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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The currency traders act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_currency_traders_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cost_of_Black_Wednesday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cost_of_Black_Wednesday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The cost of Black Wednesday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cost_of_Black_Wednesday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimecres_Negre" title="Dimecres Negre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dimecres Negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Mittwoch" title="Schwarzer Mittwoch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Mittwoch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη Τετάρτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη Τετάρτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A9rcoles_negro" title="Miércoles negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miércoles negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteazken_Beltza" title="Asteazken Beltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asteazken Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="چهارشنبه سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهارشنبه سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_du_syst%C3%A8me_mon%C3%A9taire_europ%C3%A9en_de_1992" title="Crise du système monétaire européen de 1992 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise du système monétaire européen de 1992" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%80%EC%9D%80_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%BC" title="검은 수요일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검은 수요일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A9%D5%AB_(1992)" title="Սև չորեքշաբթի (1992) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև չորեքշաբթի (1992)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercoled%C3%AC_nero" title="Mercoledì nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercoledì nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შავი ოთხშაბათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ოთხშაბათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodasis_tre%C4%8Diadienis" title="Juodasis trečiadienis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodasis trečiadienis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="ポンド危機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポンド危機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Broda" title="Czarna środa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1992 UK financial crisis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"White Wednesday" redirects here. For the online movement, see <a href="/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom" title="My Stealthy Freedom">My Stealthy Freedom</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black Wednesday (disambiguation)">Black Wednesday (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG/220px-D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG/330px-D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG/440px-D_GBPDEM_1992.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>The number of Deutschmarks which £1 could purchase from August 1992 to January 1993; Black Wednesday is marked by a solid red vertical line</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:United Kingdom and the European Union">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><br />(1973–2020)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/120px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/180px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/240px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Accession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">Treaty of Accession 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">1972 EC Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 enlargement of the EC</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975" title="Referendum Act 1975">Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">results</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaty</a> amendments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, 1986</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, 1992</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a>, 1997</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a>, 2001</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, 2007</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><b>Related:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">EU-related British Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Constitution_referendum" title="United Kingdom European Constitution referendum">Proposed European Constitution referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–2005</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">MEPs</a> for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituencies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom">UK constituencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1973%E2%80%931979" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–1979">Members 1973–1979</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (elected by parliament)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1979%E2%80%931984" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–1984">Members 1979–1984</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1984%E2%80%931989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–1989">Members 1984–1989</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1989%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–1994">Members 1989–1994</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1994%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–1999">Members 1994–1999</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1999%E2%80%932004" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004">Members 1999–2004</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2004%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–2009">Members 2004–2009</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2009%E2%80%932014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–2014">Members 2009–2014</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2014%E2%80%932019" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–2019">Members 2014–2019</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2019%E2%80%932020" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2019–2020">Members 2019–2020</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 election</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of female members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">Women</a> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Officials and bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Committee" title="European Union Committee">House of Lords EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Scrutiny_Committee" title="European Scrutiny Committee">House of Commons EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union">Permanent EU Representatives for UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Executive_in_Brussels" title="Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels">Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_European_Union,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative of the European Union, London">EU Representative in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">UK European Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues and events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">The Euro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK budget rebate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–2016 membership renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU membership referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notification of withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Future relationship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:Politics of the European Union">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/125px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/188px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> (27)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidate countries</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Moldova</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Countries with suspended accession negotiations</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Applicant countries</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_states_participating_in_the_European_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Special territories of states participating in the European integration">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium–Germany relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France–Germany relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Germany–Netherlands relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">EU 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal from the European Union</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties and Declarations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaak_Report" title="Spaak Report">Spaak Report</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Euratom Treaty</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(2007)" title="Berlin Declaration (2007)">Berlin Declaration</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (2007) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">Opt-outs</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Treaties of accession</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979" title="Treaty of Accession 1979">1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985" title="Treaty of Accession 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994" title="Treaty of Accession 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005" title="Treaty of Accession 2005">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011" title="Treaty of Accession 2011">2011</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Treaties of succession</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">2020</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Other treaties</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area