CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Fuel Cells | AMERICAN ELEMENTS 庐</title>  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.americanelements.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /> <meta name="description" content="American Elements manufactures advanced materials for the Fuel Cells industry." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Fuel Cells" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.americanelements.com/taxonomy/term/79" /> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="American Elements" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Fuel Cells" /> <meta property="og:description" content="American Elements produces the full range of anode, cathode and electrolyte materials essential to the production of solid oxide fuel cells. We developed unique processes to reduce the cost of producing nickel cermet anode material and were one of the first companies to commercially produce lanthanum strontium manganite cathode powders by solid state processes. American Elements was one of the first participants in the Department of Energy鈥檚 Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) joining the program in 2000 and first proposed the addition of a materials program to the alliance at an important joint US-EU fuel cell conference in 2001. American Elements is the world's largest producer of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing materials for the Fuel Cell Industry." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Fuel Cells" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="American Elements produces the full range of anode, cathode and electrolyte materials essential to the production of solid oxide fuel cells. We developed unique processes to reduce the cost of" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="Fuel Cells" /> <meta itemprop="description" content="American Elements produces the full range of anode, cathode and electrolyte materials essential to the production of solid oxide fuel cells. We developed unique processes to reduce the cost of producing nickel cermet anode material and were one of the first companies to commercially produce lanthanum strontium manganite cathode powders by solid state processes. American Elements was one of the first participants in the Department of Energy鈥檚 Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) joining the program in 2000 and first proposed the addition of a materials program to the alliance at an important joint US-EU fuel cell conference in 2001. American Elements is the world's largest producer of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing materials for the Fuel Cell Industry." /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge, chrome=1"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NHBD3H');</script>  <style type="text/css"> .condensed-list li {margin-bottom:0; line-height:1.5em}#block-block-16 {text-align: center; padding: 15px; margin: 0; font-size:24px; color:#000; }#block-block-16 a{color:#00F}#block-block-16 .border {border:1px solid #000;}.h2full {line-height:42px; max-width:1300px; margin:55px auto 100px;text-align:justify;border:1px solid #000;padding:30px;font-size:26px;font-weight:600}.page-node-269390 h1 {display:none;}.page-node-269390 .field-body h1 {display:block;margin-bottom:30px}@media(max-width: 480px){.mobile-break {display:block;}}.chosen-container-multi .chosen-choices,.drop-filter,.dropdown-icon,.flag,.magnifier16,.ming-is-visible .ming-hide,.ming-show,.preface_first .magnifier16,.scrolltop,.share-icon,.social,.sponsored-conference-graphic,.toggle-icon,.ul.nice-menu li.menuparent,ul.nice-menu-down li li.menuparent,ul.nice-menu-down li li.menuparent:hover,ul.nice-menu-down li.menuparent,ul.nice-menu-down li.menuparent:hover,ul.nice-menu ul li a.follow-links{background:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/sprites.png)}select.form-select{background:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/collapsible.png);background-position:right; background-repeat:no-repeat}.ctools-collapsed .ctools-toggle.ctools-toggle-collapsed,{background-position:-8px -159px !important;background:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/sprites.png)}.ctools-toggle{background-position:-108px -159px !important;background:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/sprites.png)}fieldset.collapsible .fieldset-legend{margin:0; padding: 1em}fieldset.collapsible .fieldset-legend a,fieldset.collapsed .fieldset-legend a{background: url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/collapsible.png); background-position: right; background-repeat:no-repeat}.ctools-collapsible-container .ctools-toggle{height:32px;width:32px;top:6px;margin-right:6px;position:relative;float:right;background-position:-58px -160px;background-image:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/sprites.png) !important;border:none !important}#condensed .boxton-container{max-width:800px;margin:2.5em auto}#condensed .boxton-container p{margin-bottom:2.1em}.node-type-article .boxton-container .field-image{margin:2.5em auto 2em}.node-type-article .boxton-container .pane-node-field-link h6{display:none}.node-type-article .boxton-container .pane-node-field-link a{font-size:18px;font-weight:600}.customers{width:90% !important;position:relative;height:auto;margin:4em auto 8em;text-align:center !important}.customers h2{margin-bottom:30px;line-height:1.4em}.field-customer-logo{display:inline-block !important}a.customer-link{background-color:#CCC !important;margin:5px !important;display:block !important;padding:1px !important}.productpage h1,h5{word-wrap:break-word}.collapse,.ming,.ming-hide,.search-collapse,.translate-collapse{display:none}*,:after,:before,html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.element-invisible{position:absolute !important;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);overflow:hidden;height:1px}body{background-color:#FFF;font-family:"Franklin Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;margin:0;color:#444;font-weight:300;line-height:1.5}h1,h2,h3,table th{font-weight:600}.clearfix:after{height:0;visibility:hidden}.clearfix:after,.clearfix:before,.l-preface-wrap::after,.l-setwidth::after,.ming::after,.panel-body::after,.panel-body::before{display:table;content:"";clear:both}img{width:auto\9;height:auto;max-width:100%;border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}.image-left{display:inline-block;float:left;margin:5px 15px 5px 0}.image-right{display:inline-block;float:right;margin:5px 0 5px 20px}.image-center{display:block;margin:15px auto}.float-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.float-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}.text-left{text-align:left !important}.text-center{text-align:center !important}.text-right{text-align:right !important}table th,th{text-align:left;border-bottom:none}table{width:100%;margin:0 0 10px;background-color:#FCFCFC;border-collapse:collapse}th{padding-right:1em}table tbody tr,table thead{border:1px solid #d1d1d1}table th{padding:11px;color:#111;background-color:#DDD}table td{padding:6px 11px;border-top:1px solid #CCC}.block{margin-bottom:20px}.block-block{margin:0 1.5em}.centered{margin:0 auto}ul{margin:0 0 10px}li{margin-bottom:15px;font-size:1em}ul li.leaf{list-style-image:none;list-style-type:none;padding:0}.inline-sibling{display:inline;margin-right:10px}.inline-sibling+*,.inline-sibling+*>:first-child{display:inline}input{line-height:inherit;padding:5px 2px 5px 8px}input[type=submit]{display:inline-block;line-height:inherit;border:none;text-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;margin:10px;padding:7px 15px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:.95em;letter-spacing:.03em;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;background-color:#999;color:#fff}input:not([type=submit]):not([type=file]):not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=reset]){margin:0 0 4px;padding:5px 2px 5px 8px;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;color:#444;font-size:0.9em}.form-search input:not([type=submit]){display:block;width:100%;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;height:40px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075) inset}.form-search input[type=submit]{display:block;width:50px;position:absolute;top:0;left:100%;margin:0;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border:1px solid #CCC;background-color:#FEFEFE;height:40px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.l-setwidth{max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:0 10px}.l-content{padding-bottom:20px}.l-logo,.l-preface-wrap .block,.l-preface-wrap .block-block{margin:0}.ctools-collapsible-container .ctools-toggle{height:32px!important;width:32px!important;top:0;margin-right:6px!important;margin-bottom:-36px;position:relative;float:right!important;background-position:-58px -160px;background-image:url(/sites/all/themes/gratis_ae_subtheme/images/sprites.png)!important}.industry-apps-content .ctools-collapsible-container .ctools-toggle{margin-bottom:-36px}.preface_second,.preface_first{display:inline-block; float:left}@media (max-width: 787px){.l-setwidth{padding:0 5px}}.l-page{position:relative;height:100%}.l-header-wrapper{padding:4px 0 0;background:#EBEBEB;height:85px}.l-preface-wrap{margin-bottom:0;height:37px;width:100%;padding:0 10px;background-color:#777}.preface_first{width:25%}.preface_first form{margin-top:0}@media (max-width: 1024px){.preface_first{display:none}.preface_second{width:100%}}@media (max-width: 800px){.l-preface-wrap{background-color:#FFF}#preface-container{display:none}}.navtoggles{text-align:right}.l-logo{text-align:left}.preface_first .form-search>div{margin-right:40px;margin-top:3px}.form-search>div{position:relative;margin-right:50px}.preface_first .form-search input:not([type=submit]){height:31px;font-size:1.1em !important;margin:0 !important;padding:2px 2px 2px 8px !important}.preface_first .form-search input[type=submit]{width:40px;height:100%;background-color:#FEFEFE}@media (max-width: 600px){input{max-width:100%}.region-content{display:block;clear:both}}.l-header .l-logo a{width:260px;height:80px;background:url(https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/American-Elements-Company-Logo.png);background: url('https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/American-Elements-Company-Logo.svg');float:left;margin-right:4.7619047619%;text-align:left;background-size:260px 80px}.ming-show,.toggle-icon{display:inline-block;float:right;width:52px;height:52px;margin-top:12px}.ming-hide,.ming-show,tr .form-item{white-space:nowrap}.toggle-icon{margin-right:5px}#search-toggle{padding:11px 13px;background-position:-200px -100px !important}#translate-toggle{padding:5px;background-position:0 -100px !important}.ming-show{background-position:-596px -2px}.ming-hide{background-position:-596px -70px !important}.scrolltop{background-position:-596px -341px !important}@media (max-width: 600px){.l-header .l-logo a{width:195px;height:60px;background-size:195px 60px}.h2full {font-size:20px}}@media (max-width: 480px){.l-header-wrapper{height:65px}.l-header .l-logo a{float:none;display:inline-block;clear:both;text-align:left}.ming-show,.toggle-icon{margin-top:0 !important}}.dropdown-icon{display:inline-block;float:right;zoom:1;height:24px;width:24px;position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-12px;right:10px}.ming-hide,.ming-show{overflow:hidden;text-indent:101%;z-index:1001}.preface_first .magnifier16{background-position:-507px -63px !important}.Arrowhead-Down-24{background-position:-463px -60px !important}.Arrowhead-Right{background-position:-261px -112px !important}.block-nice-menus{line-height:normal;z-index:105}ul.nice-menu:after{content:".";display:block;height:0;clear:both;visibility:hidden}ul.nice-menu,ul.nice-menu ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;z-index:15;position:relative}ul.nice-menu ul{position:absolute;left:-1px;border:1px solid #ddd;margin-right:0;top:37px;display:none;visibility:hidden}.elements-sidebar,h5.ask-question,ul.nice-menu li{position:relative}ul.nice-menu li{float:left;background-color:#777;margin:0;padding-left:0;background-image:none}ul.nice-menu .level-1.followus .level-2 a{padding-left:40px}ul.nice-menu .level-1 .level-2 a{line-height:18px; padding: 8px 20px;color:#333}ul.nice-menu .level-1 .level-2 a:hover{color:#FFF !important;}ul.nice-menu .level-1 a,ul.nice-menu .nolink,ul.nice-menu a{padding:0 13px;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#FFF;display:block;line-height:37px}h3,h5{color:#333}ul.nice-menu ul li{display:block}ul.nice-menu li.menuparent,ul.nice-menu-down li.menuparent:hover{background-position:-480px -306px !important;width:110px;height:37px}@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) {ul.nice-menu li.menuparent,ul.nice-menu-down li.menuparent:hover{font-size:12px}}a{color:#2E8AE6;text-decoration:none}h1,h2{text-align:center}.productpage h1,.productpage h2,h3,h4{text-align:left}h1{color:#111;font-size:42px;margin:25px auto 15px;line-height:1.2em}h2{color:#222;font-size:26px;line-height:1em;margin:.25em 0 .5em}h3{font-size:22px;margin:0 0 .5em}h3,h4{line-height:36px}h4,h5{margin:20px 0 .5em}h4{color:#EFA600;font-size:19px;font-weight:400}h5{font-weight:700;font-size:1.2em}.productpage h1{color:#2F5571;font-size:10vw;font-size:50px;margin-top:.75em;padding-left:17%}.productpage h5,.productpage h5 a{text-decoration:underline;font-weight:400}#related-app-industries h2{background-color:#2F5571;color:#FFF}#related-app-industries table {margin-bottom:0;} #related-app-industries .view-content{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.centered,.centered h4{text-align:center}@media (max-width: 600px){h1{font-size:32px}h2{font-size:30px}input{max-width:100%}}div.ctools-collapsible-container h2,fieldset.collapse-processed .fieldset-legend a{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;text-align:left;padding:8px 15px;color:#FFF;background-color:#888;border-bottom-color:#888;margin-bottom:0}div.ctools-collapsed.ctools-collapsible-processed h2,fieldset.collapsed .fieldset-legend a,h2.collapsiblockCollapsed a{background-color:#E7E7E7;border-bottom:2px solid #333;color:#444}h2.ctools-collapsible-handle{display:inline;clear:both}.ctools-collapsible-container .ctools-collapsible-handle{display:block}.elements-container{margin-bottom:3em;min-height:1400px}.elements-header{margin-bottom:.4em}.productpage .elements-header{padding-left:17%;margin-top:0;position:relative}.elements-sidebar{margin-top:0;width:15%;padding-left:0.5em;float:left;display:inline-block}.elements-content{width:78%;float:right}.productpage .elements-content{width:83%;padding-right:10%;float:right}.productpage .elements-main{margin-top:2.5em}.productpage .elements-header .panel-separator{display:none}.productpage .elements-header a{text-decoration:underline}#header-cas{margin-right:60px}#header-cas,#header-cas h3{font-size:21px;font-weight:400}#header-cas h3,.header-chem h3{line-height:36px}#header-cas,#header-float{float:left;display:inline-block}#header-cas .inline-sibling,#header-float .inline-sibling{margin-right:0}#chemid2{display:block;clear:both}.header-chem,.header-chem h3{font-size:18px;font-weight:400}#chemid2 span{margin-right:30px}@media (max-width: 800px){#block-display,#header-cas,#header-float{display:block;float:none}#header-cas .field-cas3{font-size:18px}}.data-table .ctools-collapsible-content>div{display:table;width:100%;position:relative}.data-table .data-row{display:table-row}.data-table .data-row div,.data-table h3{display:table-cell;padding:4px 11px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;border-right:1px solid #ccc;border-left:1px solid #AAA;vertical-align:middle}.data-table h3{font-size:15px;width:30%;color:#111;background-color:#DDD;font-weight:600;margin:0}.data-table .data-row div{word-break:break-all}@media (max-width: 767px){.productpage table td{padding:11px}.data-table h3{display:block;width:100%}.productpage table td.prod-name{font-size:1.1em;padding-bottom:1em}}.field-subtitle{font-size:29px;margin-bottom:.5em}.productpage .order-box table,.productpage .order-box table tbody,.productpage .order-box table td,.productpage .order-box table th,.productpage .order-box table tr{border:none;background-color:#FFF}.productpage .order-box{margin:0;max-width:1100px}.productpage .order-box table thead{border:none}.productpage .order-box table th{padding:0 8px 8px 0;color:#000;font-size:17px;line-height:1.1em}.mobile-center{text-align:center !important;width:15%}.productpage .order-box table td{padding:3px}.datasheet-button,.rfq-button,.sds-button{display:inline-block;margin:2px;font-size:.85em;vertical-align:middle}.rfq-button{background-color:#D11818;color:#FFF;padding:4px 19px}.sds-button{padding:4px 23px;background-color:#888;color:#FFF}.datasheet-button{background-color:#DDD;padding:4px 