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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jovença_e_formacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jovença_e_formacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jovença e formacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jovença_e_formacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_question_de_la_rota_de_l'Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_question_de_la_rota_de_l'Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>La question de la rota de l'Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_question_de_la_rota_de_l'Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'installacion_de_Colomb_en_Portugau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'installacion_de_Colomb_en_Portugau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>L'installacion de Colomb en Portugau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'installacion_de_Colomb_en_Portugau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_question_de_la_longor_de_la_rota_vèrs_l'Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_question_de_la_longor_de_la_rota_vèrs_l'Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>La question de la longor de la rota vèrs l'Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_question_de_la_longor_de_la_rota_vèrs_l'Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_dificultats_d'organizacion_de_l'expedicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_dificultats_d'organizacion_de_l'expedicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lei dificultats d'organizacion de l'expedicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_dificultats_d'organizacion_de_l'expedicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_premiera_expedicion_e_la_descubèrta_d'America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_premiera_expedicion_e_la_descubèrta_d'America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>La premiera expedicion e la descubèrta d'America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_premiera_expedicion_e_la_descubèrta_d'America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_traversada_de_l'Ocean_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_traversada_de_l'Ocean_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>La traversada de l'Ocean Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_traversada_de_l'Ocean_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_premiera_exploracion_deis_illas_caribas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_premiera_exploracion_deis_illas_caribas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>La premiera exploracion deis illas caribas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_premiera_exploracion_deis_illas_caribas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_segonda_expedicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_segonda_expedicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La segonda expedicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_segonda_expedicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_cèrca_dau_continent_asiatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_cèrca_dau_continent_asiatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>La cèrca dau continent asiatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_cèrca_dau_continent_asiatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_començament_de_la_colonizacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_començament_de_la_colonizacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Lo començament de la colonizacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_començament_de_la_colonizacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_tresena_expedicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_tresena_expedicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>La tresena expedicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_tresena_expedicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'arrestation_de_Colomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'arrestation_de_Colomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>L'arrestation de Colomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'arrestation_de_Colomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_quatrena_expedicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_quatrena_expedicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>La quatrena expedicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_quatrena_expedicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fin_de_vida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fin_de_vida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Fin de vida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fin_de_vida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Òbra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Òbra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Òbra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Òbra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Òbra</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Òbra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_d'America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_d'America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La descubèrta d'America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_d'America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_fondacion_de_l'empèri_coloniau_espanhòu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fondacion_de_l'empèri_coloniau_espanhòu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>La fondacion de l'empèri coloniau espanhòu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fondacion_de_l'empèri_coloniau_espanhòu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_disparicion_dei_Taïnos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_disparicion_dei_Taïnos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>La disparicion dei Taïnos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_disparicion_dei_Taïnos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posteritat_e_eiretatge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posteritat_e_eiretatge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posteritat e eiretatge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posteritat_e_eiretatge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cristòl Colomb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 205 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-205" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">205 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B5" title="ክሪስቶፎር ኮሎምበስ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሪስቶፎር ኮሎምበስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofo_Colombo" title="Cristofo Colombo - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristofo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستوفر كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريسطوف كولومبوس - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كريسطوف كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريستوفر كولومبوس - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستوفر كولومبوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستوفور‌کولومب - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستوفور‌کولومب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristops_Kuolumbos" title="Kristops Kuolumbos - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kristops Kuolumbos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Хрыстафор Калумб - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрыстафор Калумб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Хрыстафор Калюмб - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыстафор Калюмб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलंबस - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलंबस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্রিস্টোফার কলম্বাস - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিস্টোফার কলম্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་རི་སི་ཐོའོ་ཧྥུ་ཀོ་ལུན་སྤུ་སི། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་རི་སི་ཐོའོ་ཧྥུ་ཀོ་ལུན་སྤུ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristol_Goulm" title="Kristol Goulm - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kristol Goulm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2for_Colom" title="Cristòfor Colom - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristòfor Colom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobal_Colon" title="Cristobal Colon - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cristobal Colon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کریستۆفەر کۆڵومبس - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریستۆفەر کۆڵومبس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofaru_Colombu" title="Cristofaru Colombu - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cristofaru Colombu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristofor_Kolumb" title="Hristofor Kolumb - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%A1tof_Kolumbus" title="Kryštof Kolumbus - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kryštof Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recomanat"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer_Columbus" title="Christoffer Columbus - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Christoffer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforo_Kolumbo" title="Kristoforo Kolumbo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristoforo Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristobal_Kolon" title="Kristobal Kolon - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristobal Kolon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستف کلمب - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستف کلمب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffer Kolumbus - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristoffer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbus%C3%B5_Christoph" title="Kolumbusõ Christoph - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kolumbusõ Christoph" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffur_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffur Kolumbus - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kristoffur Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoful_Colomp" title="Cristoful Colomp - friolan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cristoful Colomp" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friolan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffel_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffel Kolumbus - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristoffel Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADost%C3%B3ir_Colambas" title="Críostóir Colambas - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Críostóir Colambas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="哥倫布 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哥倫布" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B2f_Kolon" title="Kristòf Kolon - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristòf Kolon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristovo_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristovo Colón - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristovo Colón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirit%C3%B3val_Kol%C3%B5" title="Kiritóval Kolõ - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kiritóval Kolõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - concani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="concani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="כריסטופר קולומבוס - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטופר קולומבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिस्टोफ़र कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B2f_Kolon" title="Kristòf Kolon - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kristòf Kolon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbusz_Krist%C3%B3f" title="Kolumbusz Kristóf - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolumbusz Kristóf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Քրիստափոր Կոլումբոս - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստափոր Կոլումբոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A8%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Քրիսթոֆըր Քոլոմպոս - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրիսթոֆըր Քոլոմպոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophoro_Columbo" title="Christophoro Columbo - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christophoro Columbo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Kolumbus" title="Kristofer Kolumbus - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristofer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B3fer_K%C3%B3lumbus" title="Kristófer Kólumbus - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristófer Kólumbus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9" title="クリストファー・コロンブス - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリストファー・コロンブス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krixtifa_Kolombos" title="Krixtifa Kolombos - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Krixtifa Kolombos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kristoforos.kolombos." title="kristoforos.kolombos. - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kristoforos.kolombos." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CC%B1soba_Ka%CC%B1la%CC%B1mbwot" title="Ki̱soba Ka̱la̱mbwot - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ki̱soba Ka̱la̱mbwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94_%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86" title="គ្រីស្តុប កូឡុំ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រីស្តុប កូឡុំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೊಫರ್ ಕೊಲಂಬಸ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೊಫರ್ ಕೊಲಂಬಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%8D%BC_%EC%BD%9C%EB%9F%BC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" title="크리스토퍼 콜럼버스 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스토퍼 콜럼버스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%AEstofor_Kolumbus" title="Krîstofor Kolumbus - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Krîstofor Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoffa_Combo" title="Cristoffa Combo - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cristoffa Combo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2foro_Col%C3%B3mbo" title="Cristòforo Colómbo - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cristòforo Colómbo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristupas_Kolumbas" title="Kristupas Kolumbas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristupas Kolumbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofors_Kolumbs" title="Kristofors Kolumbs - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristofors Kolumbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus" title="Kristoforus Kolumbus - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kristoforus Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Colomb" title="Christophe Colomb - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Christophe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Кристофер Колумбо - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристофер Колумбо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കൊളംബസ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കൊളംബസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофер Колумб - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Христофер Колумб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="ख्रिस्तोफर कोलंबस - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्रिस्तोफर कोलंबस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofru_Kolombu" title="Kristofru Kolombu - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kristofru Kolombu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobo_Colombo" title="Cristobo Colombo - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cristobo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ကိုလံဘတ် - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ္စတိုဖာ ကိုလံဘတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8" title="کریستوفر کلمب - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریستوفر کلمب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8" title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्रिस्टोफर कोलम्बस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Columbus" title="Kristoffer Columbus - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristoffer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofer_Columbus" title="Christofer Columbus - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christofer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%95%DF%90%DF%9D_%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%93" title="ߞߙߌߛߑߕߐߝ ߞߐߟߐ߲ߓ - n’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߙߌߛߑߕߐߝ ߞߐߟߐ߲ߓ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Coloumb" title="Christophe Coloumb - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Christophe Coloumb" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolumbus" title="Kristoffer Kolumbus - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kristoffer Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8" title="କଲମ୍ବସ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଲମ୍ବସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ਰ ਕੋਲੰਬਸ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ਰ ਕੋਲੰਬਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofe_Colomb" title="Cristofe Colomb - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cristofe Colomb" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kolumb" title="Krzysztof Kolumb - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krzysztof Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2fo_Colomb" title="Cristòfo Colomb - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristòfo Colomb" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کولمبس - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کریستوفر کولومبس - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کریستوفر کولومبس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Colombo" title="Cristóvão Colombo - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristóvão Colombo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristuphar_Kulun" title="Kiristuphar Kulun - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kiristuphar Kulun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristof_Columbus" title="Cristof Columbus - romanch" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cristof Columbus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofor_Columb" title="Cristofor Columb - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cristofor Columb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Крістофор Колумб - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Крістофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб Христофор - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колумб Христофор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2furu_Culommu" title="Cristòfuru Culommu - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cristòfuru Culommu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="ڪرسٽوفر ڪولمبس - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرسٽوفر ڪولمبس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolumbo" title="Kristofor Kolumbo - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristofor Kolumbo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ක්‍රිස්ටෝෆර් කොළොම්බස් - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිස්ටෝෆර් කොළොම්බස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1tof_Kolumbus" title="Krištof Kolumbus - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krištof Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1tof_Kolumb" title="Krištof Kolumb - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krištof Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Kolombus" title="Kristoffer Kolombus - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kristoffer Kolombus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofor_Kolombi" title="Kristofor Kolombi - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristofor Kolombi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Кристифор Колумбо - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристифор Колумбо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kolumbus" title="Christoph Kolumbus - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Christoph Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofer_Columbus" title="Christofer Columbus - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christofer Columbus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforo_Kolumbus" title="Kristoforo Kolumbus - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kristoforo Kolumbus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzisztof_Kol%C5%AFmb" title="Krzisztof Kolůmb - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krzisztof Kolůmb" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelistuhu.kelunpu" title="Kelistuhu.kelunpu - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kelistuhu.kelunpu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கிறித்தோபர் கொலம்பசு - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறித்தோபர் கொலம்பசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్రిస్టోఫర్ కొలంబస్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రిస్టోఫర్ కొలంబస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสโตเฟอร์ โคลัมบัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristofor_Kolumb" title="Hristofor Kolumb - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristof_Kolomb" title="Kristof Kolomb - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristof Kolomb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%DB%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="كولۇمبو - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كولۇمبو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Христофор Колумб - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Христофор Колумб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="کرسٹوفر کولمبس - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرسٹوفر کولمبس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristofor_Kolumb" title="Xristofor Kolumb - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristofor Kolumb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2foro_Co%C5%82onbo" title="Cristòforo Cołonbo - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristòforo Cołonbo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumb_Hristofor" title="Kolumb Hristofor - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kolumb Hristofor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Cristoforo Colombo - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cristoforo