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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of perpetual motion machines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/220px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/330px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/440px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a>'s 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a> machines dates at least back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. For millennia, it was not clear whether perpetual motion devices were possible or not, but modern theories of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> have shown that they are impossible. Despite this, many attempts have been made to construct such machines, continuing into modern times. Modern designers and proponents sometimes use other terms, such as "overunity", to describe their inventions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:350px; text-align:left; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>Kinds of perpetual motion machines</dt></dl> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perpetuum Mobile of Villard de Honnecourt (about 1230)"><img alt="Perpetuum Mobile of Villard de Honnecourt (about 1230)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg/116px-Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg/174px-Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg/231px-Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perpetuum Mobile of <a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a> (about 1230)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15th-century wheel by Taccola"><img alt="15th-century wheel by Taccola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg/92px-Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg/138px-Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg/184px-Taccola_overbalanced_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th-century wheel by <a href="/wiki/Taccola" title="Taccola">Taccola</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orffyreus' Mersseburgische Perpetuum Mobile"><img alt="Orffyreus' Mersseburgische Perpetuum Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg/120px-Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg/180px-Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg/240px-Orffyreus_Das_Mersseburgische_Perpetuum_Mobile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="754" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orffyreus' Mersseburgische Perpetuum Mobile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boyle's perpetual motion scheme"><img alt="Boyle's perpetual motion scheme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png/120px-Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png/180px-Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png/240px-Boyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boyle's perpetual motion scheme</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>There are two types of perpetual motion machines: </p> <ul><li><i>Perpetual motion machines of the first kind</i> are those devices that violate the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a>, the principle of conservation of energy, creating energy out of nothing. Most attempts fall into this category.</li> <li><i>Perpetual motion machines of the second kind</i> are devices that violate the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>. Even though they obey the principle of conservation of energy, they attempt extraction of work from a single heat reservoir, violating the principle of no <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> decrease in an isolated macroscopic thermodynamic system.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual motion classification">Perpetual motion classification</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-19th_century">Pre-19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some unsourced claims<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a perpetual motion machine called the "magic wheel" (a wheel spinning on its axle powered by lodestones) appeared in 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. This historical claim appears to be unsubstantiated though often repeated. </p><p>Early designs of perpetual motion machines were done by Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematician</a>–<a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhaskara II</a>, who described a wheel (<a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara%27s_wheel" title="Bhāskara's wheel">Bhāskara's wheel</a>) that he claimed would run forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A drawing of a perpetual motion machine appeared in the sketchbook of <a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a>, a 13th-century French master <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">mason</a> and architect. The sketchbook was concerned with <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. Following the example of Villard, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Maricourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Maricourt">Peter of Maricourt</a> designed a magnetic globe which, if it were mounted without friction parallel to the celestial axis, would rotate once a day. It was intended to serve as an automatic <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> made a number of drawings of devices he hoped would make free <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. Leonardo da Vinci was generally against such devices, but drew and examined numerous overbalanced wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark Anthony Zimara, a 16th-century Italian scholar, proposed a self-blowing windmill.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various scholars in this period investigated the topic. In 1607 <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Drebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Drebbel">Cornelius Drebbel</a> in "Wonder-vondt van de eeuwighe bewegingh" dedicated a Perpetuum motion machine to <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was described by Heinrich Hiesserle von Chodaw in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> devised the "perpetual vase" ("perpetual goblet" or "hydrostatic paradox") which was discussed by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Papin" title="Denis Papin">Denis Papin</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i> for 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a> proposed a fluid energy machine. In 1686, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Andreas_B%C3%B6ckler" title="Georg Andreas Böckler">Georg Andreas Böckler</a>, designed a "self operating" self-powered <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mill</a> and several perpetual motion machines using balls using variants of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screws</a>. In 1712, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bessler" title="Johann Bessler">Johann Bessler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orffyreus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orffyreus">Orffyreus</a>), claimed to have experimented with 300 different perpetual motion models before developing what he said were working models.