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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Linked Data Notifications</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">LDN</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C Recommendation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2016<span class="noprint">; 8 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2016</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec-history_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec-20160726_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-20160726-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published</th><td class="infobox-data">July 26, 2016<span class="noprint">; 8 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2016-07-26</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec-history_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec-20160726_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-20160726-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">W3C Recommendation<br />May 2, 2017<span class="noprint">; 7 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-05-02</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preview version</th><td class="infobox-data">Editor's Draft<br />April 30, 2017<span class="noprint">; 7 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-04-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Committee</th><td class="infobox-data">Social Web Working Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sarven Capadisli<sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amy Guy<sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Platform" title="Linked Data Platform">Linked Data Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ldn/">www<wbr />.w3<wbr />.org<wbr />/TR<wbr />/ldn<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Linked Data Notifications</b> (<b>LDN</b>) <sup id="cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldn-spec-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_.28REC.29" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendation</a> that describes a <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> on how servers (<i>receivers</i>) can receive messages pushed to them by applications (<i>senders</i>), as well as how other applications (<i>consumers</i>) may retrieve those messages. Any web resource (like a <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> page) can advertise a receiving endpoint (<i>inbox</i>) for notification messages. Messages are expressed in RDF, and can contain arbitrary data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data_Notifications&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> is a decentralized system of web resources, published by multiple organizations and individuals. Web resources, such as web pages and more formally structured <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a>, frequently include links to other resources across the web, and may comment or describe them in various ways. The receiving end, however, are not generally notified of such link creation, and thus are unable to provide <a href="/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">backlinks</a> without manual intervention. Interactions within <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platforms, such as comments on a news article, are currently "locked" within the platform and hard to access across the web. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">linkback</a> mechanisms exists, and are commonly used between <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog systems</a>, e.g. a "response" post in blog B about a post in blog A causes B's platform to send a <a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">pingback</a> to be shown on the original blog A. These mechanisms are, however, generally limited in which structured information can be sent, and the notifications themselves do not form part of the decentralized web and may be difficult to consume by any third party application. </p><p>A key motivation for LDN is to support notifications between decentralized Web applications,<sup id="cite_ref-sarven2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarven2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including web browsers who - not having their own HTTP server - are unable to generate a HTTP link for their reply messages. Another motivation is to structure notifications as RDF statements using any <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a> - so that any consuming application can select the particular information they understand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data_Notifications&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <i>sender</i> or <i>receiver</i> performs a <code>GET</code> or <code>HEAD</code> to an existing HTTP resource. Its <i>inbox</i> URI is discovered from either: <ul><li>A <code>Link:</code> relation in the HTTP response headers of type <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox</code></li> <li>An RDF statement embedded in the HTTP body using the RDF property <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox</code></li></ul></li> <li>A <i>sender</i> creates a new notification (e.g. as <a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>), which it <code>POST</code>s to the <i>inbox</i> URI. <ul><li>The <i>receiver</i> creates a new HTTP resource containing the posted notification and responds with <code>201 Created</code> and the created URI.</li></ul></li> <li>A <i>consumer</i> retrieves RDF from the discovered <i>inbox</i> URI using <code>GET</code>, then: <ul><li>The <i>consumer</i> parses the response body to find RDF statements with the property <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#contains</code>. The object of these statements give the URIs to the accepted LDN notifications.</li> <li>The <i>consumer</i> retrieve any of the linked notification using <code>GET</code> and process their RDF in an application-specific manner.</li> <li>Notifications remain accessible, and can therefore be linked to and described in other web resources.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>At each stage, the sender and consumer may perform <a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">content negotiation</a> to send or receive in any mutually agreed <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> serialization format, but a compliant LDN receiver must support at least <a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data_Notifications&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>sender</i> or <i>consumer</i> discovers the inbox for a given URI, in this example using the <code>HEAD</code> method: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">HEAD</span> <span class="nn">https://example.org/article/5</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Link</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l"><https://example.org/inbox/7>; rel="http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox"</span> </pre></div> <p>A <i>sender</i> sends a notification to the discovered inbox, in this example using the <a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a> vocabulary: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">POST</span> <span class="nn">https://example.org/inbox/7</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">application/ld+json</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@context"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://schema.org"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"ReviewAction"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"object"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@id"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://example.org/article/5"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"agent"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Person"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Alice"</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"result"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Review"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"reviewBody"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"This article is the best I've ever seen!"