Colombo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristofe_Colombe" title="Cristofe Colombe - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cristofe Colombe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal Colón - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cristóbal Colón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Колумб, Христофор - kalmoc" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Колумб, Христофор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmoc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქრისტეფორე კოლუმბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קריסטאפער קאלאמבוס - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטאפער קאלאמבוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Christopher Columbus" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffel_Columbus" title="Christoffel Columbus - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Christoffel Columbus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里斯托弗·哥伦布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="哥倫布 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哥倫布" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophorus_Columbus" title="Christophorus Columbus - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Christophorus Columbus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%9C%E5%8C%96%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" title="基斯杜化·哥倫布 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基斯杜化·哥倫布" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discutir:Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb" rel="discussion" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1000_articles_fondamentals" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span title="Tièra de 1000 articles que totas las Wikipèdias deurián aver."><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Ti%C3%A8ra_de_1000_articles_que_totas_las_Wikip%C3%A8dias_deuri%C3%A1n_aver"><img alt="Tièra de 1000 articles que totas las Wikipèdias deurián aver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/24px-1000F.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/36px-1000F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1000F.png/49px-1000F.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4266" data-file-height="5161" /></a><figcaption>Retrach postum de Cristòl Colomb realizat en <a href="/wiki/1519" class="mw-redirect" title="1519">1519</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cristòl Colomb</b> (<a href="/wiki/1451" class="mw-redirect" title="1451">1451</a> - 20 de mai de <a href="/wiki/1506" class="mw-redirect" title="1506">1506</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valladolid">Valhadolid</a>) es un navigaire e un explorator <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">italian</a> au servici dei rèis d'<a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> que descurbiguèt <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a> en <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a>. En causa dei consequéncias considerablas d'aquela descubèrta, es una figura majora de l'istòria umana considerada coma l'iniciator dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temps_Mod%C3%A8rnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temps Modèrnes (la pagina existís pas)">Temps Modèrnes</a>. Fa tanben partida dei marins pus famós dau periòde dei <a href="/wiki/Grandas_descob%C3%A8rtas" title="Grandas descobèrtas">Grandei Descubèrtas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nascut dins la region de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">Gènoa</a>, Cristòl Colomb èra lo fiu d'un teisseire. S'orientèt vèrs la marina e venguèt <a href="/wiki/Matal%C3%B2t" title="Matalòt">matalòt</a> per lo còmpte dei familhas marchandas de la <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vila</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1476" class="mw-redirect" title="1476">1476</a>, s'installèt en <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a> onte comencèt de s'interessar a la question de la rota deis <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índias</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a>. Realizant un important estudi sus lo subjècte, prepausèt de menar una expedicion ai diferents sobeirans d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a>. Après mai d'un refús, obtenguèt lo sostèn dei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8is_Catolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rèis Catolics">Rèis Catolics</a>. Arribèt ansin dins la region de <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> lo 12 d'octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a> e, durant sei quatre expedicions, explorèt largament leis <a href="/wiki/Antilhas" title="Antilhas">Antilhas</a>. Fondèt tanben plusors <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonias</a> permanentas en <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. </p><p>Aqueleis establiments foguèron la basa de l'Empèri <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniau</a> <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòu</a>. Colomb i metèt en plaça un sistèma d'esplecha dei populacions indigènas que foguèron obligadas de liurar de <a href="/wiki/Tribut" title="Tribut">tributs</a> regulars d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a> per defugir de represalhas fòrça violentas. Organizèt tanben de fòrças militaras per sometre lei populacions indigènas entraïnant la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> de plusors centenaus de miliers d'Amerindians. Aquela <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politica</a> foguèt a l'origina dau sistèma estendut a tot lo continent après la conquista deis Empèris <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_ast%C3%A8ca" title="Civilizacion astèca">Astèc</a> e <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Inca">Inca</a>. Pasmens, aquò escandalizèt la rèina <a href="/wiki/Isab%C3%A8l_I%C3%A8ra_de_Castelha" title="Isabèl Ièra de Castelha">Isabèla de Castelha</a> qu'ordonèt l'arrestation de Colomb. S'aquela decision empediguèt pas la perseguida dei chaples d'indigèns, permetèt a la corona <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòla</a> de recuperar plusors privilègis de Cristòl Colomb sus lei tèrras descubèrtas. Liberat, Colomb tornèt trobar jamai tot son poder politic. En particular, foguèt excluch dei projèctes de desvolopament dei colonias espanhòlas e moriguèt en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> en <a href="/wiki/1506" class="mw-redirect" title="1506">1506</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Biografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jovença_e_formacion"><span id="Joven.C3.A7a_e_formacion"></span>Jovença e formacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Jovença e formacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Jovença e formacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/220px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/330px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg/440px-ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Exemplar personau de Cristòl Colomb dau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_dei_meravilhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre dei meravilhas (la pagina existís pas)">Libre dei meravilhas</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La jovença de Cristòl Colomb es pas documentada d'un biais precís. De mai, son racònte es complicat per leis afabulacions de Colomb eu meteis qu'assaièt de se donar d'originas prestigiosas. Es nascut dins la region de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">Gènoa</a> entre lo 26 d'aost e lo 31 d'octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1451" class="mw-redirect" title="1451">1451</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Èra l'ainat d'una <a href="/wiki/Familha" class="mw-disambig" title="Familha">familha</a> de cinc <a href="/wiki/Enfant" title="Enfant">enfants</a>. Son <a href="/wiki/Paire" title="Paire">paire</a>, Domenico Colombo (<a href="/wiki/1418" class="mw-redirect" title="1418">1418</a>-<a href="/wiki/1496" class="mw-redirect" title="1496">1496</a>), èra un teisseire originari de <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beazley_p._741_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beazley_p._741-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après de trèbols sociaus, quitèt <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">Gènoa</a> en <a href="/wiki/1470" class="mw-redirect" title="1470">1470</a> per s'installar a <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a> onte venguèt proprietari d'un establiment de <a href="/wiki/Teissut" class="mw-disambig" title="Teissut">textil</a> e d'una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tav%C3%A8rna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tavèrna (la pagina existís pas)">tavèrna</a>. Pasmens, aguèt benlèu de problemas financiers car l'orientacion de Cristòl es estonanta dins una societat onte lo fiu ainat repreniá normalament l'activitat de son <a href="/wiki/Paire" title="Paire">paire</a>. Dicha Susanna Fontanarossa (<a href="/wiki/1435" class="mw-redirect" title="1435">1435</a>-<a href="/wiki/1489" class="mw-redirect" title="1489">1489</a>), sa maire es fòrça mau coneguda<sup id="cite_ref-Beazley_p._741_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beazley_p._741-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, l'ipotèsi dei dificultats financieras de Domenico Colombo es mau segura car son fiu aguèt accès a una educacion relativament avançada. En particular, estudièt la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmografia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmografia (la pagina existís pas)">cosmografia</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrologia</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometria</a> e legiguèt lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_dei_meravilhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre dei meravilhas (la pagina existís pas)">Libre dei meravilhas</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1254" class="mw-redirect" title="1254">1254</a>-<a href="/wiki/1324" class="mw-redirect" title="1324">1324</a>), l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imago_mundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imago mundi (la pagina existís pas)">Imago mundi</a></i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_d%27Ailly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre d'Ailly (la pagina existís pas)">Pierre d'Ailly</a> (<a href="/wiki/1351" class="mw-redirect" title="1351">1351</a>-<a href="/wiki/1420" class="mw-redirect" title="1420">1420</a>), l’<i>Historia rerum ubique gestarum</i> dau <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">papa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piu_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piu II (la pagina existís pas)">Piu II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1458" class="mw-redirect" title="1458">1458</a>-<a href="/wiki/1464" class="mw-redirect" title="1464">1464</a>), una traduccion de l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ist%C3%B2ria_Naturala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istòria Naturala (la pagina existís pas)">Istòria Naturala</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Plini_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Plini lo Vièlh">Plini