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1760s, <a href="/wiki/James_Cox_(inventor)" title="James Cox (inventor)">James Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Merlin" title="John Joseph Merlin">John Joseph Merlin</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_timepiece" title="Cox's timepiece">Cox's timepiece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cox claimed that the timepiece was a true perpetual motion machine, but as the device is powered by changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_barometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury barometer">mercury barometer</a>, this is not the case. </p><p>In 1775, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris</a> made the statement that the Academy "will no longer accept or deal with proposals concerning perpetual motion."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1812, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Redheffer" title="Charles Redheffer">Charles Redheffer</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, claimed to have developed a "generator" that could power other machines. The machine was open for viewing in Philadelphia, where Redheffer raised large amount of money from the admission fee.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redheffer moved his machine to New York, after his cover was blown in Philadelphia, while applying for government funding.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was there that <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a> exposed Redheffer's schemes during an exposition of the device in New York City (1813). Removing some concealing wooden strips, Fulton found a <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">catgut</a> belt drive went through a wall to an attic. In the attic, a man was turning a crank to power the device.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Congreve,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet">Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet</a> devised a machine running on <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would disobey the principle that water seeks its own level, so to produce a continuous ascent and overflow. The device had an inclined plane over pulleys.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the top and bottom, there travelled an endless band of sponge, a bed and, over this, again an endless band of heavy weights jointed together.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole stood over the surface of still water.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congreve believed his system would operate continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1868, an Austrian, Alois Drasch, received a US patent for a machine that possessed a "thrust key-type <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gearing</a>" of a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engine</a>. The vehicle driver could tilt a trough depending upon need. A heavy ball rolled in a cylindrical trough downward, and, with continuous adjustment of the device's levers and power output, Drasch believed that it would be possible to power a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, E.P. Willis of New Haven, Connecticut made money from a "proprietary" perpetual motion machine. A story of the overcomplicated device with a hidden source of energy appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> article "The Greatest Discovery Ever Yet Made". Investigation into the device eventually found a source of power that drove it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Ernst_Worrell_Keely" title="John Ernst Worrell Keely">John Ernst Worrell Keely</a> claimed the invention of an induction resonance motion motor. He explained that he used "etheric technology". In 1872, Keely announced that he had discovered a principle for power production based on the vibrations of <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a>. Scientists investigated his machine which appeared to run on water, though Keely endeavoured to avoid this. Shortly after 1872, <a href="/wiki/Venture_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capitalist">venture capitalists</a> accused Keely of fraud (they lost nearly five million dollars). Keely's machine, it was discovered after his death, was based on hidden air pressure tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900_to_1950">1900 to 1950</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1900 to 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> claimed to have discovered an abstract principle on which to base a perpetual motion machine of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion_classification#Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual motion classification">second kind</a>. No prototype was produced. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Tesla_2018_p._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesla_2018_p.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A departure from known methods – possibility of a "self-acting" engine or machine, inanimate, yet capable, like a living being, of deriving energy from the medium – the ideal way of obtaining motive power.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a>, Australian inventor, had a lifelong fascination with perpetual motion. One of his studies on Newtonian mechanics led him to create a <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">shearing</a> machine in 1910 that converted curvilineal motion into straight line movement. The device is the basis of modern mechanical shears.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1910s and 1920s, Harry Perrigo of Kansas City, Missouri, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, claimed development of a free energy device.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perrigo claimed the energy source was "from thin air" or from aether waves. He demonstrated the device before the Congress of the United States on December 15, 1917. Perrigo had a pending application<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the "Improvement in Method and Apparatus for Accumulating and Transforming Ether Electric Energy". Investigators report that his device contained a hidden motor battery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/222px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/333px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/444px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the October 1920 issue of <i>Popular Science</i> magazine</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>, in the October 1920 issue, published an article on the lure of perpetual motion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1951_to_1980">1951 to 1980</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1951 to 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Papp" title="Josef Papp">Josef Papp</a> (sometimes referred to as Joseph Papp or Joseph Papf) supposedly developed an alternative <a href="/wiki/Car_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Car engine">car engine</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">inert gases</a>. He gained a few investors but when the engine was publicly demonstrated, an explosion killed one of the observers and injured two others. Papp blamed the accident on interference by physicist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, who later shared his observations in an article in <i>Laser</i>, the journal of the Southern Californian Skeptics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papp continued to accept money but never demonstrated another engine. </p><p>On December 20 of 1977, Emil T. Hartman received <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4215330">U.S. patent 4,215,330</a></span> titled "Permanent magnet propulsion system". This device is related to the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Magnetic_Overunity_Toy" title="Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy">Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy</a> (SMOT). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testatika-Line.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Testatika-Line.png/222px-Testatika-Line.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Testatika-Line.png/333px-Testatika-Line.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Testatika-Line.png/444px-Testatika-Line.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Thesta-Distatica<sup id="cite_ref-NS170_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> electrical circuit as explained in Potter's "<a href="/wiki/Methernitha" title="Methernitha">Methernitha</a> Back-Engineered"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> article.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul Baumann, a German engineer, developed a machine referred to as the "Testatika"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and known as the "Swiss M-L converter"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Thesta-Distatica".<sup id="cite_ref-NS170_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guido_Franch" class="mw-redirect" title="Guido Franch">Guido Franch</a> reportedly had a process of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">transmuting</a> water molecules into high-<a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> compounds (named <a href="/wiki/Mota_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mota fuel">Mota fuel</a>) that would reduce the price of gasoline to 8 cents per gallon. This process involved a green <a href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">powder</a> (this claim may be related to the similar ones of John Andrews (1917)). He was brought to court for <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> in 1954 and <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquitted</a>, but in 1973 was convicted. <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Justice</a> William Bauer and Justice Philip Romiti both observed a demonstration in the 1954 case.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Otis_T._Carr" title="Otis T. Carr">Otis T. Carr</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> formed a company to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFO</a>-styled <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spaceships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>. Carr sold <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> for this <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> endeavour. He also promoted <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">free energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>. He claimed inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, physicist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> discussed a <a href="/wiki/Brownian_ratchet" title="Brownian ratchet">Brownian ratchet</a> that would supposedly extract meaningful work from <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, although he went on to demonstrate how such a device would fail to work in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Feynman_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feynman-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, David Hamel produced the Hamel generator, an "<a href="/wiki/Antigravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigravity">antigravity</a>" device, supposedly after an <a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">alien abduction</a>. The device was tested on <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i> where it failed to demonstrate any lift-generating capability.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPatent4151431-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/USPatent4151431-2.png/222px-USPatent4151431-2.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/USPatent4151431-2.png/333px-USPatent4151431-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/USPatent4151431-2.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Howard R. Johnson's US Patent 4151431</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Robert_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Robert Johnson (page does not exist)">Howard Robert Johnson</a> developed a permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnet_motor" title="Magnet motor">magnet motor</a> and, on April 24, 1979, received <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4151431">U.S. patent 4,151,431</a></span>.[The United States Patent office main classification of his 4151431 patent is as an "electrical generator or motor structure, dynamoelectric, linear" (310/12).] Johnson claimed that his device generates motion, either rotary or linear, from nothing but permanent magnets in rotor as well as stator, acting against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated that permanent magnets made of proper hard materials should lose less than two percent of their magnetization in powering a device for 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Westley_Newman" title="Joseph Westley Newman">Joseph Westley Newman</a> applied for a patent on a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> electrical motor which, according to his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Energy_Machine_of_Joseph_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman">The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman</a></i> did more mechanical work than could be accounted for by the electrical power supplied to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newman's patent application was rejected in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-USPTO_Newman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO_Newman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USPTO_MPEP_2107.01_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO_MPEP_2107.01-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newman sued the <a href="/wiki/US_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="US Patent and Trademark Office">US Patent and Trademark Office</a> in US District Court, which ordered the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> to test his machine; they informed the Court that Newman's device did not produce more power than supplied by the batteries it was connected to, and the Court found against Newman.