10px;color:#000}.productpage .ctools-collapsible-container{font-size:.95em;margin-bottom:20px}@media (max-width: 1350px){.productpage .elements-content{padding-right:1%;padding-left:0}}@media (max-width: 1070px){.sds-button{padding:4px 16px}.datasheet-button{padding:4px 8px}}@media (max-width: 1000px){.productpage .elements-content{padding-right:1%;padding-left:0}.productpage .l-setwidth{padding-right:0}.productpage #sticky1 ul li.leaf{list-style:none !important}ul.menu li{margin:0}}@media (max-width: 900px){.productpage #sticky1 ul.menu,.productpage .elements-sidebar{padding-left:0}.elements-sidebar{width:13%}}@media (max-width: 800px){.productpage .elements-content,.productpage .elements-header,.productpage .elements-main,.productpage h1{padding-left:1%;width:100%}.productpage h1{font-size:9vw;font-size:36px}.productpage .order-box{margin:2em auto}.productpage .elements-sidebar{display:none}.productpage .elements-main{margin-top:0}.productpage .aenotes-block.aenotes-desktop{display:block}}@media (max-width: 767px){.panel-separator{height:1px}.elements-container .views-table td.pn-hide,.productpage .order-box table th{display:none !important}.sds-button{margin:0 1.5em;padding:6px 35px}.datasheet-button,.rfq-button{padding:6px 25px}.productpage .order-box table tr{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center}.elements-container .order-box .views-table td.mobile-center{display:inline-block;width:unset;margin-bottom:1em}.data-table .data-row div,.data-table h3,.elements-container .views-table td{display:block;width:100%;text-align:center;padding:11px}.data-table .ctools-collapsible-content>div{display:table;width:100%;position:relative}.productpage .order-box h3{display:block;font-size:16px;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0 8px;background-color:#DDD;border-top:1px solid #ddd;border-left:1px solid #ddd;border-right:1px solid #ddd}}#block-block-11,.elements-header .panel-pane{margin:0}#section-safety h2{background-color:#DA2727 !important;color:#FFF}#section-element-content h2{background-color:#F2AC1D;color:#FFF}@media (max-width: 600px){.productpage .elements-content,.productpage .elements-header,.productpage .elements-main,.productpage h1{padding-left:0}.productpage h1{word-wrap:break-word}}.view-add-to-cart em{font-size:.9em;color:#777;line-height:.9em !important}h5.ask-question{bottom:18px;max-width:1080px}.industry-apps{position:relative;margin:0 -10px -45px}#anion-page.industry-apps{margin:0}.blue-bar .l-preface-wrap, .blue-bar ul.nice-menu li {background-color: #000033 !important;}.blue-bar ul.nice-menu .level-1 .level-2 a {color:#FFF}.anion-page .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs,.industry-apps .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs{position:absolute;top:25px;left:40px;font-size:1.1em}.industry-apps-container{clear:both;width:100%;position:relative;background-color:#FFF}.banner{position:relative;width:100%;max-height:300px}.banner h1.black{color:#222;text-shadow:none}.page-taxonomy-term-142 #anion-page .banner h1 {color:#FFF !important}#anion-page .banner h1{color:#222 !important;text-shadow:none;}.banner246 .banner img{width:100%;height:246px}.banner img{width:100%;max-height:300px}@media (min-width: 1600px){.page-taxonomy-term-9913 .banner img {max-height:unset}}.banner246 .banner h1{text-shadow:0 -1px 10px #000}.banner h1{z-index:1;margin-top:0;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:#FFF;font-weight:700;text-align:left;position:absolute;bottom:10px;left:14px;text-shadow:0 -1px 10px #454545;-ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=4,Direction=135,Color='#000000')";filter:progid: DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=4, Direction=135, Color='#000000')}.short .banner h1{font-size:110px;line-height:110px}.medium .banner h1{font-size:80px;line-height:80px}.long .banner h1{font-size:70px;line-height:70px}@media (min-width: 1400px){.long .banner h1,.medium .banner h1{font-size:100px;line-height:100px}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.banner246 .banner img{height:200px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.medium .banner h1{font-size:90px;line-height:90px}.long .banner h1{font-size:80px;line-height:80px}}@media (max-width: 1000px){.anion-page .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs,.industry-apps .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs{top:5px}.footer,.industry-apps-footer{margin:1em 0}.banner,.banner img{height:175px}.banner246 .banner img{height:150px}.banner246 .banner h1{bottom:10px}.banner h1{bottom:0}.short .banner h1{font-size:60px !important;line-height:60px !important}.medium .banner h1{font-size:50px;line-height:50px}.long .banner h1{font-size:36px;line-height:36px}}@media (max-width: 800px){.anion-page .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs,.industry-apps .view-id-taxonomy_breadcrumbs{top:-5px;left:10px;display:none}.banner246 .banner img{height:125px}body.banner246.medium .banner h1{font-size:40px;bottom:40px}.banner246 .webform-component h2{color:#000 !important;font-size:30px !important}}@media (max-width: 479px){.banner246 .banner h1,.industry-apps{bottom:20px}.industry-apps-container{margin-bottom:0}.banner246 .banner img{height:90px !important}.banner,.banner img{height:120px !important;margin-bottom:10px}.banner h1{left:5px}.short .banner h1{font-size:40px !important;line-height:40px !important}.medium .banner h1{font-size:30px;line-height:30px}.long .banner h1{font-size:20px;line-height:20px}}@media (max-width: 270px){.medium .banner h1{font-size:30px;line-height:30px}}.industry-apps-content{min-height:1px;width:85%;display:block;margin:3em auto 2em;max-width:1250px}.anion-about{margin-bottom:2em}.content-intro p{font-size:1em;line-height:1.7em;margin-bottom:1.7em}.content-intro{margin-bottom:.5em;margin-right:25%}.content-intro-left{display:inline-block;width:63%;float:left}.intro{margin:1.5em auto}@media only screen and (max-width: 1000px){.industry-apps-content{margin-top:2em}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.industry-apps-content{width:100%}.industry-apps-column-content{padding:0 11px}.content-intro{margin-right:0}.pane-taxonomy-term-field-form-page-content{margin:2em 1em}.industry-apps-content .ctools-collapsible-content table td,.view-product-page-lists tr td:first-of-type,.view-product-page-lists tr:first-of-type td,.view-product-page-lists tr:last-of-type td{display:block;padding:1em .5em 1em 2em}}.industry-apps-content .view-products{margin-bottom:2.5em}.industry-apps-content .view-products a{font-size:1.1em;font-weight:700;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;border-bottom:2px solid;position:relative}.case-study{position:relative;background-color:#FFF}.industry-apps-content .case-study .pane-title,.industry-apps-content .case-study div.ctools-collapsible-processed h2.pane-title{font-size:1.2em;font-weight:700;background-color:#2C913F;border-bottom-color:#2C913F;color:#FFF;text-align:left}.industry-apps-content .case-study div.ctools-collapsible-processed h2.pane-title:hover{background-color:#BBB;border-bottom-color:#BBB}.industry-apps-content .case-study h3.case-study-title{text-align:center;margin:25px auto 35px;display:block;font-weight:400;font-size:24px;line-height:1.45em; text-transform:none}.industry-apps-content .case-study .field-label{font-size:20px;text-align:left; text-transform:none}.industry-apps-content .case-study .ctools-collapsible-content{padding:.5em 2.5em 4em;border-bottom:1px solid #DDD;border-left:1px solid #DDD;border-right:1px solid #DDD}.case-study{line-height:36px;margin:15px 0 25px;text-align:left}.case-study-link-box{width:500px;position:relative;margin:30px auto;border:1px solid #AAA;text-align:center;padding-bottom:10px}.case-study-link-header{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;background-color:#2C913F;color:#FFF;padding:15px 20px;line-height:20px}.case-study-link-title{text-align:center;margin:25px 20px 10px;line-height:32px;font-size:20px;color:#555;font-weight:400}.paneled.industry-products .ctools-collapsible-content{padding:0}@media (max-width: 768px){.case-study,.case-study-link-box{width:100%}.industry-apps-content .case-study h3.case-study-title{font-size:1.6em;margin:10px}.industry-apps-content .case-study .ctools-collapsible-content{padding:0 10px 10px}.case-study-link-header{text-align:center}}@media (max-width: 320px){.case-study-header{font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.6em !important;padding:20px 0}.case-study-link-title{margin:15px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700}}hr.grad{border:0;height:1px;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), rgba(0, 0, 0, .75), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), rgba(0, 0, 0, .75), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));background-image:-ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), rgba(0, 0, 0, .75), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), rgba(0, 0, 0, .75), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))}#admin-menu .dropdown li{line-height:16.8px;font-size:12px}div#toolbar div.toolbar-shortcuts ul li a{margin-left:5px}div.contextual-links-wrapper{display:none;font-size:90%;position:absolute;right:5px;top:2px;z-index:999}ul.tabs.primary,ul.tabs.secondary{display:table;position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin:0;clear:right;float:right;border:none;z-index:500}ul.tabs.primary li,ul.tabs.secondary li{float:left;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative;list-style:none}ul.tabs.secondary{margin-right:20px}ul.tabs.primary li{margin-right:6px}ul.tabs.secondary li{margin:5px}ul.tabs.primary a,ul.tabs.secondary a{color:#202020;font-size:.8em;padding:0 10px;display:block;text-decoration:none;text-align:center}ul.tabs.primary a{background-color:#ccc;-webkit-transition:all .25s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:all .25s ease-in-out;transition:all .25s ease-in-out;font-weight:600;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;min-width:60px}ul.tabs.primary a.active{color:#fff;background:#4EBA65}#block-views-nid-display-block{display:inline;font-size:1.2em;color:#4EBA65;float:left;font-weight:700}research-article h1{font-size:34px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:1em;color:#111}.cas-page h1{color:#2F5571;text-align:left;font-size:50px;margin-top:1em;padding-left:5%}.formula-header h2{text-align:left !important;font-size:36px;padding-left:5%}.preface_first .form-search input:not([type=submit]):not([type=file]):not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=reset]){height:31px}.irrings .order-box h2,.ringsize-panel header{display:none}.cas-page .view-content table th{width:40%}.irrings .l-setwidth{padding:0}.moscone-container{margin-bottom:1em}.irrings .moscone-header{margin-bottom:2.5em}.irrings .moscone-header img{width:100% !important;max-height:300px}.moscone-sidebar{min-height:1px;width:40%;float:left}.moscone-sidebar-inner{margin-right:20px}.moscone-content{min-height:1px;width:58.5%;float:left}.moscone-footer-inner{margin:4em 10em 0}.irrings{font-family:"Gill Sans", "Gill Sans MT", Calibri, Arial;color:#000;size:16px;line-height:18px;letter-spacing:.2px}.irrings .l-preface-wrap{margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.centered{margin:0 auto}.irrings p{line-height:1.8em;margin-bottom:1.4em;font-size:1.1em}.irrings p.larger{font-size:1.5em}.irrings h1{font-size:75px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:22px;font-weight:400;margin:0 0 -50px;position:relative;bottom:100px;color:#2F5571}@media (max-width: 1200px){.irrings h1{font-size:55px;bottom:80px;margin-bottom:-20px}}@media (max-width: 1000px){.irrings h1{font-size:45px;bottom:60px;letter-spacing:18px}}@media (max-width: 820px){.irrings h1{font-size:36px;bottom:50px;margin-right:-10px}}@media (max-width: 760px){.irrings h1{text-align:center;bottom:0;margin:0}}.irrings h4{margin-bottom:1.6em;font-size:1.2em}.irrings h2{font-size:20px;font-style:italic;font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;font-weight:400;line-height:28px;text-align:center !important}.irrings h5{font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:1em}.irrings .irrings-panels h2{font-size:16px;font-style:none;font-family:"Gill Sans", "Gill Sans MT", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:28px}.irrings h3{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;margin:10px 0;text-align:center}.moscone-content a.chosen-single{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.moscone-content a{color:#888}.moscone-content a.underline{color:#2F5571;text-decoration:underline}.order-box .commerce-add-to-cart input[type=submit]{background-color:#000 !important;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;padding:8px 15px;border-radius:3px;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 15px 15px}.view-ring-test table{margin:20px 0}.view-ring-test table td{background-color:#eee;padding:11px}.panel-lateral.panel-left .panel-menu{background-color:transparent !important}.panel-menu .menu-control{display:none !important}.black-header div{display:inline-block;margin:0}.black-header div.bhtext{height:50px;background-color:#000;text-align:center;line-height:50px;color:#fff;float:left}.black-header div.bhtriang{width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:25px 0 25px 43.3px;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #000;line-height:0}.form-item-field-ring-size-value .chosen-container,.form-item-field-thickness-mm--value .chosen-container{width:105px !important}.form-item-field-design-value .chosen-container{width:200px !important}.form-item-field-finish-value .chosen-container{width:133px !important}div.centered.smaller{font-size:95%;position:relative;margin-bottom:40px;bottom:0 !important}.model-bottom{margin-top:4em}@media only screen and (max-width: 900px){.moscone-content,.moscone-sidebar{width:100%;float:none}.model-bottom{margin-top:2em}.moscone-sidebar-inner{margin-right:0;margin-bottom:4em}.moscone-footer-inner{margin:0 2em}div.centered.smaller{font-size:95%;position:relative;bottom:0;margin-bottom:15px}}.black-header div.bhtext{font-size:18px;padding:0 20px}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.black-header div.bhtext{font-size:14px;padding:0 8px}}@media only screen and (max-width: 360px){.irrings h1{font-size:24px !important;font-weight:700}.irrings h2{font-size:18px}}.irrings .views-exposed-form label{font-size:.8em}.irrings .learn-more-ir .datasheet-button{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:2em;padding:10px;font-size:1.1em;letter-spacing:.03em;color:#FFF;background-color:#2F5571;-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:all .25s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:all .25s ease-in-out;transition:all .25s ease-in-out;font-family:"Franklin Gothic Medium", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.irrings .centered.learn-more-ir .datasheet-button{margin-top:2.5em}.irrings .webform-submit{background-color:#2F5571}.irrings .datasheet-button:hover,.irrings .webform-submit:hover{background-color:#EFA600 !important}.irrings #imageData{display:none}#frameNextLink,#frameNextLink:hover,#frameNextLink:visited:hover,#nextLink.force_show_nav,#nextLink.force_show_nav:visited:hover,#nextLink:hover,#nextLink:visited:hover,.irrings #nextLink.force_show_nav:hover{background:url(/sites/all/modules/lightbox2/images/next.gif) right 50% no-repeat !important}#framePrevLink,#prevLink.force_show_nav,#prevLink:visited:hover,.irrings #prevLink:hover{background:url(/sites/all/modules/lightbox2/images/prev.gif) left 50% no-repeat}.irrings hr{height:2px;border:2px outset #999;width:70%;margin-top:0}@media (max-width: 1200px){ul.nice-menu li{margin:0 !important}}div.narrow{display:table;margin:4em auto 0}div.narrow div{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding:1em}.cas-page #sds h1,.cas-page #sds .ctools-collapsible-content h2{text-align:center;font-size:36px;color:#000;padding:0;margin:0 0 1em; border: none !important; background-color:unset}.cas-page h1{color:#2F5571;text-align:left;font-size:50px;margin-top:1em;padding-left:5%}.formula-header h2{text-align:left !important;font-size:36px;padding-left:5%}.cas-page .ctools-collapsible-container,.cas-page .moscone-header,.page-taxonomy-term .moscone-header{margin-bottom:2em}@media (max-width: 767px){.cas-page h1,.page-taxonomy-term h1{font-size:32px !important}.formula-header h2{font-size:24px}.cas-page h3{font-size:19px}.cas-page h4{font-size:17px}.cas-page h1,.formula-header h2{padding-left:0}.page-taxonomy-term .moscone-header{margin-bottom:0}.moscone-footer-inner{margin:0}}.cas-page .results-grid{margin-bottom:4em}.cas-page .pane-term-name .pane-content{display:none}.pseudo-collapse{margin-top:-40px}.pseudo-collapse h2 