l'Ancian</a> (<a href="/wiki/23" class="mw-redirect" title="23">23</a>-<a href="/wiki/79" class="mw-redirect" title="79">79</a>) e la <i><a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">Geometria</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Claudi_Ptolem%C3%A8u" title="Claudi Ptolemèu">Claudi Ptolemèu</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> en <a href="/wiki/168" class="mw-redirect" title="168">168</a>). Son interès per la marina auriá ansin poscut aparéisser amb leis activitats marchandas liadas a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tav%C3%A8rna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tavèrna (la pagina existís pas)">tavèrna</a> de son paire. </p><p>Dins lo corrent deis ans 1470, Cristòl Colomb venguèt <a href="/wiki/Matal%C3%B2t" title="Matalòt">matalòt</a> sus de <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> operant per lei familhas marchandas de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">Gènoa</a>, especialament lei Centurion, lei Di Negro e lei Spinola. Sei viatges son relativament mau segurs car Colomb i apondiguèt de detalhs dobtós. Dins aquò, realizèt plusors viatges importants en <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">Mar Mediterranèa</a> ò en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a> que li permetèron d'acampar un peculi sufisent per obtenir son independéncia financiera e ajudar son paire<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_question_de_la_rota_de_l'Orient"><span id="La_question_de_la_rota_de_l.27Orient"></span>La question de la rota de l'Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La question de la rota de l'Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La question de la rota de l'Orient"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'installacion_de_Colomb_en_Portugau"><span id="L.27installacion_de_Colomb_en_Portugau"></span>L'installacion de Colomb en Portugau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : L'installacion de Colomb en Portugau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'installacion de Colomb en Portugau"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1476" class="mw-redirect" title="1476">1476</a>, l'expedicion marchanda de Colomb foguèt atacada per de <a href="/wiki/Corsari" title="Corsari">corsaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a> au sud de la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a>. Lo marin foguèt obligat de se refugiar a <a href="/wiki/Lisbona" title="Lisbona">Lisbona</a> onte son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Bartolomeo</a> teniá una barraca de <a href="/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia">cartograf</a>. Après l'acabament de sa mission vèrs <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a>, Colomb demorèt dins la <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">portuguesa</a> de <a href="/wiki/1477" class="mw-redirect" title="1477">1477</a> a <a href="/wiki/1485" class="mw-redirect" title="1485">1485</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1479" class="mw-redirect" title="1479">1479</a>, se maridèt amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipa_Moniz_Perestrelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filipa Moniz Perestrelo (la pagina existís pas)">Filipa Moniz Perestrelo</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/1458" class="mw-redirect" title="1458">1458</a>-<a href="/wiki/1480" class="mw-redirect" title="1480">1480</a>), la filha de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeu_Perestrelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeu Perestrelo (la pagina existís pas)">Bartolomeu Perestrelo</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/1395" class="mw-redirect" title="1395">1395</a>-<a href="/wiki/1457" class="mw-redirect" title="1457">1457</a>) qu'èra estat governador de l'illa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porto_Santo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porto Santo (la pagina existís pas)">Porto Santo</a> dins l'<a href="/wiki/Archip%C3%A8la_de_Mad%C3%A8ira" title="Archipèla de Madèira">archipèla de Madèira</a>. Pasmens, sa <a href="/wiki/Femna" title="Femna">femna</a> moriguèt après la naissença de son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Diego Colomb</a> l'an seguent. </p><p>Aqueu <a href="/wiki/Maridatge" title="Maridatge">maridatge</a> dirigiguèt l'interès de Colomb vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a> car lo pareu anèt s'installar a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porto_Santo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porto Santo (la pagina existís pas)">Porto Santo</a>. Ansin, lo marin <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">genoés</a> i entendiguèt parlar d'indicis a prepaus de l'existéncia de tèrras situadas au delà de l'<a href="/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic">Ocean Atlantic</a>. Obtenguèt tanben de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta (la pagina existís pas)">cartas</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Vent" title="Vent">vents</a> e dei corrents dei possessions portuguesas de l'<a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>, probablament realizadas per son bèupaire<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo trabalh amb son fraire li permetèt egalament de melhorar son mestritge de la <a href="/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_question_de_la_longor_de_la_rota_vèrs_l'Orient"><span id="La_question_de_la_longor_de_la_rota_v.C3.A8rs_l.27Orient"></span>La question de la longor de la rota vèrs l'Orient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La question de la longor de la rota vèrs l'Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La question de la longor de la rota vèrs l'Orient"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png/220px-Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png/330px-Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png/440px-Martin_Behaim_1492_Ocean_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Representacion de la carta geografica de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Behaim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Behaim (la pagina existís pas)">Martin Behaim</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg/220px-Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg/330px-Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg/440px-Carte_de_Toscanelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Carta de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Toscanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Toscanelli (la pagina existís pas)">Paolo Toscanelli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cristòl Colomb comencèt d'imaginar son projècte de viatge <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</a> vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a> a partir de <a href="/wiki/1484" class="mw-redirect" title="1484">1484</a>. D'efiech, au contrari d'un crèire frequent dins la societat actuala, mai d'un sabent <a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">medievau</a> imaginava una <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a> <a href="/wiki/Esf%C3%A8ra" title="Esfèra">esferica</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ansin, la possibilitat d'arribar en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orient (la pagina existís pas)">Orient</a> en passant per l'<a href="/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic">Ocean Atlantic</a> èra pas totalament considerada coma impossibla. En revènge, se pausava la question de la longor dau camin. Segon leis evaluacions <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia">grègas</a>, especialament aquelei d'<a href="/wiki/Eratostenes" title="Eratostenes">Eratostenes</a> (<a href="/wiki/-276" class="mw-redirect" title="-276">276</a>-<a href="/wiki/-194" class="mw-redirect" title="-194">194 avC</a>) qu'èran relativament pròchas de la realitat, lo trajècte èra fòrça lòng e en fòra dei capacitats <a href="/wiki/Logistica" title="Logistica">logisticas</a> de la fin dau sègle XV. </p><p>Pasmens, per apielar son idèa, Colomb utilizèt d'autreis estimacions per demenir la distància supausada en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Per exemple, preferiguèt lei mesuras de l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imago_mundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imago mundi (la pagina existís pas)">Imago mundi</a></i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_d%27Ailly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre d'Ailly (la pagina existís pas)">Pierre d'Ailly</a>. De mai, inicièt benlèu una correspondància amb lo <a href="/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia">geograf</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Behaim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Behaim (la pagina existís pas)">Martin Behaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/1459" class="mw-redirect" title="1459">1459</a>-<a href="/wiki/1507" class="mw-redirect" title="1507">1507</a>), autor d'un glòbe terrèstre famós que representa lei <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">asiatic</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">europèu</a> separat per l'<a href="/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, e amb lo sabent <a href="/wiki/Floren%C3%A7a" title="Florença">florentin</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Toscanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Toscanelli (la pagina existís pas)">Paolo Toscanelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/1397" class="mw-redirect" title="1397">1397</a>-<a href="/wiki/1482" class="mw-redirect" title="1482">1482</a>), autor de cartas destinadas a encoratjar la cèrca de la rota de l'oèst. Aquò permetèt a Colomb de donar una basa racionala a son projècte per o presentar ai sobeirans <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">iberics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_dificultats_d'organizacion_de_l'expedicion"><span id="Lei_dificultats_d.27organizacion_de_l.27expedicion"></span>Lei dificultats d'organizacion de l'expedicion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei dificultats d'organizacion de l'expedicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei dificultats d'organizacion de l'expedicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colomb demandèt lo sostèn dei rèis de <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Castelha" title="Reiaume de Castelha">Castelha</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Reialme_d%27Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Reialme d'Aragon">Aragon</a> per finançar son expedicion. Se turtèt a mai d'un refús. D'efiech, en <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a>, lei sabents de la cort de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_II_de_Portugau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan II de Portugau (la pagina existís pas)">Joan II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1481" class="mw-redirect" title="1481">1481</a>-<a href="/wiki/1495" class="mw-redirect" title="1495">1495</a>) èran en desacòrdi amb lei calculs optimistas dau Genoés. De mai, lei Portugués preferissián concentrar seis esfòrç sus l'exploracion de la rota <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africana</a> vèrs leis <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índias</a> ont èran a enregistrar