VESPA | ESS

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</div> <main class="site-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div id="block-content"> <div class="node node--type-instrument node--view-mode-full"> <div class="instrument"> <header class="instrument__header container"> <div class="instrument__header-row row"> <nav class="breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <a class="breadcrumb__item" href="/">Home</a> <a class="breadcrumb__item" href="/science-instruments">Science & Instruments</a> <a class="breadcrumb__item" href="/instruments">Instruments</a> <a class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--current breadcrumb__item--disabled">VESPA</a> </nav> <div class="instrument__dropdowns"><div class="dropdown"> <button class="button button--dropdown dropdown-toggle" id="instrument-dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown">Select instrument</button> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a href="/instruments/beer" class="dropdown-item">BEER</a> <a href="/instruments/bifrost" class="dropdown-item">BIFROST</a> <a 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href="/science-using-neutrons/chemistry-materials-magnetic-electronic-phenomena" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25">Chemistry of Materials, Magnetic & Electronic Phenomena</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/engineering-materials-geosciences-archeology-heritage-conservation" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">Engineering Materials, Geosciences, Archeology & Heritage Conservation and Fast Neutron Applications</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/life-science-soft-condensed-matter" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Life Science & Soft Condensed Matter</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/particle-physics" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300">Particle Physics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__header-wrapper col-12"> <div class="instrument__header-left"> <h1>VESPA</h1> <h3>Vibrational Spectrometer</h3> <div><p>VESPA is a neutron vibrational spectrometer, and as such it will be used in an extremely wide range of chemistry, physics and materials science as well as their applications . VESPA will access scientific domains out of reach for the other ESS instruments. A thermal instrument such as a vibrational spectrometer may seem an illogical choice to present to a neutron facility that is optimized for cold neutrons. However, the ESS brilliance into the thermal range is sufficient to easily match the leading neutron vibrational spectrometers in intensity and resolution in the so-called “fingerprint region” (60-220 meV), a range most important to identify functional groups. This represents a huge scientific opportunity for the ESS especially in the area of <em>in situ</em> measurements for catalysis and renewable energies not only for basic but also for applied scientific research.</p> </div> <div class="instrument__header-info"> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Instrument Class</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">Spectroscopy</div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Beam Port</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">E7</div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Lead Scientist</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body"><a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/profile/adrien-perrichon-0">Adrien Perrichon</a></div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Lead Engineer</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">Rosa Camilleri Lledó & Liam Whitelegg</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__header-right"> <div class="instrument__map"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/images/instruments/2023-12/vespa%20copy.svg" alt="vespa instrument partner map" loading="lazy" /> <div class="partners"> <div class="partner-grid__item"> <a class="partner-grid__aligner"> <img class="image" class="partner-grid__image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/logo/public/images/partner-logo/2017-09/Italian-National-Research-Council-CNR-for-website-600x300%20%281%29.png?itok=X8dN9VCc" width="440" height="220" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> <div class="partner-grid__item"> <a class="partner-grid__aligner"> <img class="image" class="partner-grid__image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/logo/public/images/media/2017-09/2473_web_1.jpg?itok=onof0Ynu" width="440" height="95" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="instrument__content"> <div class="instrument__content-container container"> <div class="instrument__content-row row"> <div class="instrument__content-wrapper col-sm-12 col-md-10 offset-md-1"><div> <div class="tabs" id="tabs-instruments"> <ul class="tabs__nav"> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#science-case"> Science Case </a></li> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#instrument-description"> Instrument Description </a></li> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#instrument-team"> Instrument Team </a></li> </ul> <div class="tabs__pane" id="science-case"> <p class="lead">The fundamental idea behind the so-called neutron vibrational spectroscopy [1] (NVS) technique is analogous to that exploited in optical spectroscopy [2] (IR and Raman): a sampling probe, carrying energy larger than that of the internal excitations, is directed at the sample.