, is the fourth most-traded currency in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a> and the world's fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-282">[263]</a> Sterling was the 2nd best-performing G10 currency against the dollar in 2023 with a gain of about 5%, with only the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> performing better.<a href="#cite_note-283">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is the world capital for foreign exchange trading, with a market share of 38.1% in 2022<a href="#cite_note-285">[266]</a> of the daily $7.5 trillion global turnover.<a href="#cite_note-286">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, is responsible for developing and executing the government's <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a> policy and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a> is responsible for business, international trade, and enterprise. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is the UK's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> and is responsible for issuing notes and coins in the pound sterling. Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes, subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover their issue. In 2022, the UK became the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">fourth-largest exporter</a> behind only China, the US, and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-287">[268]</a> The estimated nominal GDP of the UK for 2024 is £2.765 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-288">[269]</a> This value is 23% higher than the 2019 figure of £2.255 trillion<a href="#cite_note-289">[270]</a> before leaving the EU (at similar US and EU exchange rates to 2019).<a href="#cite_note-290">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[t]</a> Inflation in the UK rose by 2% in the year to May 2024 which was the governments target.<a href="#cite_note-293">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank-of-England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bank-of-England.jpg/220px-Bank-of-England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bank-of-England.jpg/330px-Bank-of-England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bank-of-England.jpg/440px-Bank-of-England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a> made up around 80% of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-295">[275]</a> As of 2022, the UK is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_service_exports" title="List of countries by service exports">second-largest exporter of services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[276]</a> London is one of the world's largest financial centres, ranking second in the world in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> in 2022. London also has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">largest city GDP</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-297">[277]</a> Edinburgh ranks 17th in the world, and sixth in Western Europe in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GFCI_27_Rank_–_Long_Finance-298">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">The country's tourism sector</a> is very important to the British economy; London was named as Europe's most popular destination for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-299">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">creative industries</a> accounted for 5.9% of the UK's GVA in 2019, having grown by 43.6% in real terms from 2010.<a href="#cite_note-301">[281]</a> Creative industries contributed more than £111bn to the UK economy in 2018, growth in the sector is more than five times larger than growth across the UK economy as a whole as reported in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-302">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">reinsurance</a> market and is located in London.<a href="#cite_note-303">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/WPP_plc" title="WPP plc">WPP plc</a>, the world's biggest advertising company, is also based in the UK. The UK is one of the leading retail markets in Europe and is home to Europe's largest e-commerce market.<a href="#cite_note-304">[284]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumption expenditures</a> of over $2 trillion in 2023, the UK has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">second-largest consumer market</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-305">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership" title="John Lewis Partnership">John Lewis</a> is the UK's largest employee-owned business.<a href="#cite_note-306">[286]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_(13164472813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/220px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/330px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg/440px-Evening_view_across_Carlton_Hill_towards_the_Castle_%2813164472813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> is the financial centre of Scotland and is ranked the 4th largest in Europe and 13th largest internationally</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">British automotive industry</a> employs around 800,000 people, with a turnover in 2022 of £67 billion, generating £27 billion of exports (10% of the UK's total export of goods).<a href="#cite_note-Auto_Output_2022-307">[287]</a> In 2023, the UK produced around 905,100 passenger vehicles and 120,400 commercial vehicles, output was up 17.0% on the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-308">[288]</a> Britain is known for iconic cars such as <a href="/wiki/Mini_Hatch" title="Mini Hatch">Mini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[289]</a> also other luxury cars such as <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover" title="Range Rover">Range Rover</a>. The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing: in 2022 around 1.5 million engines were produced.<a href="#cite_note-Auto_Output_2022-307">[287]</a> It is also the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">fourth-largest exporter of engines</a>, as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-310">[290]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">motorsport</a> industry employs more than 40,000 people, comprises around 4,300 companies and has an annual turnover of around £10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-311">[291]</a> 7 of the 10 <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> teams are based in the UK, with their technology being used in supercars and hypercars from <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Automotive" title="McLaren Automotive">McLaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[u]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">aerospace industry of the UK</a> is the second-largest national aerospace industry in the world depending upon the method of measurement[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and has an annual turnover of around £30 billion.<a href="#cite_note-313">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">UK space industry</a> was worth £17.5bn in 2020/21 and employed 48,800 people. Since 2012, the number of space organisations has grown on average nearly 21% per year, with 1,293 organisations reported in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-314">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a> has stated in 2023 that it is investing £1.6 billion in space-related projects.<a href="#cite_note-316">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Its agriculture industry</a> is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing approximately 60% of the country's overall food requirements and 73% of its indigenous food needs, utilising around 0.9 per cent of the labour force (292,000 workers).<a href="#cite_note-317">[296]</a> Around two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops. The UK retains a significant, though much reduced fishing industry. It is also rich in a variety of natural resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica and an abundance of arable land.<a href="#cite_note-318">[297]</a> The UK has among the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in the United Kingdom">income inequality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, but has a very high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> ranking.<a href="#cite_note-319">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Cambridge</a> is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.<a href="#cite_note-auto-321">[300]</a></figcaption></figure> England and Scotland were leading centres of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> from the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-322">[301]</a> The United Kingdom led the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> from the 18th century, and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances.<a href="#cite_note-323">[302]</a> Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">laws of motion</a> and illumination of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a> have been seen as a keystone of modern science;<a href="#cite_note-324">[303]</a> from the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, whose theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> was fundamental to the development of modern biology, and <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, who formulated classical <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic theory">electromagnetic theory</a>; and more recently <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, who advanced major theories in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> and the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> (DSIT) is responsible for helping to encourage, develop and manage the UK's scientific, research, and technological outputs. Scientific research and development remains important in <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">British universities</a>, with many establishing <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a> to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.<a href="#cite_note-326">[305]</a> In 2022 the UK retained its number one spot for technology in Europe reaching a combined market value of $1 trillion. Cambridge was named the number one university in the world for producing successful technology founders.<a href="#cite_note-327">[306]</a> In 2024 the UK ranked 5th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>, a position determined by approximately 80 indicators encompassing the political environment, education, infrastructure, and knowledge creation, among others.<a href="#cite_note-328">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-321">[300]</a> During 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world for both. The UK ranked 1st in the world for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<a href="#cite_note-329">[308]</a> Scientific journals produced in the UK include publications by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">British Medical Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line,_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg/220px-An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg/330px-An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg/440px-An_LNER_Azuma_train_on_the_East_Coast_Railway_Line%2C_geograph_6275180_by_Walter_Baxter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>A high-speed <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> train in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/220px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/330px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/440px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airports_of_London" title="Airports of London">London</a> has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_city_airport_systems_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic">busiest city airport system</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> A radial road network totals 29,145 miles (46,904 km) of main roads, 2,173 miles (3,497 km) of motorways and 213,750 miles (344,000 km) of paved roads.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-160">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a>, encircling London, is the largest and busiest bypass in the world.<a href="#cite_note-331">[310]</a> In 2022, there were a total of 40.8 million licensed vehicles in Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Transport_stats_2022-332">[311]</a> The UK has an extensive railway network of 10,072 miles (16,209 km). In Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> network was <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatised</a> between 1994 and 1997, followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers. <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a> is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">rail transport in Great Britain</a>. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.<a href="#cite_note-333">[312]</a> The UK has a direct train between London and Paris which takes 2hrs 16mins<a href="#cite_note-334">[313]</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, it travels through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> under the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, at 23.5 miles long it is the world's longest undersea tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-335">[314]</a> There is also a car service through the tunnel to France called <a href="/wiki/LeShuttle" title="LeShuttle">LeShuttle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth line</a>, a rail link running between East and West London, was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2016 and opened in 2022. It was Europe's largest construction project at the time and is estimated to bring in £42 billion to the UK economy.<a href="#cite_note-336">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[316]</a> Another major infrastructure project is <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a> (HS2), a new high speed railway currently under construction. It will link London with Birmingham, with the potential to extend further north and capable of speeds of up to 225 mph.<a href="#cite_note-338">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[318]</a> In 2014, there were 5.2 billion bus journeys in the UK, 2.4 billion of which were in London.<a href="#cite_note-340">[319]</a> The red <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker</a> bus has entered popular culture as an internationally recognised icon of England.<a href="#cite_note-341">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Buses" title="London Buses">London bus network</a> is extensive, with over 6,800 scheduled services every weekday carrying about six million passengers on over 700 different routes making it one of the most extensive bus systems in the world and the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-342">[321]</a> During 2023, <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_British_Crown_Dependencies" title="List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies">UK airports</a> handled a total of 272.8 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-caastats-343">[322]</a> In that period the three largest airports were <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> (79.1 million passengers), <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> (40.9 million passengers) and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> (28.1 million passengers).<a href="#cite_note-caastats-343">[322]</a> London Heathrow Airport, located 15 miles (24 km) west of the capital, is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">second busiest airport by international passenger traffic</a> and has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world;<a href="#cite_note-344">[323]</a> it is the hub for the UK flag carrier <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Ardrossan%27s_fan_club._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbines overlooking <a href="/wiki/Ardrossan" title="Ardrossan">Ardrossan</a> in Scotland. The UK is the best site in Europe for wind energy, and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">its wind power production</a> is its fastest-growing supply.</figcaption></figure> In 2021, the UK was the world's 14th-largest consumer of energy and the 22nd-largest producer.<a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom_Energy_Profile-346">[325]</a> The UK is home to many large energy companies, including two of the six major oil and gas companies – <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[326]</a> The total of all renewable electricity sources provided 43% of the electricity generated in the UK in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-348">[327]</a> Wind power production is the country's fastest-growing supply; in 2022, 26.8% of the UK's total electricity was generated by wind power.<a href="#cite_note-349">[328]</a> The UK has the largest offshore wind farm in the world, which is located off the coast of Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-350">[329]</a> In 2023, the UK had 9 nuclear reactors normally generating about 15 per cent of the UK's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-coal-ref-351">[330]</a> Unlike Germany and Japan, there are two reactors under construction and more planned.<a href="#cite_note-352">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[332]</a> In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25 per cent of the total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down. The UK Government is investing in <a href="/wiki/Small_Modular_Reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Modular Reactors">Small Modular Reactors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Future_and_developing_technologies" title="Nuclear reactor">Advanced Modular Reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Fusion">Nuclear Fusion Reators</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[333]</a> research and development. In 2021, the UK produced 935 thousand <a href="/wiki/Oil_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil barrel">barrels</a> per day (bbl/d) of oil (and other liquids) and consumed 1,258 thousand bbl/d.<a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom_Energy_Profile-346">[325]</a> Production is now[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-eiaoil-355">[334]</a> In 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a>, the UK had around 2 billion barrels of proven <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">crude oil reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eiaoil-355">[334]</a> In 2021, the UK was the 21st-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-eiagas-356">[335]</a> Production is now[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-eiagas-356">[335]</a> In 2020, the UK produced 1.8 million tonnes of coal falling 91% in 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-coal-ref-351">[330]</a> In 2020 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 26 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-coal-ref-351">[330]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a> has stated that there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through <a href="/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">underground coal gasification</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">fracking</a>',<a href="#cite_note-357">[336]</a> and based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-358">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom</a></div> Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal. It is estimated that 96 per cent of households are connected to the sewer network.<a href="#cite_note-359">[338]</a> According to the Environment Agency, total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406 <a href="/wiki/Megalitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalitre">megalitres</a> per day in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-360">[339]</a> In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. In Scotland, water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Water" title="Scottish Water">Scottish Water</a>. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Water" title="Northern Ireland Water">Northern Ireland Water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demographics of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-362">[341]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">fourth-largest</a> in Europe (after Russia, Germany and France), the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">22nd-largest</a> in the world. In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long-term international migration contributed more to population growth. In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth.<a href="#cite_note-pop2015-363">[342]</a> Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-362">[341]</a> The 2011 census also showed that, over the previous 100 years, the proportion of the population aged 0–14 fell from 31 per cent to 18 per cent, and the proportion of people aged 65 and over rose from 5 to 16 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-362">[341]</a> In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the UK population was 41.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-364">[343]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population of the United Kingdom by country (2022)<a href="#cite_note-365">[344]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="2">Land area </th> <th colspan="2">Population </th> <th rowspan="2">Density (/km2) </th></tr> <tr> <th>(km2) </th> <th>(%) </th> <th>People </th> <th>(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>England </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,106,398 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">438 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland </td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,901 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,447,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wales </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,737 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,131,640 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">151 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Ireland </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,547 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,910,543 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">141 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">United Kingdom </th> <th style="text-align:right;">242,495 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100% </th> <th style="text-align:right;">67,596,281 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100% </th> <th style="text-align:right;">279 </th></tr></tbody></table> England's population in 2011 was 53 million, representing some 84 per cent of the UK total.<a href="#cite_note-2011_UK_censuses-366">[345]</a> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most densely populated countries</a> in the world, with 420 people per square kilometre in mid-2015,<a href="#cite_note-pop2015-363">[342]</a> with a particular concentration in London and the south-east.<a href="#cite_note-367">[346]</a> The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-368">[347]</a> Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million.<a href="#cite_note-2011_UK_censuses-366">[345]</a> In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> across the UK was 1.74 children born per woman.