de succès importants amb leis expedicions de <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>. </p><p>Après aquela revirada, Colomb quitèt <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a> per anar en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>. Gràcias a l'ajuda dei franciscans, obtenguèt una audiéncia reiala en <a href="/wiki/1486" class="mw-redirect" title="1486">1486</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isab%C3%A8l_I%C3%A8ra_de_Castelha" title="Isabèl Ièra de Castelha">Isabèla de Castelha</a> li donèt una pension mai sei conselhiers refusèron de sostenir lo projècte. Colomb demandèt alora – sensa succès – lo sostèn de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a> e, tornarmai, de <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a>. Recebèt ges de respònsa mai aquel activisme inquietèt finalament lei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8is_Catolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rèis Catolics">Rèis Catolics</a>. Per empedir la descubèrta de la rota novèla per un reiaume rivau, acceptèron d'ajudar Colomb en <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_premiera_expedicion_e_la_descubèrta_d'America"><span id="La_premiera_expedicion_e_la_descub.C3.A8rta_d.27America"></span>La premiera expedicion e la descubèrta d'America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La premiera expedicion e la descubèrta d'America" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La premiera expedicion e la descubèrta d'America"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_traversada_de_l'Ocean_Atlantic"><span id="La_traversada_de_l.27Ocean_Atlantic"></span>La traversada de l'Ocean Atlantic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La traversada de l'Ocean Atlantic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La traversada de l'Ocean Atlantic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/220px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/330px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg/440px-1893_Nina_Pinta_Santa_Maria_replicas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de replicas dei tres <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a>, realizadas a la fin dau sègle XIX, de la premiera expedicion de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo 17 d'abriu de <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a>, Colomb recebèt de privilègis excepcionaus. Lei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8is_Catolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rèis Catolics">Rèis Catolics</a> lo nomèron « amirau de la Mar Oceana », li donèron lo títol de vice rèi de totei lei tèrras susceptiblas d'èsser descubèrtas e li laissèron un desen de l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, deis <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina)">espècias</a> e dei pèiras preciosas que seràn trobats durant l'expedicion. Colomb obtenguèt tres <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a>, dichs <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(1492)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa María (1492) (la pagina existís pas)">Santa María</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Ni%C3%B1a_(navire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Niña (navire) (la pagina existís pas)">La Niña</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pinta (la pagina existís pas)">La Pinta</a></i>, amb 90 òmes d'equipatge. La durada dau viatge èra estimada a dos <a href="/wiki/Mes" title="Mes">mes</a>. </p><p>La partença aguèt luòc lo 3 d'aost de <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a> a partir dau <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rt" class="mw-disambig" title="Pòrt">pòrt</a> de <a href="/wiki/Palos_de_la_Frontera" title="Palos de la Frontera">Palos de la Frontera</a>. Entre lo 6 d'aost e lo 9 de setembre, una escala se debanèt dins leis <a href="/wiki/Illas_Can%C3%A0rias" title="Illas Canàrias">Illas Canàrias</a> afin de cargar lo materiau necessari a la traversada (viures, <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a>). Puei, gràcias ais informacions acampadas durant la preparacion de l'expedicion, Colomb se dirigiguèt vèrs lo <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a> per trobar leis <a href="/wiki/Alisis" title="Alisis">alisis</a> (e evitar lei patrolhas portuguesas a l'entorn deis <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%B2res" title="Açòres">Açòres</a>). </p><p>Lo viatge conoguèt ges de dificultat e es ben conegut car foguèt contat per plusors cronicaires que poguèron consultar lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libre_de_b%C3%B2rd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libre de bòrd (la pagina existís pas)">libre de bòrd</a>. En despiech de la legenda, leis equipatges menacèron pas de se revòutar quauquei jorns avans la descubèrta de la premiera illa lo 12 d'octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a>. En revènge, i aguèt ben quauqueis inquietuds e Colomb escondèt de còps l'importància dei distàncias percorregudas. De mai, i aguèt una decepcion importanta amb l'intrada dins la <a href="/wiki/Mar_dels_Sargasses" title="Mar dels Sargasses">Mar dei Sargàs</a> que foguèt inicialament presa per una tèrra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_premiera_exploracion_deis_illas_caribas">La premiera exploracion deis illas caribas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : La premiera exploracion deis illas caribas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La premiera exploracion deis illas caribas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png/220px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png/330px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png/440px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Premiera_expedicion.png 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Trajècte seguit per la premiera expedicion de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>La premiera illa descubèrta per l'expedicion èra dicha « <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanahani (la pagina existís pas)">Guanahani</a> » per leis indigèns. Foguèt dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Salvador_(Bahamas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Salvador (Bahamas) (la pagina existís pas)">San Salvador</a> per l'amirau. Correspond probablament a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Watling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watling (la pagina existís pas)">illa Watling</a> mai aquò es pas totalament segur. Lo premier rescòntre amb leis indigèns – de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%AFnos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taïnos (la pagina existís pas)">Taïnos</a> – foguèt corau e Colomb li ofriguèt divèrsei presents. En cambi, lei marins recebèron de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papagai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papagai (la pagina existís pas)">papagais</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Tabat" title="Tabat">tabat</a>. Pasmens, lei discussions foguèron malaisadas en causa de l'abséncia d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpr%C3%A8t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interprèt (la pagina existís pas)">interprèt</a> e leis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a> imaginèron l'existéncia d'un reiaume ric situat sus una <a href="/wiki/Illa" title="Illa">illa</a> au sud-èst de lor posicion<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Assaiant de descubrir aqueu reiaume misteriós, Colomb descurbiguèt <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> lo 28 d'octòbre. Pasmens, la preséncia possibla d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> dins la region avivèt lei cobesiás e, lo 23 de novembre, l'equipatge de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pinta (la pagina existís pas)">La Pinta</a></i> abandonèt l'expedicion per assaiar de descubrir lo reiaume misteriós. Arribèt a <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> onte trobèt quauquei tròç de <a href="/wiki/Metau_preci%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau preciós">metaus preciós</a>. De son caire, Colomb deguèt faciar la pèrda de la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(1492)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa María (1492) (la pagina existís pas)">Santa María</a></i> que s'encalèt sus un escuelh lo 24 de decembre. En causa de la pichona talha de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pinta (la pagina existís pas)">La Pinta</a></i>, foguèt donc necessari de crear un <a href="/wiki/Fortin_militar" title="Fortin militar">fortin</a>, dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Navidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Navidad (la pagina existís pas)">La Navidad</a>, onte 39 òmes foguèron laissats en esperant lo viatge de retorn de Colomb. Lo retorn de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pinta (la pagina existís pas)">La Pinta</a></i> cambièt pas la situacion. </p><p>Lo viatge de retorn vèrs <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> foguèt malaisada en causa d'una violenta tempèsta que separèt tornarmai lei dos <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> lo 12 de febrier de <a href="/wiki/1493" class="mw-redirect" title="1493">1493</a>. Colomb capitèt pasmens d'arribar dins la baia de <a href="/wiki/Tage" title="Tage">Tage</a> lo 4 de març de <a href="/wiki/1493" class="mw-redirect" title="1493">1493</a>. La novèla de son succès i èra ja conegut car <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Pinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Pinta (la pagina existís pas)">La Pinta</a></i> èra arribada a <a href="/wiki/Baiona_(Pontevedra)" title="Baiona (Pontevedra)">Baiona</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%ADcia" title="Galícia">Galícia</a> lo 3. Après un acuelh mitigat de part de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_II_de_Portugau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan II de Portugau (la pagina existís pas)">Joan II</a>, Colomb foguèt fòrça celebrat a son retorn en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> lo 15. Foguèt anoblit e obtenguèt sensa difficultat lei mejans necessaris a l'organizacion d'una segonda expedicion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_segonda_expedicion">La segonda expedicion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : La segonda expedicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La segonda expedicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_cèrca_dau_continent_asiatic"><span id="La_c.C3.A8rca_dau_continent_asiatic"></span>La cèrca dau continent asiatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : La cèrca dau continent asiatic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La cèrca dau continent asiatic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png/220px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png/330px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png/440px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Segonda_expedicion.png 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Trajècte de la segonda expedicion de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>La segonda expedicion de Colomb èra d'una amplor fòrça superiora a la premiera. Constituïda de 17 vaissèus e de 1 500, quitèt <a href="/wiki/Cadis" title="Cadis">Cadis</a> lo 