Agreement</a> (1992)</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Abandoned treaties and agreements</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">UK membership renegotiation</a> (2015–2016)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a> (ALDE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council#Political_parties" title="European Council">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Council_meetings" title="List of European Council meetings">List of meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Von der Leyen</a> (EPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">College of Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ilze_Juhansone" title="Ilze Juhansone"> Juhansone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the EU</a></b><br /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="2024 Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union"><b>Hungary</b></a></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">(<a href="/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="2024 Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union">July–December 2024</a>) </div></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Configurations</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Affairs_Council" title="General Affairs Council">GAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">FAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">ECOFIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Fisheries_Council" title="Agriculture and Fisheries Council">AGRIFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment,_Social_Policy,_Health_and_Consumer_Affairs_Council" title="Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council">EPSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitiveness_Council_(COMPET)" title="Competitiveness Council (COMPET)">COMPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport,_Telecommunications_and_Energy_Council" title="Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Council" title="Environment Council">ENVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Home_Affairs_Council" title="Justice and Home Affairs Council">JHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Youth,_Culture_and_Sport_Council" title="Education, Youth, Culture and Sport Council">EYC</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Blanchet" title="Thérèse Blanchet">Thérèse Blanchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directorates-general_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of directorates-general of the Council of the European Union">Directorates-general</a></li></ul></li> <li>Council preparatory bodies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">COREPER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Working_Party" title="Council Working Party">Council Working Parties</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_(2024%E2%80%932029)" title="List of members of the European Parliament (2024–2029)">Members</a>)</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Largest groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">EPP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">S&D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_European_Parliament" title="Tenth European Parliament">10th session</a> (2024–2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Bureau of the European Parliament">Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_(European_Parliament)" title="Quaestor (European Parliament)">Quaestor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament">Conference</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">National parliaments</a></b></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judicial institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the EU</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Court_of_Justice" title="List of members of the European Court of Justice">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocate General (European Union)">Advocates General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Court_of_Justice_rulings" title="List of European Court of Justice rulings">Rulings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Auditory institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Other auditory bodies</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service of the Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgetary_Control" title="European Parliament Committee on Budgetary Control"> Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">ESCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Other bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European Investment Bank Group</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European Stability Mechanism</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European University Institute</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Unified Patent Court</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Agencies,_decentralised_independent_bodies_and_joint_undertakings_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and the Euratom">Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings</a></b></div> <ul><li>Decentralised agencies of the EU <ul><li>Single market agencies</li> <li>CFSP agencies</li> <li>AFSC agencies</li> <li>ESFS <a href="/wiki/European_Supervisory_Authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="European Supervisory Authorities">European Supervisory Authorities</a></li> <li>SRM bodies</li></ul></li> <li>Executive agencies of the EU</li> <li>Euratom agencies</li> <li>Decentralised independent bodies of the EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corporate bodies of the EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a></li> <li>Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations</li></ul></li> <li>Joint undertakings <ul><li>of the EU</li> <li>of the Euratom</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Other independent bodies</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Advisory_bodies_to_the_European_Union" title="Advisory bodies to the European Union">Advisory bodies</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Inter-institutional bodies</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union" title="Publications Office of the European Union">Publications Office of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Personnel_Selection_Office" title="European Personnel Selection Office">European Personnel Selection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Administrative_School" class="mw-redirect" title="European Administrative School">European Administrative School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Euratom members</b></div> <div><ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Associated states</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_European_Union" title="Nuclear power in the European Union">Nuclear power in the European Union</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euratom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euratom since 1 January 2021"><img alt="Euratom since 1 January 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/200px-Euratom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/300px-Euratom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/400px-Euratom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Euratom since 1 January 2021</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone members</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></b></div> <ul><li><b>President</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other currencies in use</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Non Euro countries relationship to Euro</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurozone since 2015"><img alt="Eurozone since 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/200px-Eurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/300px-Eurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/400px-Eurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Eurozone since 2015</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Non-EU members</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Information_System" title="Visa Information System">Visa Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Non-Schengen area EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (Opt-out)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schengen Area from January 2023"><img alt="Schengen Area from January 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/200px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/400px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Schengen Area from January 2023</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>EEA members</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (provisional member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Non-EU members</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Topics</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">EEA National Identity cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EEA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Economic Area"><img alt="European Economic Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/200px-EEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/300px-EEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/400px-EEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>European Economic Area</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups of the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzenkandidat" title="Spitzenkandidat">Spitzenkandidat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">Referendums related to the EU</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European elections</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election" title="1984 European Parliament election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election" title="1989 European Parliament election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 (latest election)</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Elections in EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_European_Union_law" title="Primacy of European Union law">Primacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">ECJ Case 6/64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_(European_Union)" title="Decision (European Union)">Decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommendation_(European_Union)" title="Recommendation (European Union)">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Fundamental Rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies and issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free Trade Agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of FS&J</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">Passports of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">Ext. Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence Policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Foreign relations of EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Denmark" title="Foreign relations of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Argentina–European Union relations">Argentina–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">Armenia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">Australia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Brazil–European Union relations">Brazil–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">European Union–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">Kazakhstan–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">Japan–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Mexico–European Union relations">Mexico–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Moldova–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">Turkey–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">History</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">United States–European Union relations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (1958–1993) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Convention on the Future of Europe">Convention on the Future of Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: darkgrey"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#0087DC;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Major_1993_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/75px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/113px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/150px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#0087DC;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">John Major</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Major" title="Electoral history of John Major">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1990 United Kingdom budget">1990 budget</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">Premiership</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First ministry and term</div> (November 1990 – April 1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Major_ministry" title="First Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter" title="Citizen's Charter">Citizen's Charter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Mark">Charter Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cones_Hotline" title="Cones Hotline">Cones Hotline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second ministry and term</div> (April 1992 – May 1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-maintained_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-maintained schools">Grant-maintained schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">rebels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reviews_of_the_British_honours_system" title="1993 reviews of the British honours system">1993 reviews of the British honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Support_Agency" title="Child Support Agency">Child Support Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Major_ministry" title="1993 vote of confidence in the Major ministry">1993 vote of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign)" title="Back to Basics (campaign)">Back to Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation of British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cullen_Reports" title="The Cullen Reports">The Cullen Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash for Questions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Bibliography</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Major:_The_Autobiography" title="John Major: The Autobiography">The Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Game:_The_Story_of_Cricket%27s_Early_Years" title="More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years">More Than a Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man:_A_Personal_History_of_Music_Hall" title="My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall">My Old Man</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major's signature"><img alt="John Major's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/110px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/165px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/220px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/50px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/75px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of coats of arms of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/30px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/45px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/60px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template talk:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black Wednesday</b>, or the <b>1992 sterling crisis</b>, was a financial crisis that occurred on 16 September 1992 when the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> was forced to withdraw <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> from the (first) <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM<span class="nowrap"> </span>I)</a>, following a failed attempt to keep its <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> above the lower limit required for ERM participation. At that time, the United Kingdom held the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a>. </p><p>The crisis damaged the credibility of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">second Major ministry</a> in handling of economic matters. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> suffered a landslide defeat five years later at the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a> and did not return to power until <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a>. The rebounding of the UK economy in the years following Black Wednesday has been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">depreciation</a> of sterling and the replacement of its <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">currency tracking</a> policy with an <a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">inflation targeting</a> monetary stability policy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></div> <p>When the ERM was set up in 1979, the United Kingdom declined to join. This was a controversial decision, as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Geoffrey Howe</a>, was staunchly pro-European. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, whilst not at all advocating a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">fixed exchange rate system</a>, nevertheless so admired the low inflationary record of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> as to become, by the mid-eighties, a self-styled "exchange-rate monetarist", one viewing the sterling–Deutschmark exchange rate as at least as reliable a guide to domestic inflation –  and hence to the setting of interest rates –  as any of the various <a href="/wiki/Money_supply#M0" title="Money supply">M0-M3 measures</a> beloved of those he labelled as "<a href="/wiki/A_Bold_Stroke_for_a_Wife#Simon_Pure" title="A Bold Stroke for a Wife">Simon Pure</a>" monetarists. He justified this by pointing to the dependable strength of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and the reliably anti-inflationary management of the Mark by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Bundesbank</a>, both of which he explained by citing the lasting impact in Germany of the disastrous hyperinflation of the inter-war <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. Thus, although the UK had not joined the ERM, at Lawson's direction (and with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s reluctant acquiescence), from early 1987 to March 1988 the Treasury followed a semi-official policy of "shadowing" the Deutsche Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters came to a head in a clash between Lawson and Thatcher's economic adviser <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walters" title="Alan Walters">Alan Walters</a>, when Walters claimed that the Exchange Rate Mechanism was "half baked".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to Lawson's resignation as Chancellor; he was replaced by former Treasury Chief Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> who, with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Douglas Hurd</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>, convinced the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the ERM in October 1990, effectively guaranteeing that the UK Government would follow an economic and <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> preventing the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> between the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%. On 8 October 1990, Thatcher entered the pound into the ERM at <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">DM</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>2.95 to £1. Hence, if the exchange rate ever neared the bottom of its permitted range, DM<span class="nowrap"> </span>2.773 (€1.4178 at the DM/Euro conversion rate), the government would be obliged to intervene. In 1989, the UK had inflation three times the rate of Germany, higher interest rates at 15%, and much lower labour productivity than France and Germany, which indicated the UK's different economic state in comparison to other ERM countries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the beginning of the 1990s, high German interest rates, set by the Bundesbank to counteract inflationary effects related to excess expenditure on <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM. The UK and Italy had additional difficulties with their <a href="/wiki/Double_deficit_(economics)" title="Double deficit (economics)">double deficits</a>, while the UK was also hurt by the rapid depreciation of the United States dollar – a currency in which many British exports were priced – that summer. Issues of national prestige and the commitment to a doctrine that the fixing of exchange rates within the ERM was a pathway to a single European currency inhibited the adjustment of exchange rates. In the wake of the rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> by the Danish electorate in <a href="/wiki/1992_Danish_Maastricht_Treaty_referendum" title="1992 Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum">a referendum</a> in the spring of 1992, and an announcement that there would be <a href="/wiki/1992_French_Maastricht_Treaty_referendum" title="1992 French Maastricht Treaty referendum">a referendum in France</a> as well, those ERM currencies that were trading close to the bottom of their ERM bands came under pressure from foreign exchange traders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months leading up to Black Wednesday, among many other currency traders, <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> had been building a huge <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short position</a> in sterling that would become immensely profitable if the currency fell below the lower band of the ERM. Soros believed the rate at which the United Kingdom was brought into the Exchange Rate Mechanism was too high, inflation was too high (triple the German rate), and British interest rates were hurting their asset prices.