a{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;text-align:left;padding:8px 15px;color:#FFF;background-color:#DA2727;border-bottom-color:#DA2727;margin-bottom:0;display:block} .b-edge,.l-edge,.r-edge,.t-edge,.wrap-corner{position:relative;zoom:1}.t-edge{background:url(https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/modules/panels/plugins/styles/corners/shadow-t.png) 0 top repeat-x;font-size:1px}.b-edge{background:url(https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/modules/panels/plugins/styles/corners/shadow-b.png) 0 bottom repeat-x;font-size:1px}.l-edge{background:url(https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/modules/panels/plugins/styles/corners/shadow-l.png) repeat-y}.r-edge{background:url(https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/modules/panels/plugins/styles/corners/shadow-r.png) right 0 repeat-y}.wrap-corner{background:#fff!important}.wrap-corner .b-edge,.wrap-corner .t-edge{height:11px}.wrap-corner .l,.wrap-corner .r{position:absolute;top:0;height:11px;width:11px;background-image:url(https://www.americanelements.com/sites/all/modules/panels/plugins/styles/corners/corner-bits.png)}.wrap-corner .l{left:0}.wrap-corner .r{right:0;background-position:-11px 0}.wrap-corner .b-edge .l{background-position:0 -11px}.wrap-corner .b-edge .r{background-position:-11px -11px}.wrap-corner .r-edge{padding:5px 24px}div.admin-links{margin-top:-14px;margin-left:-12px}.rounded-corner{margin-bottom:1em}.condensed li{margin-bottom:0}#user-login{margin:25px auto; max-width:950px}.life-science-product .product-data-table th {width:30%;}.life-science-product .product-data-table td,.cas-page table td:not(.request-quote){word-break:break-all}.cas-page .request-quote{text-align:center}.life-science-product section {margin-bottom:40px;}.life-science-product .field-body h3 {margin-top:25px;}.node-type-life-sci .l-fullwidth-highlight h1 {display:none !important}.life-science-product header h1{padding-left:0}#block-block-17,#block-block-19{margin:0 -10px;}@font-face {font-family: LazenbyCompSmooth;src: url('https://www.americanelements.com/css/fonts/LazenbyCompSmooth.ttf') format('truetype');}.slider3 {width: 100%;position: relative;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;margin: 0 auto 30px;height: 130px;text-align: center;font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif;text-shadow: 0 1px 8px #222 }.slider3>div {position: absolute;top: 0;width: 100%;height: 130px;text-align: left;}.blink3 {display: block;opacity:0;background: url('https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/banners/materials-science-banner1_0.png');background-size: cover;animation: 16s fade infinite linear; animation-delay: 8s;-webkit-animation: 16s fade infinite linear; -webkit-animation-delay: 8s}.blink2 {display: block; opacity:0;text-align: center;background: url('https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/banners/banner150.png');background-size: cover; animation: 16s fade infinite linear; animation-delay: 0s;-webkit-animation: 16s fade infinite linear; -webkit-animation-delay: 0s; line-height: 1.2 }.blink1 { display: block; text-align: center; background: url(https://www.americanelements.com/headers/forms/organometallics-banner.jpg); background-size: cover; opacity:0; -webkit-animation: 16s fade infinite linear; -webkit-animation-delay: 12s; animation: 16s fade infinite linear; animation-delay:12s; line-height: 1.2; } .blink4 {display: block; opacity:0;text-align: center;background: url('https://www.americanelements.com/headers/applications/battery-supercapacitor-materials-banner.jpg');background-size: cover; animation: 16s fade infinite linear; animation-delay: 4s;-webkit-animation: 16s fade infinite linear; -webkit-animation-delay: 4s; line-height: 1.2 } .blink1 a, .blink2 a, .blink3 a, .blink4 a {color: #FFF;font-size: 36px;padding: 30px 40px;display: block;font-weight: 700;text-decoration: none }.slider3 .blink3 {font-family: 'LazenbyCompSmooth', 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif;}.blink3 a:hover,.blink2 a:hover, .blink1 a:hover, .blink4 a:hover {text-shadow: 0 1px 8px #222;color: #FFF }@media(max-width:690px) {.slider3 {margin: 0 auto 25px } .blink1 a, .blink2 a, .blink3 a, .blink4 a {font-size: 24px }#block-block-17 {margin-bottom: 25px }.blink1, .blink2, .blink3 {background-size: cover}.blink1 a, .blink2 a, .blink3 a {padding-top: 40px }}@media(min-width:1600px) {.slider3 {min-height: 230px }.slider3>div {height: 230px }.blink1 a, .blink2 a, .blink3 a, .blink4 a {padding-top: 60px }}@keyframes fade { 0% {opacity: 0.0;z-index:-1} 4% {opacity: 1.0; z-index:1} 33.33% {opacity: 1.0; z-index:1} 37.33% {opacity: 0.0;z-index:-1} 100% {opacity: 0.0;z-index:-1} } #boxed{font-size:13px; padding:15px 20px 5px; border:5px solid #58ADF7;margin-bottom:5%; color:#000} #boxed h3{font-size:18px; text-align:center} #boxed .right-container{text-align: right; margin-bottom:15px} #boxed .right {font-size:15px; display:inline-block; text-align:left;} #nav-mobile{display:none} @media(max-width:690px){#nav-mobile {display:block}#nav-mobile ul {text-align:center; padding:0}} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/public/files/advagg_css/css__irFI_vYUC_EjDsMfXBHde8vT2gm7nwX1r5M0MFlueVk__xpdOQMqMt40Bqs2r2Xq67BO2E4C061zs8YIgjGRMnS8__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/public/files/advagg_css/css__WzAziRZAK7APk3gmHDiAguePyYnV6HGM9f_RSzoaYfI__TtYd1I1reD8NZdRu-WJbc-0RlVuuHncSotXpx28ulmA__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.css" media="all" /> <script src="/sites/public/files/advagg_js/js__dWB41HViTcqoYHrbrlBHs8x9iwtFdMHpl7ME-vPjr-A__jyJNVAp7jVu4eGh-XYySY4XWsA2lkwF_hVKBfxT6a9w__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.js"></script> <script src="/sites/public/files/advagg_js/js__Jv9yOyT_dzqoE42ho7BEBFawc7wpFg48xuRCbsEQfJM__MftTnmCP3z9yYRyXW2qmWFs9eyKVXkLy_fyxIsUO4n0__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.js"></script> <script src="/sites/public/files/advagg_js/js__CJH8UpxrXipMOMPBpr8341b3C5i4H5U2-A7-sXY3LLg__0awLtbE_jYevY7H_j21JH5Eo9UlLLc8jbvVZ4FRzQ4E__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.js"></script> <script src="/sites/public/files/advagg_js/js__3zImemNpn_liEL8U53jkRqfoUNyd5ak5S1wMADNV0LQ__XqBY15atZsTeaBfz3vEVql1gOqnyACMOx1ZIxtZnndE__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.js"></script> <script src="/sites/public/files/advagg_js/js__SbfFwj0oBfu8bUcqke4_dD-Xbu0ewirg7EpkldXNwGE__Gc-A6B2NS3E1WHxLdi5Ny6LKKJ07GmnYvKc4xrWi_s8__wWoC0FI7X0IEOeGqnKnM2vDm2VDqVU8eztdNaPSOiQ0.js"></script> <script> jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"gratis_ae_subtheme","theme_token":"T8yhqjm_N8g3N3L8ecyjvsQUrJfK3SS9ybe4XQIiQOk","js":{"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.7\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/jquery.bgiframe.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/jquery.hoverIntent.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/js\/nice_menus.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/popup\/popup.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/stickynav\/js\/stickynav.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/ctools\/js\/collapsible-div.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis_ae_subtheme\/js\/site.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis_ae_subtheme\/js\/bootstrap.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis\/source\/js\/site.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/relation\/relation_entity_collector\/relation_entity_collector.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/popup\/popup.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/stickynav\/css\/stickynav.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis_ae_subtheme\/layouts\/industry-apps\/industry-apps.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/commerce + contrib\/ctools\/css\/collapsible-div.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/nice_menus\/css\/nice_menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis_ae_subtheme\/css\/nice_menus_ae.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gratis_ae_subtheme\/css\/styles.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_34.css":1}},"popup":{"effects":{"show":{"default":"this.body.show();","fade":"\n if (this.opacity){\n this.body.fadeTo(\u0027medium\u0027,this.opacity);\n }else{\n this.body.fadeIn(\u0027medium\u0027);\n }","slide-down":"this.body.slideDown(\u0027medium\u0027)","slide-down-fade":"\n this.body.animate(\n {\n height:\u0027show\u0027,\n opacity:(this.opacity ? this.opacity : \u0027show\u0027)\n }, \u0027medium\u0027\n );"},"hide":{"default":"this.body.hide();","fade":"this.body.fadeOut(\u0027medium\u0027);","slide-down":"this.body.slideUp(\u0027medium\u0027);","slide-down-fade":"\n this.body.animate(\n {\n height:\u0027hide\u0027,\n opacity:\u0027hide\u0027\n }, \u0027medium\u0027\n );"}},"linger":"250","delay":"0"},"stickynav":{"selector":"#sticky1"},"nice_menus_options":{"delay":"800","speed":"slow"}}); </script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-taxonomy page-taxonomy-term page-taxonomy-term- page-taxonomy-term-79 short industry-page default-layout"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NHBD3H" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="skip-link">  <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable"><span class="element-invisible">Skip to main content</span></a>  </div> <div class="l-page-wrapper"><div class="l-page" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="August 22, 2016"><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="June 13, 2017"><meta itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" content="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><div id="header-bar" class="l-header-wrapper" role="banner"> <header class="l-header l-setwidth" ><div class="l-logo american-elements-logo" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <a class="logo-track-main" href="https://www.americanelements.com" title="Home | American Elements: The Materials Science Manufacturer"> <span class="element-invisible">Home</span><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/American-Elements-Company-Logo.png"><meta itemprop="height" content="80px"><meta itemprop="width" content="260px"> </a></div><div class="navtoggles"> <span id="ming-show" class="ming-show ming-toggle">Show Navigation</span> <span id="ming-hide" class="ming-hide ming-toggle">Hide Navigation</span> <span id="search-toggle" class="toggle-icon"></span> <span id="translate-toggle" class="toggle-icon"></span></div> </header></div><div id="top-bar" class="translate-collapse navbar-collapse"><div class="region region-postscript-first"><div id="block-block-6" class="block block-block"><ul id="flags"><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate China"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">简化字</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=de&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Germany"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">Deutsch</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=es&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Spain"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">español</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=fr&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate France"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">français</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=hi&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate India"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">हिन्दी</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=it&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Italy"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">italiano</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ja&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Japan"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">日本語</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ko&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate South-Korea"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">한국어</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=nl&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Netherlands"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">nederlands</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=pt&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Brazil"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">português</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ru&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Russia"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">России</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=sv&u=https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html"><span class="flag notranslate Sweden"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">svensk</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.americanelements.com"><span class="flag notranslate United-States"></span><span class="flag-text notranslate">English</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="topbar2" class="search-collapse navbar-collapse"><div class="region region-postscript-second"><div id="block-block-7" class="block block-block"><form class="form-search" role="search" method="get" action="https://www.americanelements.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi"><div class="form-search-wrapper"> <input type="search" class="form-search-field" placeholder="Search by Keyword, Product, CAS..." name="zoom_query" title="search" aria-labelledby="search"> <input type="submit" class="form-search-submit magnifier16" value="Search" id="search" title="Search"></div></form></div></div></div><div id="menu-wrapper" class="l-menu-wrapper main-menu" role="navigation"><div class="l-setwidth"><div id="off-canvas" class="ming"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="region region-thirdparty-menu"><div id="block-block-8" class="block block-block"><div class="panel-group expanding"><div class="panel panel-container"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#product-categories" data-toggle="collapse"><span class="panel-title">Materials</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="product-categories" class="panel-body collapse"><div class="panel panel-ming ming-elements"> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/products-by-element" class="panel-heading ming-L1" id="ming-elements"><span class="panel-title">Materials by Element</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a></div><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#forms" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Materials by Form</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"> </span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="forms"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/2d-materials" data-parent="#forms">2D Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/alloys.html" data-parent="#forms">Alloy & Alloy Forms</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/metals.html" data-parent="#forms">Pure Metals & Metal Forms</a><div class="panel-ming2"><div class="panel-heading ming-L2" data-target="#chemicals" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#forms"><span class="panel-title">Chemicals & Salts</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="chemicals"> <strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/chemicals.html" data-parent="#chemicals">All Chemicals & Salts</a></strong> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Acetates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Acetates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Aluminides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Aluminides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ammonium-Sulfates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Ammonium Sulfates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Antimonides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Antimonides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Arsenates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Arsenates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Benzoates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Benzoate</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bromates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Bromates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bromides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Bromides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Carbonates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Carbonates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Chlorides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Chlorides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Chromates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Chromates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Fluorides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Fluorides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Hydrides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Hydrides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Hydroxides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Hydroxides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Iodates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Iodates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Iodides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Iodides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Lactates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Lactates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Molybdates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Molybdates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Nitrates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Nitrates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Oxalates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Oxalates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Oxides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Perchlorates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Perchlorates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Phosphates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Phosphates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Selenates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Selenates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Selenides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Selenides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Selenites.