</p> <div data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="3d3c686f-51df-4be7-9e53-b4418be34d1f" data-embed-button="block_browse" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" class="align-right embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-call-to-action embedded-block-content-call-to-action--full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="call-to-action call-to-action--"> <p>Read more about science with VESPA</p> <a href="/publications/future-science/fight-against-air-pollution" class="button button--primary">New tools in the fight against air pollution and global warming</a> </div> </div> <p>The resulting neutron energy loss upon excitation of a vibrational mode gives direct information on the vibrational energy level structure of the sample. In general, vibrational spectroscopy [3] is a fundamental technique used constantly in educational, research, and industrial laboratories all over the world. Its applications in the investigation of solids and liquids, soft matter, complex fluids, and biomaterials are well-known. Indeed, it has become an essential tool in medical applications, forensics, environmental compliance, and quality control to cite but a few common uses.</p> <div data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="a0e0d7ee-6823-4431-9d22-eecb01c4f36a" data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.custom" class="align-center embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--custom" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--custom"> <div class="media__content"> <a href="/sites/default/files/images/media/2017-09/VESPA_PIC.png"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/custom/public/images/media/2017-09/VESPA_PIC.png?h=561cb0e7&itok=-Fyw-krk" width="910" height="478" alt="vespa instrument science areas" loading="lazy" /></a> </div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p>The uses of VESPA in scientific and societal applications are many</p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p>Fundamentally, vibrational spectroscopy probes potential energy surfaces and interatomic interactions. Alone or in combination with other techniques, vibrational spectroscopy permits the identification of bonds and functional groups, as well as the transformations that occur when bonds are broken and made in chemical reactions (e.g., in catalysis or thermal decomposition). The vibrational density of states is of great interest in itself, being related to various thermodynamic properties such as specific heat or entropy. The vibrational spectrum is affected by configurational changes in molecules thereby also providing structural information.</p><p>NVS exploits the large incoherent scattering cross section of the hydrogen nucleus. Proton dynamics or vibrations connected to the movement of H atoms can be easily detected spectroscopically, even if hydrogen is dissolved at very low concentrations in materials composed mostly of heavier atoms. For this reason, the technique attracts a high interest in the scientific community operating in the fields of <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/chemistry-materials">chemistry</a>, <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/chemistry-materials">materials science</a>, physics, and <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/page/soft-condensed-matter-life-science">biology</a>, with a particular emphasis on applications.</p> </div> <div class="tabs__pane" id="instrument-description"> <div data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="2e69e7e2-897f-4a82-98d8-559ec2abf9ef" data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.panoramic_wide" class="align-center embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--panoramic-wide" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--panoramic-wide"> <div class="media__content"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/panoramic_wide/public/images/media/2020-10/ESS_VESPA_drawing_neg_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.png?itok=ELKEKaey 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/png" width="1920" height="731"></source><img class="image" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/panoramic_wide/public/images/media/2020-10/ESS_VESPA_drawing_neg_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.png?itok=ELKEKaey" width="1920" height="731" alt="Schematic drawing of ESS VESPA instrument. " /></picture></div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p>Schematic drawing of ESS VESPA instrument. </p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p class="lead">The VESPA spectrometer can be conceptually divided into the following functional blocks:</p><ul class="list list--blocks"><li><strong>Neutron optics system</strong></li><li><strong>Chopper system</strong></li><li><strong>Analyzers, filters, and detectors</strong></li><li><strong>Shielding</strong></li><li><strong>Shutters</strong></li><li><strong>End-station</strong></li><li><strong>Beam stop</strong></li></ul><p>However, given the introductory character of the present explanation, we are going to deal only with the three main parts, also reported in Fig. 2.