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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Polarita_väzieb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarita_väzieb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Polarita väzieb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarita_väzieb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medzimolekulové_sily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medzimolekulové_sily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medzimolekulové sily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medzimolekulové_sily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozpustnosť" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozpustnosť"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rozpustnosť</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozpustnosť-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pôsobenie_elektrického_poľa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pôsobenie_elektrického_poľa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pôsobenie elektrického poľa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pôsobenie_elektrického_poľa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polarita (chémia)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 38 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%AAre_molekule" title="Polêre molekule – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polêre molekule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قطبية كيميائية – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطبية كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Хімічная палярнасць – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная палярнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritat_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Polaritat química – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polaritat química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridad_sa_usa_ka_Kimikal" title="Polaridad sa usa ka Kimikal – cebuánčina" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polaridad sa usa ka Kimikal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_polaritet" title="Kemisk polaritet – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk polaritet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A4t_(Chemie)" title="Polarität (Chemie) – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polarität (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Χημική πολικότητα – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική πολικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical polarity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridad_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Polaridad (química) – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polaridad (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuli_polaarsus" title="Molekuli polaarsus – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekuli polaarsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polartasun_(kimika)" title="Polartasun (kimika) – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polartasun (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قطبیت شیمیایی – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطبیت شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolisuus" title="Poolisuus – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poolisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)" title="Polarité (chimie) – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polarité (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polara%C3%ADocht" title="Polaraíocht – írčina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaraíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridade_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Polaridade química – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polaridade química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קוטביות (כימיה) – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוטביות (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रासायनिक ध्रुवीयता – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक ध्रुवीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_polaritet" title="Kemijski polaritet – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijski polaritet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritas_(kimia)" title="Polaritas (kimia) – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polaritas (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A0" title="Polarità – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polarità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პოლარული ნივთიერებები – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლარული ნივთიერებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizzugla_(takrura)" title="Tizzugla (takrura) – kabylčina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tizzugla (takrura)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%84%B1_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="극성 (화학) – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극성 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4" title="രാസ ധ്രുവത – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസ ധ്രുവത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarisatie_(scheikunde)" title="Polarisatie (scheikunde) – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polarisatie (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritet_(kjemi)" title="Polaritet (kjemi) – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polaritet (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Polarność – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polarność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridade_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Polaridade (química) – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polaridade (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritate_(chimie)" title="Polaritate (chimie) – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polaritate (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_polarnost" title="Hemijska polarnost – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska polarnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarnost" title="Polarnost – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polarnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_polarnost" title="Hemijska polarnost – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijska polarnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இரசாயன முனைவுத்தன்மை – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரசாயன முனைவுத்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><div id="Vorlage_BK" class="toccolours" style="border-width:0 0 1px 0; text-align: left; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symbol rozcestia"><img alt="Symbol rozcestia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span> O iných významoch výrazu <i>polarita</i> pozri <i><a href="/wiki/Polarita" class="mw-disambig" title="Polarita">polarita</a></i>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png/220px-Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png/330px-Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png/440px-Water-elpot-transparent-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Molekula vody je typickým príkladom polárnej molekuly. Jedna strana molekuly je nabitá viac záporne (červená farba), zatiaľ čo druhá strana je nabitá viac kladne (modrá farba). </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polarita</b> v <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Chémia">chémii</a> opisuje nerovnomerné rozloženie <a href="/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1boj" title="Elektrický náboj">elektrického náboja</a> v <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a>. Táto vlastnosť je charakterizovaná <a href="/wiki/Dip%C3%B3lov%C3%BD_moment" title="Dipólový moment">elektrickým dipólovým momentom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molekuly sa podľa toho delia na <b>polárne molekuly</b>, teda tie, ktoré majú nenulový dipólový moment (majú asymetrické rozloženie nábojov), a <b>nepolárne</b> <b>molekuly</b>, teda tie, ktoré nemajú dipólový moment (rozloženie nábojov je symetrické).