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Selenites</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Silicates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Silicates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Stearates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Stearates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Sulfates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Sulfates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Sulfides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Sulfides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sulfites" data-parent="#chemicals">Sulfites</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tantalates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Tantalates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tellurates.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Tellurates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tellurides.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Tellurides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tellurites.html" data-parent="#chemicals">Tellurites</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiocyanates" data-parent="#chemicals">Thiocyanates</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/vanadates" data-parent="#chemicals">Vanadates</a></div><div class="panel-ming2"><div class="panel-heading ming-L2" data-target="#ceramics" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#forms"><span class="panel-title">Ceramics</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"> </span></div><div id="ceramics" class="panel-body collapse"> <strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/ceramics.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Ceramics</a></strong> <strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/refractory-ceramics" data-parent="#ceramics">Refractory Ceramics</a></strong><strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/transparent-ceramics" data-parent="#ceramics">Transparent Ceramics</a></strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Aluminates.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Aluminates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Arsenides.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Arsenides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Borides.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Borides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Carbide.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Carbides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ferrite.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Ferrites</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Niobates.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Niobates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Nitrides.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Nitrides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Phosphides.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Phosphides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Silicides.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Silicides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Titanates.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Titanates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Tungstates.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Tungstates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Zirconates.html" data-parent="#ceramics">Zirconates</a></div></div><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/ceramic-fibers" data-parent="#forms">Ceramic Fibers</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/foams.html" data-parent="#forms">Foams: Metallic & Ceramic</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" data-parent="#forms">High Purity Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html" data-parent="#forms">Isotopes</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/mxenes" data-parent="#forms">MXenes</a><div class="panel-ming2"><div class="panel-heading ming-L2" data-target="#nanomaterials" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#forms"><span class="panel-title">Nanomaterials</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="nanomaterials"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" data-parent="#nanomaterials">All Nanomaterials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/quantum-dots" data-parent="#nanomaterials">Quantum Dots</a></div></div><div class="panel-ming2"><div class="panel-heading ming-L2" data-target="#organometallics-products" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#forms"><span class="panel-title">Organometallics</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="organometallics-products" class="panel-body collapse"> <strong><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/organometallics.html" data-parent="#organometallics-products">All Organometallics</a></strong> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ethylhexanoates.html" data-parent="#organometallics-products">2-Ethylhexanoates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Acetylacetonates.html" data-parent="#organometallics-products">Acetylacetonates</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/phthalocyanines" data-parent="#organometallics-products">Phthalocyanines</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/trifluoromethanesulfonates-triflates" data-parent="#organometallics-products">Trifluoromethanesulfonates</a></div></div><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxides.html" data-parent="#forms">Oxides</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/rare-earths.html" data-parent="#forms">Rare Earths</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/semiconductors.html" data-parent="#forms">Semiconductors</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/solutions" data-parent="#forms">Solutions</a></div></div><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#applications" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Materials by Application</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="applications"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" data-parent="#applications">Additive Manufacturing & 3D Printing</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Battery-Technology.html" data-parent="#applications">Battery & Supercapacitor Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/catalysts" data-parent="#applications">Catalysts</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/dental-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Dental Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/electronics-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Electronics Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Fuel Cell Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fusion-energy" data-parent="#applications">Fusion Energy</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Glass Manufacturing</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" data-parent="#applications">Green Technology & Alternative Energy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Hydrogen-Storage.html" data-parent="#applications">Hydrogen Storage</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Laser Crystals</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bio-Medical.html" data-parent="#applications">Life Sciences & Biomaterials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/metallurgy.html" data-parent="#applications">Metallurgy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" data-parent="#applications">Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Optical Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/solar-energy-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Photovoltaic & Solar Energy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/metal-plating" data-parent="#applications">Plating</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pigments-coatings.html" data-parent="#applications">Pigments & Coatings</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/research-and-development.html" data-parent="#applications">Research & Development</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html" data-parent="#applications">Space Technology</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sputtering-targets.html" data-parent="#applications">Sputtering Targets</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" data-parent="#applications">Thin Film Deposition</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/water-treatment-chemicals.html" data-parent="#applications">Water Treatment</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/weather-modification" data-parent="#applications">Weather Modification</a></div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#life-science-products" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Life Science Chemicals</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"> </span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="life-science-products"><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/life-science-organic-chemistry" data-parent="life-science-products">Life Science Products</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/alcohols" data-parent="life-science-products">Alcohols</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/aldehydes" data-parent="life-science-products">Aldehydes</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/amides" data-parent="life-science-products">Amides</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/amines" data-parent="life-science-products">Amines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/amino-acids-derivatives" data-parent="life-science-products">Amino Acids & Derivatives</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/aromatics" data-parent="life-science-products">Aromatics</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/aryls" data-parent="life-science-products">Aryls</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/azetidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Azetidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzimidazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzimidazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzisoxazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzisoxazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzodioxans" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzodioxans</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzofurans" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzofurans</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzothiazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzothiazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzothiophenes" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzothiophenes</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/benzoxazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Benzoxazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/carboxylic-acids" data-parent="life-science-products">Carboxylic Acids</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/enzymes-inhibitors" data-parent="life-science-products">Enzymes & Inhibitors</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/esters" data-parent="life-science-products">Esters</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/ethers" data-parent="life-science-products">Ethers</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fluorinated-building-blocks" data-parent="life-science-products">Fluorinated Building Blocks</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/furans" data-parent="life-science-products">Furans</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/halides" data-parent="life-science-products">Halides</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/imidazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Imidazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/imidazolidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Imidazolidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/indazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Indazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/indoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Indoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/indolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Indolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/isoquinolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Isoquinolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/isoxazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Isoxazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/ketones" data-parent="life-science-products">Ketones</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/morpholines" data-parent="life-science-products">Morpholines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/naphthyridines" data-parent="life-science-products">Naphthyridines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/nitriles" data-parent="life-science-products">Nitriles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/organoboron" data-parent="life-science-products">Organoboron</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/organosilicon" data-parent="life-science-products">Organosilicon</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxadiazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Oxadiazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Oxazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pharmaceuticals-intermediates" data-parent="life-science-products">Pharmaceuticals & Intermediates</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/phenols" data-parent="life-science-products">Phenols</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/phytochemicals" data-parent="life-science-products">Phytochemicals</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/piperazines" data-parent="life-science-products">Piperazines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/piperidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Piperidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrazines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrazines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyridazines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyridazines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyridines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyridines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrimidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrimidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrroles" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrroles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrrolidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrrolidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pyrrolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Pyrrolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/quinazolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Quinazolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/quinolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Quinolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/quinoxalines" data-parent="life-science-products">Quinoxalines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/spiroes" data-parent="life-science-products">Spiroes</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sulfonyl-chlorides" data-parent="life-science-products">Sulfonyl