</p> <div data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="ade215e9-a74d-450c-be94-fd779fe20cc5" data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.custom" class="align-center embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--custom" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--custom"> <div class="media__content"> <a href="/sites/default/files/images/media/2017-09/VESPA2.jpg"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/custom/public/images/media/2017-09/VESPA2.jpg?h=aa698676&itok=bkQK3RGn" width="958" height="546" alt="vespa instrument layout" loading="lazy" /></a> </div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p>VESPA beamline details</p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p class="lead"><strong><a id="nos" name="nos"></a></strong>Neutron Optics System</p><p>The VESPA neutron optics system will be able to perform an efficient transport of a large spectral bandwidth (0.4 Å<l<4.7 Å) in order to give rise to a homogeneously illuminated sample area (35´35 mm<sup>2</sup>, angular divergence better than 2<sup>o</sup>) at 59 m. The neutron guide will stretch from 2.00 m to 58.50 m (i.e. up to 0.50 m upstream the sample area) close to the target-to-sample centre line. In the VESPA layout the guide is planned so as to allow a direct line of sight between moderator and sample. Approximately the first 3.5 m of the guide (i.e. the “feeder”) will be inserted in the monolith, followed downstream by about 2 m of straight guide crossing the chopper area (see below). After that, a straight tapered guide (with <em>m</em>=4) of about 51 m will transport neutrons up to the end of the optical system. So, in total, the full guide length will be of about 56.50 m. Another part of the optical system will be a set of jaws (horizontal and vertical) in order to define the beam size before the sample.</p><p class="lead"><strong><a id="chop" name="chop"></a></strong>Chopper System</p><p>The VESPA chopper system (right inset in Fig. 2) is a central, and probably the most significant, part of the instrument. Used choppers can be classified according to their function into: three pulse shaping choppers (PSC, 3 pairs of counter-rotating discs), one frame overlap chopper (FOC, 1 disc), which can be also understood as a band width chopper (BWC), and one sub-frame overlap chopper (s-FOC, 1 pair of counter-rotating discs). Together (using two PSC’s out of three at the same time) they will form a complex wavelength frame multiplication (WFM) chopper system enabling the planned performances of the spectrometer. The rotation speeds will be indeed very low (154, 28, and 42Hz) if measured against the state-of-the-art capability, but the system will have a peculiarity: the pulse shaping chopper sets, the part closest to the source at a distance ranging from 6.50 to 7.44 m, has to allow the simultaneous use of two chopper pairs leaving the third parked open. For example, the 1<sup>st</sup> (at 6.50 m) and 2<sup>nd</sup> (at 6.80 m), while the 3<sup>rd</sup> (at 7.44 m) stays open (high-resolution mode), or the 1<sup>st</sup> and the 3<sup>rd</sup> with the 2<sup>nd</sup> staying open (low-resolution mode).</p><p class="lead"><strong><a id="afd" name="afd"></a></strong>Analysers, Filters and Detectors</p><p>VESPA will use highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) crystals (left inset in Fig. 2) to determine the final neutron energy, as fixed by the selected Bragg angle. Such a configuration requires a high-pass filter downstream from the HOPG analyser to remove higher order harmonics before detection. A beryllium filter can be used to fulfil this task. However, this solution works only if the Bragg angle is so large that the first harmonic (l<sub>1</sub>) exceeds the beryllium threshold at l<sub>co</sub>=3.966 Å, but so small that the second harmonic (l<sub>1</sub>/2) does not exceed the same threshold. Thus we have chosen Bragg angles between 40<sup>o</sup> and 60<sup>o</sup>, so that the minimum reflected wavelength will be l<sub>1</sub>(40°)=4.313 Å>l<sub>co</sub>, while one half of the maximum reflected wavelength will be l<sub>1</sub>(60°)/2=2.905 Å<l<sub>co</sub>. The configuration of the spectrometer includes two backscattering analysers sets, placed at scattering angles (not to be confused with Bragg angles!) of 150°(named “external”) and 130°(named “internal”). In this configuration two types HOPG analysers can be distinguished, using Bragg angles of 60°and 40°, respectively. These analysers will select neutrons whose first harmonics are: l<sub>1</sub>(40°) = 4.313 Å and l<sub>1</sub>(60°) = 5.811 Å, corresponding to the following final neutron energies: <em>E</em><sub>1</sub>(40°) = 4.4 meV and <em>E</em><sub>1</sub>(60°) = 2.4 meV, which are fully compatible with the transmission threshold of a beryllium filter (i.e. 5.2 meV). Let us now see some further details:</p><p>1) internal analyser set (scattering angle: 130°, Bragg angle: 40°): each HOPG crystal will have a trapezoidal shape with a lower base width of 8 cm, an upper base width of 12 cm and height of 10 cm. The solid angle covered by a single HOPG slab, with respect to the centre of the sample, will be 0.0612 sr. Each slab will illuminate 20 detector tubes (see below for details) through a beryllium filter (cubic, 12 cm edge) forming a module (also known as “analyser-filter-detector module”). Considering 7 modules (one has been removed to leave some space for the sample environment), a total solid angle of 0.428 sr will be provided;</p><p>2) external analyser set (scattering angle: 150°, Bragg angle: 60°): assuming the same HOPG crystal shape and 17 tubes, the resulting solid angle, with respect to the centre of the sample, will be 0.0212 sr, providing a total solid angle (8 analyser-filter-detector modules) of 0.170 sr.