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_currency_traders_act">The currency traders act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The currency traders act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK government attempted to prop up the depreciating pound to avoid withdrawal from the monetary system the country had joined only two years earlier. <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> authorised the spending of billions of pounds worth of foreign currency reserves to buy up sterling being sold on the currency markets. These measures failed to prevent the pound falling below its minimum level in the ERM. The Treasury took the decision to defend sterling's position, believing that to <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devalue</a> would promote inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remarks by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Bundesbank</a> President <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schlesinger" title="Helmut Schlesinger">Helmut Schlesinger</a> triggered the attack on the pound.<sup id="cite_ref-EHS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interview of Schlesinger by the <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>Wall Street Journal</i></a> was reported by the German financial paper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schlesinger told the journalist that "a more comprehensive realignment" of currencies would be needed, following a recent devaluation of the Italian lira.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of Tuesday, 15 September 1992, the headline was already circulating. Schlesinger said he thought he was speaking off the record. He later wrote that he stated a fact and this could not have triggered the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remark hugely increased pressure on the pound leading to large sterling sales.<sup id="cite_ref-EHS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currency traders began a massive sell-off of pounds on Wednesday, 16 September 1992. The Exchange Rate Mechanism required the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> to accept any offers to sell pounds. However, the Bank of England only accepted orders during the trading day. When the markets opened in London the next morning, the Bank of England began their attempt to prop up their currency, as decided by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Norman Lamont</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the exchequer">chancellor of the exchequer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Leigh-Pemberton,_Baron_Kingsdown" title="Robin Leigh-Pemberton, Baron Kingsdown">Robin Leigh-Pemberton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">governor of the Bank of England</a>. They began accepting orders of £300 million twice before 8:30 am, but to little effect.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bank of England's intervention was ineffective because traders were dumping pounds far faster. The Bank of England continued to buy, and traders continued to sell, until Lamont told Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> that their pound purchasing was failing to produce results.<sup id="cite_ref-PI1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 10:30 am on 16 September, the British government announced an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">base interest rate</a>, from an already high 10%, to 12% to tempt speculators to buy pounds. Despite this and a promise later the same day to raise base rates again to 15%, dealers kept selling pounds, convinced that the government would not keep its promise. By 7:00 pm that evening, Lamont announced Britain would leave the ERM and rates would remain at the new level of 12%; however, on the next day the interest rate was back to 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-PI1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was later revealed that the decision to withdraw had been agreed at an emergency meeting during the day between Lamont, Major, foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Douglas Hurd</a>, president of the Board of Trade <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a>, and home secretary <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a> (the latter three all being staunch <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-Europeans</a> as well as senior Cabinet ministers),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the interest rate hike to 15% had only been a temporary measure to prevent a rout in the pound that afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other ERM countries such as Italy, whose currencies had breached their bands during the day, returned to the system with broadened bands or with adjusted central parities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commentators, following <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Norman Tebbit</a>, took to referring to ERM as an "Eternal Recession Mechanism"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the UK fell into recession during the early 1990s. While many people in the UK recall Black Wednesday as a national disaster that permanently affected the country's international prestige, some Conservatives claim that the forced ejection from the ERM was a "Golden Wednesday"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "White Wednesday",<sup id="cite_ref-kaletsky_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaletsky-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the day that paved the way for an economic revival, with the Conservatives handing <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> a much stronger economy in 1997 than had existed in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-kaletsky_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaletsky-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the new economic policy swiftly devised in the aftermath of Black Wednesday led to re-establishment of economic growth with falling unemployment and inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> switched to <a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">inflation targeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Conservative Party government</a>'s reputation for economic excellence had been damaged to the extent that the electorate was more inclined to support a claim of the opposition of the time – that the economic recovery ought to be credited to external factors, as opposed to government policies implemented by the Conservatives. The Conservatives had recently won the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> for September showed a small lead of 2.5% for the Conservative Party. By the October poll, following Black Wednesday, their share of the intended vote in the poll had plunged from 43% to 29%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative government then suffered a string of by-election defeats which saw its 21-seat majority eroded by December 1996. The party's performances in local government elections were similarly dismal during this time, while Labour made huge gains. </p><p>Black Wednesday was a major factor in the Conservatives losing the 1997 general election to Labour,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who won by a landslide under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>. The Conservatives failed to gain significant ground at the 2001 general election under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, with Labour winning another landslide majority. The Conservatives did not take Government again until <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> led them to victory in the 2010 general election, 13 years later. Five years later in 2015, the party won its first overall majority 23 years after its last in 1992, five months before the crisis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> made over £1 billion in profit by <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short selling</a> sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_cost_of_Black_Wednesday">The cost of Black Wednesday</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The cost of Black Wednesday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">UK Treasury</a> estimated the cost of Black Wednesday at £3.14 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was revised to £3.3 billion in 2005, following documents released under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act</a> (earlier estimates placed losses at a much higher range of £13–27 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading losses in August and September made up a minority of the losses (estimated at £800 million) and the majority of the loss to the central bank arose from non-realised profits of a potential <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a>. Treasury papers suggested that, had the government maintained $24 billion foreign currency reserves and the pound had fallen by the same amount, the UK might have made a £2.4 billion profit on sterling's devaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_trinity" title="Impossible trinity">Impossible trinity</a> – Trilemma in international economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_sale_of_United_Kingdom_gold_reserves" title="1999–2002 sale of United Kingdom gold reserves">1999–2002 sale of United Kingdom gold reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_crisis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sterling crisis (disambiguation)">Sterling crisis (disambiguation)</a>, other currency crises in British history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McRae, Hamish (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/how-the-erm-disaster-turned-into-a-triumph-1529940.html">How the ERM disaster turned into a triumph</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Charles (3 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/11/bring-on-the-next-black-wednesday/">Bring on the next Black Wednesday</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/the_westminster_hour/archive/2318013.stm">"Not while I'm alive, he ain't – Part 4 Thatcher and Lawson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Hour" title="The Westminster Hour">The Westminster Hour</a></i>. BBC Radio 4. 