25 de setembre de <a href="/wiki/1493" class="mw-redirect" title="1493">1493</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Illas_Can%C3%A0rias" title="Illas Canàrias">Canàrias</a> onte recuperèt de plantums de <a href="/wiki/Cana_de_sucre" title="Cana de sucre">cana de sucre</a> per assaiar de leis aclimatar en <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>. D'efiech, l'objectiu dau viatge èra de fondar d'installacions permanentas dins la region. </p><p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> arribèron dins leis <a href="/wiki/Antilhas" title="Antilhas">Antilhas</a> lo 4 de novembre. Après la descubèrta de divèrseis illas, Colomb arribèt a <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Navidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Navidad (la pagina existís pas)">La Navidad</a> per i trobar lei rèstas cremats dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortin (la pagina existís pas)">fortin</a> e de quauquei cadabres. Segon leis explicacions deis indigèns, de combats serián estats entraïnats per l'aviditat e la violéncia deis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a>. Abandonant l'endrech, Colomb fondèt una basa novèla, dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Isabela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Isabela (la pagina existís pas)">La Isabela</a>, a proximitat d'un jaciment supausat d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>. Puei, mandèt 12 <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> per raportar la situacion. De son caire, prenguèt 3 autrei vaissèus per perseguir l'exploracion e arribar dins lei territòris dau « Grand Khan ». Reconoguèt ansin una partida dau litorau sud de <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> e descurbiguèt <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_començament_de_la_colonizacion"><span id="Lo_comen.C3.A7ament_de_la_colonizacion"></span>Lo començament de la colonizacion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo començament de la colonizacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo començament de la colonizacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La segonda expedicion de Colomb veguèt la mesa en plaça dei premierei basas dau sistèma <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniau</a> <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòu</a> en <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>. D'efiech, a partir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Isabela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Isabela (la pagina existís pas)">La Isabela</a>, l'esplecha deis indigèns comencèt d'èsser organizada. Leis « Indians » foguèron obligats de provesir un <a href="/wiki/Tribut" title="Tribut">tribut</a> regular format d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a>. Aquelei que refusèron s'enfugiguèron dins lei <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a> ò assaièron de se revòutar. La premiera insureccion aguèt luòc lo 27 de març de <a href="/wiki/1495" class="mw-redirect" title="1495">1495</a> mai foguèt aisament reprimida. </p><p>Aquelei combats permetèron ais <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a> de capturar d'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclaus</a> e de renfòrçar sa dominacion sus l'illa d'<a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. Marquèron lo començament d'una grèva crisi <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografica</a> que veguèt la quasi disparicion de la populacion de l'illa que passèt d'au mens 500 000 abitants en <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a solament 28 000 en <a href="/wiki/1522" class="mw-redirect" title="1522">1522</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harman_pp._190-191_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman_pp._190-191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aguent laissat son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Bartolomeo</a> coma governador, Colomb decidèt de s'entornar en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> en <a href="/wiki/1496" class="mw-redirect" title="1496">1496</a> amb 500 esclaus <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">arawaks</a>. Solament 300 arribèron a destinacion e <a href="/wiki/Isab%C3%A8l_I%C3%A8ra_de_Castelha" title="Isabèl Ièra de Castelha">Isabèla de Castelha</a>, escandalizada, ordonèt sa liberacion<sup id="cite_ref-Harman_pp._190-191_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman_pp._190-191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, lo viatge foguèt pas considerat coma un succès important car Colomb, maugrat sei descubèrtas, entornèt ges de richessa </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_tresena_expedicion">La tresena expedicion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : La tresena expedicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La tresena expedicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png/220px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png/330px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png/440px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Tresena_expedicion.png 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Trajècte de la tresena expedicion de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>En causa de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27It%C3%A0lia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiera Guèrra d'Itàlia (la pagina existís pas)">Premiera Guèrra d'Itàlia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1494" class="mw-redirect" title="1494">1494</a>-<a href="/wiki/1497" class="mw-redirect" title="1497">1497</a>), la tresena expedicion de Colomb foguèt pas organizada avans <a href="/wiki/1498" class="mw-redirect" title="1498">1498</a>. Amb 3 <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a>, Colomb quitèt la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a> lo 30 de març de <a href="/wiki/1498" class="mw-redirect" title="1498">1498</a> e se dirigiguèt vèrs lo <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a>. Arribèt ansin per lo premier còp sus lo <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">american</a> eu meteis dins la region d'<a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> lo 5 d'aost. Après aver explorar l'endrech, anèt a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">La Nueva Isabela</a> (uei <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">Sant Domingo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vila</a> novèla fondada per remplaçar <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Isabela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Isabela (la pagina existís pas)">La Isabela</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniala</a>. </p><p>I descurbiguèt una situacion malaisada amb de tensions grèvas entre son fraire e l'alcalde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Rold%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Roldán (la pagina existís pas)">Francisco Roldán</a>, en revòuta còntra l'autoritat dau governador. Per amaisar la situacion, Colomb deguèt negociar amb l'alcalde. Acceptèt d'establir au profiech dei rebèls un sistèma d'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclavatge</a> deis « Indians » que serviguèt pus tard de basa au « repartimiento », concession institucionalizada de la man d'òbra indigèna ai <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'arrestation_de_Colomb"><span id="L.27arrestation_de_Colomb"></span>L'arrestation de Colomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : L'arrestation de Colomb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'arrestation de Colomb"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En causa dei tensions generalas en <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, lei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8is_Catolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rèis Catolics">Rèis Catolics</a> mandèron un enquistaire, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Bobadilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Bobadilla (la pagina existís pas)">Francisco de Bobadilla</a>, per seguir la situacion. Tre son arribada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Bobadilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Bobadilla (la pagina existís pas)">Bobadilla</a> s'acipèt de la vision de sèt Espanhòus penduts a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">Sant Domingo</a>. De mai, descurbiguèt la gestion marrida de la colonia per lei Colomb (pagament irregular dei soudats, conversions tròp limitadas...). S'aliant amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Rold%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Roldán (la pagina existís pas)">Roldán</a>, ordonèt l'arrestation dei Colomb (Cristòl, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Bartolomeo</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Diego</a>) e se proclamèt governador. Puei, mandèt lei tres presoniers en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> e accelerèt la mesa en plaça de l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encomienda (la pagina existís pas)">encomienda</a></i>. Aquò èra lo transferiment dei responsabilitats de proteccion e d'evangelizacion d'un grop d'Indians dau rèi a un individú privat. En cambi, aquel individú podiá exigir un <a href="/wiki/Tribut" title="Tribut">tribut</a> ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corvada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corvada (la pagina existís pas)">corvadas</a>. Amb lei <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> importadas d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>, accelerèt la disparicion deis indigèns. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Bobadilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Bobadilla (la pagina existís pas)">Bobadilla</a> foguèt tanben fòrça criticat per sei decisions car <a href="/wiki/Isab%C3%A8l_I%C3%A8ra_de_Castelha" title="Isabèl Ièra de Castelha">Isabèla de Castelha</a> èra fòrça ostila a tota mesura de reduccion deis Indians en <a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclavatge</a>. Remplaçat tre <a href="/wiki/1502" class="mw-redirect" title="1502">1502</a>, foguèt tuat per una tempèsta durant lo viatge de retorn en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>. De son caire, Colomb foguèt liberat après sièis setmanas de preson mai, en fòra de son títol onorific de vice rèi, perdiguèt totei sei privilègis. Aquò marquèt lo començament d'un lòng procès amb la corona espanhòla que s'acabèt après sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> per un compromès que permetèt a son fiu d'obtenir divèrsei possessions en <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_quatrena_expedicion">La quatrena expedicion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : La quatrena expedicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La quatrena expedicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png/220px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png/330px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png/440px-Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb_-_Quatrena_expedicion.png 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Trajècte de la quatrena expedicion de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cristòl Colomb aguèt lo drech d'organizar une quatrena expedicion en <a