<a href="#cite_note-369">[348]</a> While a rising birth rate is contributing to population growth, it remains considerably below the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964,<a href="#cite_note-370">[349]</a> or the high of 6.02 children born per woman in 1815,<a href="#cite_note-371">[350]</a> below the replacement rate of 2.1, but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63.<a href="#cite_note-372">[351]</a> In 2011, 47.3 per cent of births in the UK were to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-373">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> reported in 2015 that out of the UK population aged 16 and over, 1.7 per cent identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (2.0 per cent of males and 1.5 per cent of females); 4.5 per cent of respondents responded with "other", "I don't know", or did not respond.<a href="#cite_note-374">[353]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people in the UK was estimated to be between 65,000 and 300,000 by research between 2001 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-375">[354]</a> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em 0.5em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Urban_Areas_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Urban_Areas_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Urban_Areas_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest urban areas of the United Kingdom <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.3em;">(England and Wales: 2011 census built-up area;<a href="#cite_note-BUA-376">[355]</a> Scotland: 2016 estimates settlement;<a href="#cite_note-NRS-377">[356]</a> Northern Ireland: 2001 census urban area)<a href="#cite_note-378">[357]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Urban area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom"> Pop.</a> </th> <th style="line-height:125%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Principal settlement</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Urban area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom"> Pop.</a> </th> <th style="line-height:125%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Principal settlement</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">9,787,426</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bristol" title="Greater Bristol">Bristol</a></td> <td align="left">617,280</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Urban Area">Greater Manchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">2,553,379</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></td> <td align="left">512,150</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands Urban Area">West Midlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">2,440,986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester Urban Area">Leicester</a></td> <td align="left">508,916</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Urban Area">West Yorkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">1,777,934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></td> <td align="left">483,418</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Glasgow" title="Greater Glasgow">Greater Glasgow</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">985,290</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_built-up_area" title="Brighton and Hove built-up area"> Brighton & Hove</a></td> <td align="left">474,485</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Urban Area">Liverpool</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">864,122</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_East_Dorset_conurbation" title="South East Dorset conurbation"> South East Dorset</a></td> <td align="left">466,266</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">855,569</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff Urban Area"> Cardiff</a></td> <td align="left">390,214</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">774,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a></td> <td align="left">376,633</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Urban_Area" title="Nottingham Urban Area">Nottingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">729,977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_Built-up_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke-on-Trent Built-up Area">Stoke-on-Trent</a></td> <td align="left">372,775</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Urban Area">Sheffield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">685,368</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Coventry_built-up_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry built-up area"> Coventry</a></td> <td align="left">359,262</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom</a></div> Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">descended from the various ethnic groups</a> that settled there before the 12th century: the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-379">[358]</a> The UK has a history of non-white immigration with <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade. During this period it is estimated the Afro-Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000<a href="#cite_note-380">[359]</a> which later declined due to the abolition of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-381">[360]</a> The UK also has the oldest <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-382">[361]</a> In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a>, 87.2 per cent of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8 per cent of the UK population identify themselves as of one of an <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minority</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity2011-383">[362]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">Population (absolute) </th> <th colspan="2">Population (per cent) </th></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-384">[363]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity2011-383">[362]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="2">White </td> <td>54,153,898 </td> <td>55,010,359 </td> <td>92.1% </td> <td>87.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="2">White: Gypsy, Traveller and Irish Traveller<a href="#cite_note-385">[v]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>63,193 </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" rowspan="5">Asian and Asian British </td> <td style="text-align:left">Indian </td> <td>1,053,411 </td> <td>1,451,862 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Pakistani </td> <td>747,285 </td> <td>1,174,983 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Bangladeshi </td> <td>283,063 </td> <td>451,529 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Chinese </td> <td>247,403 </td> <td>433,150 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other Asian </td> <td>247,664 </td> <td>861,815 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="2">Black, African, Caribbean and Black British<a href="#cite_note-388">[w]</a> </td> <td>1,148,738 </td> <td>1,904,684 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="2">Mixed or multiple ethnic groups </td> <td>677,117 </td> <td>1,250,229 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left" colspan="2">Other ethnic groups </td> <td>230,615 </td> <td>580,374 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:right">58,789,194 </th> <th style="text-align:right">63,182,178 </th> <th style="text-align:right">100.0% </th> <th style="text-align:right">100.0% </th></tr></tbody></table> Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 per cent of London's population and 37.4 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>'s was estimated to be non-white in 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[366]</a> whereas less than 5 per cent of the populations of <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, Wales and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> were from ethnic minorities, according to the 2001 census.<a href="#cite_note-390">[367]</a> In 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a>, 31.4 per cent of primary and 27.9 per cent of secondary pupils at <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a> in England were members of an ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-391">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> is the official and most spoken language of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-392">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[370]</a> The United Kingdom proactively promotes the language globally to build connections, understanding and trust between people in the UK and countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-394">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[372]</a> It is estimated that 95 per cent of the UK's population are <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolingual</a> English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_languages-396">[373]</a> Over 5.5 per cent of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of relatively recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] immigration.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_languages-396">[373]</a> South Asian languages are the largest grouping which includes <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[374]</a> According to the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> has become the second-largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-398">[375]</a> In 2019, some three-quarters of a million people spoke little or no English.<a href="#cite_note-399">[376]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/220px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/330px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg/440px-Bilingual_welcome_sign_Newry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">Bilingual sign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> Three indigenous <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> are spoken in the UK: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second language speakers.<a href="#cite_note-400">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-reglang-3">[2]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a> of Wales aged three or older was 538,300 people (17.8 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-401">[378]</a> In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England.<a href="#cite_note-402">[379]</a> In the 2021 census in Northern Ireland 12.4% of people had some ability in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language</a> and 10.4% of people had some ability in the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster-Scots</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-403">[380]</a> Over 92,000 people in Scotland (just under 2 per cent of the population) had some Gaelic language ability, including 72 per cent of those living in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[381]</a> The number of children being taught either Welsh or Scottish Gaelic is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-405">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, a language descended from early northern <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, has limited <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">recognition</a> alongside its regional variant, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a> in Northern Ireland, without specific commitments to protection and promotion.<a href="#cite_note-reglang-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[383]</a> As of April 2020, there are said to be around 151,000 users of <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL), a <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> used by deaf people, in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-407">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39788.651997137px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 254.90796876092px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 229.89646805757px; border-left-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 214.60713680396px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 200.28875910532px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 177.64535734287px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 142.28560774319px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 65.95788614458px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 451.36909144869px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in the United Kingdom (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-408">[385]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Christianity (46.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No religion (37.75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Islam (5.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hinduism (1.59%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sikhism (0.79%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Buddhism (0.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Judaism (0.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religion (0.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Not stated (5.91%)</div> </div> </div></div> Forms of Christianity <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom</a> for more than 1,400 years.<a href="#cite_note-409">[386]</a> Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in many surveys, regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-410">[387]</a> while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of other faiths, most notably Islam.<a href="#cite_note-411">[388]</a> This has led some commentators to variously describe the UK as a multi-faith,<a href="#cite_note-412">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secularised" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularised">secularised</a>,<a href="#cite_note-413">[390]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Christian">post-Christian</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-414">[391]</a> In the 2001 census, 71.6 per cent of all respondents indicated that they were Christians, with the next largest faiths being <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> (2.8 per cent), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> (1.0 per cent), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> (0.6 per cent), <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> (0.5 per cent), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> (0.3 per cent) and all other religions (0.3 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-415">[392]</a> Of the respondents, 15 per cent stated that they had <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> and a further 7 per cent did not state a religious preference.<a href="#cite_note-416">[393]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tearfund" title="Tearfund">Tearfund</a> survey in 2007 showed that only one in ten Britons actually attend church weekly.<a href="#cite_note-417">[394]</a> Between the 2001 and 2011 census, there was a 12 per cent decrease in the number of people who identified as Christian, while the percentage of those reporting no religious affiliation doubled. This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-418">[395]</a> The Muslim population has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011, making it the second-largest religious group in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-419">[396]</a> The Church of England is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established church</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-420">[397]</a> It retains a <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">representation</a> in the UK Parliament, and the British monarch is its <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[398]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> is recognised as the <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a>. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian Church Government</a>" upon his or her accession.<a href="#cite_note-422">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-reglang-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[400]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> was disestablished in 1920 and, because the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> was disestablished in 1870 before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a>, there is no established church in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-424">[401]</a> Although there are no UK-wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, it has been estimated that 62 per cent of Christians are Anglican, 13.5 per cent Catholic, 6 per cent Presbyterian, and 3.4 per cent Methodist, with small numbers of other Protestant denominations.<a href="#cite_note-425">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_immigration_to_Great_Britain" title="Historical immigration to Great Britain">Historical immigration to Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Modern immigration to the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_population_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom">Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/300px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/450px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/600px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Estimated foreign-born population by country of birth from April 2007 to March 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_expats_countrymap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/300px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/450px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/600px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006</figcaption></figure> Immigration is now[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] contributing to a rising UK population,<a href="#cite_note-426">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-23-05-2024-427">[404]</a> with arrivals and UK-born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001. According to official statistics released in 2015, 27 per cent of UK live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK.<a href="#cite_note-428">[405]</a> The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21 per cent to 239,000.<a href="#cite_note-429">[406]</a> In 2013, approximately 208,000 foreign nationals were naturalised as British citizens, the highest number since 1962. This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014. Between 2009 and 2013, the average number of British citizenships granted annually was 195,800. The most common previous nationalities of those naturalised in 2014 were Indian, Pakistani, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a>, Chinese, South African, Polish and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blinder2015-430">[407]</a> The total number of grants of settlement, which confer <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residence</a> in the UK but not citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-431">[408]</a> was approximately 154,700 in 2013, higher than the previous two years.<a href="#cite_note-Blinder2015-430">[407]</a> Long-term net migration (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022, with immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000.<a href="#cite_note-432">[409]</a> In 2023 net migration was 685,000; 10% of the total who came to the UK in that year were EU Nationals.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-23-05-2024-427">[404]</a> More EU Nationals left the UK than arrived.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-23-05-2024-427">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">Emigration</a> was an important feature of British society in the 19th century. Between 1815 and 1930, around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland. Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some 300 million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-433">[410]</a> Today,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] at least 5.5 million UK-born people live abroad,<a href="#cite_note-BritsAbroad-434">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[412]</a> mainly in Australia, Spain, the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-BritsAbroad-434">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/220px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/330px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/440px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> is widely regarded as one of the world's leading universities.</figcaption></figure> Education in the United Kingdom is a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> matter, with each country having a separate education system. About 38 per cent of the United Kingdom population has a university or <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a>, which is the highest percentage in Europe, and among the highest percentages in the world.<a href="#cite_note-437">[414]</a> The United Kingdom is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">many universities</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> which often achieve first place on global rankings.<a href="#cite_note-438">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[416]</a> University education has varied tuition fees between the different regions of the UK. England and Wales have a fixed maximum annual fee for all UK citizens, contingent on attaining a certain level of income. Only those who reach a certain salary threshold (£21,000) pay this fee through <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">general taxation</a>. Northern Ireland and Scotland have a reduced maximum fee or no fee for citizens where it is their home region. Some NHS courses have bursaries which pay the fee and in 2017 it was stated that each doctor gets subsidised by £230,000 during their training.<a href="#cite_note-440">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[418]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA), coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, ranked the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 14th in the world in reading, mathematics and science. The average British student scored 494, well above the OECD average of 478.<a href="#cite_note-442">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">Healthcare in the United Kingdom</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Healthcare in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Healthcare in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare in Wales</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QEUH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/QEUH.jpg/220px-QEUH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/QEUH.jpg/330px-QEUH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/QEUH.jpg/440px-QEUH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_University_Hospital" title="Queen Elizabeth University Hospital">Queen Elizabeth University Hospital</a> in Glasgow, the largest hospital campus in Europe</figcaption></figure> The modern system of <a href="/wiki/Universal_service" title="Universal service">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded</a> in the United Kingdom has its origins in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) in 1949 which still exists to this day and is the primary healthcare provider in the United Kingdom. The widespread popularity of the NHS has led to it being described as a "national religion".