Chlorides</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/tetrahydroisoquinolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Tetrahydroisoquinolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/tetrahydropyrans" data-parent="life-science-products">Tetrahydropyrans</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/tetrahydroquinolines" data-parent="life-science-products">Tetrahydroquinolines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/tetrazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Tetrazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiadiazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Thiadiazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Thiazoles</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiazolidines" data-parent="life-science-products">Thiazolidines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiols" data-parent="life-science-products">Thiols</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thiophenes" data-parent="life-science-products">Thiophenes</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/triazines" data-parent="life-science-products">Triazines</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/triazoles" data-parent="life-science-products">Triazoles</a></div></div><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#company" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">About Us</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="company"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/company.html" data-parent="#company">Our Company</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/eventspressreleases.html" data-parent="#company">News & Events</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Media.html" data-parent="#company">Media</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/employment.html" data-parent="#company">Employment</a></div></div><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/quality-assurance-quality-control" class="ming-link panel-heading ming-L1" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Quality Assurance/Quality Control</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#countries" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Locations</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="countries"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/osterreich.html">Austria</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/belgium.html">Belgium</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/brasil.html">Brazil</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/canada.html">Canada</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/china-hongkong.html">China & Hong Kong</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/ceskarepublika.html">Czech Republic</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/danmark.html">Denmark</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/suomi.html">Finland</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/france.html">France</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/deutschland.html">Germany</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/greece.html">Greece</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/magyarorszag.html">Hungary</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/india.html">India</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/indonesia.html">Indonesia</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/israel.html">Israel</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/italia.html">Italy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/japan.html">Japan</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/malaysia.html">Malaysia</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/mexico.html">Mexico</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/nederland.html">Netherlands</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/norge.html">Norway</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/philippines.html">Philippines</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/polska.html">Poland</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/portugal.html">Portugal</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/russia.html">Russia</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/singapore.html">Singapore</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/korea.html">South Korea</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/espana.html">Spain</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sverige.html">Sweden</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/switzerland.html">Switzerland</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/taiwan.html">Taiwan</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/thailand.html">Thailand</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/turkiye.html">Turkey</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/united-kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/">United States</a></div></div><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1" data-target="#industries" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Industries</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse" id="industries"> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/aerospace-aircraft.html" data-parent="#industries">Aerospace</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/agriculture.html" data-parent="#industries">Agriculture</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/automotive.html" data-parent="#industries">Automotive</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/chemical-manufacturing.html" data-parent="#industries">Chemical Manufacturing</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/defense.html" data-parent="#industries">Defense</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/dentistry.html" data-parent="#industries">Dentistry</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/electronics.html" data-parent="#industries">Electronics</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/energy-storage-batteries.html" data-parent="#industries">Energy Storage & Batteries</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fine-art-materials" data-parent="#industries">Fine Art Materials</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell.html" data-parent="#industries">Fuel Cells</a><a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/fusion-energy" data-parent="#industries">Fusion Energy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#industries">Glass</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/investment-grade-metals.html" data-parent="#industries">Investment Grade Metals</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/jewelry-fashion.html" data-parent="#industries">Jewelry & Fashion</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#industries">Lasers</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/lighting.html" data-parent="#industries">Lighting</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/medical-devices.html" data-parent="#industries">Medical Devices</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/museum-gallery-services" data-parent="#industries">Museums & Galleries</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/nuclear-energy.html" data-parent="#industries">Nuclear Energy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/oil-gas.html" data-parent="#industries">Oil & Gas</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" data-parent="#industries">Optics</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/paper-pulp.html" data-parent="#industries">Paper & Pulp</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html" data-parent="#industries">Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/research-laboratory.html" data-parent="#industries">Research & Laboratory</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/robotics" data-parent="#industries">Robotics</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/solar-energy.html" data-parent="#industries">Solar Energy</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html" data-parent="#industries">Space</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/sports-equipment.html" data-parent="#industries">Sports Equipment</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/steel.html" data-parent="#industries">Steel & Alloy Producers</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/textiles-fabrics.html" data-parent="#industries">Textiles & Fabrics</a> <a class="ming-link" href="https://www.americanelements.com/water-treatment-chemicals.html" data-parent="#industries">Water Treatment Municipalities</a></div></div><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/services" class="ming-link panel-heading ming-L1" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Services</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-data-center" class="panel-heading ming-L1 ming-link" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Safety Data Center</span><span class="sds-icon dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/research-center" class="panel-heading ming-L1 ming-link" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Research Center</span><span class="Library-Books-24 dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/materials-science" class="ming-link panel-heading ming-L1" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Explore Materials Science</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/toolbox.html" class="panel-heading ming-L1 ming-link" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Toolbox</span><span class="wrench dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aenotes.html" class="ming-link panel-heading ming-L1" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Materials Science News</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon notranslate"></span></a> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/quote" class="panel-heading ming-L1 ming-link" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Contact us / Request Quote</span></a><div class="panel panel-ming"><div class="panel-heading ming-L1 share-menu" data-target="#share" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#ming"><span class="panel-title">Share This Page</span><span class="ming-icon sharepage dropdown-icon"></span></div><div class="panel-body collapse ming-share" id="share"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Citation%20from%20American%20Elements&body=Courtesy%20of%20American%20Elements:%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Email <span class="share-icon mail-16"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=via%20%40AmericanElement%3A%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Tweet<span class="share-icon twitter-16"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Facebook<span class="share-icon facebook-16"></span></a></div></div><div class="follow-us" data-parent="#ming"> Follow Us<div id="social"><a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="l-content-wrap"><div id="preface-container" class="l-preface-wrap l-setwidth" ><div class="preface_first"><div class="region region-preface-first"><div id="block-block-9" class="block block-block"><form class="form-search" role="search" method="get" action="https://www.americanelements.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi"><div class="form-search-wrapper"> <input type="search" class="form-search-field" name="zoom_query" aria-labelledby="search2"> <input type="submit" class="form-search-submit magnifier16" id="search2" title="search" value=""></div></form></div></div></div><div class="preface_second"><div class="region region-preface-second"><div id="block-nice-menus-1" class="block block-nice-menus"><ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-down nice-menu-main-menu" id="nice-menu-1"><li class="menu-8891 menu-path-samericanelementscom-companyhtml first odd menu-8891 aboutus level-1"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/company.html" title="About American Elements: Our Manufacturing" class="alink menu-8891 aboutus">About Us</a></li><li class="menu-8928 menuparent menu-path-nolink even menu-8928 products level-1"><span tabindex="0" class="alink menu-8928 products nolink">Products</span><ul><li class="menu-13954 menu-path-node-240839 first odd menu-13954 elementsproductsby level-2"><a href="/products-by-element" class="alink menu-13954 elementsproductsby">Elements, Products by</a></li><li class="menu-20617 menu-path-node-271036 even menu-20617 lifesciences level-2"><a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="alink menu-20617 lifesciences">Life Sciences</a></li><li class="menu-20565 menu-path-taxonomy-term-6757 odd menu-20565 dmaterials level-2"><a href="/2d-materials" class="alink menu-20565 dmaterials">2D Materials</a></li><li class="menu-13809 menu-path-taxonomy-term-5160 even menu-13809 additivemanufacturingdprintingmaterials level-2"><a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="alink menu-13809 additivemanufacturingdprintingmaterials">Additive Manufacturing & 3D Printing Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8862 menu-path-samericanelementscom-alloyshtml odd menu-8862 alloysalloyforms level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/alloys.html" class="alink menu-8862 alloysalloyforms">Alloys & Alloy Forms</a></li><li class="menu-17757 menu-path-taxonomy-term-88 even menu-17757 biomaterials level-2"><a href="/biomaterials" title="Biomaterials" class="alink menu-17757 biomaterials">Biomaterials</a></li><li class="menu-8864 menu-path-samericanelementscom-battery-technologyhtml odd menu-8864 batterymaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Battery-Technology.html" class="alink menu-8864 batterymaterials">Battery Materials</a></li><li class="menu-16183 menu-path-taxonomy-term-4801 even menu-16183 catalysts level-2"><a href="/catalysts" class="alink menu-16183 catalysts">Catalysts</a></li><li class="menu-8865 menu-path-samericanelementscom-ceramicshtml odd menu-8865 ceramics level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/ceramics.html" class="alink menu-8865 ceramics">Ceramics </a></li><li class="menu-8866 menu-path-samericanelementscom-chemicalshtml even menu-8866 chemicalssalts level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/chemicals.html" class="alink menu-8866 chemicalssalts">Chemicals & Salts</a></li><li class="menu-8867 menu-path-samericanelementscom-dental-materialshtml odd menu-8867 dentalmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/dental-materials.html" class="alink menu-8867 dentalmaterials">Dental Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8868 menu-path-samericanelementscom-electronics-materialshtml even menu-8868 electronicsmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/electronics-materials.html" class="alink menu-8868 electronicsmaterials">Electronics Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8869 menu-path-samericanelementscom-foamshtml odd menu-8869 foams level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/foams.html" class="alink menu-8869 foams">Foams</a></li><li class="menu-8870 menu-path-samericanelementscom-fuel-cell-materialshtml even menu-8870 fuelcellmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell-materials.html" class="alink menu-8870 fuelcellmaterials">Fuel Cell Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8872 menu-path-samericanelementscom-ultra-high-purity-metals-powdershtm odd menu-8872 highpuritymaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="alink menu-8872 highpuritymaterials">High Purity Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8873 menu-path-samericanelementscom-hydrogen-storagehtml even menu-8873 hydrogenstoragematerials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Hydrogen-Storage.html" class="alink menu-8873 hydrogenstoragematerials">Hydrogen Storage Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8874 menu-path-samericanelementscom-isotopeshtml odd menu-8874 isotopes level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html" class="alink menu-8874 isotopes">Isotopes</a></li><li class="menu-13793 menu-path-taxonomy-term-5113 even menu-13793 