Rep. Abraham Kazen [D-TX23, 1967-1984], former Representative for Texas's 23rd Congressional District

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padding: 15px 5px;"> <a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/govtrack/alert-new-executive-order?ref=bxwr19"> <img src="/static/kickstarter-2025-banner.png" class="img-fluid" style="max-width: 100%; max-height: 20vh;"> </a> </div> <div id="breadcrumbs"> <div class="container"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/congress/members">Members of Congress</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page">Rep. Abraham Kazen [D-TX23, 1967-1984]</li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="maincontent" class="container"> <div id="content"> <div class="ads" style="margin: 15px auto; text-align: center;" data-zone="header"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div>  <div class="h1-multiline"> <h1> <div style="position: relative;"> <div class="party_D" title="Democrat" style="position: absolute; top: 8px; left: -21px; width: 14px; height: 25px; border-radius: 3px;"> </div> </div> Rep. Abraham Kazen </h1> <p> Former Representative for Texas’s 23<sup>rd</sup> District </p> </div> <div class="action-row clearfix"> </div> <div class="row group"> <div id="track_panel_base" class="col-sm-8 col-md-6"> <div style="margin: .5em 0 1em 0"> <p> Kazen was the representative for <a href="/congress/members/TX">Texas</a>’s 23<sup>rd</sup> congressional district and was a Democrat. He served from 1967 to 1984. </p> </div> <div id="seealso-links" style="margin-bottom: 30px;"> <span> <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000025" target="_blank"><i class="fa-solid fa-user" style="margin-right: 7px"></i>Bioguide</a> </span> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="aside col-sm-4 col-md-3"> <div id="event_subscribe_inline_container"> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="ads" data-zone="sidebar"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div>  </div> </div>          <style> #contact_modal .list-group-item input[type=radio] { float: left; text-align: right; width: 7%; } #contact_modal h4 { margin-top: -3px; } #contact_modal .list-group-item > div { float: left; width: 93%; } #contact_modal .list-group-item label { font-weight: normal; } #contact_modal .list-group-item .contact_expando { display: none; padding-top: .75em; } .list-group-item.active .list-group-item, .list-group-item.active .list-group-item .list-group-item-text { text-shadow: none; color: #444; /* .list-group-item.active inverts color */ } .list-group-item.active .list-group-item.active, .list-group-item.active .list-group-item.active .list-group-item-text { color: #FFE; /* now override our override to kind of put it back */ } #contact_modal .contact_expando a { color: #FFE; } #contact_modal .list-group-item.active { background-color: #9D2146; } </style> <div id="contact_modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="contact_modalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h2 class="modal-title" id="contact_modalTitle">Contact Rep. Abraham Kazen</h2> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-close-white" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="list-group"> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_yes"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_yes"><b>I am a constituent.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_yes">I live in Texas’s 23<sup>rd</sup> congressional district.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <div class="list-group"> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent_why" id="contact_constituent_opinion"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_opinion"><b>I have an opinion I want to share.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_opinion">I want to urge Kazen to take an action on a bill.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Visit Rep. Abraham Kazen’s website »</a></p> <p>Look for a contact form on <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">Rep. Abraham Kazen’s website</a> to express your opinion.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent_why" id="contact_constituent_casework"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_casework"><b>I need help, have a question, or want to schedule a tour.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_casework">I’m having a problem with a government agency, need legal help, want to schedule a meeting or White House tour, or have another question.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Visit Kazen’s Website »</a></p> <p>Head over to Rep. Abraham Kazen’s <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">website</a>. If you are having a problem with a government agency, look for a contact link for <b>casework</b> to submit a request for help. Otherwise, look for a phone number on that website to call his office if you have a question.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_no"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_no"><b>I am not a constituent.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_no">I live elsewhere.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p>Not all Members of Congress will accept messages from non-constituents. You can try your luck by visiting <a href="" target="_blank" onclick="$('#contact_modal').modal('hide')">Kazen’s website</a>. Otherwise, try contacting your own representative:</p> <p><a href="/congress/members" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Find Your Representative »</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="list-group-item clearfix"> <input type="radio" name="contact_constituent" id="contact_constituent_notsure"> <div> <h4 class="list-group-item-heading"><label for="contact_constituent_notsure"><b>I am not sure.</b></label></h4> <p class="list-group-item-text"><label for="contact_constituent_notsure">I’m not sure if I live in his district.