<a href="#cite_note-444">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[422]</a> Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved matter</a> and each country has its own system of universal publicly funded healthcare, although private healthcare is also available. Public healthcare is provided to all <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">UK permanent residents</a> and is mostly free at the point of need, being paid for from <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">general taxation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2000, ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world.<a href="#cite_note-446">[423]</a> Since 1979, expenditure on healthcare has been increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-447">[424]</a> The 2018 <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> data, which incorporates in health a chunk of what in the UK is classified as social care, has the UK spending £3,121 per head.<a href="#cite_note-448">[425]</a> In 2017 the UK spent £2,989 per person on healthcare, around the median for members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[426]</a> Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK-wide basis such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nursing_and_Midwifery_Council" title="Nursing and Midwifery Council">Nursing and Midwifery Council</a> and non-governmental-based, such as the <a href="/wiki/Medical_royal_college" title="Medical royal college">Royal Colleges</a>. Political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executives</a>; <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">healthcare in England</a> is the responsibility of the UK Government; <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Northern Ireland">healthcare in Northern Ireland</a> is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a>; <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">healthcare in Scotland</a> is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">healthcare in Wales</a> is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. Each <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> has different policies and priorities, resulting in contrasts.<a href="#cite_note-450">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a></div> The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by many factors including: the nation's island status; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">its history</a>; and being a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions, customs and symbolism. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, British influence can be observed in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">the language</a>, culture and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">legal systems</a> of many of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">its former colonies</a>, in particular, the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Ireland, a common culture known today as the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2004307-452">[429]</a> The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led to it being described as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural superpower">cultural superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-133">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-sheridan-134">[117]</a> A global survey in 2023 ranked the UK 3rd in the 'Most Influential Countries' rankings (behind the US and China).<a href="#cite_note-453">[430]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg/170px-Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg/255px-Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg/340px-Title_page_William_Shakespeare%27s_First_Folio_1623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> from 1623; a copy is on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> British literature includes literature associated with the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. Most British literature is in English. In 2022, 669 million physical books were sold in the UK, this is the highest overall level ever recorded.<a href="#cite_note-454">[431]</a> Britain is renowned for <a href="/wiki/Literature_for_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature for children">children's literature</a>, writer's includes <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a> who also illustrated her own books. Other writers include <a href="/wiki/A.A._Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="A.A. Milne">A.A. Milne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a> who wrote the best selling book series of all time.<a href="#cite_note-455">[432]</a> The English playwright and poet <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.<a href="#cite_note-456">[433]</a> Other important English writers include <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, known for <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Poetry">romantic poets</a>, also the novelists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>. The 20th-century English crime writer <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_fiction_authors" title="List of best-selling fiction authors">best-selling novelist</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-457">[434]</a> Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scotland's contributions</a> include <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (the creator of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>. More recently <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_M._Gunn" title="Neil M. Gunn">Neil M. Gunn</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a>, with grimmer works from <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iain_Banks" title="Iain Banks">Iain Banks</a>. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, was UNESCO's first worldwide <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[436]</a> Welsh literature includes Britain's oldest known poem, <a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a>, which was composed most likely in the late 6th century. It was written in <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> and contains the earliest known reference to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[437]</a> The Arthurian legend was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[438]</a> Poet <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gwilym" title="Dafydd ap Gwilym">Dafydd ap Gwilym</a> (fl. 1320–1370) is regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age.<a href="#cite_note-462">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Owen" title="Daniel Owen">Daniel Owen</a> is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Lewis_(novel)" title="Rhys Lewis (novel)">Rhys Lewis</a> in 1885. The best-known of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Welsh poetry">Anglo-Welsh poets</a> are <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._S._Thomas" title="R. S. Thomas">R. S. Thomas</a>, the latter nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1996. Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Llewellyn" title="Richard Llewellyn">Richard Llewellyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Roberts_(author)" title="Kate Roberts (author)">Kate Roberts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[441]</a> Northern Ireland's most popular writer is <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> who was born in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[442]</a> Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-466">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[444]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[445]</a> There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-469">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-470">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-471">[448]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[449]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[450]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British philosophy</a></div> The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of '<a href="/wiki/British_Empiricism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empiricism">British Empiricism</a>', a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Scottish_School_of_Common_Sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish School of Common Sense">Scottish School of Common Sense</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-474">[451]</a> The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[x]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>; while <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Dugald Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Hamilton,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet">William Hamilton</a> were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school. Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, a moral philosophy first used by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in his short work <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[452]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Albert_Hall,_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg/220px-Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg/330px-Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg/440px-Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_BBC_Proms_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">The Proms</a> is a classical music festival, most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a> and held at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, which regularly plays music by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a> and other British composers.</figcaption></figure> Various styles of music have become popular in the UK, including the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales#Folk_music" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, with masses, madrigals and lute music by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>, an English tradition of dramatic masques, anthems and airs became established, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a> and others. The German-born composer <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalised</a> <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British citizen</a> in 1727, when he composed the anthem <a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of George II">coronation of George II</a>; it became the traditional ceremonial music for anointing all future monarchs. Handel's many oratorios, such as his famous <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a>, were written in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-477">[453]</a> In the second half of the 19th century, as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> and his librettist <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> wrote their popular <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>'s wide range of music rivalled that of his contemporaries on the continent. Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, a pioneer of modern British opera. Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a> (Orkney), <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (mythological), and <a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a> (religious).<a href="#cite_note-478">[454]</a> Today, recent classical singers include: <a href="/wiki/Alfie_Boe" title="Alfie Boe">Alfie Boe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins" title="Katherine Jenkins">Katherine Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ball" title="Michael Ball">Michael Ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Williams" title="Roderick Williams">Roderick Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Watson" title="Russell Watson">Russell Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brightman" title="Sarah Brightman">Sarah Brightman</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Benedetti" title="Nicola Benedetti">Nicola Benedetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kennedy" title="Nigel Kennedy">Nigel Kennedy</a> are renowned for their violin ability.<a href="#cite_note-479">[455]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>" originated in Britain in the mid-1950s to describe <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>'s fusion with the "new youth music".<a href="#cite_note-480">[456]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> drove pop music to the forefront of popular music in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-481">[457]</a> Birmingham became known as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, with the band <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> starting there in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-482">[458]</a> In the following years, Britain widely occupied a part in the development of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, with British acts pioneering <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>;<a href="#cite_note-483">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">raga rock</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>;<a href="#cite_note-484">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">space rock</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>;<a href="#cite_note-485">[461]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-486">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-487">[463]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[464]</a> British acts also developed <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a> and created <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[465]</a> The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Stormzy" title="Stormzy">Stormzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano (rapper)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yxng_Bane" title="Yxng Bane">Yxng Bane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramz_(rapper)" title="Ramz (rapper)">Ramz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Simz" title="Little Simz">Little Simz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepta" title="Skepta">Skepta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[466]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg/220px-The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg/330px-The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg/440px-The_pyramid_stage_during_Glastonbury_Festival_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> is a five-day festival of contemporary performing arts held in Somerset, England.</figcaption></figure> The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">biggest-selling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">most influential band in the history of popular music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beatles_sales-491">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCartney-492">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-493">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[470]</a> Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include the Rolling Stones, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more.<a href="#cite_note-495">[471]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brit_Awards" title="Brit Awards">Brit Awards</a> are the <a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI's</a> annual music awards, and some of the British recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Outstanding_Contribution_to_Music" title="Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music">Outstanding Contribution to Music</a> award include <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a> (who are a British-American band).<a href="#cite_note-496">[472]</a> More recent UK music acts that have had international success include <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Boyle" title="Susan Boyle">Susan Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Capaldi" title="Lewis Capaldi">Lewis Capaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Direction" title="One Direction">One Direction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Styles" title="Harry Styles">Harry Styles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[473]</a> A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-498">[474]</a> Glasgow's contribution to music was recognised in 2008 when it was named a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-499">[475]</a> Manchester played a role in the spread of dance music such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, and from the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>. London and Bristol are closely associated with the origins of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> sub-genres such as <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[476]</a> UK dance music traces its roots back to the Black British <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound System Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age Traveller</a> movement of the 60s and 70s,<a href="#cite_note-501">[477]</a> it also has influences from <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave music">New Wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a> such as from bands <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[478]</a> and also has influences from the <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">Chicago House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit_techno" title="Detroit techno">Detroit Techno</a> scenes. In the late 80's, dance music exploded with <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a> culture mainly <a href="/wiki/Acid_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid House">Acid House</a> tracks which were made mainstream with novelty records (such as Smart E's <a href="/wiki/Sesame%27s_Treet" title="Sesame's Treet">Sesame's Treet</a> and the Prodigy's <a href="/wiki/Charly_(song)" title="Charly (song)">Charly</a>)<a href="#cite_note-503">[479]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_beat" title="Balearic beat">Balearic sound</a> brought back from the Ibiza club scene. This led on to genres such as <a href="/wiki/UK_Garage" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Garage">UK Garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_Garage" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed Garage">Speed Garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a>. Influential UK dance acts past and present include <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_(band)" title="Orbital (band)">Orbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">the Prodigy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underworld_(band)" title="Underworld (band)">Underworld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roni_Size" title="Roni Size">Roni Size</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leftfield" title="Leftfield">Leftfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massive_Attack" title="Massive Attack">Massive Attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groove_Armada" title="Groove Armada">Groove Armada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatboy_Slim" title="Fatboy Slim">Fatboy Slim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faithless" title="Faithless">Faithless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basement_Jaxx" title="Basement Jaxx">Basement Jaxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Brothers">Chemical Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub_Focus" title="Sub Focus">Sub Focus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Status" title="Chase & Status">Chase & Status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disclosure_(band)" title="Disclosure (band)">Disclosure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Again" title="Fred Again">Fred Again</a>.<a href="#cite_note-504">[480]</a> Other influential UK DJs include <a href="/wiki/Judge_Jules" title="Judge Jules">Judge Jules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Tong" title="Pete Tong">Pete Tong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Cox" title="Carl Cox">Carl Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold" title="Paul Oakenfold">Paul Oakenfold</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Digweed" title="John Digweed">John Digweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasha_(dj)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasha (dj)">Sasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-505">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg/220px-Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg/330px-Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg/440px-Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> textile design, 1883</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg/220px-Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg/330px-Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg/440px-Angel_of_the_North_-_6150534524.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a> sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gormley" title="Antony Gormley">Antony Gormley</a> has become a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>.</figcaption></figure> Major British artists include: the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> painters <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a>; the landscape artists <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._S._Lowry" title="L. S. Lowry">L. S. Lowry</a>; the pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>; the figurative painter <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pop_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop artist">Pop artists</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Peter Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Richard Hamilton (artist)">Richard Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a>; the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a>;<a href="#cite_note-506">[482]</a> the collaborative duo <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert and George">Gilbert and George</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hodgkin" title="Howard Hodgkin">Howard Hodgkin</a>; and the sculptors <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gormley" title="Antony Gormley">Antony Gormley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>. During the late 1980s and 1990s the <a href="/wiki/Saatchi_Gallery" title="Saatchi Gallery">Saatchi Gallery</a> in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a>": <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Ofili" title="Chris Ofili">Chris Ofili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread" title="Rachel Whiteread">Rachel Whiteread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallinger" title="Mark Wallinger">Mark Wallinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Taylor-Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Taylor-Wood">Sam Taylor-Wood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jake_and_Dinos_Chapman" title="Jake and Dinos Chapman">Chapman Brothers</a> are among the better-known members of this loosely affiliated movement. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom. Major schools of art in the UK include: the six-school <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design">Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea College of Art and Design">Chelsea College of Art and Design</a>; <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade School of Fine Art">Slade School of Fine Art</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art" title="Glasgow School of Art">Glasgow School of Art</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a>; and <a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin_School_of_Drawing_and_Fine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art">The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art</a> (part of the University of Oxford). The <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a> is a leading centre for the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">history of art</a>. Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> (the most-visited modern art gallery in the world, with around 4.7 million visitors per year).<a href="#cite_note-507">[483]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre of the United Kingdom</a></div> The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, whose film <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> is considered by some critics as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">best film of all time</a>,<a href="#cite_note-508">[484]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> who directed <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> are among the most critically acclaimed directors of all time.<a href="#cite_note-509">[485]</a> Recent popular directors include: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[489]</a> Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_film_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing film series">highest-grossing film franchises</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond (film series)">James Bond</a>).<a href="#cite_note-514">[490]</a> 2019 was a particularly good year for British films which grossed around £10.3 billion globally which was 28.7% of global box office revenue.<a href="#cite_note-515">[491]</a> UK box-office takings totalled £1.25 billion in 2019, with around 176 million admissions.<a href="#cite_note-516">[492]</a> In 2023 UK film and television studio stage space stands at 6.9 million sq ft, with 1 million sq ft added in the past year with more in development.<a href="#cite_note-517">[493]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">BAFTA Film Awards</a> are hosted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-518">[494]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish,_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg/220px-Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg/330px-Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg/440px-Fish%2C_chips_and_mushy_peas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a>, a traditional British dish served with lemon, tartar sauce and mushy peas</figcaption></figure> British cuisine developed from various influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism. The food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.<a href="#cite_note-519">[495]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a> is one example, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasted joint</a>, usually of beef, lamb, chicken or pork, often <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> (and generally grass-fed, in the case of beef). Roasts are served with either roasted or boiled vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>. Other traditional meals include <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pies</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>. A 2019 YouGov poll rated classic British food, the following had more than 80% of people like them who had tried them: Sunday roast, Yorkshire pudding, Fish and chips, Crumpets, and Full English breakfast.<a href="#cite_note-520">[496]</a> The UK is home to a large selection of <a href="/wiki/Fine_dining" title="Fine dining">fine-dining</a> experiences, in 2024 there were 187 Restaurants with a <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin Star">Michelin Star</a>, 49 of them consider their cuisine to be 'Modern British'.<a href="#cite_note-521">[497]</a> Sweet foods are common within British cuisine, and there is a long list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_desserts" title="List of British desserts">British desserts</a>. Afternoon tea is a light afternoon meal served with tea in tea rooms and hotels around the United Kingdom, with the tradition dating back to around 1840.<a href="#cite_note-522">[498]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Vegan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianism in the United Kingdom">vegetarian</a> diets have increased in Britain in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-523">[499]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> facilitated a knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> with its "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those who have <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom_since_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922">settled in Britain</a>, producing hybrid dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-524">[500]</a> The British have embraced world cuisine and regularly eat recipes or fast food from Europe, the Caribbean and Asia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_(geograph_2685261).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg/220px-Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg/330px-Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg/440px-Media_City_Footbridge_and_BBC_Offices_%28geograph_2685261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, is one of the largest media production facilities in Europe.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.<a href="#cite_note-MediaNewsline-525">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProspectMag-526">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-AboutBBC-527">[503]</a> It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the <a href="/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">television licence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[504]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> is an <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">international broadcaster</a> owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-529">[505]</a> It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.<a href="#cite_note-530">[506]</a> Other major players in the UK media include <a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV</a>, which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV Network</a>,<a href="#cite_note-531">[507]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-532">[508]</a> Newspapers produced in the United Kingdom include the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-533">[509]</a> Magazines and journals published in the United Kingdom that have achieved worldwide circulation include <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a>. London dominates the media sector in the UK: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although <a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> in Manchester is also a significant national media centre. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-534">[510]</a> The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-535">[511]</a> In 2015, the UK published 2,710 book titles per million inhabitants, more than any other country, much of this being exported to other <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-536">[512]</a> In 2010, 82.5 per cent of the UK population were Internet users, the highest proportion among the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.<a href="#cite_note-537">[513]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">British video game industry</a> is the largest in Europe, and, since 2022, the UK has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video games markets by country">largest video game market</a> in Europe by sales, overtaking <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Germany" title="Video games in Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-538">[514]</a> It is the world's third-largest producer of video games after <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-539">[515]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg/220px-City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg/330px-City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg/440px-City_vs_United_FA_Cup_final_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2023_FA_Cup_final" title="2023 FA Cup final">2023 FA Cup final</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> between <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester City">Manchester City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/220px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/330px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/440px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Golf originated from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course at St Andrews</a> in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_billiards" title="English billiards">billiards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">rounders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Britain">Victorian Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-542">[y]</a> A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-sports_poll-543">[518]</a> England is recognised by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> as the birthplace of club football, and the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Association">Football Association</a> is the oldest of its kind, with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">rules of football</a> first drafted in 1863 by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cobb_Morley" title="Ebenezer Cobb Morley">Ebenezer Cobb Morley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-544">[519]</a> Each of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) has its own football association, national team and <a href="/wiki/League_system" title="League system">league system</a>, and each is individually a governing member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board" title="International Football Association Board">International Football Association Board</a> alongside FIFA. The English top division, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>, is the most watched football league in the world.<a href="#cite_note-545">[520]</a> The first international football match was contested by <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> on 30 November 1872.<a href="#cite_note-546">[521]</a> England, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_football_team" title="Wales national football team">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland</a> usually compete as separate countries in international competitions.<a href="#cite_note-547">[522]</a> In 2003, rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-sports_poll-543">[518]</a> The sport was created in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>, Warwickshire, and the <a href="/wiki/1871_England_versus_Scotland_rugby_union_match" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 England versus Scotland rugby union match">first rugby international</a> took place on 27 March 1871 between <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-548">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[524]</a> England, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>, which is the premier international rugby union tournament in the northern hemisphere. <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports governing bodies">Sports governing bodies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland" title="Rugby union in Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Ireland</a> organise and regulate the game separately.<a href="#cite_note-550">[525]</a> Every four years, the Home Nations make a combined team known as the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a> which tours Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The United Kingdom hosted the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>, with London acting as the host city on all three occasions. Birmingham hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022 Commonwealth Games</a>, the seventh time a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constitute country in the United Kingdom</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> (England, Scotland and Wales have each hosted the Commonwealth Games at least once).<a href="#cite_note-551">[526]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_(52123378222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852123378222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5464" /></a><figcaption>Union Jack flags on <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a>, London</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">flag of the United Kingdom</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> (also referred to as the Union Jack).<a href="#cite_note-552">[527]</a> It was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">flag of Scotland</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a>, and was updated in 1801 with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Patrick's Flag">Saint Patrick's Flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-553">[528]</a> Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-554">[529]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of the United Kingdom is "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>", with "King" replaced with "Queen" in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a woman. <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of the United Kingdom, originating from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-555">[530]</a> Beside <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">The Lion and the Unicorn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">dragon</a> of heraldry, the <a href="/wiki/Bulldog" title="Bulldog">bulldog</a> is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Flag.<a href="#cite_note-556">[531]</a> A now rare personification is a character originating in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-557">[532]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Scotland</a> each have a number of their own national symbols, including their national flags. <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Ireland,_the_Republic_of_Ireland_and_Northern_Ireland" title="National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> also has a number of symbols, many of which are shared with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Outline of Northern Ireland">Outline of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">Outline of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of United Kingdom-related articles">Index of United Kingdom-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="International rankings of the United Kingdom">International rankings of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> "God Save the King" is the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Only the first verse is usually sung.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The words King, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced by Queen, she, her when the monarch is female. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic and Irish are classed as <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority</a> languages under the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reglang-3">[2]</a> These include defined obligations to promote those languages.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a>. Welsh has limited <a href="/wiki/Officially" class="mw-redirect" title="Officially">officially</a> official status in Wales, as well as in the provision of national government services provided for Wales. </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2021/22-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-2">c</a> Scotland held its census a year later after England, Wales and Northern Ireland due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the data shown is from two separate years. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Although the United Kingdom has traditionally been seen as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, an alternative description of the UK as a "union state", put forward by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> has become increasingly influential since the adoption of devolution in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> A union state is considered to differ from a unitary state in that while it maintains a central authority it also recognises the authority of historic rights and infrastructures of its component parts.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSLandArea-16"><a href="#cite_ref-ONSLandArea_16-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'. Excludes the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSArea-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONSArea_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONSArea_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONSArea_17-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water'. Excludes the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Some of the devolved countries, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies, or use another nation's currency. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_currencies" title="List of British currencies">List of British currencies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Also observed by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Time in the United Kingdom">Time in the United Kingdom</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The UK Government uses the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> format, <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr> for machine-readable dates and times.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Date and time notation in the United Kingdom">Date and time notation in the United Kingdom</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Except two overseas territories: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom#Telephone_numbers_in_Overseas_Territories" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Excludes most overseas territories</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> domain is also reserved for the UK, but has been little used. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Usage is mixed. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u">Guardian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places-and-people">Telegraph</a> use Britain as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Some prefer to use Britain as shorthand for <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Government_Digital_Service" title="Government Digital Service">Government Digital Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#great-britain">style guide</a> for use on <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a> recommends: "Use UK and United Kingdom in preference to Britain and British (UK business, UK foreign policy, ambassador and high commissioner). But British embassy, not UK embassy." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> are <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and not part of the UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments, traditions, and conventions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Union (1800)">Acts of Union</a> which reads: "the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall ... be united into one kingdom, by the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Historically, the term British was used to refer to members and institutions within the British Empire and later Commonwealth and was not limited to the geographical British Isles. The UK Government adopted the term for its exclusive use only in 1961, but in recognition of its wider usage first sought the prior consent of Australia, Canada and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-72">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> British <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> derives from the Crown, a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">corporation sole</a> occupied by the monarch. It is therefore by and through the monarch that Parliament exercises supreme legislative authority over both the executive and judiciary. Distinguished Professor of <a href="/wiki/Public_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Law">Public Law</a> Maurice Sunkin opined the Crown symbolically occupies "…what in other places would be a core element of a written constitution."<a href="#cite_note-188">[171]</a> As a result of this state of constitutional affairs, the monarch is formally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">the Sovereign</a>" in legislation.<a href="#cite_note-189">[172]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> For instance, the monarch alone appoints the prime minister and confers <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">state honours</a> in the personal gift of the Crown. When necessary, the monarch may also refuse a <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Parliament">dissolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogation of Parliament</a>, withhold <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">primary legislation</a>, and prevent illegal use of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>, among other reserve powers.<a href="#cite_note-197">[179]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Real GDP is an inflation-adjusted GDP, which is needed if you need to study changes in volume rather than value especially if the currency devalues due to the inflation but does not show current market values.<a href="#cite_note-291">[272]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Car brands here are classed as British based on several of the following criteria: historical heritage, cultural significance, design and engineering base, manufacturing location, headquarters location, UK registered company (even with overseas investors). </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> The 2011 census recorded Gypsies and Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time. </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> In the 2011 census, for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK, the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (29,638 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or Black" (6,540 people),<a href="#cite_note-386">[364]</a> in this "Black or Black British" category. The ONS note that "the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White/Asian/Other African in addition to Black identities".<a href="#cite_note-387">[365]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a 'British empiricist' due to the territory of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> being in the UK at the time. </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> In 2012, the president of the IOC, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rogge" title="Jacques Rogge">Jacques Rogge</a>, stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".<a href="#cite_note-540">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[517]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem">"National Anthem"</a>. The Royal Family. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130352/https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=National+Anthem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fnational-anthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reglang-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reglang_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reglang_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reglang_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reglang_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. 