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_v_Quigg_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_v_Quigg-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1981_to_1999">1981 to 1999</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1981 to 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Yuri S. Potapov of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> claims development of an <a href="/wiki/Over-unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-unity">over-unity</a> electrothermal water-based generator (referred to as "Yusmar 1"). He founded the YUSMAR company to promote his device. The device has failed to produce over unity under tests.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clean Energy Technologies, Inc. (CETI) claimed development of a device called the <a href="/wiki/Patterson_power_cell" title="Patterson power cell">Patterson power cell</a> that outputs small yet anomalous amounts of heat, perhaps due to <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a>. Skeptics state that inaccurate measurements of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> effects from the cooling flow through the pellets may be responsible for the results.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_E._H._Jones" title="David E. H. Jones">Dave Jones</a> created a device in 1981 using a seemingly constantly rotating bicycle wheel sealed in a plexiglass container. He created it as a scientific joke, always stating that it was a fake and not a true perpetual motion machine, but to date no one has yet discovered how the device works. Before he died of cancer in 2017, his brother Peter persuaded him to write down the secret behind the wheel, which he sent in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Poliakoff" title="Martyn Poliakoff">Martyn Poliakoff</a>, a chemist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Savage" title="Adam Savage">Adam Savage</a> examined the wheel in 2023, which was housed at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, producing a video of the event, in which he suspected that an electrical mechanism of some kind drove the device.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s">2000s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEGcircuit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MEGcircuit.png/222px-MEGcircuit.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MEGcircuit.png/333px-MEGcircuit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MEGcircuit.png/444px-MEGcircuit.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Motionless electromagnetic generator circuit as explained in US Patent 6362718</figcaption></figure> <p>The motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) was built by Tom Bearden. Allegedly, the device can eventually sustain its operation in addition to powering a load without application of external electrical power. Bearden claimed that it didn't violate the first law of thermodynamics because it extracted <a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">vacuum energy</a> from the immediate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics dismiss this theory and instead identify it as a perpetual motion machine with an unscientific rationalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parkJune2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkJune2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science writer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> said that Bearden's physics theories, compiled in the self-published book <i>Energy from the Vacuum</i>, are considered "howlers" by physicists, and that his doctorate title was obtained from a <a href="/wiki/Diploma_mill" title="Diploma mill">diploma mill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bearden then founded and directed the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study (AIAS) to further propagate his theories. This group has published papers in established physics journals and in books published by leading publishing houses, but one analysis lamented these publications because the texts were "full of misconceptions and misunderstandings concerning the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Bearden was awarded <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6362718">U.S. patent 6,362,718</a></span> in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> issued a statement against the granting.<sup id="cite_ref-parkJune2002_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkJune2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> said that it would reexamine the patent and change the way it recruits examiners, and re-certify examiners on a regular basis, to prevent similar patents from being granted again.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the GWE (Genesis World Energy) group claimed to have 400 people developing a device that supposedly separated water into H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> using less energy than conventionally thought possible. No independent confirmation was ever made of their claims, and in 2006, company founder Patrick Kelly was sentenced to five years in prison for stealing funds from investors.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Steorn" title="Steorn">Steorn</a> Ltd. claimed to have built an over-unity device based on rotating magnets, and took out an advertisement soliciting scientists to test their claims. The selection process for twelve began in September 2006 and concluded in December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selected jury started investigating Steorn's claims. A public demonstration scheduled for July 4, 2007 was canceled due to "technical difficulties".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2009, the selected jury said the technology does not work.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Eberhart" title="Mark Eberhart">Mark Eberhart</a> (2007):<i>Feeding the fire: the lost history and uncertain future of mankind's energy</i>, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Townsend White, Jr.">Lynn Townsend White, Jr.</a> (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", <i>The American Historical Review</i> <b>65</b> (3), p. 522-526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time-Life Books (1991). <i>Inventive Genius</i>. 143 pages. Page 125. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-7699-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-7699-1">0-8094-7699-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip J. Mirowski, (1991). <i>More Heat Than Light: Economics As Social Physics: Physics As Nature's Economics</i> 462 pages. Page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrd-Hume1977" class="citation book cs1">Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=022yYXnS_GQC&q=%22Directions+for+constructing+a+Perpetual+Motion+Machine+without+the+Use+of+Water+or+a+Weight%22&pg=PA43"><i>Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 41–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60131-7"><bdi>978-0-312-60131-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Motion%3A+The+History+of+an+Obsession&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41-44&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-312-60131-7&rft.aulast=Ord-Hume&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D022yYXnS_GQC%26q%3D%2522Directions%2Bfor%2Bconstructing%2Ba%2BPerpetual%2BMotion%2BMachine%2Bwithout%2Bthe%2BUse%2Bof%2BWater%2Bor%2Ba%2BWeight%2522%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drebbel.net/Wondervondt.pdf">"Wonder-vondt van de eeuwighe bewegingh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wonder-vondt+van+de+eeuwighe+bewegingh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drebbel.net%2FWondervondt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310193332/http://www.drebbel.net/1621%20PPM.pdf">"Copy and transcript of an article concerning Cornelis Drebbel's Perpetuum Mobile by Francis Franck"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drebbel.net/1621%20PPM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copy+and+transcript+of+an+article+concerning+Cornelis+Drebbel%E2%80%99s+Perpetuum+Mobile+by+Francis+Franck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drebbel.net%2F1621%2520PPM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrystal1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chrystal, George (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perpetual Motion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Perpetual_Motion">"Perpetual Motion" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perpetual+Motion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=180-182&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030827232844/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/pascal.html">"Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator"</a>, May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimaneck" class="citation web cs1">Simaneck, Donald E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202094814/https://lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/museum/people/people.htm">"Perpetual Futility"</a>. <i>lockhaven.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/museum/people/people.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lockhaven.edu&rft.atitle=Perpetual+Futility&rft.aulast=Simaneck&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lockhaven.edu%2F~dsimanek%2Fmuseum%2Fpeople%2Fpeople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession. St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-60131-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-60131-X">0-312-60131-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaffer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Scaffer, Simon (June 1995). "The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century". <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 157–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087400032957">10.1017/S0007087400032957</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4027676">4027676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146549874">146549874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Show+That+Never+Ends%3A+Perpetual+Motion+in+the+Early+Eighteenth+Century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-189&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146549874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4027676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087400032957&rft.aulast=Scaffer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2003" class="citation web cs1">Radford, Tim (2003-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/nov/13/research.highereducation2">"Too good to be true"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Too+good+to+be+true&rft.date=2003-11-13&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2003%2Fnov%2F13%2Fresearch.highereducation2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hicks, Clifford B. (April 1961). "Why won't they work?". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage Magazine</a></i>. American Heritage Publishing Company. Retrieved 28 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/redheffer.html">"This page has moved"</a>. <i>www.museumofhoaxes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museumofhoaxes.com&rft.atitle=This+page+has+moved&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofhoaxes.com%2Fredheffer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information originally at www.skepticfiles.org/skep2/pmotion2.htm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi438.htm">"No. 438: Redheffer's PMM-I"</a>. <i>www.uh.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uh.edu&rft.atitle=No.+438%3A+Redheffer%27s+PMM-I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fengines%2Fepi438.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Perpetual Motion". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>105</b> (21): 452–453. 1911. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911SciAm.105..452.">1911SciAm.105..452.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican11181911-452">10.1038/scientificamerican11181911-452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Perpetual+Motion&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=452-453&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican11181911-452&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1911SciAm.105..452.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp-gramatke.de/pmm_physics/german/page0300.htm">"HPs Perpetuum Mobile Physik. Die Geschichte der schiefen Ebene und ihrer Verwendung in perpetua Mobilia"</a>. <i>www.hp-gramatke.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hp-gramatke.de&rft.atitle=HPs+Perpetuum+Mobile+Physik.+Die+Geschichte+der+schiefen+Ebene+und+ihrer+Verwendung+in+perpetua+Mobilia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hp-gramatke.de%2Fpmm_physics%2Fgerman%2Fpage0300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogyimagesofhistory.com/images/amotion.JPG">"Image of Scientific American"</a>. <i>genealogyimagesofhistory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genealogyimagesofhistory.com&rft.atitle=Image+of+Scientific+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogyimagesofhistory.com%2Fimages%2Famotion.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/01/20/102408633.pdf">"Keely's Secret Disclosed.; Scientists Examine His Laboratory and Discover Hidden Tubes in Proof of His Deception."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 20 January 1899</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Keely%27s+Secret+Disclosed.%3B+Scientists+Examine+His+Laboratory+and+Discover+Hidden+Tubes+in+Proof+of+His+Deception.&rft.date=1899-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1899%2F01%2F20%2F102408633.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla_2018_p.