href="/wiki/1502" class="mw-redirect" title="1502">1502</a> amb quatre <a href="/wiki/Caravela" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravela">caravelas</a>. Per <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>, après la descubèrta de la rota africana deis <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índias</a> per <a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco de Gama">Vasco de Gama</a> (<a href="/wiki/1469" class="mw-redirect" title="1469">1469</a>-<a href="/wiki/1529" class="mw-redirect" title="1529">1529</a>), l'enjòc èra important per pas laissar a <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugau</a> lo monopòli dau comèrci amb <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. L'objectiu de Colomb èra donc d'explorar vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a> e lei sobeirans li enebiguèron d'acostar sensa necessitat a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">Sant Domingo</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aqueu viatge es mau conegut car Colomb tenguèt ges de jornau. Pasmens, son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrand_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrand Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Ferrand Colomb</a>, nascut en <a href="/wiki/1488" class="mw-redirect" title="1488">1488</a> après una liason entre son paire e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatriz_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Arana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatriz Enríquez de Arana (la pagina existís pas)">Beatriz Enríquez de Arana</a>, auriá pres quauquei nòtas. Utilizadas pus tard per escriure una <a href="/wiki/Autobiografia" title="Autobiografia">autobiografia</a> de Cristòl Colomb, son la fònt principala sus lo trajècte seguit per l'expedicion. Lei <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> explorèron lo <a href="/wiki/Litorau" title="Litorau">litorau</a> de la <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2sta_Rica" title="Còsta Rica">Còsta Rica</a> vèrs lo <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a> fins a l'istme de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama (la pagina existís pas)">Panama</a>. Puei, anèron vèrs lo nòrd onte deguèron s'arrestar a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> en causa de degalhs tròp importants (25 de junh de <a href="/wiki/1503" class="mw-redirect" title="1503">1503</a>). Tocat per lo <a href="/wiki/Paludisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Paludisme">paludisme</a>, Colomb deguèt subreviure un an sus l'illa fins a l'arribada de secors dempuei <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">Sant Domingo</a> (junh de <a href="/wiki/1504" class="mw-redirect" title="1504">1504</a>). Puei, quitèt la region en setembre per arribar en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> en novembre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fin_de_vida">Fin de vida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Fin de vida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fin de vida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg/220px-Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg/330px-Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg/440px-Sevilla_cathedral_-_tomb_of_christopher_columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Tomba" title="Tomba">tomba</a> actuala de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>Colomb moriguèt lo 20 de mai de <a href="/wiki/1506" class="mw-redirect" title="1506">1506</a> mens de dos ans après la fin de son quatren viatge. Contràriament a la <a href="/wiki/Legenda" title="Legenda">legenda</a>, visquèt pas dins la misèria e obtenguèt lo pagament d'una partida dei revenguts deis <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índias</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, retrobèt pas lei privilègis acordats en <a href="/wiki/1493" class="mw-redirect" title="1493">1493</a>. Foguèt inicialament enterrat a <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> mai son còrs foguèt desplaçat plusors còps durant l'istòria coloniala d'<a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> : a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Domingo" title="Sant Domingo">Sant Domingo</a> en <a href="/wiki/1541" class="mw-redirect" title="1541">1541</a>, a <a href="/wiki/L%27Avana" title="L'Avana">L'Avana</a> en <a href="/wiki/1795" class="mw-redirect" title="1795">1795</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Sevilha" title="Sevilha">Sevilha</a> en <a href="/wiki/1898" class="mw-redirect" title="1898">1898</a>. </p><p>Son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Diego</a> contunièt de reclamar la restitucion dei privilègis cedits en <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a>. Sensa obtenir un contentament totau de sei revendicacions, foguèt nomat governador deis <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índias</a> en <a href="/wiki/1508" class="mw-redirect" title="1508">1508</a> e vice rèi en <a href="/wiki/1511" class="mw-redirect" title="1511">1511</a>. Après sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a>, sa frema negocièt per son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Col%C3%B3n_de_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Colón de Toledo (la pagina existís pas)">Luis Colón de Toledo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1520" class="mw-redirect" title="1520">1520</a>-<a href="/wiki/1572" class="mw-redirect" title="1572">1572</a>) un acòrdi diferent li permetent d'obtenir divèrsei tèrras (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducat_de_Veragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducat de Veragua (la pagina existís pas)">ducat de Veragua</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquesat_de_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquesat de Jamaica (la pagina existís pas)">marquesat de Jamaica</a>) en cambi de l'abandon oficiau dei drechs inicialament donats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Òbra"><span id=".C3.92bra"></span>Òbra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Òbra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Òbra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_descubèrta_d'America"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_d.27America"></span>La descubèrta d'America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta d'America" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La descubèrta d'America"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se lo <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">american</a> foguèt de segur descubèrt i a 12 000 a 14 000 ans per lei rèires dei pòbles amerindians, Cristòl Colomb foguèt l'explorator que permetèt a <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> de prendre consciéncia de l'existéncia d'<a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, Colomb eu meteis comprenguèt jamai la natura de sa descubèrta e pensèt fins a sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> aver trobat de regions orientalas d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Es ansin l'explorator <a href="/wiki/Floren%C3%A7a" title="Florença">florentin</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> (<a href="/wiki/1454" class="mw-redirect" title="1454">1454</a>-<a href="/wiki/1512" class="mw-redirect" title="1512">1512</a>) que foguèt lo premier qu'afiermèt l'existéncia d'un <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> « novèu » entre <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Per aquò, aquela massa de tèrras foguèt dicha <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a> en son onor per lei <a href="/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia">geografs</a> dau sègle XVI. Lo nom de Colomb foguèt unicament utilizat per nomar <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia">Colómbia</a>, descubèrta per lo <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8noa" title="Gènoa">Genoés</a> durant son tresen viatge<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_fondacion_de_l'empèri_coloniau_espanhòu"><span id="La_fondacion_de_l.27emp.C3.A8ri_coloniau_espanh.C3.B2u"></span>La fondacion de l'empèri coloniau espanhòu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : La fondacion de l'empèri coloniau espanhòu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fondacion de l'empèri coloniau espanhòu"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La fondacion de <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonias</a> permanentas e la mesa en plaça de sistèmas d'esplecha de la man d'òbra indigèna per Cristòl Colomb marquèron la creacion de l'Empèri coloniau d'<a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>. D'efiech, tre leis ans 1490, la <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politica</a> de Colomb e de sei fraires adoptèt de trachs caracteristics de la futura societat <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniala</a>. </p><p>Lei pus importants son aquelei que prefiguran l’<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encomienda (la pagina existís pas)">encomienda</a></i> e lo <i>repartimiento</i>. Generalizats ai conquistas ulterioras deis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a>, èran destinats a esplechar la man d'òbra locala per assegurar la rendabilitat deis expedicions de Colomb e, pus tard, de tota l'entrepresa <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniala</a>]. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, totei lei tres <a href="/wiki/Mes" title="Mes">mes</a>, leis Indians de mai de 14 ans devián liurar una certana quantitat d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> ò subir de represalhas <a href="/wiki/Sang" title="Sang">saunós</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amputacion (la pagina existís pas)">amputacion</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">mans</a>...)