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Retrieved 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2Ftreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FCL%3DENG%26NT%3D148%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance"</a>. gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014121/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+on+GOV.UK+%E2%80%93+Content+design%3A+planning%2C+writing+and+managing+content+%E2%80%93+Guidance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fcontent-design%2Fwelsh-language-on-gov-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme">"Welsh language scheme"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014119/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+scheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fdepartment-for-transport%2Fabout%2Fwelsh-language-scheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme">"Welsh language scheme"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802010917/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+scheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fhome-office%2Fabout%2Fwelsh-language-scheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales-7"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93">"Ethnic group"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 28 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528084856/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F3%2Ffilter-outputs%2F2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland-8"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx">"MS-B01 Ethnic group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a>. 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812142657/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=MS-B01+Ethnic+group&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1">"Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion"</a>. Scotland's Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fsearch-the-census%23%2Flocation%2Ftopics%2Flist%3Ftopic%3DEthnic%2520group%2C%2520national%2520identity%2C%2520language%2520and%2520religion%26categoryId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales-10"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/4/filter-outputs/0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744">"Religion (detailed)"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 5 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528153440/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/4/filter-outputs/0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Religion+%28detailed%29&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS031%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F4%2Ffilter-outputs%2F0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland-11"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx">"MS-B21 Religion - full detail"</a>. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 31 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613221149/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=MS-B21+Religion+-+full+detail&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b21.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2021" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jonathan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19">Constitutional Policy and Territorial Politics in the UK: Volume 1: Union and Devolution 1997–2012</a>. Policy Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0588-6"><bdi>978-1-5292-0588-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204328/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=%2522union%20state%2522%20UK%20unitary&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Policy+and+Territorial+Politics+in+the+UK%3A+Volume+1%3A+Union+and+Devolution+1997%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5292-0588-6&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3QWEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2BUK%2Bunitary%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2012" class="citation book cs1">Leith, Murray Stewart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39">Political Discourse and National Identity in Scotland</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8862-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-8862-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204223/https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=Uk%20%2522unitary%20state%2522&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Discourse+and+National+Identity+in+Scotland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8862-3&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Murray+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPeBvAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DUk%2B%252522unitary%2Bstate%252522%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnonTully2001" class="citation book cs1">Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tully, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47">Multinational Democracies</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80473-8"><bdi>978-0-521-80473-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204329/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=%2522union%20state%2522%20UK%20unitary&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Democracies&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80473-8&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Alain-G.&rft.au=Tully%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0ahE2fTxS0C%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2BUK%2Bunitary%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor1998" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanor, Vernon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEEgDsCYmbQC&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA18">"Devolution: the Constitutional Aspects"</a>. In Beatson, Jack (ed.). Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles. 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GOV.UK. 9 November 2023. 10.2 Definitions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2024. <q>usually shortened to United Kingdom ... The abbreviation is UK or U.K.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Toponymic+guidelines+for+map+and+other+editors%2C+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=10.2+Definitions&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Ftoponymic-guidelines%2Ftoponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom">"United Kingdom"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 October 2014. <q>Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Great+Britain+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FGreat-Britain%3Fq%3DGreat%2BBritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations">"Major Agglomerations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004094531/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Agglomerations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathias2001" class="citation book cs1">Mathias, P. (2001). The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26672-7"><bdi>978-0-415-26672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Industrial+Nation%3A+the+Economic+History+of+Britain%2C+1700%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26672-7&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial">Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02328-8"><bdi>978-0-465-02328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02328-8&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._McDougall" title="Walter A. McDougall">McDougall, Walter A.</a> (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155">"20th-century international relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712124130/https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20th-century+international+relations&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2F20th-century-international-relations-2085155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv4" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_M._Brown" title="Judith M. Brown">Brown, Judith</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC">The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924679-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924679-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924679-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924679-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpSvK3An3hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> p. 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Wm. Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez+and+Decolonization&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refAbernethy2000" class="citation book cs1">Abernethy, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09314-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09314-8"><bdi>978-0-300-09314-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Global+Dominance%2C+European+Overseas+Empires+1415%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09314-8&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DennqNS1EOuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution">What is the UK Constitution?</a>, The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution">archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018, retrieved 6 February 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+UK+Constitution%3F&rft.pub=The+Constitution+Unit+of+UCL&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fconstitution-unit%2Fwhat-uk-constitution%2Fwhat-uk-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx">The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 July 2013; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">"United Kingdom"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewart2019" class="citation book cs1">Dewart, Megan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ">The Scottish Legal System</a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5265-0633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5265-0633-7"><bdi>978-1-5265-0633-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>The laws and legal institutions of Scotland and of England and Wales were not merged by the Union of 1707. Thus, they remain separate 'law areas', with separate court systems (as does Northern Ireland), and it is necessary to distinguish Scots law and English law (and Northern Irish law).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Legal+System&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5265-0633-7&rft.aulast=Dewart&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW_EtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521180341/https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/">"The justice system and the constitution"</a>. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.">the original</a> on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023. <q>The United Kingdom has three separate legal systems; one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins and the fact that both Scotland and Ireland, and later Northern Ireland, retained their own legal systems and traditions under the Acts of Union 1707 and 1800.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+justice+system+and+the+constitution&rft.pub=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fabout-the-judiciary%2Four-justice-system%2Fjud-acc-ind%2Fjustice-sys-and-constitution%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520United%2520Kingdom%2520has%2520three%2Cof%2520Union%25201707%2520and%25201800.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"</a>. United Kingdom Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013. <q>In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devolution+of+powers+to+Scotland%2C+Wales+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fdevolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland%23devolved-administrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm">"Country Overviews: United Kingdom"</a>. Transport Research Knowledge Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm">the original</a> on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Overviews%3A+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Transport+Research+Knowledge+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport-research.info%2Fweb%2Fcountryprofiles%2Fuk.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20">"IISS Military Balance 2021"</a>. The Military Balance. 121 (1): 23–29. 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Ethnologue. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Finsights%2Fethnologue200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706"</a>. Scots History Online. 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Abingdon: Routledge. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56301-7"><bdi>978-0-415-56301-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140722/https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+%26+Administrative+Law&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56301-7&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Hilaire&rft.au=Jago%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYc1tSYonrQC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", The American Pageant, Volume 1, Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 Great Britain was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3, Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265 (1895); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGascoigne,_Bamber" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne" title="Bamber Gascoigne">Gascoigne, Bamber</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07">"History of Great Britain (from 1707)"</a>. History World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527205230/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Great+Britain+%28from+1707%29&rft.pub=History+World&rft.au=Gascoigne%2C+Bamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dab07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell,_P.2008" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell, P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573">The Irish Civil War 1922–23</a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573/page/n85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-270-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-270-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-270-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Civil+War+1922%E2%80%9323&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-270-7&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishcivilwar00cott_573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DunnH._Dawson2000" class="citation cs2">S. Dunn; H. Dawson (2000), An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, <q>One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself: in the general sense, it is not a country, or a province, or a state – although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet: the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction, but this might change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Listing+of+Word%2C+Name+and+Place+in+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Living+Language+of+Conflict&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=S.+Dunn&rft.au=H.+Dawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf">"Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements"</a> (PDF). ISO 3166-2. International Organization for Standardization. 15 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073956/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+3166-2&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+list+of+subdivision+names+and+code+elements&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-page823-58"><a href="#cite_ref-page823_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">"Countries within a country"</a>. Prime Minister's Office. 10 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">the original</a> on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+within+a+country&rft.pub=Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2003-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2FPage823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045523/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml">"Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml">the original</a> on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+bulletin%3A+Regional+Labour+Market+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fdcp171778_346117.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194604/http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession">"13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession">the original</a> on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13.4%25+Fall+In+Earnings+Value+During+Recession&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmb.org.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Ffall-in-earnings-value-during-recession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn,_SeamusDawson,_Helen2000" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen (2000). An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-7711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-7711-7"><bdi>978-0-7734-7711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Listing+of+Word%2C+Name+and+Place+in+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Living+Language+of+Conflict&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-7711-7&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy,_Dervla1979" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Dervla (1979). <a href="/wiki/A_Place_Apart" title="A Place Apart">A Place Apart</a>. 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The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Mikes1946" class="citation cs2">George Mikes (1946), How To Be An Alien, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Be+An+Alien&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1946&rft.au=George+Mikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41686-4">978-0-582-41686-4</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm">"England OR United Kingdom (UK)? | Vocabulary | EnglishClub"</a>. englishclub.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016192638/https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. 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Collins English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024837/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Britain+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain">"Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners"</a>. learnersdictionary.com. Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024648/http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnersdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Britain+%E2%80%93+Definition+for+English-Language+Learners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnersdictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2FBritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#B">"A to Z – Style guide"</a>. UK Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807183523/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#B">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+%E2%80%93+Style+guide&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fstyle-guide%2Fa-to-z-of-gov-uk-style%23B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCGN-uk-guide-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCGN-uk-guide_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCGN-uk-guide_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPermanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names2023" class="citation web cs1">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (17 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines">"Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom"</a>. gov.uk. UK Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Toponymic+guidelines+for+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.au=Permanent+Committee+on+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Ftoponymic-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110082858/https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537">"BBC News style guide – Names"</a>. BBC Academy. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537">the original</a> on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Academy&rft.atitle=BBC+News+style+guide+%E2%80%93+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Facademy%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fart20130702112133537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326162901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551">"Alphabetical checklist"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551">the original</a> on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Alphabetical+checklist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Facademy%2Fjournalism%2Fnews-style-guide%2Farticle%2Fart20130702112133551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley,_Anthony_WilfredEwing,_Keith_D.2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36">Constitutional and administrative law</a>. Vol. 1 (14th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1207-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1207-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-1207-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+and+administrative+law&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1207-8&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Anthony+Wilfred&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Keith+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHT_GS2zgN5QC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurranWard2010" class="citation book cs1">Curran, James; Ward, Stuart (2010). The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 26–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85645-3"><bdi>978-0-522-85645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Nation%3A+Australia+after+Empire&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic&rft.pages=26-7&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85645-3&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ward%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2023" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Stuart (2023). Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14599-3"><bdi>978-1-107-14599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untied+kingdom%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+End+of+Britain&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14599-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?"</a>. Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010. ARK – Access Research Knowledge. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175111/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey+2010&rft.atitle=Which+of+these+best+describes+the+way+you+think+of+yourself%3F&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F2010%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales"</a>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121012603/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+National+Identity+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Fethnicity%2Farticles%2Fethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales%2F2012-12-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver,_Frans2006" class="citation book cs1">Schrijver, Frans (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275">Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom</a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 275–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-428-1"><bdi>978-90-5629-428-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140905/https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalism+after+regionalisation%3A+Spain%2C+France+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=275-277&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-428-1&rft.au=Schrijver%2C+Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8gZklxHTMUC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm">"Ancient skeleton was 'even older'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/7069001.stm">Archived</a> 13 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch,_John_T.2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128">Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016">973</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=973&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.au=Koch%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis00koch_128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkinsBainesLynch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Jenkins" title="Nigel Jenkins">Jenkins, Nigel</a>; Baines, Menna; <a href="/wiki/Peredur_Lynch" title="Peredur Lynch">Lynch, Peredur I.