</p><p>Thus the solid angle collected by the whole system of analyzers (backscattering internal and external sets) will amount to about 0.598 sr.</p><p>Vibrational spectrometers are normally equipped with standard commercial detectors like, for example, <sup>3</sup>He tubes (e.g. 200 mm long). In our case thin cylindrical tubes (e.g. with a 7.9 mm diameter) will be particularly suitable since the reduced value of the neutron travelling path into the tube is highly beneficial to the time-of-flight (i.e. energy transfer) instrumental resolution. However, in this case the gas pressure has to be quite higher (up to 12 bar) than the standard values in order to cope with the detection efficiency. As for the diffraction capabilities, since the requested performances are simply standard, similar cylindrical <sup>3</sup>He tubes (but shorter, e.g. 100 mm) will be adequate.</p><p class="lead">Sample Environment</p> <div data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="f7d701cf-d49b-4538-b3b6-176755207309" data-embed-button="block_browse" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" class="embedded-entity embedded-block_content embedded-block_content-accordion embedded-block_content-accordion--full"><div class="accordion" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"> <div class="accordion__item"> <div class="accordion__title">Automatic sample changer</div> <div class="accordion__content"><p>For higher throughput when measuring standard samples (i.e. dry powders at ambient pressure) kept at low temperature (say, <em>T</em><20 K), a sample changer with a least 35 slots will be developed. The basic concept is inspired by the current TOSCA sample changer which uses a sort of computer-controlled “conveyor belt” equipped with a camera for the sample lock-in in the correct position.</p></div> </div> <div class="accordion__item"> <div class="accordion__title">Dedicated closed-cycle refrigerator (CCR)</div> <div class="accordion__content"><p>The VESPA sample area is designed to allow fast, reproducible changes of CCR’s (or helium cryostats), since most of the measurements are operated at low temperature (i.e. <em>T</em><20 K). While these are routinely performed by VESPA on a large set of samples making use of the automatic sample changer (see above), in some cases this is not possible (e.g. in case of sensitive samples and/or in connection with special sample environment requirements). So, in these cases, it can be useful to cool down a new sample outside the experimental cave in a spare CCR, while the previous sample is still under measurement, and then just exchanging the two CCR’s, which can be done in a few seconds. Having more than one CCR is also a big advantage if the primary system fails, as most of the VESPA vibrational experiments require low temperature.</p></div> </div> <div class="accordion__item"> <div class="accordion__title">Gas flow cells and gas manifold</div> <div class="accordion__content"><p>Flow-through gas cells, together with a gas flow control and monitoring system, are gaining a lot of interest in the last years in connection with neutron scattering. This type of equipment allows neutron powder diffraction data to be collected on samples at various temperatures depending on the cell material (e.g., using quartz, from 10 K up around 1300 K) when exposed to a selected gaseous atmosphere, e.g. H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO. In the future, on novel vibrational spectrometers like VESPA, these types of measurement will be also routinely performed in vibrational spectroscopy. The flow rate from the gas manifold to the cell and the corresponding chemical composition will be computer controlled by means of a system which will synchronize the gas dosing with the neutron data acquisition.</p></div> </div> <div class="accordion__item"> <div class="accordion__title">Photo-lamp and battery cells</div> <div class="accordion__content"><p>The dedicated VESPA CCR (see above) could include an appropriate setup for: (a) a laser light source for sample photo-excitation, and (b) built-in four-point electrode connections for measuring the electric properties of neutron-irradiated materials. In the former case a non-standard, powerful cooling unit for the CCR will be needed in order to remove the heat load emanated by the photo-excitation laser inserted in the cryostat. As for the latter item, built-in electrode connectors are necessary to perform perfectly shielded (but still relatively easy) <em>in-situ </em>electrochemical measurements, such as impedance and conductivity. Finally, a new concept for the construction of batteries with conventional electrochemical performance, but allowing <em>in situ</em> neutron spectroscopic measurement is to be developed: a cell (c) comprised of a wound cathode, electrolyte and anode stack will be designed and prepared. The conventional H-containing components of the cell will have to be replaced by H-free equivalents (i.e. CFC, deuterated liquids etc.).