laboratorychemicals level-2"><a href="/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="alink menu-13793 laboratorychemicals">Laboratory Chemicals</a></li><li class="menu-10894 menu-path-samericanelementscom-optical-materialshtml odd menu-10894 lasercrystals level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" class="alink menu-10894 lasercrystals">Laser Crystals</a></li><li class="menu-8876 menu-path-samericanelementscom-metalshtml even menu-8876 metalmetalforms level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/metals.html" class="alink menu-8876 metalmetalforms">Metal & Metal Forms</a></li><li class="menu-20557 menu-path-taxonomy-term-6447 odd menu-20557 mxenesmaxphasematerials level-2"><a href="/mxenes" class="alink menu-20557 mxenesmaxphasematerials">MXenes & MAX Phase Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8878 menu-path-samericanelementscom-nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnologyhtml even menu-8878 nanomaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="alink menu-8878 nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li><li class="menu-8880 menu-path-samericanelementscom-optical-materialshtml odd menu-8880 opticalmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" class="alink menu-8880 opticalmaterials">Optical Materials</a></li><li class="menu-20618 menu-path-node-271036 even menu-20618 organicchemicals level-2"><a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="alink menu-20618 organicchemicals">Organic Chemicals</a></li><li class="menu-8881 menu-path-samericanelementscom-organometallicshtml odd menu-8881 organometallics level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/organometallics.html" class="alink menu-8881 organometallics">Organometallics</a></li><li class="menu-8882 menu-path-samericanelementscom-oxideshtml even menu-8882 oxides level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/oxides.html" class="alink menu-8882 oxides">Oxides</a></li><li class="menu-8884 menu-path-samericanelementscom-pigments-coatingshtml odd menu-8884 pigmentscoatings level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pigments-coatings.html" class="alink menu-8884 pigmentscoatings">Pigments & Coatings</a></li><li class="menu-8885 menu-path-samericanelementscom-rare-earthshtml even menu-8885 rareearths level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rare-earths.html" class="alink menu-8885 rareearths">Rare Earths</a></li><li class="menu-8887 menu-path-samericanelementscom-semiconductorshtml odd menu-8887 semiconductors level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/semiconductors.html" class="alink menu-8887 semiconductors">Semiconductors</a></li><li class="menu-8883 menu-path-samericanelementscom-solar-energy-materialshtml even menu-8883 solarenergymaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/solar-energy-materials.html" class="alink menu-8883 solarenergymaterials">Solar Energy Materials</a></li><li class="menu-8890 menu-path-samericanelementscom-solutions odd menu-8890 solutions level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/solutions" class="alink menu-8890 solutions">Solutions</a></li><li class="menu-8888 menu-path-samericanelementscom-sputtering-targetshtml even menu-8888 sputteringtargets level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/sputtering-targets.html" class="alink menu-8888 sputteringtargets">Sputtering Targets</a></li><li class="menu-8889 menu-path-samericanelementscom-thin-film-evaporation-materialshtml odd menu-8889 thinfilmdepositionevaporationmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" class="alink menu-8889 thinfilmdepositionevaporationmaterials">Thin Film Deposition & Evaporation Materials</a></li><li class="menu-17791 menu-path-taxonomy-term-87 even last menu-17791 watertreatmentchemicals level-2"><a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" title="Water Treatment Chemicals" class="alink menu-17791 watertreatmentchemicals">Water Treatment Chemicals</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-8927 menuparent menu-path-nolink active-trail odd menu-8927 industries level-1"><span class="alink menu-8927 industries nolink">Industries</span><ul><li class="menu-17755 menu-path-taxonomy-term-152 first odd menu-17755 agriculture level-2"><a href="/agriculture.html" title="Agriculture" class="alink menu-17755 agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="menu-17754 menu-path-taxonomy-term-151 even menu-17754 aerospace level-2"><a href="/aerospace-aircraft.html" title="Aerospace" class="alink menu-17754 aerospace">Aerospace</a></li><li class="menu-17756 menu-path-taxonomy-term-153 odd menu-17756 automotive level-2"><a href="/automotive.html" title="Automotive" class="alink menu-17756 automotive">Automotive</a></li><li class="menu-14906 menu-path-taxonomy-term-76 even menu-14906 batterymanufacturing level-2"><a href="/energy-storage-batteries.html" title="Battery manufacturing" class="alink menu-14906 batterymanufacturing">Battery Manufacturing</a></li><li class="menu-17758 menu-path-taxonomy-term-154 odd menu-17758 chemicalmanufacturing level-2"><a href="/chemical-manufacturing.html" title="Chemical Manufacturing" class="alink menu-17758 chemicalmanufacturing">Chemical Manufacturing</a></li><li class="menu-17759 menu-path-taxonomy-term-155 even menu-17759 defense level-2"><a href="/defense.html" title="Defense" class="alink menu-17759 defense">Defense</a></li><li class="menu-17760 menu-path-taxonomy-term-77 odd menu-17760 dentistry level-2"><a href="/dentistry.html" title="Dentistry" class="alink menu-17760 dentistry">Dentistry</a></li><li class="menu-10896 menu-path-samericanelementscom-fine-art-materials even menu-10896 fineartmaterials level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fine-art-materials" class="alink menu-10896 fineartmaterials">Fine Art Materials</a></li><li class="menu-17761 menu-path-taxonomy-term-78 odd menu-17761 electronics level-2"><a href="/electronics.html" title="Electronics" class="alink menu-17761 electronics">Electronics</a></li><li class="menu-17763 menu-path-taxonomy-term-79 active-trail even menu-17763 fuelcells level-2"><a href="/fuel-cell.html" title="Fuel Cells" class="alink menu-17763 fuelcells active">Fuel Cells</a></li><li class="menu-8871 menu-path-samericanelementscom-green-technology-alternative-energyhtml odd menu-8871 greentechnology level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="alink menu-8871 greentechnology">Green Technology</a></li><li class="menu-17768 menu-path-taxonomy-term-156 even menu-17768 investmentgrademetals level-2"><a href="/investment-grade-metals.html" title="Investment Grade Metals" class="alink menu-17768 investmentgrademetals">Investment Grade Metals</a></li><li class="menu-17769 menu-path-taxonomy-term-158 odd menu-17769 jewelryfashion level-2"><a href="/jewelry-fashion.html" title="Jewelry & Fashion" class="alink menu-17769 jewelryfashion">Jewelry & Fashion</a></li><li class="menu-13792 menu-path-taxonomy-term-164 even menu-13792 laboratory level-2"><a href="/research-laboratory.html" title="Laboratory Chemicals" class="alink menu-13792 laboratory">Laboratory</a></li><li class="menu-8875 menu-path-samericanelementscom-bio-medicalhtml odd menu-8875 lifesciences level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bio-Medical.html" class="alink menu-8875 lifesciences">Life Sciences</a></li><li class="menu-17771 menu-path-taxonomy-term-157 even menu-17771 lighting level-2"><a href="/lighting.html" title="Lighting" class="alink menu-17771 lighting">Lighting</a></li><li class="menu-17772 menu-path-taxonomy-term-149 odd menu-17772 medicaldevices level-2"><a href="/medical-devices.html" title="Medical Devices" class="alink menu-17772 medicaldevices">Medical Devices</a></li><li class="menu-17773 menu-path-taxonomy-term-5533 even menu-17773 metalplating level-2"><a href="/metal-plating" title="Metal Plating" class="alink menu-17773 metalplating">Metal Plating</a></li><li class="menu-8877 menu-path-samericanelementscom-metallurgyhtml odd menu-8877 metallurgy level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/metallurgy.html" class="alink menu-8877 metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li><li class="menu-10895 menu-path-samericanelementscom-museum-gallery-services even menu-10895 museumsgalleries level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/museum-gallery-services" class="alink menu-10895 museumsgalleries">Museums & Galleries</a></li><li class="menu-17776 menu-path-taxonomy-term-159 odd menu-17776 nuclearenergy level-2"><a href="/nuclear-energy.html" title="Nuclear Energy" class="alink menu-17776 nuclearenergy">Nuclear Energy</a></li><li class="menu-17777 menu-path-taxonomy-term-160 even menu-17777 oilgas level-2"><a href="/oil-gas.html" title="Oil & Gas" class="alink menu-17777 oilgas">Oil & Gas</a></li><li class="menu-10897 menu-path-samericanelementscom-optical-materialshtml odd menu-10897 opticsglass level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html" class="alink menu-10897 opticsglass">Optics & Glass</a></li><li class="menu-17779 menu-path-taxonomy-term-162 even menu-17779 paperpulp level-2"><a href="/paper-pulp.html" title="Paper & Pulp" class="alink menu-17779 paperpulp">Paper & Pulp</a></li><li class="menu-17780 menu-path-taxonomy-term-150 odd menu-17780 pharmaceuticalscosmetics level-2"><a href="/pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html" title="Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics" class="alink menu-17780 pharmaceuticalscosmetics">Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics</a></li><li class="menu-8886 menu-path-samericanelementscom-research-and-developmenthtml even menu-8886 researchdevelopment level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/research-and-development.html" class="alink menu-8886 researchdevelopment">Research & Development</a></li><li class="menu-17785 menu-path-taxonomy-term-85 odd menu-17785 solarenergy level-2"><a href="/solar-energy.html" title="Solar Energy" class="alink menu-17785 solarenergy">Solar Energy</a></li><li class="menu-17786 menu-path-taxonomy-term-165 even menu-17786 space level-2"><a href="/space-industry.html" title="Space" class="alink menu-17786 space">Space</a></li><li class="menu-17787 menu-path-taxonomy-term-166 odd menu-17787 sportsequipment level-2"><a href="/sports-equipment.html" title="Sports Equipment" class="alink menu-17787 sportsequipment">Sports Equipment</a></li><li class="menu-17788 menu-path-taxonomy-term-168 even menu-17788 steelalloyproducers level-2"><a href="/steel.html" title="Steel & Alloy Producers" class="alink menu-17788 steelalloyproducers">Steel & Alloy Producers</a></li><li class="menu-17789 menu-path-taxonomy-term-169 odd menu-17789 textilesfabrics level-2"><a href="/textiles-fabrics.html" title="Textiles & Fabrics" class="alink menu-17789 textilesfabrics">Textiles & Fabrics</a></li><li class="menu-11603 menu-path-samericanelementscom-water-treatment-chemicalshtml even last menu-11603 watertreatment level-2"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="alink menu-11603 watertreatment">Water Treatment</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-11374 menu-path-node-114688 even menu-11374 research level-1"><a href="/research-center" class="alink menu-11374 research">Research</a></li><li class="menu-18949 menu-path-node-122602 odd menu-18949 sds level-1"><a href="/safety-data-center" class="alink menu-18949 sds">SDS</a></li><li class="menu-8930 menu-path-node-57 even menu-8930 contactus level-1"><a href="/quote" title="Contact American Elements or Request a Quote" class="alink menu-8930 contactus">Contact Us</a></li><li class="menu-8892 menuparent menu-path-nolink odd last menu-8892 followus level-1"><span class="alink menu-8892 followus nolink">Follow Us</span><ul><li class="menu-8929 menu-path-stwittercom-americanelement first odd menu-8929 twitter level-2"><a href="https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" title="Follow American Elements on Twitter" class="follow-links follow-links-twitter alink menu-8929 twitter">Twitter</a></li><li class="menu-8931 menu-path-sfacebookcom-americanelement even menu-8931 facebook level-2"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" title="Like American Elements on Facebook" class="follow-links follow-links-facebook alink menu-8931 facebook">Facebook</a></li><li class="menu-18943 menu-path-sinstagramcom-americanelements- odd menu-18943 instagram level-2"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="follow-links follow-links-instagram alink menu-18943 instagram">Instagram</a></li><li class="menu-8933 menu-path-linkedincom-company-american-elements even last menu-8933 linkedin level-2"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements" title="Connect with American Elements on LinkedIn" class="follow-links follow-links-linkedin alink menu-8933 linkedin">LinkedIn</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="main" ><div class="l-main l-setwidth" role="main" ><div class="l-content"> <a id="main-content"></a><div class="l-fullwidth-highlight"></div><div class="region region-content"><div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"><div class="panel-display industry-apps clearfix " id="industry-content"><div class="industry-apps-container industry-apps-header clearfix panel-panel"><div class="industry-apps-container-inner industry-apps-header-inner panel-panel-inner banner"><div class="field-banner"><div id="file-2113" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"><h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/2113">fuel-cell-industry-banner.jpg</a></h2><div class="content"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/headers/fuel-cell-industry-banner.jpg" alt="" title="" /></div></div></div><h1>Fuel Cells</h1></div></div><div class="industry-apps-container industry-apps-column-content clearfix"><div class="industry-apps-column-content-region industry-apps-content panel-panel"><div class="industry-apps-column-content-region-inner industry-apps-content-inner panel-panel-inner"><div class="panel-pane pane-term-description" ><div class="pane-content"><p> American Elements produces the full range of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fuel-cell-materials.html">anode, cathode and electrolyte materials</a> essential to the production of solid oxide fuel cells. We developed unique processes to reduce the cost of producing <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/nickel-cermet">nickel cermet anode material</a> and were one of the first companies to commercially produce <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm">lanthanum strontium manganite cathode powders</a> by solid state processes.</p><p> American Elements was one of the first participants in the Department of Energy鈥檚 Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) joining the program in 2000 and first proposed the addition of a materials program to the alliance at an important joint US-EU fuel cell conference in 2001.</p><p>American Elements is the world's largest producer of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing">Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing materials</a> for the Fuel Cell Industry.</p></div></div><div class="view view-product-page-lists view-id-product_page_lists view-display-id-panel_pane_1 view-dom-id-c7c897f06fd6c58050976f517770d75e"><div class="view-content"><div class="view-grouping"><div><div class="panelizer-view-mode node node-teaser node-case-study node-14769 case-study"><div class="panel-display boxton clearfix " ><div class="boxton-container boxton-content boxton-content-region panel-panel"><div class="ctools-collapsible-container"><h2 class="pane-title ctools-collapsible-handle">Innovation Case Study #15: American Elements Develops Low Cost Fuel Cell Material for U.S. Department of Energy Program</h2><div class="ctools-collapsible-content"><h3 class="case-study-title">#15: American Elements Develops Low Cost Fuel Cell Material for U.S. Department of Energy Program</h3><div class="panel-separator"></div><hr class="grad"><div class="panel-separator"></div><h3 class="field-label"> The Challenge</h3><div class="field-the-challenge"> Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer the world a potential game changing means to produce energy from hydrocarbons; far cleaner and more efficient than combustion engines. However, many technical and cost issues have prevented their commercialization, chief of which is the cost of the electrode and electrolyte materials. The most expensive of these is the perovskite-structured cathode material <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm">lanthanum strontium manganite</a> (LSM) produced through the very expensive and time-consuming process of co-precipitation.