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href="#Recovery_timeframe_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Recovery timeframe and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_timeframe_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynophobia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="رهاب الكلاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رهاب الكلاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynofobie" title="Kynofobie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kynofobie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynofobi" title="Cynofobi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cynofobi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynophobie" title="Kynophobie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kynophobie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinofobia" title="Cinofobia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinofobia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundofobio" title="Hundofobio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hundofobio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سگ‌هراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سگ‌هراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynophobie" title="Cynophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cynophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%8F%AC%EC%A6%9D" title="개 공포증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개 공포증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կինոֆոբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կինոֆոբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinofobia_(zoofobia)" title="Sinofobia (zoofobia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinofobia (zoofobia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinofobia" title="Cinofobia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinofobia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobija" title="Kinofobija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinofobija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobia" title="Kinofobia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kinofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynofobie" title="Kynofobie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kynofobie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobiya" title="Kinofobiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kinofobiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinofobia" title="Cinofobia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinofobia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinofobie" title="Cinofobie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cinofobie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кинофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strah_pred_psi" title="Strah pred psi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strah pred psi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D9%81%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ساینۆفۆبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساینۆفۆبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кинофобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинофобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobija" title="Kinofobija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinofobija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynofobia" title="Kynofobia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kynofobia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynofobi" title="Kynofobi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kynofobi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobi" title="Kinofobi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kinofobi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кінофобія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінофобія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofobii" title="Kinofobii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kinofobii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fear of dogs and canines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sinophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Sinophobia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dogfree" title="Dogfree">Dogfree</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_dog_barking_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Military_dog_barking_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Military_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dog">military dog</a> <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barking</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cynophobia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">κύων</span> <i>kýōn</i> "dog" and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">φόβος</span></span> <i>phóbos</i> "fear") is the fear of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canines</a> in general. Cynophobia is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">specific phobia</a>, under the subtype "<a href="/wiki/Animal_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal phobia">animal phobias</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Timothy O. Rentz of the Laboratory for the Study of Anxiety Disorders at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>, animal phobias are among the most common of the specific phobias and 36% of patients who seek treatment report being afraid of dogs or <a href="/wiki/Ailurophobia" title="Ailurophobia">afraid of cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rentz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rentz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">ophidiophobia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">arachnophobia</a> are more common animal phobias, cynophobia is especially debilitating because of the high prevalence of dogs (for example, there are an estimated 25 million stray dogs in India,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an estimated 62 million pet dogs in the United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Rentz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rentz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the general ignorance of dog owners to the phobia. The <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (<i>DSM-IV-TR</i>) reports that only 12% to 30% of those with a specific phobia will seek treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>DSM-IV-TR</i> provides the following criteria for the diagnosis of a specific phobia:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>the persistent fear of an object or situation</li> <li>exposure to the feared object provokes an immediate <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> response</li> <li>adult patients recognize that the fear is excessive, unreasonable or irrational (this is not always the case with children)</li> <li>exposure to the feared object is most often avoided altogether or is endured with dread</li> <li>the fear interferes significantly with daily activities (social, familial, occupational, etc.)</li> <li>minor patients (those under the age of 18) have symptoms lasting for at least six months</li> <li>anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Panic_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic attacks">panic attacks</a> or avoidance cannot be accounted for by another mental disorder</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The book <i>Phobias</i> defines a panic attack as "a sudden terror lasting at least a few minutes with typical manifestations of intense fear".<sup id="cite_ref-Maj_6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manifestations may include palpitations, sweating, trembling, difficulty breathing, the urge to escape, faintness or dizziness, dry mouth, nausea or several other symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj_6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other specific phobias, patients with cynophobia may display a wide range of these reactions when confronted with a live dog or even when thinking about or presented with an image (static or filmed) of a dog.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj_24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj_24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, classic avoidance behavior is also common and may include staying away from areas where dogs might be (e.g., a park), crossing the street to avoid a dog, or avoiding the homes of friends or family who own a dog.