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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>The musical term <b>alto</b>, meaning "high" in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alto#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:alto">Italian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/altus" class="extiw" title="wikt:altus">altus</a></b></i>), historically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">part</a> higher than the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a>. In <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">four-part</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">voice leading</a> alto is the second-highest part, sung in <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choruses</a> by either low women's or high men's voices. In <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">vocal classification</a> these are usually called <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> and male alto or <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_opera"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In opera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Solo_voices"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Solo voices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_choral_music"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In choral music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">General and cited sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a> for <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">mixed voices</a>, "alto" describes the lowest part commonly sung by women. The explanation for the anomaly of this name is to be found not in the use of adult <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsettists</a> in choirs of men and <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">boys</a> but further back in innovations in composition during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">15th century</a>. Before this time it was usual to write a melodic <i>cantus</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Superius" title="Superius">superius</a></i> against a <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> (from Latin <i>tenere</i>, to hold) or 'held' part, to which might be added a <a href="/wiki/Contratenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Contratenor">contratenor</a>, which was in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> with (in other words, against = contra) the tenor. The composers of <a href="/wiki/Ockeghem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockeghem">Ockeghem</a>'s generation wrote two contratenor parts and designated them as <i>contratenor altus</i> and <i>contratenor bassus</i>; they were respectively higher and lower than the tenor part. From these derive both the modern terms "alto" (and contralto) and "<a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_opera">In opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In opera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i> (1992), the term "alto" refers to singers whose voice encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> <i>f</i> to <i>d″</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a>). The singer of this voice type is more often described, for a female, as a contralto; for a male, as a countertenor (or in early French music as <i><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">haute-contre</a></i>) or a <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> singer. A <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> may also sing in this range.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Solo_voices">Solo voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solo voices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alto" title="Special:EditPage/Alto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alto%22">"Alto"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alto%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alto%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alto%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alto%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alto%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alto_vocal_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alto_vocal_range.png/290px-Alto_vocal_range.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="157"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 35px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alto_vocal_range.png/290px-Alto_vocal_range.png" data-width="290" data-height="35" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alto_vocal_range.png/435px-Alto_vocal_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alto_vocal_range.png/580px-Alto_vocal_range.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Alto vocal range, F<sub>3</sub> to F<sub>5</sub>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> notated on the <a href="/wiki/Treble_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Treble clef">treble</a> <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a> (left) and on piano keyboard in green with the yellow key marking middle C</figcaption></figure> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/z/hziucmabbadkfc3lwkq3r3o6p8klxav/hziucmab.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/z/hziucmabbadkfc3lwkq3r3o6p8klxav/hziucmab.png" width="85" height="66" alt="{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef "treble" f f'' }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 66px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/z/hziucmabbadkfc3lwkq3r3o6p8klxav/hziucmab.png" data-alt="{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef "treble" f f'' }" data-width="85" data-height="66"> </span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The contralto voice is a matter of vocal timbre and <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a> as well as range, and a classically trained solo contralto would usually have a range greater than that of a normal choral alto part in both the upper and lower ranges. However, the vocal tessitura of a classically trained contralto would still make these singers more comfortable singing in the lower part of the voice. A choral non-solo contralto may also have a low range down to D<sub>3</sub> (thus perhaps finding it easier to sing the choral tenor part), but some would have difficulty singing above E<sub>5</sub>. In a choral context mezzo-sopranos and contraltos might sing the alto part, together with countertenors, thus having three vocal timbres (and two means of vocal production) singing the same notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term "alto" to describe solo voices is mostly seen in contemporary music genres (<a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, rock, etc.) to describe singers whose range is lower than that of a mezzo-soprano but higher than that of a true contralto, and is very rarely seen in classical music outside of soloists in choral works. In classical music, most women with an alto range would be grouped within mezzo-sopranos, but many terms in common usage in various languages and in different cultures exist to describe solo classical singers with this range. Examples include contralto, countertenor, <i><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">haute-contre</a></i>, and <i>tenor altino</i>, among others. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_choral_music">In choral music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In choral music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB four-part mixed</a> chorus, the alto is the second-highest vocal range, above the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> and below the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>. The alto range in choral music is approximately from <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">F<sub>3</sub></a> (the F below middle C) to F<sub>5</sub> (the second F above middle C). In common usage, alto is used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">voice type</a> that typically sings this part, though this is not strictly correct. Alto, like the other three standard modern choral voice classifications (soprano, tenor and bass) was originally intended to describe a part within a <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a> texture, rather than an individual voice type;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither are the terms alto and <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> interchangeable or synonymous, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">though they are often treated as such.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although some women who sing alto in a choir are contraltos, many would be more accurately called <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-sopranos</a> (a voice of somewhat higher range and different <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>). Men singing in this range are <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenors</a>, although this term is a source of considerable controversy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some authorities preferring the usage of the term "male alto" for those countertenors who use a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> voice production (boys singing in their natural range may be termed "boy altos"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Voice classification in non-classical music</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alto (opera)" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, vol. 1, p. 99. London: Macmillan, 1992. Online reprint (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900102">"Alto (opera) (It.: ‘high’; Fr. <i>alto</i>; Ger. <i>Alt</i>)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStark2003">Stark 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurwen2018" class="citation book cs1">Curwen, J. Spencer (2018-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyBwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Boy's Voice</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783734033841" title="Special:BookSources/9783734033841"><bdi>9783734033841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy%27s+Voice&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.isbn=9783734033841&rft.aulast=Curwen&rft.aufirst=J.+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyBwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General and cited sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brenda (2005). <i>Choral Pedagogy</i>. Plural Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6"><bdi>978-1-59756-043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+Pedagogy&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59756-043-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2003" class="citation book cs1">Stark, James (2003). <i>Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-8614-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bel+Canto%3A+A+History+of+Vocal+Pedagogy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8614-3&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Appelman, D. Ralph (1986). <i>The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and Application</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Vocal+Pedagogy%3A+Theory+and+Application&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20378-6&rft.aulast=Appelman&rft.aufirst=D.+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boldrey, Richard (1994). <i>Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias</i>. Caldwell Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5"><bdi>978-1-877761-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Operatic+Roles+and+Arias&rft.pub=Caldwell+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-877761-64-5&rft.aulast=Boldrey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Coffin, Berton (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/singersrepertoir0000coff"><i>Coloratura, Lyric and Dramatic Soprano, Vol. 1</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-0188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloratura%2C+Lyric+and+Dramatic+Soprano%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0188-2&rft.aulast=Coffin&rft.aufirst=Berton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingersrepertoir0000coff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Anne (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocalworkoutsfor0000peck"><i>Vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer</i></a></span>. Berklee Press Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4"><bdi>978-0-87639-047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+Workouts+for+the+Contemporary+Singer&rft.pub=Berklee+Press+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87639-047-4&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvocalworkoutsfor0000peck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alto" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Alto"><i>Alto</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto&oldid=1252639979">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto&oldid=1252639979</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Alto&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Xanzzibar" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729586148"> <span>Last edited on 22 October 2024, at 08:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_(Stimmlage)" title="Alt (Stimmlage) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alt (Stimmlage)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt" title="Alt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Άλτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo" title="Aldo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88" title="آلتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_(voix)" title="Alto (voix) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alto (voix)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%86%A0" title="알토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4)" title="ॲल्टो (संगीत) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲल्टो (संगीत)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_(ovoz)" title="Alt (ovoz) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alt (ovoz)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_(g%C5%82os)" title="Alt (głos) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alt (głos)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_(voz)" title="Alto (voz) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alto (voz)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Альт (голос) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альт (голос)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt" title="Alt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="อัลโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Альт (голос) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альт (голос)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto" title="Alto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Алт – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Алт" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 08:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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