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rozloženie náboja je možné opisovať na úrovni jednotlivých <a href="/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Chemická väzba">väzieb</a> alebo na úrovni celej molekuly. Celková polarita molekuly je potom sumou polarít jednotlivých väzieb.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polarita_väzieb"><span id="Polarita_v.C3.A4zieb"></span>Polarita väzieb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Polarita väzieb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Polarita väzieb"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polarita <a href="/wiki/Kovalentn%C3%A1_v%C3%A4zba" title="Kovalentná väzba">kovalentných väzieb</a> je daná <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativita" title="Elektronegativita">elektronegativitou</a> atómov, ktoré ju tvoria. Ak je väzba tvorená dvoma atómami, ktoré majú rovnakú elektronegativitu, je rozloženie elektrónov symetrické a väzba sa označuje ako nepolárna. V prípade, že je väzba tvorená atómami s rozličnými elektronegativitami, väzba sa označuje ako polárna, pretože rozloženie náboja je nesymetrické.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medzimolekulové_sily"><span id="Medzimolekulov.C3.A9_sily"></span>Medzimolekulové sily</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Medzimolekulové sily" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Medzimolekulové sily"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Bližšie informácie v hlavnom článku: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medzimolekulov%C3%A9_sily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medzimolekulové sily (stránka neexistuje)">Medzimolekulové sily</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Polarita molekuly úzko súvisí s príťažlivými silami, ktoré pôsobia medzi rôznymi molekulami. V prípade polárnych látok dochádza k natočeniu jednotlivých molekúl tak, aby sa ich opačne nabité póly priťahovali. Jednotlivé dipóly sa teda orientujú rovnakým smerom. V prípade interakcie polárnych látok s nepolárnymi dochádza k tomu, že v nepolárnej molekule sa pôsobením polárnej molekuly vytvorí (indukuje) dočasný dipólový moment. Potom je situácia podobná, ako u dvoch polárnych molekúl. V prípade interakcie medzi dvoma nepolárnymi látkami potom dochádza k vytvoreniu okamžitých dipólov na základe toho, že sa elektróny pohybujú okolo jadier a niekedy dochádza k ich oddialeniu, takže dočasne vzniká dipólový moment. Tento dipólový moment vyvoláva dipólový moment v druhej nepolárnej molekule, na základe čoho vzniká elektrostatická interakcia. Všetky tieto sily sú teda príťažlivé, líšia sa len svojou silou a časovým obmedzením.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozpustnosť"><span id="Rozpustnos.C5.A5"></span>Rozpustnosť</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rozpustnosť" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rozpustnosť"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jednou z dôležitých vlastností, ktoré sú dané polaritou látok, je ich rozpustnosť. Polárne látky sa dobre rozpúšťajú v polárnych rozpúšťadlách a naopak.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pôsobenie_elektrického_poľa"><span id="P.C3.B4sobenie_elektrick.C3.A9ho_po.C4.BEa"></span>Pôsobenie elektrického poľa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pôsobenie elektrického poľa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pôsobenie elektrického poľa"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vložením molekuly do vonkajšieho <a href="/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A9_pole" title="Elektrické pole">elektrického poľa</a> dochádza k <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariz%C3%A1cia_dielektrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarizácia dielektrika (stránka neexistuje)">polarizácii</a> molekúl, teda deformácii molekúl na základe pôsobenia poľa. Vonkajšie elektrické pole spôsobuje posun elektrónov v molekule, posun atómových jadier i zmenu relatívneho rozloženia jadier či skupín v molekule. V prípade polárnych molekúl, ktoré majú permanentný (stály) dipólový moment, navyše dochádza k orientácii molekuly podľa smeru vonkajšieho poľa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schopnosť látky polarizovať vo vonkajšom elektrickom poli sa označuje ako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarizovate%C4%BEnos%C5%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarizovateľnosť (stránka neexistuje)">polarizovateľnosť</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polarizovateľnosť pre nepolárne molekuly opisuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clausiusova-Mossotiho_rovnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clausiusova-Mossotiho rovnica (stránka neexistuje)">Clausiusova-Mossotiho rovnica</a>. Pre polárne látka táto rovnica neplatí kvôli tepelnému pohybu molekúl, ktorý ovplyvňuje schopnosť molekúl orientovať sa podľa pôsobiaceho poľa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orientáciou a deformáciou rozloženia náboja v molekule dochádza k oslabeniu vonkajšieho elektrického poľa, pretože molekula tvorí vlastné elektrické pole s opačným smerom. Zoslabenie elektrického poľa potom opisuje <a href="/wiki/Permitivita" title="Permitivita">permitivita</a> (alebo aj dielektrická konštanta).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; font-size: 90%;" class="tright" title="Portály, ktorých súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Fyzika" title="Portál:Fyzika">Fyzikálny portál</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Portál:Chémia">Chemický portál</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="references"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">h</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">GAŽO, Ján. <i>Všeobecná a anorganická chémia</i>. Bratislava : Alfa, 1974. S. 142 – 148, 201 – 211. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">chemická väzba. In: BÍNA, Jaroslav. <i>Malá encyklopédia chémie</i>. Bratislava : Obzor, 1981. S. 317. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">polarizácia molekúl. In: BÍNA, Jaroslav. <i>Malá encyklopédia chémie</i>. Bratislava : Obzor, 1981. S. 532. </cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Zdroj: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(chémia)&oldid=7624494">https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polarita_(chémia)&oldid=7624494</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kateg%C3%B3rie" title="Špeciálne:Kategórie">Kategórie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Fyzik%C3%A1lna_ch%C3%A9mia" title="Kategória:Fyzikálna chémia">Fyzikálna chémia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Chemick%C3%A9_vlastnosti" title="Kategória:Chemické vlastnosti">Chemické vlastnosti</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategórie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Port%C3%A1l:Fyzika/Zapojen%C3%A9_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Kategória:Portál:Fyzika/Zapojené články">Portál:Fyzika/Zapojené články</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Port%C3%A1l:Ch%C3%A9mia/Zapojen%C3%A9_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Kategória:Portál:Chémia/Zapojené články">Portál:Chémia/Zapojené články</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_priamo_volaj%C3%BAce_%C5%A1abl%C3%B3nu_Port%C3%A1l" title="Kategória:Wikipédia:Články priamo volajúce šablónu Portál">Wikipédia:Články priamo volajúce šablónu Portál</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dátum a čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky: 23. august 2023, 10:21.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný za podmienok <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 Unported</a>; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. 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