</label></p> <div class="contact_expando"> <p><a href="/congress/members" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Find Your Representative »</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="margin: 1em 0; font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">You are currently on the website GovTrack.us, which has no affiliation with Kazen and is <b>not</b> a government website. Choose from the options above to find the right way to contact Kazen.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="member-details"> <section id="sponsorship_analysis"> <h2><span>Analysis</span></h2> <h3>Ideology–Leadership Chart</h3> <p> Kazen is shown as a purple triangle <span style="color: #df53df">▲</span> in our ideology-leadership chart below. Each dot was a member of the House of Representatives in 1984 positioned according to our ideology score (left to right) and our leadership score (leaders are toward the top).</p> <div id="sponsorship_analysis_chart"> </div> <p style="margin-top: -7px; color: #555; font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">The chart is based on the bills legislators sponsored and cosponsored from Jan 15, 1979 to Oct 11, 1984. See full <a href="/about/analysis">analysis methodology</a>.</p> </section> <section> <h2><span>Enacted Legislation</span></h2> <p>Kazen was the primary sponsor of 6 bills that were enacted:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hjres580" title="H.J.Res. 580 (98th): A joint resolution authorizing the Kahlil Gibran Centennial Foundation to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia.">H.J.Res. 580 (98th): A joint resolution authorizing the Kahlil Gibran Centennial Foundation to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia.</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr1652" title="H.R. 1652 (98th): Reclamation Safety of Dams Act Amendments of 1984">H.R. 1652 (98th): Reclamation Safety of Dams Act Amendments of 1984</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/97/hr4496" title="H.R. 4496 (97th): Texas Band of Kickapoo Act">H.R. 4496 (97th): Texas Band of Kickapoo Act</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/97/hr2035" title="H.R. 2035 (97th): An act to authorize certain employees of the United States Department of Agriculture charged with the enforcement of animal quarantine laws to carry firearms for self-protection and to improve the quality of table grapes for marketing i">H.R. 2035 (97th): An act to authorize certain employees of the United States Department of Agriculture charged with the enforcement of animal quarantine laws to carry firearms for self-protection and …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/97/hr783" title="H.R. 783 (97th): A bill for the relief of Roland Karl Heinz Vogel.">H.R. 783 (97th): A bill for the relief of Roland Karl Heinz Vogel.</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/95/hr1422" title="H.R. 1422 (95th): A bill for the relief of Julio Ortiz-Medina.">H.R. 1422 (95th): A bill for the relief of Julio Ortiz-Medina.</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196#enacted_ex=on">View All »</a></p> <p><i>Does 6 not sound like a lot? Very few bills are ever enacted — most legislators sponsor only a handful that are signed into law. But there are other legislative activities that we don’t track that are also important, including offering amendments, committee work and oversight of the other branches, and constituent services.</i></p> <p style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">We consider a bill enacted if one of the following is true: a) it is enacted itself, b) it has a companion bill in the other chamber (as identified by Congress) which was enacted, or c) if at least about half of its provisions were incorporated into bills that were enacted (as determined by an automated text analysis, applicable beginning with bills in the 110<sup>th</sup> Congress).</p> </section> <section id="sponsorship"> <h2><span>Bills Sponsored</span></h2> <h3>Issue Areas</h3> <p>Kazen sponsored bills primarily in these issue areas:</p> <p style="margin-left: 1em; line-height: 155%"> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6342">Taxation</a> (23%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6206">Immigration</a> (16%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6278">Private Legislation</a> (16%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=5978">Economics and Public Finance</a> (16%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6096">Government Operations and Politics</a> (10%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=5914">Commerce</a> (6%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6378">Water Resources Development</a> (6%)</span> <span style="margin-right: 2em; display: inline-block;"><a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196&subject=6038">Environmental Protection</a> (6%)</span> </p> <h3>Recently Introduced Bills</h3> <p>Kazen recently introduced the following legislation:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hjres580" title="H.J.Res. 580 (98th): A joint resolution authorizing the Kahlil Gibran Centennial Foundation to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia.">H.J.Res. 580 (98th): A joint resolution authorizing the Kahlil Gibran Centennial Foundation to establish a …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr5544" title="H.R. 5544 (98th): United States-Mexican Border Economic Recovery Act">H.R. 5544 (98th): United States-Mexican Border Economic Recovery Act</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr4444" title="H.R. 4444 (98th): A bill to amend the Small Reclamation Projects Act of 1956, as amended.">H.R. 4444 (98th): A bill to amend the Small Reclamation Projects Act of 1956, as …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr4434" title="H.R. 4434 (98th): A bill for the relief of Arturo Ruiz-Delgado and Martina Anaya de Ruiz.">H.R. 4434 (98th): A bill for the relief of Arturo Ruiz-Delgado and Martina Anaya de …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr3760" title="H.R. 3760 (98th): A bill to require that at least 20 percent of enterprise zones designated under any Federal law be areas that are adversely affected by the devaluation of the Mexican peso.">H.R. 3760 (98th): A bill to require that at least 20 percent of enterprise zones …</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr1652" title="H.R. 1652 (98th): Reclamation Safety of Dams Act Amendments of 1984">H.R. 1652 (98th): Reclamation Safety of Dams Act Amendments of 1984</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: .3em"><a href="/congress/bills/98/hr1141" title="H.R. 1141 (98th): A bill to provide for payments in lieu of taxes to be made by the United States to local governments for property exempt from property taxation under Federal law which is located within the jurisdiction of the local government and owned">H.R. 1141 (98th): A bill to provide for payments in lieu of taxes to be …</a></li> </ul> <p> <a href="/congress/bills/browse?sponsor=406196">View All »</a> | <a href="/congress/members/abraham_kazen/406196/cosponsors">View Cosponsors »</a> <p style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 120%;">Most legislation has no activity after being introduced.</p> </p> </section> <div class="ads footer leaderboard" data-zone="footer"> <div class="explainer">(<a href="/advertising">About Ads</a> | <a href="/accounts/membership">Hide These Ads</a>)</div> </div> <section id="voting-record"> <h2><span>Voting Record</span></h2> <h3>Missed Votes</h3> <p>From Jan 1967 to Oct 1984, Kazen missed 525 of 8,455 roll call votes, which is 6.2%. This is on par with the median of 7.0% among the lifetime records of representatives serving in Oct 1984. The chart below reports missed votes over time.</p> <p><i> We don’t track why legislators miss votes, but it’s often due to medical absences, major life events, and running for higher office. </i></p> <style> .missedvotestable th { padding: 0 .5em; } </style> <div id="voting_record_chart_406196"> </div> <p style="text-align: center; margin-top: .5em; font-size: 90%;"><a href="#" onclick="$('#missedvotestable_406196').slideDown(); $(this).hide(); return false;">Show the numbers...</a></p> <table id="missedvotestable_406196" style="display: none" class="missedvotestable"> <tr> <th>Time Period</th> <th>Votes Eligible</th> <th>Missed Votes</th> <th>Percent</th> <th>Percentile</th> </tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q1"> 1967 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">31</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q2"> 1967 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">57</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q3"> 1967 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">59</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">63<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1967, House, Q4"> 1967 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">98</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">81<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q1"> 1968 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">38</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">62<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q2"> 1968 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">79</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q3"> 1968 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">91</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">18<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="90th Congress, 1968, House, Q4"> 1968 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">25</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q1"> 1969 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">16</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q2"> 1969 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">28</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q3"> 1969 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">45</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1969, House, Q4"> 1969 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">88</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q1"> 1970 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">35</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q2"> 1970 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">74</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">13<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q3"> 1970 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">76</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">11<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="91st Congress, 1970, House, Q4"> 1970 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">81</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">8.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">29<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q1"> 1971 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">22</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q2"> 1971 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">90</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">13<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q3"> 1971 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">74</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1971, House, Q4"> 1971 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">134</td> <td style="text-align: center">8</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">33<sup>rd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q1"> 1972 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">64</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">6.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">37<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q2"> 1972 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">114</td> <td style="text-align: center">19</td> <td style="text-align: center">16.