15 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Westminster+Hour&rft.atitle=Not+while+I%27m+alive%2C+he+ain%27t+%E2%80%93+Part+4+Thatcher+and+Lawson&rft.date=2003-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fthe_westminster_hour%2Farchive%2F2318013.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4126227/Sir-Alan-Walters.html">"Sir Alan Walters"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (obituary). 5 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press: 359–380. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097797">20097797</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Conflicting+Authorities%3A+States%2C+Currency+Markets+and+the+ERM+Crisis+of+1992%E2%80%9393&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-380&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20097797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aykens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20097797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amazon1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallaby2010" class="citation book cs1">Mallaby, Sebastian (10 June 2010). <i>More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite</i>. 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London, UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/04/28/ccom128.xml">the original</a> on 1 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pound+fall+is+UK%27s+get-out-of-jail-free+card&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.aulast=Bootle&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmoney%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fmoney%2F2008%2F04%2F28%2Fccom128.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Naef2022" class="citation web cs1">Alain Naef (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehs.org.uk/a-small-remark-with-big-consequences-what-sparked-black-wednesday/">"A small remark with big consequences: what sparked Black Wednesday?"</a>. <i>Economic History Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Society&rft.atitle=A+small+remark+with+big+consequences%3A+what+sparked+Black+Wednesday%3F&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.au=Alain+Naef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehs.org.uk%2Fa-small-remark-with-big-consequences-what-sparked-black-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2020" class="citation book cs1">James, Harold (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-a-modern-central-bank/901C6C0969209C20D1962B698DA26874"><i>Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979–2003</i></a>. Studies in Macroeconomic History. 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The 1992–3 EMS crisis"</a>. <i>Journal of International Economics</i>. <b>138</b>: 103654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinteco.2022.103654">10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1996">0022-1996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Economics&rft.atitle=Imported+or+home+grown%3F+The+1992%E2%80%933+EMS+crisis&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=103654&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinteco.2022.103654&rft.issn=0022-1996&rft.aulast=Eichengreen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Naef%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0022199622000861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshKeeganRoberts2017" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, David; Keegan, William; Roberts, Richard (15 September 2017). <i>Six Days in September: Black Wednesday, Brexit and the making of Europe</i>. OMFIF Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780995563636" title="Special:BookSources/9780995563636"><bdi>9780995563636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Days+in+September%3A+Black+Wednesday%2C+Brexit+and+the+making+of+Europe&rft.pub=OMFIF+Press&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=9780995563636&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Keegan%2C+William&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaef2022" class="citation book cs1">Naef, Alain (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-exchange-rate-history-of-the-united-kingdom/68B7E57D9884394B815C76D48ACD3FB6"><i>An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Black+Wednesday%3A+The+day+that+Britain+went+over+the+edge&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fcurrency%2F9533474%2FBlack-Wednesday-The-day-that-Britain-went-over-the-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sevilla, Christina R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/7014/1/sevilla_christina.pdf">Explaining the September 1992 ERM Crisis: The Maastricht Bargain and Domestic Politics in Germany, France, and Britain</a>. Harvard University. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebbit,_Norman2005" class="citation news cs1">Tebbit, Norman (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/feb/10/freedomofinformation.economy">"An electoral curse yet to be lifted"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/rogerbootle/5339919/A-strong-arm-policy-is-needed-to-hold-the-pound-down-on-the-rebound.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+strong-arm+policy+is+needed+to+hold+the+pound+down+on+the+rebound&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.au=Roger+Bootle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fcomment%2Frogerbootle%2F5339919%2FA-strong-arm-policy-is-needed-to-hold-the-pound-down-on-the-rebound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaletsky-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaletsky_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaletsky_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaletsky,_Anatole2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kaletsky, Anatole (9 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529150111/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/anatole_kaletsky/article1080261.ece">"The reason that Europe is having a breakdown...it's the Euro, stupid"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+reason+that+Europe+is+having+a+breakdown...it%27s+the+Euro%2C+stupid&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft.au=Kaletsky%2C+Anatole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fanatole_kaletsky%2Farticle1080261.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/john-major-2">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016063730/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/john-major-2">Archived</a> 16 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/digest/apr98/w6126.html">"Inflation Targeting Has Been A Successful Monetary Policy Strategy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallup+spreadsheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksghome.harvard.edu%2F~pnorris%2Fdatafiles%2FGallup.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitterick2002" class="citation news cs1">Litterick, David (13 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2773265/Billionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html">"Billionaire who broke the Bank of England"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Billionaire+who+broke+the+Bank+of+England&rft.date=2002-09-13&rft.aulast=Litterick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2F2773265%2FBillionaire-who-broke-the-Bank-of-England.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDury" class="citation web cs1">Dury, Hélène. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is.muni.cz/el/1456/podzim2011/MPF_AFIN/um/27608616/27608949/Black_Wednesday.pdf">"Black_Wednesday"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cost+of+Black+Wednesday+Reconsidered&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=HM+Treasury&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hm-treasury.gov.uk%2Fd%2FCost_Black_Weds_reconsidered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130403000951/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/foi_erm4_2005.htm">"Guide to the papers and full list of documents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/foi_erm4_2005.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+papers+and+full+list+of+documents&rft.pub=HM+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hm-treasury.gov.uk%2Ffoi_erm4_2005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Budd, Alan. "Black Wednesday-A Re-examination of Britain's Experience in the Exchange Rate Mechanism." <i>IEA Occasional Paper 135</i> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/upldbook270pdf.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Bustos, Sebastian, and Martin Rotemberg. "Elasticity Pessimism: Economic Consequences of Black Wednesday." (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wp.nyu.edu/mrotemberg/wp-content/uploads/sites/8049/2018/10/BR_UK_Devaluation_18_10_25.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gottschalk, Sylvia. "From black Wednesday to Brexit: Macroeconomic shocks and correlations of equity returns in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom." <i>International Journal of Finance & Economics</i> 28.3 (2023): 2843-2873. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijfe.2567">online</a></li> <li>Roberts, Richard Whitfield, William Keegan, and David Marsh. <i>Six days in September: Black Wednesday, Brexit and the Making of Europe</i> (OMFIF Press, 2017). ISBN 9780995563636</li> <li>Truman, Edwin M. <i>Economic Policy and Exchange Rate Regimes: What Have We Learned in the Ten Years since Black Wednesday?</i> (LSE Financial Markets Group, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/economic-policy-and-exchange-rate-regimes-what-have-we-learned-ten-years?ResearchID=477?ResearchID=477">online</a></li> <li>Ward, David. "Black Wednesday 30 years on." (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3118010/black-wednesday-30-years-on/3911205/">online</a></li> <li>Williams, Ben. "Black Wednesday: thirty years on." Political Insight 13.3 (2022): 22-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1562641/Black%20Wednesday%20%283%29.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/16/newsid_2519000/2519013.stm">Black Wednesday</a>, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open2.net/openfinance/black_wednesday.html">open.edu 24, September 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528083536/http://www.open2.net/openfinance/black_wednesday.html">Archived</a> 28 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Martin Upton, head of the Centre for Financial Management at The <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> Business School tells Ione Mako about the upside of Black Wednesday.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichengreenNaef2022" class="citation journal cs1">Eichengreen, Barry; Naef, Alain (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw29488">"Imported or Home Grown? The 1992-3 EMS Crisis"</a>. <i>Journal of International Economics</i>. Cambridge, MA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw29488">10.3386/w29488</a></span>. <q>Our analysis focuses on a neglected factor in the crisis: the role of the weak dollar in intra-EMS tensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Economics&rft.atitle=Imported+or+Home+Grown%3F+The+1992-3+EMS+Crisis&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw29488&rft.aulast=Eichengreen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Naef%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw29488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Wednesday" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Major" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Major" title="Template:John Major"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Major" title="Template talk:John Major"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Major" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Major"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Major" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1990–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Chief Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a> (1987–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> (1989–1990)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">Premiership</a></li> <li>Major ministry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Major_ministry" title="First Major ministry">First</a>, 1990–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Second</a>, 1992–1997</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_John_Major" title="Shadow Cabinet of John Major">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">Huntingdon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Major_1993_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/100px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/150px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/200px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Budgets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1991 United Kingdom budget">1991 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1992 United Kingdom budget">1992 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1993_United_Kingdom_budget" title="March 1993 United Kingdom budget">March 1993 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1993_United_Kingdom_budget" title="November 1993 United Kingdom budget">November 1993 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1994 United Kingdom budget">1994 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1995 United Kingdom budget">1995 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1996 United Kingdom budget">1996 budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter" title="Citizen's Charter">Citizen's Charter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Mark">Charter Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cones_Hotline" title="Cones Hotline">Cones Hotline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-maintained_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-maintained schools">Grant-maintained schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Newbury_by-election" title="1993 Newbury by-election">1993 Newbury by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reviews_of_the_British_honours_system" title="1993 reviews of the British honours system">1993 reviews of the British honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Support_Agency" title="Child Support Agency">Child Support Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Major_ministry" title="1993 vote of confidence in the Major ministry">1993 vote of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign)" title="Back to Basics (campaign)">Back to Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation of British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cullen_Reports" title="The Cullen Reports">Cullen Report (Dunblane massacre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash for Questions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms-to-Iraq">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gabriel" title="Operation Gabriel">Operation Gabriel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Major" title="Electoral history of John Major">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Parliament Election</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Major:_The_Autobiography" title="John Major: The Autobiography">John Major: The Autobiography</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Game:_The_Story_of_Cricket%27s_Early_Years" title="More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years">More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man:_A_Personal_History_of_Music_Hall" title="My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall">My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Major" title="Norma Major">Norma Major</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Major-Ball" title="Terry Major-Ball">Terry Major-Ball</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Major-Ball" title="Tom Major-Ball">Tom Major-Ball</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thatcher:_The_Final_Days" title="Thatcher: The Final Days">Thatcher: The Final Days</a></i> (TV, 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_UK" title="Independence Day UK">Independence Day UK</a></i> (Radio, 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_(2009_film)" title="Margaret (2009 film)">Margaret</a></i> (TV, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)" title="The Iron Lady (film)">The Iron Lady </a></i> (Film, 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a></i> (Play, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_5" title="The Crown season 5"><i>The Crown</i> season 5</a> (TV, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></b> →</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Major" title="Category:John Major">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Euro_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euro_topics" title="Template:Euro topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euro_topics" title="Template talk:Euro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euro_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euro topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Euro_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euro-Skulptur" title="Euro-Skulptur">Euro-Skulptur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">ECB president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Ecofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiscal provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Plus_Pact" title="Euro Plus Pact">Euro Plus Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixpack_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixpack (European Union law)">Six pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eonia" title="Eonia">Eonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_calculator" title="Euro calculator">Euro calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euribor" title="Euribor">Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single euro payments area (SEPA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Payments_Initiative" title="European Payments Initiative">European payments initiative (EPI)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Currency_Index" title="Euro Currency Index">Euro Currency Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurobond_(eurozone)" title="Eurobond (eurozone)">Proposed eurobonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">Reserve currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petroeuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin" title="10 euro cent coin">10c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin" title="20 euro cent coin">20c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">2 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_commemorative_coins" title="2 euro commemorative coins">2 € commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins">Other commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identifying_marks_on_euro_coins" title="Identifying marks on euro coins">Identifying marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_starter_kits" title="Euro starter kits">Starter kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_coin_programme" title="Europa coin programme">Europa coin programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euro_mints" title="List of euro mints">Euro mint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500 €</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins by country with minting rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights" title="Euro">Monetary agreement with EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights" title="Euro">Non-EU