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj_24_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj_24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jeanette M. Bruce and William C. Sanderson, in their book <i>Specific Phobias</i>, concluded that the age of onset for animal phobias is usually early childhood, between the ages of five and nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study done in South Africa by Drs. Willem A. Hoffmann and Lourens H. Human further confirms this conclusion for patients with cynophobia and additionally found dog phobia developing as late as age 20.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_21_January_2007-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>In a January 2007 meeting with <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> brought in his labrador in front of the German Chancellor, who has a phobia of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bruce and Sanderson also state that animal phobias are more common in women than men.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, B. K. Wiederhold, a psychiatrist investigating <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_therapy" title="Virtual reality therapy">virtual reality therapy</a> as a possible method of therapy for anxiety disorders, goes on to provide data that although prevalent in both men and women, 75% to 90% of patients reporting specific phobias of the animal subtype are women.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition">Acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A current theory for fear acquisition presented by S. Rachman in 1977 maintains that there are three conditions by which fear is developed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include direct personal experience, observational experience, and informational or instructional experience. For example, direct personal experience consists of having a personal negative encounter with a dog such as being bitten. In contrast, seeing a friend attacked by a dog and thus developing a fear of dogs would be observational experience. Whereas both of these types of experiences involves a live dog, informational or instructional experience simply includes being told directly or indirectly (i.e., information read in a book, film, parental cues such as avoidance or dislike, etc.) that dogs are to be feared. </p><p>A study was conducted at the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> to distinguish the significance of these three conditions upon the development of cynophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-seven women ages 18 to 21 were first screened into two groups: fearful of dogs and non-fearful of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-DiNardo_242_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiNardo_242-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, each woman was given a questionnaire which asked if she had ever had a frightening or painful confrontation with a dog, what her expectation was upon encountering a dog (pain, fear, etc.), and subjectively, what was the probability of that expectation actually occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-DiNardo_242_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiNardo_242-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results indicated that, while non-fearful subjects had a different expectation of what would happen when encountering a dog, painful experiences with dogs were common among both groups; therefore, the study concluded that other factors must affect whether or not these painful experiences will develop into dog phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Rachman's theory is the accepted model of fear acquisition, cases of cynophobia have been cited in which none of these three causes apply to the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech given at the 25th Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychophysiological_Research" title="Society for Psychophysiological Research">Society for Psychophysiological Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arne_%C3%96hman" title="Arne Öhman">Arne Öhman</a> proposed that animal fears in particular are likely to be an evolutionary remnant of the necessity "to escape and to avoid becoming the prey of predators".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in his book <i>Overcoming Animal/Insect Phobias</i>, Martin Antony suggests that in the absence of Rachman's three causes, providing that the patient's memory is sound, biological factors may be a fourth cause of fear acquisition—meaning that the fear is inherited or is a throwback to an earlier genetic <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanism">defense mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, these causes may in actuality be a generalization of a complicated blend of both learning and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common methods for the treatment of specific phobias are <a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">systematic desensitization</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematic_desensitization_therapy">Systematic desensitization therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Systematic desensitization therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systematic desensitization therapy was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a> in 1958 and employs relaxation techniques with imagined situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiederhold_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a controlled environment, usually the therapist's office, the patient will be instructed to visualize a threatening situation (i.e., being in the same room with a dog). After determining the patient's anxiety level, the therapist then coaches the patient in breathing exercises and relaxation techniques to reduce their anxiety to a normal level. The therapy continues until the imagined situation no longer provokes an anxious response. </p><p>This method was used in the above-mentioned study done by Drs. Hoffmann and Human whereby twelve female students at the Arcadia campus of Technikon Pretoria College in South Africa were found to possess symptoms of cynophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These twelve students were provided with systematic desensitization therapy one hour per week for five to seven weeks; after eight months, the students were contacted again to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final results indicated the study was fairly successful with 75% of the participants showing significant improvement eight months after the study.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in his book, <i>Virtual Reality Therapy for Anxiety Disorders</i>, Wiederhold questions the effectiveness of systematic desensitization, as the intensity of the perceived threat is reliant on the patient's imagination and could therefore produce a false response in regards to the patient's level of anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiederhold_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research into recent technological developments has made it possible to integrate <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> into systematic desensitization therapy in order to accurately recreate the threatening situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiederhold_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of publication, there had been no studies done to determine its effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiederhold_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vivo_or_exposure_therapy">In vivo or exposure therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In vivo or exposure therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In vivo or exposure therapy is considered the most effective treatment for cynophobia, and involves systematic and prolonged exposure to a dog until the patient is able to experience the situation without an adverse response.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This therapy can be conducted over several sessions or, as Lars-Göran Öst showed in a study done in 1988, can be done in a single multi-hour session.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study utilized 20 female patients with various specific phobias and ranging in age from 16 to 44.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients were each provided with an individual therapy session in which Öst combined exposure therapy with modeling (where another person demonstrates how to interact with the feared object) to reduce or completely cure the phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-Öst_3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öst_3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each patient was gradually exposed to the feared stimulus, she was encouraged to approach and finally interact with it as her anxiety decreased, concluding the session when fear had been reduced by 50% or eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Öst_3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öst_3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the session was concluded, the patient was then to continue interaction with the feared object on her own to reinforce what had been learned in the therapy session.