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">67<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q3"> 1972 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">101</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="92nd Congress, 1972, House, Q4"> 1972 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">50</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q1"> 1973 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">36</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q2"> 1973 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">191</td> <td style="text-align: center">29</td> <td style="text-align: center">15.2%</td> <td style="text-align: center">84<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q3"> 1973 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">131</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1973, House, Q4"> 1973 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">182</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q1"> 1974 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">79</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">21<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q2"> 1974 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">170</td> <td style="text-align: center">59</td> <td style="text-align: center">34.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">97<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q3"> 1974 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">148</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">21<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="93rd Congress, 1974, House, Q4"> 1974 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">141</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q1"> 1975 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">68</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q2"> 1975 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">199</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">11<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q3"> 1975 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">154</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1975, House, Q4"> 1975 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">191</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q1"> 1976 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">106</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.8%</td> <td style="text-align: center">41<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q2"> 1976 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">267</td> <td style="text-align: center">8</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">16<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q3"> 1976 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">281</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">4<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="94th Congress, 1976, House, Q4"> 1976 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q1"> 1977 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">100</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">40<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q2"> 1977 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">273</td> <td style="text-align: center">7</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">21<sup>st</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q3"> 1977 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">198</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">8<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1977, House, Q4"> 1977 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">135</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">4.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">39<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q1"> 1978 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">150</td> <td style="text-align: center">19</td> <td style="text-align: center">12.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">80<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q2"> 1978 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">300</td> <td style="text-align: center">83</td> <td style="text-align: center">27.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">92<sup>nd</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q3"> 1978 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">308</td> <td style="text-align: center">11</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">25<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="95th Congress, 1978, House, Q4"> 1978 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">76</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q1"> 1979 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">63</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q2"> 1979 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">221</td> <td style="text-align: center">6</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.7%</td> <td style="text-align: center">19<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q3"> 1979 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">198</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1979, House, Q4"> 1979 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">190</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q1"> 1980 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">148</td> <td style="text-align: center">32</td> <td style="text-align: center">21.