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">201</span> <span class="ne">Created</span> <span class="na">Location</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">http://example.org/inbox/f44f3f11</span> </pre></div> <p>A <i>consumer</i> lists the content of the discovered inbox to find 3 notifications: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">https://example.org/inbox/7</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">application/ld+json</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">application/ld+json</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@context"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@id"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://example.org/inbox/7"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"contains"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://example.org/inbox/5c6ca040"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://cdn.example.org/inbox/92d72f00"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://example.org/inbox/f44f3f11"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>Note that the URIs of the original resource, inbox and notifications are not required to be hosted on the same HTTP server (e.g. they may be on a <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">CDN</a>). The <i>consumer</i> follows the links for any notifications they wish to retrieve. </p><p>In this example, the <i>consumer</i> retrieves the new <code>f44f3f11</code> notification, with content negotiation to prefer the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_(format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle (format)">Turtle</a> RDF format: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">https://example.org/inbox/f44f3f11</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">application/ld+json;q=0.9, text/turtle;q=1.5</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/turtle </span> <span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">schema:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://schema.org/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">ReviewAction</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">agent</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Person</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">name</span> <span class="s">"Alice"</span> <span class="p">];</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">object</span> <span class="nv"><https://example.org/article/5></span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">result</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Review</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">reviewBody</span> <span class="s">"This article is the best I've ever seen!"</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data_Notifications&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csarven.ca/linked-data-notifications#implementations">LDN implementations</a> exists,<sup id="cite_ref-sarven2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarven2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering senders, consumers and receivers, including: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokie.li/">dokieli</a> (sender, consumer)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.rhiaro.co.uk/errol/">errol</a> (sender)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Commons" title="Fedora Commons">Fedora Commons</a> (receiver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Marmotta" title="Apache Marmotta">Apache Marmotta</a> (receiver)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carbonldp.com/">Carbon LDP</a> (receiver)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linkededitrules.org/">Linked Edit Rules</a> (sender)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/solid/solid">Solid</a> (sender, receiver, consumer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso Universal Server</a> (receiver, consumer)</li></ul> <p>Any <a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Platform" title="Linked Data Platform">Linked Data Platform</a> (LDP) implementations are also conforming Linked Data Notification <i>receivers</i> as LDN is a strict subset of LDP.<sup id="cite_ref-sarven2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarven2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_Data_Notifications&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ldn-spec-history-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec-history_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec-history_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/standards/history/ldn">"Linked Data Notifications Publication History - W3C"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Linked+Data+Notifications+Publication+History+-+W3C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fstandards%2Fhistory%2Fldn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+Data+Notifications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ldn-spec-20160726-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec-20160726_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec-20160726_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapadisliGuy2016" class="citation web cs1">Capadisli, Sarven; Guy, Amy, eds. (2016-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-ldn-20160726/">"Linked Data Notifications"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. Social Web Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ldn/">https://www.w3.org/TR/ldn/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Linked+Data+Notifications&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2016%2FWD-ldn-20160726%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+Data+Notifications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ldn-spec-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldn-spec_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapadisliGuy2017" class="citation web cs1">Capadisli, Sarven; Guy, Amy, eds. (2017-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-ldn-20170502/">"Linked Data Notifications"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. Social Web Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ldn/">https://www.w3.org/TR/ldn/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Linked+Data+Notifications&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2017%2FREC-ldn-20170502%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+Data+Notifications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarven2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarven2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarven2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarven2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapadisliGuyLangeAuer2017" class="citation book cs1">Capadisli, Sarven; Guy, Amy; Lange, Christoph; Auer, Sören; Sambra, Andrei; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> (2017-05-28). "Linked Data Notifications: A Resource-Centric Communication Protocol". <i>The Semantic Web</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10249. pp. 537–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-58068-5_33">10.1007/978-3-319-58068-5_33</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58067-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58067-8"><bdi>978-3-319-58067-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://csarven.ca/linked-data-notifications">http://csarven.ca/linked-data-notifications</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linked+Data+Notifications%3A+A+Resource-Centric+Communication+Protocol&rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Web&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=537-553&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-58068-5_33&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58067-8&rft.aulast=Capadisli&rft.aufirst=Sarven&rft.au=Guy%2C+Amy&rft.au=Lange%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Auer%2C+S%C3%B6ren&rft.au=Sambra%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+Data+Notifications" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkedresearch.org/ldn/tests/summary">"LDN Test Reports and Summary"</a>. <i>linkedresearch.org</i>. 2016-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linkedresearch.org&rft.atitle=LDN+Test+Reports+and+Summary&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkedresearch.org%2Fldn%2Ftests%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+Data+Notifications" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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