</a>, eds. (2008). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Wales" title="Encyclopaedia of Wales">The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales</a>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 915. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=915&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml">"Short Athelstan biography"</a>. 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London: Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18">18–19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013649-4"><bdi>978-0-14-013649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013649-4&rft.au=Mackie%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofscotlan00mack_0%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Ewan1999" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ewan (1999). Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 8–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-874-8"><bdi>978-0-86241-874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sea-kings%3A+The+First+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=8-15&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86241-874-8&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Ewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1990" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Christopher (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30">The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39552-6"><bdi>978-0-521-39552-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39552-6&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanshof,_F.L.1996" class="citation book cs1">Ganshof, F.L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5">Feudalism</a>. University of Toronto. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7158-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudalism&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3&rft.au=Ganshof%2C+F.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeudalism0000gans_j4b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibnall,_Marjorie1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Chibnall" title="Marjorie Chibnall">Chibnall, Marjorie</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115">The Debate on the Norman Conquest</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 115–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4913-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-4913-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+on+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.pages=115-122&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4913-2&rft.au=Chibnall%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJl5Jm-IndUC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/">"Magna Carta"</a>. parliament.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta&rft.pub=parliament.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Foriginsofparliament%2Fbirthofparliament%2Foverview%2Fmagnacarta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/">"The contents of Magna Carta"</a>. parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828101448/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+contents+of+Magna+Carta&rft.pub=parliament.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Foriginsofparliament%2Fbirthofparliament%2Foverview%2Fmagnacarta%2Fmagnacartaclauses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts">"Magna Carta Key Facts"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527191804/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta+Key+Facts&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FMagna-Carta-Key-Facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Keen, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml">"The Hundred Years' War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214092949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml">Archived</a> 14 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC History. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland">The Reformation in England and Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515015218/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland">Archived</a> 15 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period">Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521133445/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period">Archived</a> 21 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/">"English Reformation c1527-1590"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202002512/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=English+Reformation+c1527-1590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fthe-english-reformation-c1527-1590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml">"British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors"</a>. BBC History. 5 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145836/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=British+History+in+Depth+%E2%80%93+Wales+under+the+Tudors&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Ftudors%2Fwales_tudors_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1999" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich">A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 171–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19334-0"><bdi>978-0-631-19334-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+British+Isles%2C+1529%E2%80%931603%3A+The+two+kingdoms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19334-0&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernb0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanny2003" class="citation book cs1">Canny, Nicholas P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann">Making Ireland British, 1580–1650</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925905-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925905-2"><bdi>978-0-19-925905-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Ireland+British%2C+1580%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=189-200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925905-2&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingirelandbri00cann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ross, D. (2002). <a href="//archive.org/details/chronologyofscot0000ross" class="extiw" title="iarchive:chronologyofscot0000ross">Chronology of Scottish History</a>. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85534-380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85534-380-1">978-1-85534-380-1</a>; Hearn, J. (2002). Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902930-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902930-16-9">978-1-902930-16-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars">"English Civil Wars"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502204708/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Civil+Wars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F187936%2FEnglish-Civil-Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php">"Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660"</a>. Archontology.org. 14 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194016/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+and+the+Commonwealth%3A+1651%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Archontology.org&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fuk%2Fscotland%2F01_laws.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2007" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Richard (2007) [1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC">The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)</a>. Read Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-0897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-0897-4"><bdi>978-1-4067-0897-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+%E2%80%93+From+the+Restoration+to+the+Death+of+William+III+%281660%E2%80%931702%29&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBSpvBxGyqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103013901/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy"</a>. Royal Navy History. Institute of Naval History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">the original</a> on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy+History&rft.atitle=Tudor+Period+and+the+Birth+of+a+Regular+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.org%2Flib%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv1" class="citation book cs1">Canny, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC">The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924676-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924676-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135256/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924676-2&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQHSivGzEEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707"</a>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608152446/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Union+with+Scotland+1707&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fcitizenship%2Frise_parliament%2Fdocs%2Farticles_union.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny">"Acts of Union 1707"</a>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227033859/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Union+1707&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">"Treaty (act) of Union 1706"</a>. Scottish History online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+%28act%29+of+Union+1706&rft.pub=Scottish+History+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotshistoryonline.co.uk%2Funion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73">The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140724/https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> 28 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12">Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1"><bdi>978-0-19-156627-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+British+Empire%3A+From+Africa+to+America&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156627-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGcwgJz5rQMC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15">Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America</a>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1"><bdi>978-0-19-156627-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+British+Empire%3A+From+Africa+to+America&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156627-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGcwgJz5rQMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">Sailing against slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103004954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">Archived</a> 3 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC Devon. 2007.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy2000" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290">Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78012-4"><bdi>978-0-521-78012-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+Slavery%3A+A+History+of+Slavery+in+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78012-4&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationsi0000love%2Fpage%2F290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061235/http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act">"The Act of Union"</a>. Act of Union Virtual Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act">the original</a> on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Act+of+Union&rft.pub=Act+of+Union+Virtual+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actofunion.ac.uk%2Factofunion.htm%23act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Tellier, L.-N. (2009). Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-1588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-1588-8">978-2-7605-1588-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sondhaus, L. (2004). Navies in Modern World History. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7">978-1-86189-202-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Benn, David Wedgwood (March 2012). 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Oxford University Press: 387–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01078.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01078.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41428613">41428613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Crimean+War+and+its+lessons+for+today&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=387-391&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01078.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41428613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=David+Wedgwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html">Nordisk familjebok (1913), s. 435</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209123019/https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Swedish) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P.J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094154/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. 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New York: Facts on File. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4474-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-4474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5kcJqmXk2oC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Fromkin, David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512">"The Great Game in Asia"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 58 (4): 936–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20040512">10.2307/20040512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512">20040512</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412053528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Great+Game+in+Asia&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=936-951&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20040512%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20040512&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20040512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosch,_William_L.2009" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William L. (2009). World War I: People, Politics, and Power. America at War. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8"><bdi>978-1-61530-048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=America+at+War&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-048-8&rft.au=Hosch%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarembka2013" class="citation book cs1">Zarembka, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1">Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid</a>. Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78190-670-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78190-670-5"><bdi>978-1-78190-670-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradictions%3A+Finance%2C+Greed%2C+and+Labor+Unequally+Paid&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78190-670-5&rft.aulast=Zarembka&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSrwpggmHigC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Sophia A. Van Wingerden, The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928 (1999) ch 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Turner, John (1988). Britain and the First World War. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445109-9">978-0-04-445109-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Westwell&Cove-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_114-2">c</a> Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). History of World War I, Volume 3. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7231-5">978-0-7614-7231-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Turner, J. (1988). Britain and the First World War. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445109-9">978-0-04-445109-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio">"100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough"</a>. Ofcom. 15 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031332/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=100+years+of+radio+since+Marconi%27s+big+breakthrough&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fabout-ofcom%2Flatest%2Ffeatures-and-news%2F100-years-of-radio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinfoot" class="citation web cs1">Linfoot, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio">"History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920232207/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=History+of+the+BBC%3A+The+origins+of+BBC+Local+Radio&rft.aulast=Linfoot&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhistoryofthebbc%2Fresearch%2Flocal-radio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s">"History of the BBC: 1920s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926064808/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=History+of+the+BBC%3A+1920s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhistoryofthebbc%2Ftimelines%2F1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/SR%26O_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="SR&O 1921">SR&O 1921</a>/533 of 3 May 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921"</a>. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+Web+Service&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Irish+Treaty%2C+6+December+1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fdocs%2Fait1921.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03719-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03719-8">978-0-415-03719-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton2012-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton2012_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton2012_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2012" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html">Britain's War Machine</a>. Penguin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428080558/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F55731%2Fbritain-s-war-machine%2F9780141026107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114">"Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War"</a>. Reviews in History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173058/https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine%3A+Weapons%2C+Resources+and+Experts+in+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeptimus_H._Paul2000" class="citation book cs1">Septimus H. Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1">Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952</a>. Ohio State U.P. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0852-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0852-6"><bdi>978-0-8142-0852-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Rivals%3A+Anglo-American+Atomic+Relations%2C+1941%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Ohio+State+U.P.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0852-6&rft.au=Septimus+H.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSZpgW-N628C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619">"Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington, July 4, 1945"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918063918/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+a+Meeting+of+the+Combined+Policy+Committee%2C+Washington%2C+July+4%2C+1945&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945Berlinv01%2Fd619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeneckeStoler2005" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62">Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9416-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%27s+foreign+policies%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9416-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft.au=Stoler%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdMF9rX6mX8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681">The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives</a>. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Policemen+and+Postwar+Planning%2C+1943%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Collision+of+Realist+and+Idealist+Perspectives&rft.pub=Indiana+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iup.edu%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D37681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125021103/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr">"The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR"</a>. Roosevelt Institute. 22 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr">the original</a> on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018. <q>and the joint efforts of both powers to create a new post-war strategic and economic order through the drafting of the Atlantic Charter; the establishment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; and the creation of the United Nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Special+Relationship%22+between+Great+Britain+and+the+United+States+Began+with+FDR&rft.pub=Roosevelt+Institute&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frooseveltinstitute.org%2Fspecial-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press">"Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference"</a> (Press release). The White House. 22 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608110653/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2018. <q>That's what we built after World War II. The United States and the UK designed a set of institutions – whether it was the United Nations, or the Bretton Woods structure, IMF, World Bank, NATO, across the board.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+the+President+Obama+and+Prime+Minister+Cameron+in+Joint+Press+Conference&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2016%2F04%2F22%2Fremarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S."</a> The New York Times. 28 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820022220/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britain+to+make+its+final+payment+on+World+War+II+loan+from+U.S.&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F28iht-nazi.4042453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, David (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review">"Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130213/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine+by+David+Edgerton+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fapr%2F17%2Fbritains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1997" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Martin (1997). Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain. Manchester University Press. pp. 225–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4833-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4833-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-4833-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+policies+under+Labour%2C+1945%E2%80%931951%3A+Building+a+new+Britain&rft.pages=225-233&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4833-3&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees">Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995</a>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees/page/n183">173</a>–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13103-2"><bdi>978-0-415-13103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+political+history%2C+1914%E2%80%931995&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=173-199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13103-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsbritishpo00lees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarres2009" class="citation book cs1">Larres, Klaus (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118">A companion to Europe since 1945</a>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0612-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-0612-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Europe+since+1945&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0612-2&rft.aulast=Larres&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D66_9YOof4C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506071236/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist">"Country List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a>. 19 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist">the original</a> on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+List&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2FTemplates%2FSystem%2FYearbookHomePage.asp%3FNodeID%3D152099%26load%3Dcountrylist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-culture_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155419/http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf">"The cultural superpower: British cultural projection abroad"</a> (PDF). British Politics Review. 6 (1). Norway: British Politics Society. Winter 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1890-4505">1890-4505</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Politics+Review&rft.atitle=The+cultural+superpower%3A+British+cultural+projection+abroad&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1890-4505&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpoliticssociety.no%2FBritish%2520Politics%2520Review%252001_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheridan-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheridan_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheridan_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2010" class="citation news cs1">Sheridan, Greg (15 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again/story-e6frg6zo-1225866975992">"Cameron has chance to make UK great again"</a>. The Australian. Sydney. Retrieved 20 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Cameron+has+chance+to+make+UK+great+again&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fcameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again%2Fstory-e6frg6zo-1225866975992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulios2008" class="citation book cs1">Julios, Christina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84">Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse</a>. Studies in migration and diaspora. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7158-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-7158-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+British+identity%3A+English+language%2C+migrants%2C+and+public+discourse&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Studies+in+migration+and+diaspora&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7158-9&rft.aulast=Julios&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3RQ4dsFEkoC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughranMycockTonge2021" class="citation journal cs1">Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (3 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589">"A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds"</a>. Contemporary British History. 35 (2): 284–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619462.2021.1890589">10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-9462">1361-9462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233956982">233956982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604093606/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=A+coming+of+age%3A+how+and+why+the+UK+became+the+first+democracy+to+allow+votes+for+18-year-olds&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=284-313&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233956982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1361-9462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619462.2021.1890589&rft.aulast=Loughran&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Mycock%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Tonge%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13619462.2021.1890589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm">"1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620044520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1975%3A+UK+embraces+Europe+in+referendum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F6%2Fnewsid_2499000%2F2499297.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAughey2005" class="citation book cs1">Aughey, Arthur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh">The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement</a>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/n15">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32788-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32788-6"><bdi>978-0-415-32788-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Northern+Ireland%3A+Beyond+the+Belfast+Agreement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32788-6&rft.aulast=Aughey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsnorthern00augh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1999" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Jack (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221">Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland</a>. New York: Henry Holt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-6087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+against+History%3A+The+Course+of+Conflict+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopeagainsthisto00holl%2Fpage%2F221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; Elliot, Marianne (2007). The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University. University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-065-2">978-1-84631-065-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorey1995" class="citation book cs1">Dorey, Peter (1995). British politics since 1945. Making contemporary Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 164–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19075-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+politics+since+1945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Making+contemporary+Britain&rft.pages=164-223&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19075-2&rft.aulast=Dorey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_AlanWall,_Stuart2007" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823124048/http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf">Applied Economics</a> (PDF) (11th ed.). Harlow: Financial Times Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-70822-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-70822-3"><bdi>978-0-273-70822-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 August 2009. 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Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relationship+between+UK+Crown+and+law+in+focus+as+Carolean+era+begins&rft.pub=International+Bar+Association&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.au=Polly+Botsford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FRelationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10">"Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730073659/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interpretation+Act+1978+%28c.+30%2C+s.+10%29&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1978%2F30%2Fsection%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role">"Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament.uk">parliament.uk</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Frole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent">"Royal Assent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament.uk">parliament.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716022947/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Royal+Assent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Flaws%2Fpassage-bill%2Flords%2Flrds-royal-assent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_Sarah" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505115306/http://www.llrtwitter.com/features/uk2.htm">"A Guide To the UK Legal System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> at Canterbury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llrtwitter.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System">the original</a> on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+the+UK+Legal+System&rft.pub=University+of+Kent+at+Canterbury&rft.au=Carter%2C+Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llrtwitter.com%2Ffeatures%2Fuk2.htm%23UK%2520Legal%2520System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="R (Miller) v Prime Minister">R (Miller) v Prime Minister</a> [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), <a href="/wiki/R_(UNISON)_v_Lord_Chancellor" title="R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor">R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor</a> [2017] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html">UKSC 51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104095357/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html">Archived</a> 4 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [67] ff (rule of law), <a href="/wiki/R_(Animal_Defenders_International)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Culture_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport">R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport</a> [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Lyons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Lyons (page does not exist)">R v Lyons</a> [2002] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html">UKHL 44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122064021/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [27] (international law). </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Blackburn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Blackburn (2022). 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Mohr Siebeck (published 2 June 2022): 181–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2Fjoer-2022-0009">10.1628/joer-2022-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257830288">257830288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619174428/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. 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London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Torrance2023" class="citation web cs1">David Torrance (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf">"The Crown and the Constitution"</a> (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302033737/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2023. 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Queen's University Belfast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172832/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.atitle=Why+British+Politics+is+Not+a+Two-Party+System&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpureadmin.qub.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F107735631%2FThe_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet"</a>. Public services all in one place. <a href="/wiki/Directgov" title="Directgov">Directgov</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444">the original</a> on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+services+all+in+one+place&rft.atitle=The+Government%2C+Prime+Minister+and+Cabinet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirect.gov.uk%2Fen%2FGovernmentcitizensandrights%2FUKgovernment%2FCentralgovernmentandthemonarchy%2FDG_073444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Durrant2020" class="citation web cs1">Tim Durrant (25 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet">"Cabinet"</a>. Institute for Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabinet&rft.pub=Institute+for+Government&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft.au=Tim+Durrant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fexplainer%2Fcabinet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/">"Parliament and Government"</a>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+and+Government&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Frole%2Frelations-with-other-institutions%2Fparliament-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon_Bogdanor1995" class="citation book cs1">Vernon Bogdanor (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C">The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-829334-7</bdi></a>. 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The Prime Ministers. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-1214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-1214-0"><bdi>978-1-5293-1214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5293-1214-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service">"Minister for the Civil Service"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902233116/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Minister+for+the+Civil+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fministers%2Fminister-for-the-civil-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock2021" class="citation news cs1">Woodcock, Andrew (26 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html">"Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727080405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+accused+of+%27cynical+rebranding%27+after+appointing+himself+%27Minister+for+the+Union%27&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union">"Minister for the Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719053618/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Minister+for+the+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fministers%2Fminister-for-the-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf">"The Cabinet Manual"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. October 2011. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cabinet+Manual&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F60641%2Fcabinet-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-210"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf">"The Cabinet Manual"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a>. October 2011. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cabinet+Manual&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F60641%2Fcabinet-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2020" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Philip (2020). Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4545-1"><bdi>978-1-5261-4545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+Britain%3A+Parliament%2C+Ministers+and+Our+Ambiguous+Constitution&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-4545-1&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalan2015" class="citation book cs1">Palan, Rolen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48">"The second British Empire and the re-emergence of global finance"</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212221731/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2008. 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Oxford University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287061-2"><bdi>978-0-19-287061-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002213048/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q=Le%20sueur%20Public%20Law%C2%A0fifth%20edition&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Law%3A+Text%2C+Cases%2C+and+Materials&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-287061-2&rft.aulast=Le+Sueur&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sunkin%2C+Maurice&rft.au=Murkens%2C+Jo+Eric+Khushal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sLDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLe%2Bsueur%2BPublic%2BLaw%25C2%25A0fifth%2Bedition%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1999" class="citation journal cs1">Burrows, N. (1999). "Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998". The Modern Law Review. 62 (2): 241–260 [p. 249]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.00203">10.1111/1468-2230.00203</a>. <q>The UK Parliament is sovereign and the Scottish Parliament is subordinate. The White Paper had indicated that this was to be the approach taken in the legislation. The Scottish Parliament is not to be seen as a reflection of the settled will of the people of Scotland or of popular sovereignty but as a reflection of its subordination to a higher legal authority. Following the logic of this argument, the power of the Scottish Parliament to legislate can be withdrawn or overridden...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Unfinished+Business%3A+The+Scotland+Act+1998&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-260+p.+249&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2230.00203&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot2004" class="citation journal cs1">Elliot, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2F2.3.545">"United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure"</a>. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2 (3): 545–627, 553–554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2F2.3.545">10.1093/icon/2.3.545</a>. <q>Notwithstanding substantial differences among the schemes, an important common factor is that the UK Parliament has not renounced legislative sovereignty in relation to the three nations concerned. For example, the Scottish Parliament is empowered to enact primary legislation on all matters, save those in relation to which competence is explicitly denied ... but this power to legislate on what may be termed "devolved matters" is concurrent with the Westminster Parliament's general power to legislate for Scotland on any matter at all, including devolved matters ... In theory, therefore, Westminster may legislate on Scottish devolved matters whenever it chooses...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Parliamentary+sovereignty+under+pressure&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=545-627%2C+553-554&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2F2.3.545&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252F2.3.545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.">"Scotland Act 2016"</a>. Gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628211304/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Scotland+Act+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2016%2F11%2Fpart%2F1%2Fcrossheading%2Fthe-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%281%29The%2520Scottish%2520Parliament%2520and%2Cthe%2520United%2520Kingdom%27s%2520constitutional%2520arrangements.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted">"Wales Act 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002212916/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+Act+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2017%2F4%2Fsection%2F1%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gamble, A. (2006). "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom". Publius. 36 (1): 19–35 [p. 29]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpublius%2Fpjj011">10.1093/publius/pjj011</a>. <q>The British parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly by a simple majority vote in both houses, but since both were sanctioned by referenda, it would be politically difficult to abolish them without the sanction of a further vote by the people. In this way, several of the constitutional measures introduced by the Blair government appear to be entrenched and not subject to a simple exercise of parliamentary sovereignty at Westminster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publius&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Revolution+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-35+p.+29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpublius%2Fpjj011&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Meehan, E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2F52.1.19">"The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme"</a>. Parliamentary Affairs. 52 (1): 19–31 [p. 23]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpa%2F52.1.19">10.1093/pa/52.1.19</a>. <q>[T]he distinctive involvement of two governments in the Northern Irish problem means that Northern Ireland's new arrangements rest upon an intergovernmental agreement. If this can be equated with a treaty, it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states...Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster's 'powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland' remains 'unaffected', without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters, it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated. The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Belfast+Agreement+%E2%80%93+Its+Distinctiveness+and+Points+of+Cross-Fertilization+in+the+UK%27s+Devolution+Programme&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-31+p.+23&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpa%2F52.1.19&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpa%252F52.1.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKIM-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKIM_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKIM_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_note-Keating21-235">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-KenMcEw21-236">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-WolffeDevol-237">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wincott21-238">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-239">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dougan20Brief-240">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouHu22-241">[222]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.">"English devolution"</a>. Institute for Government. 21 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830150949/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+devolution&rft.pub=Institute+for+Government&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fexplainer%2Fenglish-devolution%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAfter%25201997%2520Labour%2520governments%2520devolved%2Cassembly%2520were%2520created%2520in%25202000.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained">"Devolution explained"</a>. Local Government Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830152450/https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devolution+explained&rft.pub=Local+Government+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Fdevolution%2Fdevolution-hub%2Fdevolution-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution">"English devolution"</a>. Institute for Government. 