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">88<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q2"> 1980 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">197</td> <td style="text-align: center">62</td> <td style="text-align: center">31.5%</td> <td style="text-align: center">97<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q3"> 1980 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">192</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">9<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="96th Congress, 1980, House, Q4"> 1980 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">67</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q1"> 1981 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">15</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q2"> 1981 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">90</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">7<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q3"> 1981 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">106</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.9%</td> <td style="text-align: center">15<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1981, House, Q4"> 1981 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">142</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">1.4%</td> <td style="text-align: center">10<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q1"> 1982 Feb-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">48</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q2"> 1982 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">119</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q3"> 1982 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">193</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="97th Congress, 1982, House, Q4"> 1982 Oct-Dec </td> <td style="text-align: center">99</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q1"> 1983 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">43</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">2.3%</td> <td style="text-align: center">15<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q2"> 1983 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">182</td> <td style="text-align: center">18</td> <td style="text-align: center">9.9%</td> <td style="text-align: center">65<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q3"> 1983 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">130</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1983, House, Q4"> 1983 Oct-Nov </td> <td style="text-align: center">143</td> <td style="text-align: center">10</td> <td style="text-align: center">7.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">54<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q1"> 1984 Jan-Mar </td> <td style="text-align: center">53</td> <td style="text-align: center">17</td> <td style="text-align: center">32.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">95<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q2"> 1984 Apr-Jun </td> <td style="text-align: center">223</td> <td style="text-align: center">75</td> <td style="text-align: center">33.6%</td> <td style="text-align: center">97<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q3"> 1984 Jul-Sep </td> <td style="text-align: center">96</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">3.1%</td> <td style="text-align: center">35<sup>th</sup></td></tr> <tr><td title="98th Congress, 1984, House, Q4"> 1984 Oct-Oct </td> <td style="text-align: center">36</td> <td style="text-align: center">0</td> <td style="text-align: center">0.0%</td> <td style="text-align: center">0<sup>th</sup></td></tr> </table>  </section> <section> <h2><span>Primary Sources</span></h2> <p>The information on this page is originally sourced from a variety of materials, including:</p> <ul style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li><a href="https://github.com/unitedstates/congress-legislators">unitedstates/congress-legislators</a>, a community project gathering congressional information</li> <li><a href="http://voteview.com/dwnl.htm">United States Congressional Roll Call Voting Records, 1789-1990</a> by Howard L. Rosenthal and Keith T. Poole. </li> <li>Martis’s “The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress”, via Keith Poole’s roll call votes data set, for political party affiliation for Members of Congress from 1789 through about year 2000</li> <li><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS">GovInfo.gov</a>, for sponsored bills</li> </ul> </section> </div> <div id="pronunciation_modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="pronunciationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h2 class="modal-title" id="pronunciationModalTitle">Pronunciation Guide</h2> <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-close-white" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <center> <p>Rep. Abraham Kazen [D-TX23, 1967-1984] is pronounced:</p> <p style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace;"></p> <p>The letters stand for sounds according to the following table:</p> <p>Capital letters indicate a stressed syllable.</p> </center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <nav class="col-6 col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/about">About GovTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/about-our-data">About the Data</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/legal">Privacy & Legal</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="col-6 col-md-2"> <ul> <li><a href="/posts/news"><i class="fas fa-list fa-fw"></i>Site News</a></li> <li><a rel="me" href="https://mastodon.social/@GovTrack"><i class="fab fa-mastodon fa-fw"></i>Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/govtrack.us"><i class="fab fa-bluesky fa-fw"></i>Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.patreon.com/govtrack"><i class="fas fa-dollar-sign fa-fw"></i><span>Patreon</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/govtrack"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw"></i><span>GitHub</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> <section class="col-12 col-md-8"> <p>GovTrack helps everyone learn about and track the activities of the United States Congress. 