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Ibridogenesi - Wikipedia

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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione &#32;sull'argomento riproduzione <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibridogenesi&amp;action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>L'<b>ibridogenesi</b> è una particolare modalità di <a href="/wiki/Riproduzione" title="Riproduzione">riproduzione</a> presentata da alcuni <a href="/wiki/Rettile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rettile">rettili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesce" title="Pesce">pesci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Insetti">insetti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anfibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfibi">anfibi</a>, la quale rappresenta una vera e propria riproduzione <a href="/wiki/Anfigonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfigonia">anfigonica</a> in cui non si assiste mai a ricombinazione <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Uovo_(biologia)" title="Uovo (biologia)">uovo</a> della <a href="/wiki/Specie" title="Specie">specie</a> che si riproduce per ibridogenesi viene fecondato da <a href="/wiki/Sperma" title="Sperma">spermi</a> di specie pura, forniti da maschi di specie affini, i quali compartecipano attivamente il loro corredo <a href="/wiki/Aploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aploide">aploide</a> nella costituzione nel <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_cellulare" title="Nucleo cellulare">nucleo</a> <a href="/wiki/Diploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploide">diploide</a> dello <a href="/wiki/Zigote" title="Zigote">zigote</a>. </p><p>Tale <a href="/wiki/Ibrido" title="Ibrido">ibrido</a>, tuttavia, si distingue dagli usuali casi di ibridazione perché in grado di produrre uova normalmente funzionanti tramite <a href="/wiki/Meiosi" title="Meiosi">meiosi</a>. </p><p>Questo si rende possibile grazie ad un singolare stratagemma <a href="/wiki/Citologico" class="mw-redirect" title="Citologico">citologico</a> evolutosi per l'evenienza: nei <a href="/wiki/Gameti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gameti">gameti</a> degli ibridi non si assiste mai a ricombinazione, ma, alla prima divisione, un <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> aploide proveniente da un parentale viene eliminato in toto, di solito quello paterno. </p><p>Ciò si deve al fatto che la casualità in cui si orientano i <a href="/wiki/Cromosomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosomi">cromosomi</a> rispetto al fuso non viene rispettata ed il genoma paterno, relegato ad un polo per intero, viene sempre eliminato. Ne risulta un uovo contenente esattamente la metà dei cromosomi del genoma materno, che deve essere fecondato da uno spermio di altra specie, che darà nuovamente luogo ad un ibrido in grado di produrre uova pure e via di seguito. </p><p>L'ibridogenesi produce tipicamente una discendenza emiclonale, cioè <a href="/wiki/Clonazione_(genetica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonazione (genetica)">clonale</a> solo a metà, poiché la componente paterna della specie varia ad ogni generazione, mentre la componente materna resta invariata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casi">Casi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibridogenesi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Casi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibridogenesi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Casi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un caso emblematico di ibridogenesi è quello rappresentato dalle rane verdi dell'<a href="/wiki/Europa_centrale" title="Europa centrale">Europa centrale</a>; in quest'area si conoscono tre specie: <a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_esculentus" title="Pelophylax esculentus">Pelophylax esculentus</a>] Linnaeus <a href="/wiki/1768" title="1768">1768</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_ridibundus" title="Pelophylax ridibundus">Pelophylax ridibundus</a></i> Pallas <a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771</a> e <i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_lessonae" title="Pelophylax lessonae">Pelophylax lessonae</a></i> Camerano <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a>. </p><p>Tradizionalmente venivano considerate specie valide ed affini <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i> (la prima ad essere descritta) e <i>Pelophylax ridibundus</i>, mentre <i>Pelophylax lessonae</i> era un sinonimo della prima. Oggi invece è stato appurato che le due buone specie sono in realtà <i>Pelophylax lessonae</i> e <i>Pelophylax ridibundus</i>, mentre <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i> è un ibrido fra le due che usa <i>P. lessonae</i> per riprodursi in modo emiclonale, un vero e proprio <a href="/wiki/Parassitismo" title="Parassitismo">parassitismo</a>. Per questo al suo nome scientifico viene aggiunto <i>kl.</i>, abbreviativo di klepton, <i>Pelophylax kl. esculentus</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> è naturalmente presente solo il sistema di popolazione composto da <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i> e <i>P. lessonae</i>, essendo <i>Pelophylax ridibundus</i> a distribuzione balcanica. 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selflink">Ibridogenesi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ontogenesi" title="Ontogenesi">Ontogenesi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Seme" title="Seme">Seme</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sporofito" title="Sporofito">Sporofito</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito">Gametofito</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zigote" title="Zigote">Zigote</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Embrione" title="Embrione">Embrione</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uovo_(biologia)" title="Uovo (biologia)">Uovo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">Larva</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neanide" title="Neanide">Neanide</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ninfa_(zoologia)" title="Ninfa (zoologia)">Ninfa</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">Pupa</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Feto" title="Feto">Feto</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neonato" title="Neonato">Neonato</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sviluppo_diretto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sviluppo diretto (la pagina non esiste)">Sviluppo diretto</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sviluppo_indiretto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sviluppo indiretto (la pagina non esiste)">Sviluppo indiretto</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecitotrofico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lecitotrofico (la pagina non esiste)">Lecitotrofico</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctotrofico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctotrofico (la pagina non esiste)">Planctotrofico</a></small>)<b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sviluppo_misto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sviluppo misto (la pagina non esiste)">Sviluppo misto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:left">Cicli vitali</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_aplonte" title="Ciclo vitale aplonte">Aplonte</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_diplonte" title="Ciclo vitale diplonte">Diplonte</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_aplodiplonte" title="Ciclo vitale aplodiplonte">Aplodiplonte</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_metagenetico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciclo vitale metagenetico">Ciclo metagenetico</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Alternanza_di_fase_nucleare" title="Alternanza di fase nucleare">Alternanza di fase nucleare</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alternanza_di_generazioni" title="Alternanza di generazioni">Alternanza di generazioni</a></small>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:left">Voci<br />correlate</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Genitore" title="Genitore">Genitore</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Figlio" title="Figlio">Figlio</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Impollinazione" title="Impollinazione">Impollinazione</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strobilo" title="Strobilo">Strobilo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fiore" title="Fiore">Fiore</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frutto" title="Frutto">Frutto</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Accoppiamento_(zoologia)" title="Accoppiamento (zoologia)">Accoppiamento</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Parto" title="Parto">Parto</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oviparit%C3%A0" title="Oviparità">Oviparità</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Viviparit%C3%A0" title="Viviparità">Viviparità</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparit%C3%A0" title="Ovoviviparità">Ovoviviparità</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Voltinismo" title="Voltinismo">Voltinismo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metamorfosi_(zoologia)" title="Metamorfosi (zoologia)">Metamorfosi</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Sviluppo_postembrionale_negli_insetti" title="Sviluppo postembrionale negli insetti">Insetti</a></small>)<b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravidanza" title="Gravidanza">Gravidanza</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fertilit%C3%A0" title="Fertilità">Fertilità</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Corteggiamento" title="Corteggiamento">Corteggiamento</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Endospora" title="Endospora">Endospora</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acineti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acineti (la pagina non esiste)">Acineti</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Autotomia" title="Autotomia">Autotomia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Biologia_della_riproduzione" title="Biologia della riproduzione">Biologia della riproduzione</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Biologia_dello_sviluppo" title="Biologia dello sviluppo">Biologia dello sviluppo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Apparato_genitale_maschile" title="Apparato genitale maschile">Apparato genitale maschile</a> e <a href="/wiki/Apparato_genitale_femminile" title="Apparato genitale femminile">femminile</a><b>&#160;·</b> 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