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla_2018_p._22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla2018" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-problem-of-increasing-human-energy-9"><i>The Problem of Increasing Human Energy: with Special References to the Harnessing of the Sun's Energy</i></a>. Charles River Editors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5080-1717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5080-1717-2"><bdi>978-1-5080-1717-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Increasing+Human+Energy%3A+with+Special+References+to+the+Harnessing+of+the+Sun%27s+Energy&rft.pub=Charles+River+Editors&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5080-1717-2&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kobo.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Febook%2Fthe-problem-of-increasing-human-energy-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Jenkin, <i>Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri</i> (1979), pp. 234-236, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7270-1112-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7270-1112-X">0-7270-1112-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kclibrary.org/localhistory/list.cfm?list=sub&SubjectareaID=77176">Harry E. Perrigo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008094240/http://www.kclibrary.org/localhistory/list.cfm?list=sub&SubjectareaID=77176">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a vertical file at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kclibrary.org/">Kansas City Public Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, described as follows: "Photos, illustrations, and information on Harry Perrigo, a local inventor of a "free energy" device in the 1910s-1920s turning out to be a hoax. Energy source of "invention" supposedly "from thin air" or from "ether waves" but in actually from a hidden battery."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">filed December 31, 1925; Serial Number 78,719</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citations originally at www.kclibrary.org resources Subject area ID 77176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip Rowland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pykDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26">"The undying lure of perpetual motion"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>, October 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/papparticle2.html">"Feynman on Papp"</a>. <i>www.museumofhoaxes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museumofhoaxes.com&rft.atitle=Feynman+on+Papp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofhoaxes.com%2Fcomments%2Fpapparticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS170-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS170_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS170_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New scientist, Volume 170, Issues 2286-2291. Page 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rexresearch.com/testatik/testart.htm#potbakeng">"Back-Engineered Testatika"</a> by Paul E. Potter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeane Manning, The coming energy revolution. Reviews Avery Pub. Group, April 1, 1996. Page 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthey, PH (1985), "The Swiss ML Converter – A Masterpiece of Craftsmanship and Electronic Engineering"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082859/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/589/is-there-a-pill-that-can-turn-water-into-gasoline/">"Is there a pill that can turn water into gasoline?"</a>. <i>straightdope.com</i>. 14 December 1984. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_399.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=straightdope.com&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+pill+that+can+turn+water+into+gasoline%3F&rft.date=1984-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fclassics%2Fa2_399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101093112/http://www.keelynet.com/gravity/carr3.htm">"Otis Carr Flying Machine – KeelyNet 12/23/01"</a>. <i>www.keelynet.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keelynet.com/gravity/carr3.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.keelynet.com&rft.atitle=Otis+Carr+Flying+Machine+%E2%80%93+KeelyNet+12%2F23%2F01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keelynet.com%2Fgravity%2Fcarr3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feynman-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1963" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, Richard P. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_46.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 1</i></a>. Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley. pp. Chapter 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-02116-5"><bdi>978-0-201-02116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pages=Chapter+46&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-201-02116-5&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwc.org/mythbusters/2006/12/episode_68_christmas_tree_ligh.html">"Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 68: Christmas Tree Lights, Antigravity Device, Vodka Myths IV"</a>. <i>kwc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kwc.org&rft.atitle=Annotated+Mythbusters%3A+Episode+68%3A+Christmas+Tree+Lights%2C+Antigravity+Device%2C+Vodka+Myths+IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwc.org%2Fmythbusters%2F2006%2F12%2Fepisode_68_christmas_tree_ligh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a> Episode 68: Christmas Tree Lights, Antigravity Device, Vodka Myths IV <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081109031748/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-05.html">"Mythbusters : Episode Guide : Discovery Channel"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mythbusters+%3A+Episode+Guide+%3A+Discovery+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Ffansites%2Fmythbusters%2Fepisode%2Fepisode-tab-05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorma_Hyypia1980" class="citation news cs1">Jorma Hyypia (Spring 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newebmasters.com/freeenergy/sm-pg45.html">"Amazing Magnet-Powered Motor"</a>. <i>Science & Mechanics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Amazing+Magnet-Powered+Motor&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Jorma+Hyypia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newebmasters.com%2Ffreeenergy%2Fsm-pg45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span> (Cover illustration is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rexresearch.com/johnson/1johnson.htm#scimech">here</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qsYyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6671,6264163">"Industrial Engineer Gets Patent for a Device Powered by Magnets"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siamagazin.com/the-impossible-perpetuum-mobile-machine-invented-by-david-jones"><i>The Impossible Perpetuum Mobile Machine Invented By David Jones</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SIA_Magazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIA Magazin (page does not exist)">SIA Magazin</a>, 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam+Savage+vs+The+%22Perpetual+Motion%22+Machine%21&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2023-01-03&rft.au=Adam+Savage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQdEdYfxMx-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2007/01/dr-beardens-vacuum-energy/">"'Dr' Bearden's Vacuum Energy"</a>, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, January/February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn040502.html">"Free Energy: Perpetual Motion Scams are at an All-Time High"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622223211/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn040502.