6 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002212917/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+devolution&rft.pub=Institute+for+Government&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fexplainer%2Fenglish-devolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities">"Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities"</a>. Local Government Lawyer. 6 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204170903/https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Combined+County+Authorities+%E2%80%93+key+differences+to+Combined+Authorities&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk%2Fgovernance%2F314-governance-a-risk-articles%2F53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers">"Devolved and Reserved Powers"</a>. parliament.scot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920053732/https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.scot&rft.atitle=Devolved+and+Reserved+Powers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fabout%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fdevolved-and-reserved-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm">"Scotland's Parliament – powers and structures"</a>. BBC News. 8 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218234816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Parliament+%E2%80%93+powers+and+structures&rft.date=1999-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Fscotland_99%2Fthe_scottish_parliament%2F310036.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating21-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Keating21_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2021" class="citation journal cs1">Keating, Michael (2 February 2021). "Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_European_Public_Policy" title="Journal of European Public Policy">Journal of European Public Policy</a>. 28 (4). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F70296">1814/70296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234066376">234066376</a>. <q>The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Taking+back+control%3F+Brexit+and+the+territorial+constitution+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F70296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234066376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KenMcEw21-236"><a href="#cite_ref-KenMcEw21_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyMcEwen2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kenny_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Kenny (political scientist)">Kenny, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a> (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20419058211000996">"Intergovernmental Relations and the Crisis of the Union"</a>. Political Insight. 12 (1). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 12–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20419058211000996">10.1177/20419058211000996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232050477">232050477</a>. <q>That phase of joint working was significantly damaged by the UK Internal Market Act, pushed through by the Johnson government in December 2020...the Act diminishes the authority of the devolved institutions, and was vehemently opposed by them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Insight&rft.atitle=Intergovernmental+Relations+and+the+Crisis+of+the+Union&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F20419058211000996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232050477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F20419058211000996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolffeDevol-237"><a href="#cite_ref-WolffeDevol_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wolffe" title="James Wolffe">Wolffe, W James</a> (7 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886">"Devolution and the Statute Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Review" title="Statute Law Review">Statute Law Review</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003">10.1093/slr/hmab003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145355/https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021. <q>the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statute+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Devolution+and+the+Statute+Book&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=W+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fslr%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003%2F6213886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wincott21-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Wincott21_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWincottMurrayDavies2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wincott" title="Daniel Wincott">Wincott, Daniel</a>; Murray, C. R. G.; Davies, Gregory (17 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21622671.2021.1921613">"The Anglo-British imaginary and the rebuilding of the UK's territorial constitution after Brexit: unitary state or union state?"</a>. Territory, Politics, Governance. 10 (5). Abingdon/Brighton: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Regional_Studies_Association" title="Regional Studies Association">Regional Studies Association</a>: 696–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21622671.2021.1921613">10.1080/21622671.2021.1921613</a>. <q>Taken as a whole, the Internal Market Act imposes greater restrictions upon the competences of the devolved institutions than the provisions of the EU Single Market which it replaced, in spite of pledges to use common frameworks to address these issues. <a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Craighead" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead">Lord Hope</a>, responsible for many of the leading judgments relating to the first two decades of devolution, regarded the legislation's terms as deliberately confrontational: 'this Parliament can do what it likes, but a different approach is essential if the union is to hold together'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Territory%2C+Politics%2C+Governance&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-British+imaginary+and+the+rebuilding+of+the+UK%27s+territorial+constitution+after+Brexit%3A+unitary+state+or+union+state%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=696-713&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21622671.2021.1921613&rft.aulast=Wincott&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Murray%2C+C.+R.+G.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21622671.2021.1921613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-239"><a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouganHaywardHuntMcEwen2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Katy_Hayward" title="Katy Hayward">Hayward, Katy</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wincott" title="Daniel Wincott">Wincott, Daniel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union</a>. Centre on Constitutional Change (Report). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. pp. 2–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=UK+and+the+Internal+Market%2C+Devolution+and+the+Union&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh%3B+University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Katy&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Wincott%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fuk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dougan20Brief-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Dougan20Brief_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf">Briefing Paper. United Kingdom Internal Market Bill: Implications for Devolution</a> (PDF) (Report). Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>. pp. 4–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161836/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell" title="Sweet & Maxwell">Sweet & Maxwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-933X">0023-933X</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4018581">4018581</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802185022/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham Research Online</a>. <q>The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...This was not the first time since the Brexit referendum that the Convention had been set aside, but it was especially notable given that the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Sleeping+with+an+Elephant%3A+Devolution+and+the+United+Kingdom+Internal+Market+Act+2020&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4018581%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0023-933X&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F35167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads">"Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads"</a>. 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Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a> (PDF). www.wipo.int. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Health Service Journal. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swindells%3A+They+aren%27t+%27your%27+patients&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsj.co.uk%2Fpolicy-and-regulation%2Fswindells-they-arent-your-patients%2F7025988.article%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29">"How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries?"</a>. Office of National Statistics. 29 August 2019. 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BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NHS+now+four+different+systems&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft.aulast=Triggle&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F7149423.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Go2007" class="citation book cs1">Julian Go (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94">"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"</a>. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. 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Retrieved 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mystery+of+Christie%27s+success+is+solved&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1505799%2FMystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiabattari2015" class="citation news cs1">Ciabattari, Jane (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels">"The 25 greatest British novels"</a>. BBC Culture. 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Holicong, PA: Wildside Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-3229-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-3229-2"><bdi>978-0-8095-3229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+English+Literature+from+Beowulf+to+Swinburne&rft.place=Holicong%2C+PA&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8095-3229-2&rft.au=Lang%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKJiPyyTevgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034938/http://www.literaturewales.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng">"Dafydd ap Gwilym"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Literature_Wales" title="Literature Wales">Academi.org</a>. 2011. 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University of Illinois Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07030-3"><bdi>978-0-252-07030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+the+Beast&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07030-3&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html">"Who is John Bull"</a>. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+John+Bull&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fwiseguide%2Fjan04%2Fjohnbull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="q:United Kingdom">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/United Kingdom">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/United Kingdom">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/United Kingdom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="voy:United Kingdom">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145" class="extiw" title="d:Q145">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389">United Kingdom</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">United Kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406224510/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm">United Kingdom</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 6 April 2009)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of United Kingdom">Wikimedia Atlas of United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62149">United Kingdom</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GB">Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/">Official website of HM Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/">Official website of the British Monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/">Official website of the British Prime Minister's Office</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbritain.com/en/EN/">Official tourist guide to Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/21px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/42px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/21px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/42px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122483427">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127756949">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204623/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmp7p3cx8hpmJ8HvmTpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022153-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79023147">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872746v">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238574p">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931584z">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872746v">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238574p">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931584z">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00871900">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35142153">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134525&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575384">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90055024">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000108702&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=239558">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201914457">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxx4n24nx12bv">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554952005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512241906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8a754a16-0027-3a29-b6d7-2b40ea0481ed">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00516998?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/fc2aa4dd-14b6-4741-9470-a0f6fe8f5dd9">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/RXNRIuTp">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026488515">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003356">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32681">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UnitedKingdom">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Kingdom&params=55_N_3_W_type:country_region:GB">55°N 3°W / 55°N 3°W / 55; -3</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFBoseley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradbury2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley,_Anthony_WilfredEwing,_Keith_D.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBurrows1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell,_Ewan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanny2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter,_Sarah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasciani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChibnall,_Marjorie1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiabattari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorner,_Lewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostello2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottrell,_P.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurranWard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarkes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Torrance2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesJenkinsBainesLynch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevenport2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoeneckeStoler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDougan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouganHaywardHuntMcEwen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouganHuntMcEwenMcHarg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDring2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn,_SeamusDawson,_Helen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgerton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliottCollinsonDuesenberry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieser,_James2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorida2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank-Keyes2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromkin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnonTully2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamble2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanshof,_F.L.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGascoigne,_Bamber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Mikes1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodwinRhys1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths,_AlanWall,_Stuart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsWall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadenCampanini2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolroyd1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosch,_William_L.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIemperley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesJohn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Go2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulios2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennyMcEwen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKirchnerSperling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch,_John_T.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang,_Andrew2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarres2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatimer_Clarke_Corporation_Pty_Ltd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_SueurSunkinMurkens2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeftly2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisDaviesKinney2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinfoot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoughranMycockTonge2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouw,_JacoNesbit,_Derrick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovejoy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_Sithigh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie,_J.D.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagliola2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathias2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCook,_Alison2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCourt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeehan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehaffey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell,_Paul2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy,_Dervla1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer,_Michael1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPermanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilby2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolly_Botsford2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Flores\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFROG_Learning_Team2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Blackburn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudd2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._DunnH._Dawson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarre,_Geoffrey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrijver,_Frans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeptimus_H._Paul2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmeeton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSriskandarajahDrew2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanLinzMinoves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwaine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvain_DurantonAgnès_AudierJoël_HazanMads_Peter_Langhorn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThane2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Durrant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Larson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTovey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrackStockwell,_Peter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriggle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon_Bogdanor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIPO2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteCarolan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyteFitzGerald1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWincottMurrayDavies2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitteAdamBalz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWratten2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynn_Thomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarembka2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFda_SilvaTianBéraud-SudreauMarksteiner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"refAbernethy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"refLouis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"refMarshall\"] = 1,\n [\"refOHBEv1\"] = 1,\n [\"refOHBEv3\"] = 2,\n [\"refOHBEv4\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 6,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"British Isles\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Grove\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 83,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 90,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 336,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth realms\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 26,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 29,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 37,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 3,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"The Commonwealth\"] = 1,\n [\"UK population table\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision area\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"United Kingdom constituents and affiliations\"] = 1,\n [\"United Kingdom topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"When\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","17.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","380","8.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","2.8"],["[others]","1340","31.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-55zsq","timestamp":"20241123091125","ttl":53326,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United Kingdom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q145","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q145","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-02T17:36:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T01:25:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a5\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg","headline":"country in north-west Europe (1920s-)"}</script> </body> </html>