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"Logged In" : "Anonymous", GeoSegment: the_segment });  if (the_user) { $('#nav_login').hide(); $('#nav_session').show(); $('#nav_session > button').text(the_user.email); } </script> <script src="/static/js/govtrack.js?20240911"></script> <script src="/static/vendor/highcharts.js"></script> <script src="/static/vendor/highcharts-accessibility.js"></script> <script> $(function() { $('#event_subscribe_inline_container').html(the_page.events_subscribe_button); $('#contact_modal input[type=radio]').change(function() { var item = $(this).parent("div"); var group = item.parent("div"); // hide siblings group.find('> .list-group-item > div > .contact_expando').hide(); // uncheck & hide sub items (i.e. if returning to this item later) item.find('.contact_expando').hide(); item.find('.contact_expando input[type=radio]').attr('checked', false); // expand this time item.find('> div > .contact_expando').fadeIn(); //group.find('> .list-group-item').removeClass('active'); $('#contact_modal .list-group-item').removeClass('active'); item.addClass('active'); }) var party_colors = { 'Democrat': 'rgba(20, 20, 255, .75)', 'Republican': 'rgba(255, 20, 20, .75)', 'Independent': 'rgba(100, 100, 100, .85)' } var chart = new Highcharts.Chart({ chart: { renderTo: 'sponsorship_analysis_chart', type: 'scatter', zoomType: 'xy', backgroundColor: 'none', height: 350, marginTop: 5 }, title: { text: '' }, credits: { enabled: false }, xAxis: { title: { text: 'Ideology Score' }, labels: { enabled: false }, gridLineWidth: 1 }, yAxis: { min: 0, title: { text: 'Leadership Score' }, labels: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function() { return this.point.name; } }, legend: { layout: 'horizontal', align: 'center', verticalAlign: 'top' }, plotOptions: { scatter: { marker: { states: { hover: { enabled: true, lineColor: 'rgb(100,100,100)' } } }, states: { hover: { marker: { enabled: false } } } } }, series: [{ marker: { symbol: "triangle", radius: 7 }, dataLabels: { enabled: true, formatter: function() { return this.point.name; } }, name: 'Kazen', color: 'rgba(223, 83, 223, 1)', data: [{x: 0.697072094045, y: 0.208377336189, name: "Kazen"}] } , { marker: { symbol: "circle", radius: 3 }, name: 'Democrats', color: party_colors['Democrat'], cursor: "pointer", point: { events: { click: function () { location.href = this.link; } } }, data: [ { x: 0.419108757783, y: 1.0, name: "Pepper\n<br>1636 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/claude_pepper/408621" } , { x: 0.541143021978, y: 0.751484850671, name: "Albosta\n<br>231 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/donald_albosta/400735" } , { x: 0.69286065481, y: 0.486167636589, name: "Bevill\n<br>267 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/tom_bevill/401417" } , { x: 0.358559907601, y: 0.983367160747, name: "Biaggi\n<br>2271 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/mario_biaggi/401418" } , { x: 0.221899520857, y: 0.290617787238, name: "Bonior\n<br>63 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/david_bonior/400527" } , { x: 0.202436762777, y: 0.643057485268, name: "Clay\n<br>371 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_clay/402626" } , { x: 0.130265045157, y: 0.576561166001, name: "Conyers\n<br>329 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_conyers/400080" } , { x: 0.0980719827008, y: 0.468915820395, name: "Dellums\n<br>200 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ronald_dellums/403364" } , { x: 0.205127831895, y: 0.693481024488, name: "Edgar\n<br>722 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_edgar/403738" } , { x: 0.0308079924782, y: 0.756170678378, name: "Edwards [CA10]\n<br>722 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_edwards/403776" } , { x: 0.224398757579, y: 0.692196690634, name: "Ford [MI15]\n<br>543 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_ford/404220" } , { x: 0.313376855534, y: 0.762688076696, name: "Harkin\n<br>509 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_harkin/300051" } , { x: 0.370583886574, y: 0.732657066498, name: "Howard\n<br>277 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_howard/405687" } , { x: 0.429703999804, y: 0.615823676347, name: "Hughes\n<br>385 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_hughes/405775" } , { x: 0.239412804379, y: 0.755052355555, name: "Kastenmeier\n<br>622 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_kastenmeier/406191" } , { x: 0.19344376282, y: 0.496968686995, name: "Lehman [FL17]\n<br>221 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_lehman/406730" } , { x: 0.375723494982, y: 0.711210873725, name: "Long [MD2]\n<br>313 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/clarence_long/406904" } , { x: 0.284565907134, y: 0.845374738135, name: "Mineta\n<br>861 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/norman_mineta/407772" } , { x: 0.219551893364, y: 0.79817756889, name: "Moakley\n<br>837 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_moakley/400600" } , { x: 0.474432817069, y: 0.568346785637, name: "Murphy\n<br>419 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/austin_murphy/408052" } , { x: 0.325285117079, y: 0.801612890974, name: "Oakar\n<br>1324 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/mary_oakar/408313" } , { x: 0.147409426598, y: 0.870125776751, name: "Ottinger\n<br>1043 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/richard_ottinger/408386" } , { x: 0.431830672951, y: 0.697206803855, name: "Rahall\n<br>550 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/nick_rahall/400331" } , { x: 0.245559520987, y: 0.780932774898, name: "Rodino\n<br>782 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/peter_rodino/409344" } , { x: 0.494711909076, y: 0.625684904421, name: "Roe\n<br>273 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_roe/409353" } , { x: 0.252436137276, y: 0.451781458385, name: "Scheuer\n<br>249 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_scheuer/409632" } , { x: 0.433331459563, y: 0.935473508448, name: "Simon\n<br>1947 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/paul_simon/409917" } , { x: 0.189000016997, y: 0.78434329563, name: "Solarz\n<br>1080 