<sup id="cite_ref-Öst_3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öst_3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Öst's results were collected over a seven-year period and concluded that "90% of the patients were much improved or completely recovered after a mean of 2.1 hours of therapy".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-help_treatment">Self-help treatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Self-help treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most commonly done with the help of a therapist in a professional setting, exposure to dogs is also possible as a <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> treatment. First, the patient is advised to enlist the help of an assistant who can help set up the exposure environment, assist in handling the dog during sessions, and demonstrate modeling behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony_49_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should also be someone whom the patient trusts and who has no fear of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony_49_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, the patient compiles a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations based on their rating of each situation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on a scale from 0 to 100, a patient may feel that looking at photos of dogs may cause a fear response of only 50; however, petting a dog's head may cause a fear response of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony_49_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this list of situations from least to most fearful, the assistant helps the patient to identify common elements that contribute to the fear (i.e., size of the dog, color, how it moves, noise, whether or not it is restrained, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, the assistant helps the patient recreate the least fearful situation in a safe, controlled environment, continuing until the patient has had an opportunity to allow the fear to subside, thus reinforcing the realization that the fear is unfounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony_49_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a situation has been mastered, the next fearful situation is recreated and the process is repeated until all the situations in the hierarchy have been experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony_49_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sample videos showing humans and dogs interacting without either exhibiting significant fear are available.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_timeframe_and_maintenance">Recovery timeframe and maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recovery timeframe and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether utilizing systematic desensitization therapy or exposure therapy, several factors will determine how many sessions will be required to completely remove the phobia; however, some studies (such as a follow-up study done by Öst in 1996) have shown that those who overcome their phobia are usually able to maintain the improvement over the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As avoidance contributes to the perpetuation of the phobia, constant, yet safe, real-world interaction is recommended during and after therapy in order to reinforce positive exposure to the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogfree" title="Dogfree">Dogfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_dog_attacks" title="List of fatal dog attacks">List of fatal dog attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phobias" title="List of phobias">List of phobias</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-nə-<span style="font-size:90%">FOH</span>-bee-ə</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavissakalianBarlow1981">Mavissakalian & Barlow (1981)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rentz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRentzPowersSmitsCougle2003">Rentz et al. (2003)</a>, p. 1338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/features/2016/eliminating-rabies-india/en/">"Eliminating rabies in India through awareness, treatment and vaccination"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Eliminating+rabies+in+India+through+awareness%2C+treatment+and+vaccination&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ffeatures%2F2016%2Feliminating-rabies-india%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DSM">DSM-IV-TR (2000)</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DSM">DSM-IV-TR (2000)</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maj_6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maj_6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maj_6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajAkiskalLópez-IborOkasha2004">Maj et al. (2004)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maj_24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maj_24_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maj_24_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajAkiskalLópez-IborOkasha2004">Maj et al. (2004)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce_4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruceSanderson1998">Bruce & Sanderson (1998)</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmannHuman2003">Hoffmann & Human (2003)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacker2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Packer, George (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german">"The Quiet German"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Quiet+German&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F12%2F01%2Fquiet-german&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiederhold2005">Wiederhold (2005)</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachman1977">Rachman (1977)</a>, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDi_NardoGuzyJenkinsBak1988">Di Nardo et al. (1988)</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiNardo_242-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiNardo_242_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiNardo_242_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDi_NardoGuzyJenkinsBak1988">Di Nardo et al. (1988)</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDi_NardoGuzyJenkinsBak1988">Di Nardo et al. (1988)</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooganThomas1992">Doogan & Thomas (1992)</a>, p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖhman1986">Öhman (1986)</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiederhold_6-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiederhold_6_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiederhold2005">Wiederhold (2005)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmannHuman2003">Hoffmann & Human (2003)</a>, pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmannHuman2003">Hoffmann & Human (2003)</a>, pp. 32–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmannHuman2003">Hoffmann & Human (2003)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖst1989">Öst (1989)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖst1989">Öst (1989)</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öst_3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Öst_3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öst_3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öst_3_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖst1989">Öst (1989)</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖst1989">Öst (1989)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antony_49-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_49_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_49_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_49_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_49_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_49_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, pp. 