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, aquelei castigs foguèron pauc a pauc remplaçats per l'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclavatge</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Tribut" title="Tribut">tribut</a> per la possibilitat d'exigir una quantitat de trabalh de part deis indigèns. </p><p>D'autra part, Colomb observèt la feblessa <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militara</a> e <a href="/wiki/Politica" title="Politica">politica</a> dei societats indigènas. Comprenguèt pauc a pauc que la conquista e l'annexion dei tèrras descubèrtas èra possibla<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Comuniquèt aquela informacion a sei sobeirans, çò que foguèt a l'origina dau fenomèn dei <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquistador (la pagina existís pas)">conquistadors</a></i> que destruguèron leis empèris <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamericans</a> durant lei sègles XVI e XVII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_disparicion_dei_Taïnos"><span id="La_disparicion_dei_Ta.C3.AFnos"></span>La disparicion dei Taïnos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : La disparicion dei Taïnos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La disparicion dei Taïnos"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La politica iniciada per Colomb entraïnèt la disparicion rapida de la màger part dei Taïnos de l'illa d'<a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. D'efiech, utilizèt rapidament la violéncia per impausar l'òrdre espanhòu dins la region. Tre <a href="/wiki/1495" class="mw-redirect" title="1495">1495</a> per exemple, menèt una violenta incursion que s'acabèt per la captura de 1 500 <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawaks</a>. Puei, organizèt de tropas a l'entorn d'unitats de soudats ben <a href="/wiki/Arma_(gu%C3%A8rra)" title="Arma (guèrra)">armats</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Can" class="mw-redirect" title="Can">cans</a> per percórrer rapidament la region, sometre lei comunautats, reprimir lei temptativas d'insureccion e secutar lei pòchis de resisténcia. Relativament eficaça, aquela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrategia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrategia (la pagina existís pas)">estrategia</a> entraïnèt la mòrt de 125 000 a 300 000 Amerindians avans l'arrestacion de Colomb. Pasmens, sei successors perseguèron sa politica e l'agravèron. En <a href="/wiki/1530" class="mw-redirect" title="1530">1530</a>, segon <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Casaus" title="Bartolomé Casaus">Bartolomé Casaus</a> (<a href="/wiki/1484" class="mw-redirect" title="1484">1484</a>-<a href="/wiki/1566" class="mw-redirect" title="1566">1566</a>), solament 600 Tainos èran totjorn en <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posteritat_e_eiretatge">Posteritat e eiretatge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Posteritat e eiretatge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Posteritat e eiretatge"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/220px-Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/330px-Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg/440px-Monument_de_Christophe_Colomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> dau monument de <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> en onor de Cristòl Colomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cristòl Colomb es un personatge <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istoric</a> fòrça famós reconegut coma un navegator e un explorator excepcionau. Sa posteritat a variat segon leis epòcas. Fins a la segonda mitat dau sègle XX, èra relativament positiva. Per exemple, lo 12 d'octòbre es commemorat dins la màger part dei país <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> e <a href="/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina">America Latina</a>) e en <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>. Autre exemple, en <a href="/wiki/1893" class="mw-redirect" title="1893">1893</a>, una exposicion de sièis mes sus Colomb atraiguèt 27 milions de visitors. De mai, plusors <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vilas</a> <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">americanas</a> an una carriera ò una plaça importanta nomada en son onor. En fòra de <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia">Colómbia</a>, doas capitalas d'<a href="/wiki/Estats_dels_Estats_Units" title="Estats dels Estats Units">estats</a> estatsunidencs (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_del_Sud" title="Carolina del Sud">Carolina dau Sud</a>) an una <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> portant lo nom de Colomb. Es tanben lo cas dau <a href="/wiki/Riu" title="Riu">riu</a> <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia_(flume)" title="Colómbia (flume)">Colómbia</a>. </p><p>Pasmens, dempuei la fin dau periòde <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniau</a>, l'eiretatge colombian es vist d'un biais pus nuançat en causa de son ròtle important dins la mesa en plaça dau sistèma coloniau en <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a> e dins lei chaples de populacions indigènas. En particular, se Colomb es considerat coma lo fondator de l'America actuala, lo 12 d'octòbre es vengut una celebracion mesclant fèsta e reget segon leis endrechs e lei comunautats<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, sei temptativas de lausar sa vida en trafegant la sieuna <a href="/wiki/Autobiografia" title="Autobiografia">autobiografia</a> son d'ara endavant mielhs coneguts per leis <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorians</a>. Ansin, la moralitat dobtosa de Colomb a participat a la degradacion de son imatge </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_precolombiana" title="America precolombiana">America Precolombiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Bartolomeo Colomb</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">Colonialisme</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquistador (la pagina existís pas)">Conquistador</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Colomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Colomb (la pagina existís pas)">Diego Colomb</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encomienda (la pagina existís pas)">Encomienda</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandas_descob%C3%A8rtas" title="Grandas descobèrtas">Grandei Descubèrtas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8is_Catolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rèis Catolics">Rèis Catolics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Crouzet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Crouzet (la pagina existís pas)">Denis Crouzet</a>, <i>Christophe Colomb : Héraut de l'Apocalypse</i>, Payot, 2006.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Heers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Heers (la pagina existís pas)">Jacques Heers</a>, <i>Christophe Colomb</i>, Hachette, 1991.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Lequenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Lequenne (la pagina existís pas)">Michel Lequenne</a>, <i>Christophe Colomb : amiral de la mer océane</i>, Gallimard, coll. « Découvertes Gallimard : histoire », 2005.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Eliot_Morison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Eliot Morison (la pagina existís pas)">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, <i>Christophe Colomb, Amiral de la Mer océane</i>, 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2l_Colomb&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">La data de <a href="/wiki/1492" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a> es de còps utilizada per marcar la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> R.C. Allen, <i>Global economic history: a very short introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L'endrech precís de la naissença de Cristòl Colomb es encara l'objècte de debats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beazley_p._741-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beazley_p._741_4-0">4,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beazley_p._741_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> C. R. Beazley, intrada <i>Columbus, Christopher</i> dins <i>Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition)</i>, 1911, p. 741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Italian" title="Italian">(it)</a></b> Gianni Granzotto, <i>Cristoforo Colombo</i>, Ugo Mursia editore, 2010, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Italian" title="Italian">(it)</a></b> Cesare de Lollis, <i>Vita di Cristoforo Colombo</i>, Fratelli Treves, 1895, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>Inventing the Flat Earth. Columbus and modern historians</i>, Praeger, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Samuel Eliot Morison, <i>Christophe Colomb, Amiral de la Mer océane</i>, Saint-Clair, 1974, pp. 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Robert H. Fuson, <i>The Log of Christopher Columbus</i>, International Marine Publishing, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Certaneis estimacions dònan de chifras superiors fins a un milion d'abitants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harman_pp._190-191-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harman_pp._190-191_11-0">11,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harman_pp._190-191_11-1">11,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Chris Harman, <i>Une histoire populaire de l'humanité</i>, La Découverte, 2015, pp. 190-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Samuel Eliot Morison, <i>Christophe Colomb, Amiral de la Mer océane</i>, Saint-Clair, 1974, pp. 354-357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Marianne Mahn-Lot, <i>Christophe Colomb</i>, Seuil, coll. « Le temps qui court », 1960, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei <a href="/wiki/Viking" title="Viking">Vikings</a> fondèron de <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonias</a> en <a href="/wiki/America_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="America del Nòrd">America dau Nòrd</a> au començament dau sègle XI. Pasmens, mau capitèron de s'i mantenir e oblidèron rapidament son existéncia. En revènge, gardèron sei colonias de <a href="/wiki/Groenl%C3%A0ndia" title="Groenlàndia">Groenlàndia</a> fins au comenaçament dau sègle XV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Martin Dugard, <i>The Last Voyage of Columbus</i>. Little, Brown and Company, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. McIlwraith e Edward K. Muller, <i>North America: the historical geography of a changing continent</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo tèrme « <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia">Colómbia</a> » designava un ensems format dei territòris actuaus de <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia">Colómbia</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="Panamà">Panamà</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Vene%C3%A7u%C3%A8la" title="Veneçuèla">Veneçuèla</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Eq%C3%BCator_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Eqüator (país)">Eqüator</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> David E. Stannard, <i>American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World</i>, Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inicialament, Colomb pensava que leis indigèns èran de subjèctes dei rèis d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> Orientala. Una conquista dirècta èra donc impensabla. Pasmens, aquò cambièt quand leis « Indians » mostrèron qu'ignoravan lo nom dei sobeirans orientaus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> H. Schuman, B. Schwartz e H. d'Arcy, <i>"Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?"</i>, <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i>, 2005, <b>69</b> : 2–29.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristòl_Colomb&oldid=2451476">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristòl_Colomb&oldid=2451476</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Navegador" title="Categoria:Navegador">Navegador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Explorator" title="Categoria:Explorator">Explorator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Explorator_italian" title="Categoria:Explorator italian">Explorator italian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Naissen%C3%A7a_en_1451" title="Categoria:Naissença en 1451">Naissença en 1451</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Dec%C3%A8s_en_1506" title="Categoria:Decès en 1506">Decès en 1506</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 12 octobre de 2024 a 11.21.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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