</p></div> </div> <div class="accordion__item"> <div class="accordion__title">Anvil cell and high-pressure cell</div> <div class="accordion__content"><p>The use of high pressure cells for inelastic neutron scattering studies is not new, since earlier He-gas cells (up to 6 kbar), and later aluminium-oxide clamp cells (up to 30 kbar), have been employed since the mid ‘70s. Obviously these types of cells will be also used on VESPA. However, anvil cells, once applied to neutron scattering by the well-known Paris-Edinburgh group, have made diffraction experiments up to 100-250 kbar possible on samples about 30-80 mm<sup>2</sup> large. Today on extremely intense vibrational spectrometers, like e.g. VESPA, these pressures will be certainly reachable during inelastic neutron scattering studies, since the requested sample volume will be reduced by two orders of magnitude in comparison with that routinely used on the standard vibrational instruments (i.e. ~1000 mm<sup>2</sup>).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="b285c8db-cba2-4c90-8a06-3deb9fcf085e" data-embed-button="block_browse" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" class="embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-puff embedded-block-content-puff--full"><div class="puff-grid"><div class="puff-grid-small"> <div class="card card--push"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title"><a href="/science-support-systems/premp"> <span>Sample Environment Systems for High Pressure and Mechanical Processing (PREMP)</span> </a></h3> <p class="card__text">Many scientific disciplines require the application of very high and uniform pressure on the sample during the neutron-scattering experiment.</p> <a class="button-link button-link--primary" href="/science-support-systems/premp"> Read More </a> </div> </div> <div class="card card--push"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title"><a href="/science-support-systems/fluco"> <span>Sample Environment Systems for Fluids Including Gases, Liquids and Complex Fluids (FLUCO)</span> </a></h3> <p class="card__text">The FLUCO platform will provide sample environment for fluids in neutron scattering experiments in soft matter and life science at ESS.</p> <a class="button-link button-link--primary" href="/science-support-systems/fluco"> Read More </a> </div> </div> <div class="card card--push"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title"><a href="/science-support-systems/sulf"> <span>Sample Handling and General Use Labs (SULF)</span> </a></h3> <p class="card__text">The Sample Handling and General Use Labs will enable innovative science through optimised sample preparation, handling, conditioning and characterisation.</p> <a class="button-link button-link--primary" href="/science-support-systems/sulf"> Read More </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="references"><p><strong>Publications</strong></p><p>Andersen, K. H.<em> et al.</em> The instrument suite of the European Spallation Source. <em>Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment</em> 957, 39, doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402 (2020). </p><p>A. Fedrigo, D. Colognesi, M. Bertelsen, M. Hartl, K. Lefmann, P. P. Deen, M. Strobl, F. Grazzi, and M. Zoppi, The neutron vibrational spectrometer for the European Spallation Source, Rev. Sci. Instrum.87, 065101 (2016).</p><p>M. Zoppi, A. Fedrigo, M. Celli, D. Colognesi, VSI@ESS: Case study for a Vibrational Spectroscopy Instrument at the European Spallation Source, Eur. Phys. J. Web of Conf.83, 03021 (2015).</p><p>P. C. H. Mitchell, S. F. Parker, and A. J. Ramirez-Cuesta, Vibrational Spectroscopy With Neutrons (World Scientific, Singapore, 2005).</p><p>M. Hesse , H. Meier, B. Zeeh, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry(Thieme, Stuttgart, 2007).</p><p>M. Diem, Introduction to Modern Vibrational Spectroscopy (Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken (NJ), 1993).</p></div> </div> <div class="tabs__pane" id="instrument-team"> <p><strong>Lead Scientist</strong><br />Adrien Perrichon, ESS</p><p><strong>Lead Engineers</strong><br />Rosa Camilleri Lledó, ESS<br />Liam Whitelegg, ESS</p><p><strong>VESPA Team</strong><br />Monika Hartl, ESS<br />Roberto Senesi, CNR<br />Lorenzo Di Fresco, CNR<br />Gianfranco Belcastro, CNR</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="relevant-links"> <div class="relevant-links--instrument"> <h2>Relevant links</h2> <div class="relevant-links--items"> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="/science-using-neutrons/life-science-soft-condensed-matter">Life Science & Soft Condensed Matter at ESS</a></div> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="/science-support-systems/demax">Deuteration and Macromolecular Crystallisation at ESS</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__footer"> <div class="instrument__footer-wrapper