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>What's New</i>, APS, 5 April 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn050302.html">"Vacuum Energy: How Do You Patent a Perpetual-Motion Machine?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622223334/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn050302.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>What's New</i>, APS, 3 May 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parkJune2002-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parkJune2002_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parkJune2002_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn062802.html">"Free Energy: APS Board Speaks Out on Perpetual Motion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622223550/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn062802.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>What's New</i>, APS, 28 June 2002 "The Executive Board of the American Physical Society is concerned that in this period of unprecedented scientific advance, misguided or fraudulent claims of perpetual motion machines and other sources of unlimited free energy are proliferating. Such devices would directly violate the most fundamental laws of Nature, laws that have guided the scientific advances that are transforming our world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fnal.gov/~prebys/talks/perpetual_motion/perpetual_motion_public.pdf">Energy: No Such Thing as a Free Lunch"</a>, Eric Prebys, Guest Lecture at Columbia University, November 4, 2008. Also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fnal.gov/~prebys/talks/ask_a_scientist_energy/">shorter version</a> for Fermilab's "Ask a scientist" program, December 6, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_CarvalhoRodrigues_Jr2003" class="citation journal cs1">de Carvalho, A. L. T.; Rodrigues Jr, W. A. (2003). "The non Sequitur Mathematics and Physics of the 'New Electrodynamics' of the <i>AIAS</i> Group". <i>Random Operators and Stochastic Equations</i>. <b>9</b>: 161–206. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0302016">physics/0302016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003physics...2016D">2003physics...2016D</a>. <q>We show that the AIAS group collection of papers on a 'new electrodynamics' recently published in the Journal of New Energy, as well as other papers signed by that group (and also other authors) appearing in other established physical journals and in many books published by leading international publishers (see references) are full of misconceptions and misunderstandings concerning the theory of the electromagnetic field and contain fatal mathematical flaws, which invalidates almost all claims done by the authors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Random+Operators+and+Stochastic+Equations&rft.atitle=The+non+Sequitur+Mathematics+and+Physics+of+the+%27New+Electrodynamics%27+of+the+AIAS+Group&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=161-206&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0302016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003physics...2016D&rft.aulast=de+Carvalho&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+T.&rft.au=Rodrigues+Jr%2C+W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn082302.html">"Free Energy: The Patent Office Decides to Take Another Look"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622223443/http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN02/wn082302.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>What's New</i>, APS, 23 August 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases06/pr20061109d.html">"State of New Jersey"</a>. <i>www.nj.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nj.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Foag%2Fnewsreleases06%2Fpr20061109d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=911">http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=911</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113102418/http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=911">Archived</a> 2020-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=981">http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=981</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113102417/http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=981">Archived</a> 2020-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0624/1224249416758.html">"Irish 'energy for nothing' gizmo fails jury vetting"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. June 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+%27energy+for+nothing%27+gizmo+fails+jury+vetting&rft.date=2009-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fireland%2F2009%2F0624%2F1224249416758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+perpetual+motion+machines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dircks" title="Henry Dircks">Dircks, Henry</a>. (1870). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perpetuummobile00dircgoog">Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search For Self-Motive Power, From the 13th to the 19th Century</a></i> With an introductory essay. Second Series. London. W. Clowes and Sons</li> <li>Verance, Percy. (1916). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/perpetualmotionc00verarich#page/2/mode/2up">Perpetual Motion: Comprising a History of the Efforts to Attain Self-Motive Mechanism with a Classified, Illustrated Collection and Explanation of the Devices Whereby it Has Been Sought and Why They Failed, and Comprising Also a Revision and Re-Arrangement of the Information Afforded by "Search for Self -Motive Power During The 17th, 18th and 19th Centuries," London, 1861, and "A History of the Search for Self-Motive Power from the 13th to The 19th Century," London, 1870, by Henry Dircks, C. E., LL. D., Etc.</a></i>. 20th Century Enlightenment Specialty Co.</li> <li>Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3V-BQgAACAAJ">Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession</a>. St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-60131-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-60131-X">0-312-60131-X</a>.</li> <li>Angrist, Stanley W., "<i>Perpetual Motion Machines</i>". Scientific American. January 1968.</li> <li>Hans-Peter, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/perpetuum/english/page7100.htm">Perpetual Motion Chronology</a></i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/perpetuum/">HP's Perpetuum Mobile</a>.</li> <li>MacMillan, David M., et al., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcdatabase.com/~lemur/rb-rolling-ball.html">The Rolling Ball Web</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017023436/http://www.marcdatabase.com/~lemur/rb-rolling-ball.html">Archived</a> 2018-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, An Online Compendium of Rolling Ball Sculptures, Clocks, Etc</i>".