territories<br /> using euro per agreement<br /> without minting rights</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Potential adoption by<br />other countries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Unilateral_direct_usage" title="Euro">Countries and territories<br />using euro unilaterally</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other extant EU currencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">ERM <span style="font-family:serif;">II</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Snake_in_the_tunnel" title="Snake in the tunnel">Snake in the tunnel</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> <ul><li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">I</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">II</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">III</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delors_Committee" title="Delors Committee">Delors Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Withdrawal from the eurozone">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Previous EU members<br />and euro</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Preceding currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_franc" title="Luxembourg franc">Luxembourg franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_franc" title="Monégasque franc">Monégasque franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_lira" title="Sammarinese lira">Sammarinese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Former fiscal provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stabilisation_Mechanism" title="European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism">European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_&amp;_Brexit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics" title="Template talk:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_&amp;_Brexit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom EU membership referendum</a> & <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">results</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland protocol">NI protocol</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972 Accession Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> <ul><li>Amendments: <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993" title="European Economic Area Act 1993">European Economic Area Act 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed bills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Repeal)_Bills" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills">European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">2014 Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">2014 Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">UK accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 EC enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK Opt-outs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">The European Union: In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Unlawful campaigning allegations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">Pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaign<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Remain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Aftermath of<br />referendum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political party<br />leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conservative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election" title="February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election">Scottish, Feb 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">UKIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition to Brexit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Petition to revoke Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2017 United Kingdom local elections">2017 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">2018 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2019 United Kingdom local elections">2019 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election" title="2016 Witney by-election">2016 Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election" title="2016 Richmond Park by-election">2016 Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election" title="2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election">2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election" title="2017 Copeland by-election">2017 Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election" title="2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election">2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election" title="2019 Peterborough by-election">2019 Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election" title="2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election">2019 Brecon and Radnorshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_Leave" class="mw-redirect" title="March to Leave">March to Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Alliance" title="Brexit Alliance">Brexit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Independent Alliance for Reform">Independent Alliance for Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller I</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Invocation of Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer" title="Operation Yellowhammer">Operation Yellowhammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland"><i>Miller II / Cherry</i> case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit<br />and<br />potential effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on Northern Ireland and<br />the Republic of Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation" title="2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation">2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">proposed changes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Brexit withdrawal agreement plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"> Internal Market Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin" title="Brexit 50p coin">Brexit 50p coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband" title="Chaos with Ed Miliband">Chaos with Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">Enemies of the People</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit" title="Rue du Brexit">Rue du Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Terminology (Glossary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Street" title="Tufton Street">Tufton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Media depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Remainiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Remainiacs">Remainiacs</a> </i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Tonight_(video_game)" title="Not Tonight (video game)">Not Tonight</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorderIrish" title="BorderIrish">@BorderIrish</a> (2018–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_crises" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_crises" title="Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises" title="Template talk:Financial crises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_crises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">Bank run</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Commodity price shocks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">Credit crunch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">Financial contagion</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flash_crash" title="Flash crash">Flash crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">Liquidity crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">Accounting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">Capital</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Funding_liquidity" title="Funding liquidity">Funding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">Market</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minsky_moment" title="Minsky moment">Minsky moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">1000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_33" title="Financial crisis of 33">Financial crisis of 33 CE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–284 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> (c. 1400–c. 1500)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">The Great Debasement</a> (1544–1551)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic stock market crashes</a> (c. 1600–1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper" title="Kipper und Wipper">Kipper und Wipper</a></i> (1621–1623)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania crash</a> (1637)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763" title="Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763">Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal bubble crash</a> (1769–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic financial collapse</a> (c. 1780–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813" title="Danish state bankruptcy of 1813">Danish state bankruptcy of 1813</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks</a> (1815–1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_potato_failure" title="European potato failure">European potato failure</a> (1845–1856)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">Paris Bourse crash of 1882</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arendal_crash" title="Arendal crash">Arendal crash</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1890–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)" title="Black Monday (1894)">Black Monday</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis" title="Shanghai rubber stock market crisis">Shanghai rubber stock market crisis</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia" title="Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia">Early Soviet hyperinflation</a> (1917–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic hyperinflation</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1930" title="Panic of 1930">Panic of 1930</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wartime period</a><br />(1939–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Greek hyperinflation</a> (1941–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91#Hyperinflation" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő hyperinflation</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation (page does not exist)">1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> (1973–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash" title="1973–1974 stock market crash">1973–1974 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">Steel crisis</a> (1973–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1975–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 British currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1980–1982)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1982–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">Chilean crisis of 1982</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 Israel bank stock crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday (1983)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a> (1986–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">Cameroonian economic crisis</a> (1987–2000s)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">Black Monday (1987)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis" title="1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis">1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble crash</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis" title="Rhode Island banking crisis">Rhode Island banking crisis</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">1991 Indian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994">1990s Swedish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis" title="1990s Finnish banking crisis">1990s Finnish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">1990s Armenian energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuban Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav hyperinflation</a> (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis" title="1994 bond market crisis">1994 bond market crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> (1994–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash" title="October 27, 1997, mini-crash">October 1997 mini-crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samba_effect" title="Samba effect">Samba effect</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble crash</a> (2000–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">9/11 stock market crash</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 Turkish economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">Stock market downturn of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis" title="2003 Myanmar banking crisis">2003 Myanmar banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> (2003–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 Argentine energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 Chinese stock bubble crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean hyperinflation</a> (2007–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a><br />(2007–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">September 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008" title="Global financial crisis in October 2008">October 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008" title="Global financial crisis in November 2008">November 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008" title="Global financial crisis in December 2008">December 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s U.S. housing market correction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009" title="United States bear market of 2007–2009">U.S. bear market of 2007–2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">2008–2009 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">2008–2011 Irish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009" title="Blue Monday Crash 2009">Blue Monday Crash 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2009–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubai_World" title="Dubai World">2009 Dubai debt standstill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010">Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis in Venezuela</a> (2010–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syrian economic crisis</a> (2011–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall" title="August 2011 stock markets fall">August 2011 stock markets fall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 Bangladesh share market scam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013" title="Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013">2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">Venezuela economic crisis</a> (2013–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> (2014–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff" title="2015–2016 stock market selloff">2015–2016 stock market selloff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit stock market crash</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuelan hyperinflation</a> (2016–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis" title="2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis">2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis" title="Ghana banking crisis">Ghana banking crisis</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Turkish economic crisis</a> (2018–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)" title="Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)">Sri Lankan economic crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial market impact</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_2020s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2020s recession">Recession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis</a> (2020–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Pakistani economic crisis</a> (2022–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022–2024 German economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Egyptian_financial_crisis" title="2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis">2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">List of economic crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">List of sovereign debt crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets" title="List of stock market crashes and bear markets">List of stock market crashes and bear markets</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Soros" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Soros" title="Template:George Soros"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Soros" title="Template talk:George Soros"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Soros" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Soros"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Soros" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Group_of_Funds" title="Quantum Group of Funds">Quantum Group of Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management" title="Soros Fund Management">Soros Fund Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protégé</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rogers" title="Jim Rogers">Jim Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Niederhoffer" title="Victor Niederhoffer">Victor Niederhoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renaissance_Foundation" title="International Renaissance Foundation">International Renaissance Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations%E2%80%93Armenia" title="Open Society Foundations–Armenia">Open Society Foundations–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute-Baltimore" title="Open Society Institute-Baltimore">Open Society Institute-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundation_for_South_Africa" title="Open Society Foundation for South Africa">Open Society Foundation for South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_Southern_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Initiative_for_West_Africa" title="Open Society Initiative for West Africa">Open Society Initiative for West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft" title="Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Central_Asia" title="American University of Central Asia">American University of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soros_on_Soros:_Staying_Ahead_of_the_Curve" title="Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve">Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros:_The_World%27s_Most_Influential_Investor" title="Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor">Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros:_The_Life_and_Times_of_a_Messianic_Billionaire" title="George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire">George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Money_Than_God" title="More Money Than God">More Money Than God</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_supported_by_George_Soros" title="List of projects supported by George Soros">List of projects supported</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soros_Realism" title="Soros Realism">Soros Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&oldid=1249528776">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Wednesday&oldid=1249528776</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:September_1992_events_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:September 1992 events in the United Kingdom">September 1992 events in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Soros" title="Category:George Soros">George Soros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Category:Premiership of John Major">Premiership of John Major</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_selling" title="Category:Short selling">Short selling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wednesday" title="Category:Wednesday">Wednesday</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_days" title="Category:Black days">Black days</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stock_market_crashes" title="Category:Stock market crashes">Stock market crashes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1992_in_economic_history" title="Category:1992 in economic history">1992 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_pound_sterling" title="Category:History of pound sterling">History of pound sterling</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_September_2022" title="Category:EngvarB from September 2022">EngvarB from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short 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