container"><section class="views-element-container instrument__related-articles-wrapper"> <h2>Instrument Feature Stories</h2> <div> <div class="instrument__slider-arrow instrument__slider-arrow--left"><i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i></div> <div class="js-view-dom-id-5bbf12f1883e46f592e5cda4617fddd65ca3f23791ac7c729666055601990e39"> <div class="instrument__related-articles owl-carousel"> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2024/01/17/ess-hosts-instrument-consortium-executive-board-meeting" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2024-01/ICEB%20group%20photo%20iceberg.JPG?itok=OKAEo6IR 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2024-01/ICEB%20group%20photo%20iceberg.JPG?itok=OKAEo6IR" width="640" height="460" alt="ICEB group photo" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2024/01/17/ess-hosts-instrument-consortium-executive-board-meeting" rel="bookmark"> ESS Hosts Instrument Consortium Executive Board Meeting </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2024-01-17">Jan 17, 2024</time><a href="/article/2024/01/17/ess-hosts-instrument-consortium-executive-board-meeting" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2023/09/08/plug-and-play-integration-sample-environment-equipment-successfully-demonstrated" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2023-09/YMIR%20PnP%20group%20photo-2.JPG?itok=oYb8BOLS 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2023-09/YMIR%20PnP%20group%20photo-2.JPG?itok=oYb8BOLS" width="640" height="460" alt="YMIR team pic" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2023/09/08/plug-and-play-integration-sample-environment-equipment-successfully-demonstrated" rel="bookmark"> "Plug and Play" Integration of Sample Environment Equipment Successfully Demonstrated </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2023-09-08">Sep 08, 2023</time><a href="/article/2023/09/08/plug-and-play-integration-sample-environment-equipment-successfully-demonstrated" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2023/08/31/first-neutron-detectors-arrive-ess" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2023-08/D03%20LOKI%20Detector%20team-2.JPG?itok=tM0VAG3N 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2023-08/D03%20LOKI%20Detector%20team-2.JPG?itok=tM0VAG3N" width="640" height="460" alt="Detector Group" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2023/08/31/first-neutron-detectors-arrive-ess" rel="bookmark"> First Neutron Detectors Arrive at ESS </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2023-08-31">Aug 31, 2023</time><a href="/article/2023/08/31/first-neutron-detectors-arrive-ess" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2023/06/02/understanding-programmed-cell-death-crucial-bodys-prevention-cancer" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source 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more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/10/06/joint-ess-max-iv-science-talks-continue-2021" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/5102595.jpg?itok=rg_s-LQV 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-10/5102595.jpg?itok=rg_s-LQV" width="640" height="460" alt="Science-themed illustration" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/10/06/joint-ess-max-iv-science-talks-continue-2021" rel="bookmark"> Joint ESS - MAX IV Science Talks continue in 2021 </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-10-06">Oct 06, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/10/06/joint-ess-max-iv-science-talks-continue-2021" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2021/03/02/ikon-forum-ess-neutron-scattering-systems-convenes-20th-session" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-02/ESS%20Zoom%20background%20campus%201_Full%20internal%20use%20_%20for%20all%20internal%20channels.png?itok=xLjo66cs 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/png" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2021-02/ESS%20Zoom%20background%20campus%201_Full%20internal%20use%20_%20for%20all%20internal%20channels.png?itok=xLjo66cs" width="640" height="460" alt="Aerial view of ESS with ESS campus in foreground" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2021/03/02/ikon-forum-ess-neutron-scattering-systems-convenes-20th-session" rel="bookmark"> IKON forum for ESS neutron scattering systems convenes for 20th session </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2021-03-02">Mar 02, 2021</time><a href="/article/2021/03/02/ikon-forum-ess-neutron-scattering-systems-convenes-20th-session" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/10/05/webinars-showcase-vast-potential-ess-neutron-methods" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-10/3205.jpg?itok=JdABb_ID 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-10/3205.jpg?itok=JdABb_ID" width="640" height="460" alt="Electronics engineer at work" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/10/05/webinars-showcase-vast-potential-ess-neutron-methods" rel="bookmark"> Webinars to showcase the vast potential of ESS Neutron Methods </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-10-05">Oct 05, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/10/05/webinars-showcase-vast-potential-ess-neutron-methods" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/09/23/more-770-neutron-researchers-meet-virtually-discuss-scientific-breakthroughs" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-09/ESS-ILL-sites.jpg?itok=0gJH7D0j 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-09/ESS-ILL-sites.jpg?itok=0gJH7D0j" width="640" height="460" alt="ESS-ILL" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/09/23/more-770-neutron-researchers-meet-virtually-discuss-scientific-breakthroughs" rel="bookmark"> More than 770 neutron researchers meet virtually to discuss scientific breakthroughs </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-09-23">Sep 23, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/09/23/more-770-neutron-researchers-meet-virtually-discuss-scientific-breakthroughs" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/08/21/ess-data-scientist-helps-shed-light-assembly-mechanism-hepatitis-b-virus" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-08/hbv_pathway.jpg?itok=cBuzjSlb 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-08/hbv_pathway.jpg?itok=cBuzjSlb" width="640" height="460" alt="HBV Pathways" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/08/21/ess-data-scientist-helps-shed-light-assembly-mechanism-hepatitis-b-virus" rel="bookmark"> ESS Data Scientist helps shed light on assembly mechanism of hepatitis B virus </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-08-21">Aug 21, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/08/21/ess-data-scientist-helps-shed-light-assembly-mechanism-hepatitis-b-virus" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/08/20/ess-ill-user-meeting-goes-virtual" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-08/EbMadeMXsAUJ4_D.jpeg?h=ffffb78d&itok=tVU_IyFM 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-08/EbMadeMXsAUJ4_D.jpeg?h=ffffb78d&itok=tVU_IyFM" width="640" height="460" alt="ESS - ILL User Meeting" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/08/20/ess-ill-user-meeting-goes-virtual" rel="bookmark"> ESS - ILL User Meeting Goes Virtual </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-08-20">Aug 20, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/08/20/ess-ill-user-meeting-goes-virtual" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/07/13/analytical-research-infrastructures-key-resource-addressing-societal-challenges" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Image%202020-07-13%20at%2012.40.jpg?itok=4aJ7Z1VJ 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Image%202020-07-13%20at%2012.40.jpg?itok=4aJ7Z1VJ" width="640" height="460" alt="ARIEs at a glance" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/07/13/analytical-research-infrastructures-key-resource-addressing-societal-challenges" rel="bookmark"> Analytical Research Infrastructures a key resource for addressing societal challenges </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-07-13">Jul 13, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/07/13/analytical-research-infrastructures-key-resource-addressing-societal-challenges" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/07/03/collaborations-industry-brighter-future" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Tetra%20Pak.jpg?itok=B2KQS2gI 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Tetra%20Pak.jpg?itok=B2KQS2gI" width="640" height="460" alt="Tetra Pak" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/07/03/collaborations-industry-brighter-future" rel="bookmark"> Collaborations with Industry for a Brighter Future </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-07-03">Jul 03, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/07/03/collaborations-industry-brighter-future" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/07/03/playing-instrumental-role" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Ken%20Andersen_29102019-377-59-RE_External%20Use.jpg?itok=BjKZXs25 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-07/Ken%20Andersen_29102019-377-59-RE_External%20Use.jpg?itok=BjKZXs25" width="640" height="460" alt="Ken A" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/07/03/playing-instrumental-role" rel="bookmark"> Playing an Instrumental Role </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-07-03">Jul 03, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/07/03/playing-instrumental-role" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/06/02/smart-microgels-structure-properties-potential-applications" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-05/Colloquium-microgels-ThomasHellweg%20copy.png?itok=Z5OUta82 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/png" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-05/Colloquium-microgels-ThomasHellweg%20copy.png?itok=Z5OUta82" width="640" height="460" alt="ThomasHellweg-ScienceColloquium-SmartMicrogels" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/06/02/smart-microgels-structure-properties-potential-applications" rel="bookmark"> Smart microgels: Structure, properties & potential applications </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-06-02">Jun 02, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/06/02/smart-microgels-structure-properties-potential-applications" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/05/08/welcome-joint-ess-max-iv-science-colloquium-webcast-may-13-smart-microgels" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-05/Colloquium-microgels-ThomasHellweg%20copy.png?itok=Z5OUta82 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/png" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-05/Colloquium-microgels-ThomasHellweg%20copy.png?itok=Z5OUta82" width="640" height="460" alt="ThomasHellweg-ScienceColloquium-SmartMicrogels" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/05/08/welcome-joint-ess-max-iv-science-colloquium-webcast-may-13-smart-microgels" rel="bookmark"> Welcome to the Joint ESS – MAX IV Science Colloquium Webcast on May 13 – 'Smart microgels: Structure, properties & potential applications' </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-05-08">May 08, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/05/08/welcome-joint-ess-max-iv-science-colloquium-webcast-may-13-smart-microgels" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/02/28/milestone-publication-lays-out-ess-instrument-suite" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/ESS_image_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print_0.jpg?itok=3CCpo49y 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/ESS_image_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print_0.jpg?itok=3CCpo49y" width="640" height="460" alt="Neutron radiograph image of motorcycle engine" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/02/28/milestone-publication-lays-out-ess-instrument-suite" rel="bookmark"> Milestone publication lays out the ESS Instrument Suite </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-02-28">Feb 28, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/02/28/milestone-publication-lays-out-ess-instrument-suite" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/02/19/ess-council-approves-kind-contributions-44m-euros" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/5L4A2989_External%20Use.jpg?itok=eZw9ai8Z 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/5L4A2989_External%20Use.jpg?itok=eZw9ai8Z" width="640" height="460" alt="ESS Target Building" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/02/19/ess-council-approves-kind-contributions-44m-euros" rel="bookmark"> ESS Council approves In-Kind Contributions for 44m Euros </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-02-19">Feb 19, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/02/19/ess-council-approves-kind-contributions-44m-euros" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/02/18/lens-green-deal-position-paper-presented-european-commission" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/DSC_5074-scaled.jpg?itok=4wAL3KPS 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-02/DSC_5074-scaled.jpg?itok=4wAL3KPS" width="640" height="460" alt="LENS Colloquium Brussels 2020" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/02/18/lens-green-deal-position-paper-presented-european-commission" rel="bookmark"> LENS' Green Deal Position Paper presented to European Commission </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-02-18">Feb 18, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/02/18/lens-green-deal-position-paper-presented-european-commission" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2020/01/22/first-staff-move-brand-new-lab-buildings" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-01/Vent%20demo-3.JPG?itok=Oeuq-MDv 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2020-01/Vent%20demo-3.JPG?itok=Oeuq-MDv" width="640" height="460" alt="First staff move into brand-new Laboratory Buildings" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2020/01/22/first-staff-move-brand-new-lab-buildings" rel="bookmark"> First staff move into brand-new Lab Buildings </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2020-01-22">Jan 22, 2020</time><a href="/article/2020/01/22/first-staff-move-brand-new-lab-buildings" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2019/12/09/better-batteries-rechargeable-world" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2019-12/_21A2140.jpg?itok=6tPvJWlm 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img class="image" loading="eager" class="image image--rounded-top" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2019-12/_21A2140.jpg?itok=6tPvJWlm" width="640" height="460" alt="Photograph of Kristina Edström, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University" /> </picture> </a> <div class="card__block card__block--slightly-padded"> <h4 class="card__title"> <a href="/article/2019/12/09/better-batteries-rechargeable-world" rel="bookmark"> Better batteries for a rechargeable world </a> </h4> <time class="date date--primary" datetime="2019-12-09">Dec 09, 2019</time><a href="/article/2019/12/09/better-batteries-rechargeable-world" class="button-link button-link--primary">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <a href="/article/2019/10/21/new-neutron-imaging-approach-makes-headlines" rel="bookmark"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_small/public/images/media/2019-10/PSI-fuel-cell.jpg?itok=V_UIyZPK 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="460"/> <img 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