</div><div class="panel-separator"></div><hr class="grad"><div class="panel-separator"></div><h3 class="field-label"> The Innovation</h3><div class="field-the-innovation"> As part of the Solid Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) formed by the U.S. Department of Energy, American Elements proposed at a joint meeting of the European Union and SECA participants in Brussels in 2001 that LSM could and should be produced through the much less costly means of solid state sintering of the powder and demonstrated a scheme for commercializing the approach. Samples from this technology were distributed for testing to SECA participants including Honeywell, Cummins Engines and General Electric.</div><div class="panel-separator"></div><hr class="grad"><div class="panel-separator"></div><h3 class="field-label"> The Result</h3><div class="field-the-result"> Testing by program participants confirmed the efficacy of the new production method. American Elements scaled the process from pilot to commercial scale at its Bluffdale, Utah plant. Cost estimates for production of solid oxide fuel cells have been reduced and today we provide low cost LSM and several other cathode materials to programs in the U.S., Europe and Japan.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-15" ><div class="pane-content"><h5>Below is merely a selection of the full catalog of Fuel Cells products that American Elements manufactures. If you do not see a material you're looking for listed, please <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi">search the website</a> or contact <a href="mailto:customerservice@americanelements.com">customerservice@americanelements.com</a>.</h5> <br /></div></div><div class="ctools-collapsible-container paneled industry-products"><h2 class="pane-title ctools-collapsible-handle">Selected Products Supplied to the Fuel Cells Industry</h2><div class="ctools-collapsible-content"><div class="view view-test-exclude view-id-test_exclude view-display-id-block view-dom-id-140b2c4df58a65e50234acd159afac73"><div class="view-content"><table class="views-view-grid cols-4"><tbody><tr ><td > <a href="/3-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-113482-02-3">3% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia</a></td><td > <a href="/40-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-nanoparticles-nanopowder">40% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/8-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-114168-16-0">8% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-cerate-53096-50-7">Barium Cerate</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/barium-cerium-yttrium-zirconate-sputtering-target">Barium Cerium Yttrium Zirconate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-strontium-cobalt-ferrite">Barium Strontium Cobalt Ferrite</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-yttrium-zirconate-163294-84-6">Barium Yttrium Zirconate</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-yttrium-zirconate-sputtering-target-163294-84-6">Barium Yttrium Zirconate Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/barium-zirconate-12009-21-1">Barium Zirconate</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-zirconate-sputtering-target-12009-21-1">Barium Zirconate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/barium-zirconium-cerium-yttrium-oxide">Barium Zirconium Cerium Yttrium Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/calcia-stabilized-zirconia-11129-15-0">Calcia Stabilized Zirconia</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/calcia-stabilized-zirconia-sputtering-target-11129-15-0">Calcia Stabilized Zirconia Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/calcium-doped-lanthanum-chromite-paste">Calcium Doped Lanthanum Chromite Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/calcium-silicate-10101-39-0">Calcium Silicate</a></td><td > <a href="/calcium-doped-ceria-sputtering-target">Calcium-doped Ceria Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/carbon-fiber-7440-44-0">Carbon Fiber</a></td><td > <a href="/carbon-foam-7440-44-0">Carbon Foam</a></td><td > <a href="/carbon-granules-7440-44-0">Carbon Granules</a></td><td > <a href="/carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">Carbon Nanotubes</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-calcium-doped-nanoparticle-dispersion">Cerium Oxide Calcium doped Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-calcium-doped-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Cerium Oxide Calcium doped Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-gadolinium-doped-nanoparticle-dispersion">Cerium Oxide Gadolinium doped Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-gadolinium-doped-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Cerium Oxide Gadolinium doped Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-samarium-doped-nanoparticle-dispersion">Cerium Oxide Samarium doped Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-yttria-doped-nanoparticle-dispersion-170033-03-1">Cerium Oxide Yttria doped Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-yttria-doped-nanoparticles-nanopowder-170033-03-1">Cerium Oxide Yttria doped Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-gadolinium-doped-pellets">Cerium Oxide, Gadolinium-doped Pellets</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-praseodymium-doped">Cerium Oxide, Praseodymium-doped</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-samarium-doped-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Cerium Oxide, Samarium doped Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-oxide-samarium-doped-pellets">Cerium Oxide, Samarium-doped Pellets</a></td><td > <a href="/cerium-zirconium-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion-53169-24-7">Cerium Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/cerium-zirconium-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-53169-24-7">Cerium Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/cobalt-boride-co2b-12045-01-1">Cobalt Boride (Co2B)</a></td><td > <a href="/cobalt-ii-phthalocyanine-3317-67-7">Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine</a></td><td > <a href="/copper-foam-7440-50-8">Copper Foam</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/copper-mesh-7440-50-8">Copper Mesh</a></td><td > <a href="/copper-wire-7440-50-8">Copper Wire</a></td><td > <a href="/gadolinia-doped-ceria-gdc">Gadolinia doped Ceria (GDC)</a></td><td > <a href="/gadolinia-doped-ceria-paste-gdc">Gadolinia doped Ceria Paste (GDC)</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/gadolinia-doped-ceria-sputtering-target-gdc">Gadolinia doped Ceria Sputtering Target (GDC)</a></td><td > <a href="/gadolinium-doped-zinc-oxide">Gadolinium-doped Zinc Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/gold-conductor-paste-7440-57-5">Gold Conductor Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/gold-mesh-7440-57-5">Gold Mesh</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/graphene-1034343-98-0">Graphene</a></td><td > <a href="/graphene-oxide-paper">Graphene Oxide Paper</a></td><td > <a href="/graphene-oxide-thin-film">Graphene Oxide Thin Film</a></td><td > <a href="/graphite-felt-7782-42-5">Graphite Felt</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/indium-oxide-tin-oxide-50926-11-9">Indium Oxide/Tin Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/iridium-black-7439-88-5">Iridium Black</a></td><td > <a href="/iridium-ruthenium-oxide">Iridium Ruthenium Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/iridium-tantalum-coated-titanium-anodes">Iridium-Tantalum coated Titanium Anodes</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-calcium-chromite">Lanthanum Calcium Chromite</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-calcium-cobalt-oxide">Lanthanum Calcium Cobalt Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-calcium-manganite-lcm-123273-09-6">Lanthanum Calcium Manganite (LCM)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-calcium-manganite-sputtering-target-123273-09-6">Lanthanum Calcium Manganite Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-cobalt-oxide-12016-86-3">Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target-12016-86-3">Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-gallate-strontium-and-magnesium-doped-lsgm">Lanthanum Gallate, Strontium and Magnesium Doped (LSGM)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-germanate-454676-27-8">Lanthanum Germanate</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-iron-oxide-12022-43-4">Lanthanum Iron Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-iron-oxide-sputtering-target-12022-43-4">Lanthanum Iron Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-manganate-sputtering-target-12031-12-8">Lanthanum Manganate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickel-iron-oxide">Lanthanum Nickel Iron Oxide</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickel-oxide-12031-18-4">Lanthanum Nickel Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickel-oxide-sputtering-target-12031-18-4">Lanthanum Nickel Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickelate-nanoparticle-dispersion-12031-41-3">Lanthanum Nickelate Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickelate-nanoparticles-nanopowder-12031-41-3">Lanthanum Nickelate Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickelate-strontium-doped-nanoparticle-dispersion">Lanthanum Nickelate, Strontium-doped Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickelate-strontium-doped-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Lanthanum Nickelate, Strontium-doped Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-chromite">Lanthanum Strontium Chromite</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-chromite-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Chromite Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-chromite">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Chromite</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-chromite-paste">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Chromite Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite-lscf">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite-paste">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Paste</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite-lsc-108916-09-2">Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (LSC)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite-ferrite-lscf-gadolinium-doped-ceria-gdc">Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite (LSCF)- Gadolinium Doped Ceria (GDC)</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-ferrite-lsf">Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-gallate-magnesite-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganese-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion">Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganese-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganese-oxide-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-ysz">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM) - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ)</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-lsm-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM) Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-gadolinium-doped-ceria">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite - Gadolinium Doped Ceria</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-paste">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-manganite-zirconia-paste">Lanthanum Strontium Manganite/Zirconia Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-strontium-titanium-manganese-oxide">Lanthanum Strontium Titanium Manganese Oxide</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lanthanum-yttrium-germanate-1067877-96-6">Lanthanum Yttrium Germanate</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-yttrium-germanate-sputtering-target-1067877-96-6">Lanthanum Yttrium Germanate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lanthanum-nickel-aluminum-alloy-71129-18-5">Lanthanum-Nickel-Aluminum Alloy</a></td><td > <a href="/lithium-aluminate-12003-67-7">Lithium Aluminate</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/lithium-aluminate-sputtering-target-12003-67-7">Lithium Aluminate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/lithium-carbonate-554-13-2">Lithium Carbonate</a></td><td > <a href="/lithium-iron-ii-silicate-30734-07-7">Lithium Iron(II) Silicate</a></td><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-35-wt">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia (3.5 wt%)</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-45-mol">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia (4.5 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-5-mol">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia (5 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-powder">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia Powder</a></td><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-rod">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia Rod</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/magnesia-stabilized-zirconia-sheet">Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia Sheet</a></td><td > <a href="/magnesium-aluminum-zirconium-oxide-53169-11-2">Magnesium Aluminum Zirconium Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/manganese-cobalt-oxide-spinel-powder">Manganese Cobalt Oxide, Spinel Powder</a></td><td > <a href="/mesoporous-carbon-1333-86-4">Mesoporous Carbon</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/neodymium-strontium-manganate-sputtering-target">Neodymium Strontium Manganate Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-cermet">Nickel Cermet</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-cobalt-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-58591-45-0">Nickel Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-foam-7440-02-0">Nickel Foam</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/nickel-gauze-7440-02-0">Nickel Gauze</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-ink-7440-02-0">Nickel Ink</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-mesh-7440-02-0">Nickel Mesh</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-nanoparticle-dispersion-7440-02-0">Nickel Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/nickel-nanoparticles-7440-02-0">Nickel Nanoparticles</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-1313-99-1">Nickel Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-gadolinia-doped-ceria">Nickel Oxide - Gadolinia doped Ceria</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-samaria-doped-ceria-sdc-anode">Nickel Oxide - Samaria doped Ceria (SDC) Anode</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-scandia-stabilized-zirconia-scz-anode">Nickel Oxide - Scandia Stabilized Zirconia (SCZ) Anode</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-8-mol-anode">Nickel Oxide - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (8 Mol. %) Anode</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-anode-paste">Nickel Oxide - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Anode Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-anode-tape">Nickel Oxide - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Anode Tape</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-anode-paste-1313-99-1">Nickel Oxide Anode Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-oxide-sccesz-anode">Nickel Oxide-ScCeSZ Anode</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-paste-7440-02-0">Nickel Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-wire-7440-02-0">Nickel Wire</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/nickel-zinc-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-12645-50-0">Nickel Zinc Iron Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-ii-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion-1313-99-1">Nickel(II) Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/nickel-ii-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder-1313-99-1">Nickel(II) Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-black-7440-05-3">Palladium Black</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/palladium-conductor-paste-7440-05-3">Palladium Conductor Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-ink-7440-05-3">Palladium Ink</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-nanoparticle-dispersion-7440-05-3">Palladium Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-nanoparticles-7440-05-3">Palladium Nanoparticles</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/palladium-on-alumina-7440-05-3">Palladium on Alumina</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-barium-carbonate-7440-05-3">Palladium