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, pp. 44–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTYad3uyXAg">"Video Showing Interaction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/YTYad3uyXAg">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Video+Showing+Interaction&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYTYad3uyXAg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005">Antony & McCabe (2005)</a>, p. 73</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynophobia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntony2000" class="citation book cs1">Antony, Martin M. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phobicdisordersp0000anto"><i>Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A Guide to Assessment and Treatment</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557986962" title="Special:BookSources/9781557986962"><bdi>9781557986962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phobic+Disorders+and+Panic+in+Adults%3A+A+Guide+to+Assessment+and+Treatment&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781557986962&rft.aulast=Antony&rft.aufirst=Martin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphobicdisordersp0000anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntonyMcCabe2005" class="citation book cs1">Antony, Martin M.; McCabe, Randi E. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overcominganimal00anto"><i>Overcoming Animal Insect Phobias: How to Conquer Fear of Dogs, Snakes, Rodents, Bees, Spiders More</i></a></span>. Oakland: <a href="/wiki/New_Harbinger_Publications" title="New Harbinger Publications">New Harbinger Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572243880" title="Special:BookSources/9781572243880"><bdi>9781572243880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Animal+Insect+Phobias%3A+How+to+Conquer+Fear+of+Dogs%2C+Snakes%2C+Rodents%2C+Bees%2C+Spiders+More&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=New+Harbinger+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781572243880&rft.aulast=Antony&rft.aufirst=Martin+M.&rft.au=McCabe%2C+Randi+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fovercominganimal00anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2002" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, David H. (2002). <i>Anxiety and its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic</i>. New York: Guilford Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anxiety+and+its+Disorders%3A+The+Nature+and+Treatment+of+Anxiety+and+Panic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruceSanderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Timothy J.; Sanderson, William C. (1998). <i>Specific Phobias: Clinical Applications of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy</i>. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specific+Phobias%3A+Clinical+Applications+of+Evidence-Based+Psychotherapy&rft.place=Northvale&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_NardoGuzyJenkinsBak1988" class="citation journal cs1">Di Nardo, Peter A.; Guzy, Lawrence T.; Jenkins, Jill Ann; Bak, Rita M.; Tomasi, Susan F.; Copland, Michelle (1988). "Etiology and maintenance of dog fears". <i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_Research_and_Therapy" title="Behaviour Research and Therapy">Behaviour Research and Therapy</a></i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-7967%2888%2990005-8">10.1016/0005-7967(88)90005-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3408458">3408458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour+Research+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Etiology+and+maintenance+of+dog+fears&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-7967%2888%2990005-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3408458&rft.aulast=Di+Nardo&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Guzy%2C+Lawrence+T.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Jill+Ann&rft.au=Bak%2C+Rita+M.&rft.au=Tomasi%2C+Susan+F.&rft.au=Copland%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACynophobia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_NardoGuzyBak1988" class="citation journal cs1">Di Nardo, Peter A.; Guzy, Lawrence T.; Bak, Rita M. 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title="Mastiff">Mastiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_type" title="Bulldog type">Bulldog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">Toy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichon" title="Bichon">Bichon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnspit_dog" title="Turnspit dog">Turnspit dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_crossbreeds" title="List of dog crossbreeds">List of crossbreeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel" title="Mongrel">Mixed-breed dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_crossbreed" title="Dog crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_dog_breeds_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular dog breeds in the United States">Most popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_assistance_dog" title="Autism assistance dog">Autism dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">Hearing dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_response_dog" title="Medical response dog">Medical response dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">Seizure dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">Mobility assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assistance_dog" title="Psychiatric assistance dog">Psychiatric assistance dog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">Attack dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_dog" title="Bay dog">Bay dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">Carriage dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_dog" title="Catch dog">Catch dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Fighting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dog" title="Lap dog">Lap dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Meat dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">usage by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">War dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">Howling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Dog–cat relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Human–dog<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal testing on dogs">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiting_(blood_sport)" title="Baiting (blood sport)">Baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation" title="Breed-specific legislation">Breed-specific legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_beach" title="Dog beach">Dog beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_daycare" title="Dog daycare">Dog daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Dog fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_licence" title="Dog licence">Dog licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">Dog park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_show" title="Dog show">Dog show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_theft" title="Dog theft">Dog theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">Dog sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fear of dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">Human–canine bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_health" title="Dog health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_dogs" title="List of longest-living dogs">List of longest-living dogs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_coat" title="Dog coat">Coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformation_(dog)" title="Conformation (dog)">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases" title="List of dog diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Odor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_syndrome" title="Rage syndrome">Rage syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_skin_disorders" title="Dog skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_of_dogs" title="Vaccination of dogs">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_training" title="Dog training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clicker_training" title="Clicker training">Clicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate_training" title="Crate training">Crate training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housebreaking" title="Housebreaking">Housebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_of_animals" title="Socialization of animals">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs" title="List of individual dogs">List of individual dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dogs" title="Lists of dogs">Lists of dogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span 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