</li> <li>Lienhard, John H., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi33.htm">Perpetual motion</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/The_Engines_of_Our_Ingenuity" title="The Engines of Our Ingenuity">The Engines of Our Ingenuity</a>, 1997.</li> <li>"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/patents.htm">Patents for Unworkable Devices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004835/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/patents.htm">Archived</a> 2015-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/unwork.htm">The Museum of Unworkable Devices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123165219/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/unwork.htm">Archived</a> 2010-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/people/people.htm">Perpetual Motion Pioneers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423101614/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/people/people.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The Movers and Shakers)</i>". The Museum of Unworkable Devices.</li> <li>Boes, Alex, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/">Museum of Hoaxes</a></i>".</li> <li>Kilty, Kevin T., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilty.com/pmotion.htm">Perpetual Motion</a></i>". 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/test-pm.htm">The Basement Mechanic's Guide to Testing Perpetual Motion Machines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004653/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/test-pm.htm">Archived</a> 2015-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_perpetual_motion_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of perpetual motion machines">History of perpetual motion machines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gousseva, Maria, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/15-04-2003/2497-energy-0/">Alleged Creation of Perpetual Energy Source Splits Scientific Community</a></i>". Pravda.ru.</li> <li>Bearden, Tom, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Perpetual%20Motion%2038.doc">Perpetual motion vs. "working machines creating energy from nothing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050127104927/http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Perpetual%20Motion%2038.doc">Archived</a> 2005-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". 2003, Revised 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veljkomilkovic.com/Veciti_motoriEng.html">Perpetuum mobile page</a> by Veljko Milković.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aerodynamics" title="History of aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_field_theory" title="History of classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gravitational_theory" title="History of gravitational theory">Gravitational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity" title="Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Material science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology" title="Timeline of materials technology">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metamaterials" title="History of metamaterials">Metamaterials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">Mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_variational_principles_in_physics" title="History of variational principles in physics">Variational principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optics" title="History of optics">Optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_energy" title="History of energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_entropy" title="History of entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perpetual motion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Computational physics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computational_physics" title="Timeline of computational physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Condensed matter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_condensed_matter_physics" title="Timeline of condensed matter physics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_superconductivity" title="History of superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cosmology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">General relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">tests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geophysics" title="History of geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li>Nuclear physics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Timeline of quantum mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">Subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">Special relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light" title="Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lorentz_transformations" title="History of Lorentz transformations">Lorentz transformations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_special_relativity" title="Tests of special relativity">tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recent developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Quantum information <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_loop_quantum_gravity" title="History of loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_string_theory" title="History of string theory">String theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Cosmic microwave background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li>Subatomic particles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_the_Higgs_boson" title="Search for the Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">Neutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light" title="Rømer's determination of the speed of light">Speed of light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_physics" title="Golden age of physics">Golden age of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_cosmology" title="Golden age of cosmology">Golden age of cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era" title="Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era">Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Harvard Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)" title="The Martians (scientists)">The Martians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Panisperna_boys" title="Via Panisperna boys">Via Panisperna boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_physics" title="Women in physics">Women in physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">Galileo affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">Shapley–Curtis</a></li> <li>Relativity priority <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_priority_dispute" title="Relativity priority dispute">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity_priority_dispute" title="General relativity priority dispute">General relativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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