on Barium Carbonate</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-barium-sulfate-7440-05-3">Palladium on Barium Sulfate</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-calcium-carbonate-7440-05-3">Palladium on Calcium Carbonate</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/palladium-on-calcium-carbonate-poisoned-with-lead-lindlar-catalyst-53092-86-7">Palladium on Calcium Carbonate, Poisoned with Lead (Lindlar Catalyst)</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-polyethylenimine-silica-7440-05-3">Palladium on Polyethylenimine/Silica</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-silica-7440-05-3">Palladium on Silica</a></td><td > <a href="/palladium-on-strontium-carbonate-7440-05-3">Palladium on Strontium Carbonate</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/palladium-wire-7440-05-3">Palladium Wire</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-black-7440-06-4">Platinum Black</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-coated-tantalum-anodes-7440-25-7">Platinum coated Tantalum Anodes</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-coated-titanium-anodes">Platinum coated Titanium Anodes</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/platinum-coated-zirconium-anodes">Platinum coated Zirconium Anodes</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-cobalt-on-carbon-12052-40-3">Platinum Cobalt on Carbon</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-conductor-paste-7440-06-4">Platinum Conductor Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-gauze-7440-06-4">Platinum Gauze</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/platinum-ink-7440-06-4">Platinum Ink</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-mesh-7440-06-4">Platinum Mesh</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-nanoparticle-dispersion-7440-06-4">Platinum Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-nanoparticles-7440-06-4">Platinum Nanoparticles</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/platinum-nanoparticles-on-carbon-black-7440-06-4">Platinum Nanoparticles on Carbon Black</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-nanoparticles-on-titania-7440-06-4">Platinum Nanoparticles on Titania</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-on-activated-charcoal-7440-06-4">Platinum on Activated Charcoal</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-on-alumina-7440-06-4">Platinum on Alumina</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/platinum-on-barium-sulfate-7440-06-4">Platinum on Barium Sulfate</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-on-calcium-carbonate-7440-06-4">Platinum on Calcium Carbonate</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-on-carbon-7440-06-4">Platinum on Carbon</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-on-silica-7440-06-4">Platinum on Silica</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/platinum-rhodium-alloy-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Alloy</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-rhodium-alloy-sputtering-target-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Alloy Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-rhodium-crucible-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Crucible</a></td><td > <a href="/platinum-palladium-on-carbon">Platinum-Palladium on Carbon</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/reduced-graphene-oxide-powder-decorated-with-palladium-nanoparticles">Reduced Graphene Oxide Powder, decorated with Palladium Nanoparticles</a></td><td > <a href="/rhodium-on-carbon-7440-16-6">Rhodium on Carbon</a></td><td > <a href="/samaria-doped-ceria-sdc">Samaria-doped Ceria (SDC)</a></td><td > <a href="/samaria-doped-ceria-sdc-sputtering-target">Samaria-doped Ceria (SDC) Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/samarium-nickel-oxide-sputtering-target">Samarium Nickel Oxide Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/samarium-strontium-cobalt-oxide">Samarium Strontium Cobalt Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/samarium-strontium-cobalt-oxide-nanoparticle-dispersion">Samarium Strontium Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/samarium-strontium-cobalt-oxide-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Samarium Strontium Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/scandia-ceria-stabilized-zirconia">Scandia Ceria Stabilized Zirconia</a></td><td > <a href="/scandia-stabilized-zirconia-sputtering-target-151575-30-3">Scandia Stabilized Zirconia Sputtering Target</a></td><td > <a href="/scandia-stabilized-zirconium-oxide-151575-30-3">Scandia Stabilized Zirconium Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/silver-palladium-conductor-paste-60495-83-2">Silver/Palladium Conductor Paste</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/sodium-silica-gel">Sodium Silica Gel</a></td><td > <a href="/strontium-iron-molybdenum-oxide-389082-20-6">Strontium Iron Molybdenum Oxide</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-doped-ceria-ydc-170033-03-1">Yttria doped Ceria (YDC)</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-bismuth-oxide-11078-74-3">Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-12-mol">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (12 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-5-mol">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (5 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-6-mol">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (6 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-electrolyte-tape">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Tape</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-nanoparticle-dispersion">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Nanoparticle Dispersion</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-nanoparticles-nanopowder">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-paste-114168-16-0">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Paste</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-sheet">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Sheet</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-spheres">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Spheres</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-sputtering-target-8-mol-114168-16-0">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Sputtering Target (8 Mol. %)</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-stabilized-zirconia-tube">Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Tube</a></td><td > <a href="/yttria-doped-ceria-sputtering-target-170033-03-1">Yttria-Doped Ceria Sputtering Target</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/yttrium-stabilized-zirconia-granule">Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Granule</a></td><td > <a href="/yttrium-stabilized-zirconia-lump">Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Lump</a></td><td > <a href="/yttrium-doped-barium-cerate">Yttrium-doped Barium Cerate</a></td><td > <a href="/zirconium-nickel-alloy-11146-73-9">Zirconium Nickel Alloy</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/zirconium-nickel-alloy-powder-11146-73-9">Zirconium Nickel Alloy Powder</a></td><td > <a href="/zirconium-iv-oxide-yttria-stabilized-nanoparticles-nanopowder-308076-80-4">Zirconium(IV) Oxide Yttria stabilized Nanoparticles / Nanopowder</a></td><td > <a href="/zirconium-iv-oxide-yttria-stabilized-308076-80-4">Zirconium(IV) Oxide, Yttria Stabilized</a></td><td > <a href="/zirconium-iv-oxide-yttria-stabilized-pellets-308076-80-4">Zirconium(IV) Oxide, Yttria Stabilized Pellets</a></td></tr><tr ><td > <a href="/zirconium-iv-oxide-yttria-stabilized-submicron-powder-308076-80-4">Zirconium(IV) Oxide, Yttria stabilized Submicron Powder</a></td><td ></td><td ></td><td ></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-conferences-by-term" id="industry-conference" ><h2 class="pane-title"> American Elements Proudly Sponsors</h2><div class="pane-content"><div class="view view-conferences-by-term view-id-conferences_by_term view-display-id-block view-dom-id-b44827bc68024dc263c11372927add40"><div class="view-content"><div class="view-grouping"><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="https://www.fuelcellseminar.com/"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/hydrogenfuelcell25.png" width="937" height="521" alt="Hydrogen &amp; Fuel Cell Seminar 2025" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.fuelcellseminar.com/">Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Seminar 2025</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="https://icefpe.com/"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/13th%20International%20Conference%20%26%20Exhibition%20on%20Green%20Flexible%20Printed%20Electronics%20Industry%20%28ICEFPE23%29%20and%20AGRIVOLTAICS%202023.png" width="723" height="322" alt="13th International Conference &amp; Exhibition on Green Flexible Printed Electronics Industry (ICEFPE23)" /></a></span> <a href="https://icefpe.com/">13th International Conference & Exhibition on Green Flexible Printed Electronics Industry (ICEFPE23)</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="https://www.electrochem.org/prime2020"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/American%20Elements%20Sponsors%20237th%20ECS%20Fall%20Meeting%202020%20PRiME%202020%20Banner.jpg" width="600" height="350" alt="PRiME 2020" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.electrochem.org/prime2020">PRiME 2020</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="https://storageusa.solarenergyevents.com/"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/American%20Elements%20Sponsors%20The%202nd%20Energy%20Storage%20Summit%20USA%202020.jpg" width="479" height="238" alt="2nd Energy Storage Summit USA 2020" /></a></span> <a href="https://storageusa.solarenergyevents.com/">2nd Energy Storage Summit USA 2020</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="http://www.nanoenergy.co.uk/"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/American%20Elements%20Sponsors%20NanoEnergy%202020%206th%20International%20Conference%20on%20Nanotechnology%2C%20Nanomaterials%20and%20Thin%20Films%20for%20Energy%20Applications%20Logo.png" width="899" height="395" alt="NanoEnergy 2020 - 6th International Conference on Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and Thin Films for Energy Applications" /></a></span> <a href="http://www.nanoenergy.co.uk/">NanoEnergy 2020 - 6th International Conference on Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and Thin Films for Energy Applications</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="https://www.nanoinnovation2019.eu/index.php"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/NanoInnovation%202019%20Conference%20and%20Exhibition%20Logo%20Banner.png" width="888" height="185" alt="American-Elements-Sponsors-NanoInnovation-2019-Conference-and-Exhibition-Banner-Logo" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.nanoinnovation2019.eu/index.php">NanoInnovation 2019 Conference and Exhibition</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="http://www.apep.uci.edu/ICEPAG2019/index.html"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/ICEPAG-2019-Microgrid-Global-Summit-International-Colloquium-on-Environmentally-Preferred-Advanced-Power-Generation-Logo.png" width="656" height="173" alt="American-Elements-Sponsors-ICEPAG-2019-Microgrid-Global-Summit-International-Colloquium-on-Environmentally-Preferred-Advanced-Power-Generation-Logo" /></a></span> <a href="http://www.apep.uci.edu/ICEPAG2019/index.html">ICEPAG 2019 Microgrid Global Summit - International Colloquium on Environmentally Preferred Advanced Power Generation</a></div><div class="centered industry-conference"> <span class="vertical"><a href="http://www.nanoenergy.co.uk/"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/conferences/NanoEnergy-2019-6th-International-Conference-on-Nanotechnology-Nanomaterials-Thin-Films-for-Energy-Applications-Logo.png" width="661" height="293" alt="American-Elements-Sponsors-NanoEnergy-2019-6th-International-Conference-on-Nanotechnology-Nanomaterials-Thin-Films-for-Energy-Applications-Logo" /></a></span> <a href="http://www.nanoenergy.co.uk/">NanoEnergy 2019 - 6th International Conference on Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials & Thin Films for Energy Applications</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="industry-apps-container industry-apps-footer clearfix panel-panel"><div class="industry-apps-container-inner industry-apps-footer-inner panel-panel-inner"><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-taxonomy-term-field-customer-logo customers" ><h2 class="pane-title"> American Elements Fuel Cells Industry Customers Include:</h2><div class="pane-content"><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.bloomenergy.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/bloom-energy-logo.jpg" alt="Bloomenergy Company Logo" /></a></div><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.ge.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/ge-logo_3.jpg" alt="GE Company Logo" /></a></div><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.honeywell.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/honeywell-logo.jpg" alt="Honeywell Company Logo" /></a></div><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.rolls-royce.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/rolls-royce-logo_0.jpg" alt="Rolls Royce Company Logo" /></a></div><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.siemens.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/siemens-logo_3.jpg" alt="SIEMENS Company Logo" /></a></div><div class="field-customer-logo"> <a href="http://www.utc.com/" title="" target="_blank" rel="" class="customer-link"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/images/customers/united-technologies-logo_0.jpg" alt="United Technologies Company Logo" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <footer id="footer" role="footer" class="l-footer-wrapper"><div class="l-setwidth l-footer" ><div class="footer"><div class="region region-footer-first"><div id="block-block-18" class="block block-block"><div class="cs-invented-box"><h5>We Invented It!</h5><div class="cs-link"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/american-elements-case-studies">Case Studies of selected key technologies invented or co-invented by American Elements in just the 1st two decades of this century</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer"><div class="region region-footer-second"><div id="block-views-56d84b070e9e67f34c1749909f8cdf92" class="block block-views"><div class="view view-aenotes-article-views view-id-aenotes_article_views view-display-id-block_aenotes aenotes-block aenotes-desktop centered view-dom-id-0ec0d73d1260b227241280b0903f197c"><div class="view-header"><h2 class="pane-title" id="post">TODAY'S TOP DISCOVERY<span class="smaller">™</span>!</h2><div class="date-place">November 26, 2024<br />Los Angeles, CA</div><h6><em>Each business day American Elements' scientists & engineers post their choice for the most exciting materials science news of the day</em></h6></div><div class="view-content"><div class="view-grouping"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"><table class="aebox"><tr><td><span class="ampimg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.americanelements.com/sites/public/files/field/image/1_0.png" width="495" height="233" alt="CityUHK researchers discover method to reduce energy loss in metal nanostructures by altering their geometrical dimensions" /> </span></td><td class="tdtitle"><H2>CityUHK researchers discover method to reduce energy loss in metal nanostructures by altering their geometrical dimensions</H2></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="view-footer"><h4><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aenotes.html"><u>Click here to see the primary source for this post and previous posts</u> > > > </a></h4></div></div></div><div id="block-block-1" class="block block-block"><div class="sponsored-conference"><a href="https://www.asminternational.org/aeromat-2025/" aria-label="logo" title="AeroMat 2025"><div class="sponsored-conference-graphic"></div></a><div class="sponsored-conference-text">Please join us and our customer and co-sponsor Boeing at <a href="https://www.asminternational.org/aeromat-2025/">AeroMat 2025</a> in Vancouver, Canada on May 6, 2025.</div></div></div><div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block"> Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. © 1997-2024 American Elements. All rights reserved.</div></div></div></div> </footer></div></div> <a href="#" class="scrolltop">Scroll to the top</a></div></body> </html>