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/stephen_solarz/410145" } , { x: 0.373345161439, y: 0.716858614333, name: "St. Germain\n<br>356 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/fernand_st_germain/410231" } , { x: 0.354497486752, y: 0.804005485474, name: "Udall\n<br>561 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/morris_udall/411025" } , { x: 0.415040406963, y: 0.957431503508, name: "Panetta\n<br>1488 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/leon_panetta/408457" } , { x: 0.463035357264, y: 0.552803482346, name: "Aspin\n<br>209 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/leslie_aspin/400967" } , { x: 0.424785687709, y: 0.749643078248, name: "Bedell\n<br>417 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/berkley_bedell/401291" } , { x: 0.223800545984, y: 0.412187314168, name: "Beilenson\n<br>92 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/anthony_beilenson/401310" } , { x: 0.179040659282, y: 0.884099805046, name: "Downey\n<br>1545 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_downey/403581" } , { x: 0.360806525888, y: 0.360717588287, name: "McHugh\n<br>32 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/matthew_mchugh/407471" } , { x: 0.0, y: 0.547370537789, name: "Mitchell\n<br>253 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/parren_mitchell/407801" } , { x: 0.23733620392, y: 0.443962334236, name: "Rosenthal\n<br>0 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/benjamin_rosenthal/409406" } , { x: 0.243445135907, y: 0.705415626377, name: "Schroeder\n<br>589 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/patricia_schroeder/409650" } , { x: 0.13540453615, y: 0.684442155484, name: "Vento\n<br>286 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/bruce_vento/400612" } , { x: 0.0639467484437, y: 0.816024716898, name: "Weiss\n<br>926 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/theodore_weiss/411426" } , { x: 0.681126100087, y: 0.577204183126, name: "Breaux\n<br>411 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_breaux/300012" } , { x: 0.361499882812, y: 0.772776067363, name: "Florio\n<br>753 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_florio/404170" } , { x: 0.374991638488, y: 0.692347186092, name: "D\u0027Amours\n<br>609 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/norman_damours/403143" } , { x: 0.363613240297, y: 0.636927550976, name: "Fazio\n<br>454 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/victor_fazio/404013" } , { x: 0.206991468314, y: 0.641872416012, name: "Gray\n<br>584 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_gray/404752" } , { x: 0.328655714872, y: 0.819126213206, name: "Guarini\n<br>1231 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/frank_guarini/404856" } , { x: 0.195138939325, y: 0.69290529453, name: "Markey\n<br>695 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/edward_markey/400253" } , { x: 0.481161750057, y: 0.173397096739, name: "Won Pat\n<br>53 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/antonio_won_pat/411838" } , { x: 0.160226377562, y: 0.28635952554, name: "Lowry\n<br>58 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/michael_lowry/406974" } , { x: 0.669474912348, y: 0.626815476808, name: "Jenkins\n<br>131 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/edgar_jenkins/405985" } , { x: 0.470621632472, y: 0.920697497245, name: "Anderson\n<br>988 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/glenn_anderson/400844" } , { x: 0.362360689088, y: 0.764387245526, name: "AuCoin\n<br>890 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/les_aucoin/400987" } , { x: 0.775415068868, y: 0.381615855793, name: "Barnard\n<br>94 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/druie_barnard/401155" } , { x: 0.820089845542, y: 0.62800183009, name: "Chappell\n<br>308 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_chappell/402463" } , { x: 0.506856771279, y: 0.810435782636, name: "Coelho\n<br>760 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/anthony_coelho/402710" } , { x: 0.728229169101, y: 0.483162673835, name: "English\n<br>73 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/glenn_english/403873" } , { x: 0.509180240594, y: 0.747724395437, name: "Gephardt\n<br>312 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/richard_gephardt/400146" } , { x: 0.577131511082, y: 0.58904930262, name: "Gibbons\n<br>153 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/sam_gibbons/404520" } , { x: 0.504103305386, y: 0.813236612464, name: "Glickman\n<br>771 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/daniel_glickman/404602" } , { x: 0.444118650458, y: 0.615660542178, name: "Gore\n<br>360 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/albert_gore/404679" } , { x: 0.45304634964, y: 0.741397521941, name: "Heftel\n<br>585 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/cecil_heftel/405314" } , { x: 0.766841579292, y: 0.193860071072, name: "Huckaby\n<br>37 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_huckaby/405747" } , { x: 0.691576376303, y: 0.509408672649, name: "Jones [TN8]\n<br>260 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ed_jones/406111" } , { x: 0.592802372682, y: 0.769055461414, name: "Jones [OK1]\n<br>394 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_jones/406125" } , { x: 0.578292806022, y: 0.780203372457, name: "Levitas\n<br>633 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/elliott_levitas/406766" } , { x: 0.733984692283, y: 0.630772450237, name: "Lloyd\n<br>413 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/marilyn_lloyd/406873" } , { x: 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"/congress/members/charles_rangel/400333" } , { x: 0.527633704933, y: 0.485959470754, name: "Rose\n<br>233 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/charles_rose/409400" } , { x: 0.670243976905, y: 0.687104139169, name: "Skelton\n<br>396 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ike_skelton/400377" } , { x: 0.729709451562, y: 0.130332441609, name: "Wilson\n<br>11 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/charles_wilson/411725" } , { x: 0.324017363658, y: 0.814435571041, name: "Wirth\n<br>1133 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/timothy_wirth/411801" } , { x: 0.558124484885, y: 0.449506813874, name: "Young [MO2]\n<br>19 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_young/411983" } , { x: 0.544722045229, y: 0.684047348468, name: "Wright\n<br>360 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_wright/411912" } , { x: 0.596598484774, y: 0.440429454222, name: "Alexander\n<br>59 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_alexander/400761" } , { x: 0.264694421614, y: 0.651011135207, name: "Ford [TN9]\n<br>276 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/harold_ford/404213" } , { x: 0.256411399574, y: 0.477632897111, name: "Burton [CA5]\n<br>61 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/phillip_burton/402098" } , { x: 0.219201958535, y: 0.571605266697, name: "Kildee\n<br>274 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/dale_kildee/400216" } , { x: 0.546377506763, y: 0.302332289464, name: "Murtha\n<br>68 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_murtha/400286" } , { x: 0.259936140581, y: 0.641686118683, name: "Wolpe\n<br>409 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/howard_wolpe/411834" } , { x: 0.229730664949, y: 0.580613423922, name: "Collins\n<br>170 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/cardiss_collins/402763" } , { x: 0.570551971614, y: 0.566225227066, name: "Mica\n<br>160 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/daniel_mica/407673" } , { x: 0.433161995617, y: 0.185523497384, name: "Early\n<br>1 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/joseph_early/403709" } , { x: 0.316451381423, y: 0.658803264338, name: "Brown [CA36]\n<br>593 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/george_brown/400572" } , { x: 0.351020502049, y: 0.308106088775, name: "Carr\n<br>74 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/milton_carr/402325" } , { x: 0.190713971315, y: 0.756854321145, name: "Dixon\n<br>891 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/julian_dixon/400580" } , { x: 0.231146749771, y: 0.574060281104, name: "Hawkins\n<br>334 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/augustus_hawkins/405236" } , { x: 0.616593518848, y: 0.583529809739, name: "Neal\n<br>354 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/stephen_neal/408109" } , { x: 0.246739863145, y: 0.777028408168, name: "Oberstar\n<br>770 cosponsors (98th 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"/congress/members/philip_crane/400085" } , { x: 0.821194449648, y: 0.426645186187, name: "Dickinson\n<br>184 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_dickinson/403446" } , { x: 0.673995243783, y: 0.48156313128, name: "Erlenborn\n<br>141 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_erlenborn/403891" } , { x: 0.800757414944, y: 0.36179425325, name: "Gramm\n<br>10 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/phil_gramm/300159" } , { x: 0.905880522109, y: 0.257964469943, name: "Loeffler\n<br>9 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_loeffler/406888" } , { x: 0.787878546428, y: 0.663179381276, name: "Myers\n<br>238 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/john_myers/408092" } , { x: 0.836588507229, y: 0.386129751659, name: "Paul\n<br>116 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/ronald_paul/400311" } , { x: 0.73798683397, y: 0.4922769565, name: "Smith [NE3]\n<br>137 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/virginia_smith/410097" } , { x: 0.725983705622, y: 0.33980400867, name: "Snyder\n<br>10 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/marion_snyder/410142" } , { x: 0.775323105798, y: 0.429191357081, name: "Michel\n<br>143 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/robert_michel/407676" } , { x: 0.795768932667, y: 0.611347240693, name: "Moorhead\n<br>22 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/carlos_moorhead/407899" } , { x: 0.85433683801, y: 0.31967510847, name: "Bliley\n<br>92 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/tom_bliley/400571" } , { x: 0.80362174127, y: 0.598443637083, name: "Fields\n<br>293 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/jack_fields/404068" } , { x: 0.71432409286, y: 0.692001514648, name: "Lowery\n<br>490 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/william_lowery/406968" } , { x: 0.672715559232, y: 0.561126958236, name: "Shaw\n<br>375 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: 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link: "/congress/members/steven_gunderson/404869" } , { x: 0.78207191248, y: 0.501497085773, name: "Hansen [UT1]\n<br>263 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/james_hansen/400552" } , { x: 0.75987479279, y: 0.302700951454, name: "Morrison [WA4]\n<br>156 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/sidney_morrison/407967" } , { x: 0.897772533374, y: 0.134230340806, name: "Hartnett\n<br>39 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/thomas_hartnett/405175" } , { x: 0.821273403431, y: 0.731863779249, name: "McCollum\n<br>679 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/bill_mccollum/400596" } , { x: 0.768160527997, y: 0.41711425461, name: "Brown [CO4]\n<br>252 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/george_brown/401874" } , { x: 0.816489690607, y: 0.130760085859, name: "Roberts\n<br>40 cosponsors (98th Congress)", link: "/congress/members/pat_roberts/300083" } , { x: 0.670882563112, y: 0.454431205808, name: "Evans [IA3]\n<br>249 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Apr\u002DJun", "1968 Jul\u002DSep", "1968 Oct\u002DOct", "1969 Jan\u002DMar", "1969 Apr\u002DJun", "1969 Jul\u002DSep", "1969 Oct\u002DDec", "1970 Jan\u002DMar", "1970 Apr\u002DJun", "1970 Jul\u002DSep", "1970 Oct\u002DDec", "1971 Jan\u002DMar", "1971 Apr\u002DJun", "1971 Jul\u002DSep", "1971 Oct\u002DDec", "1972 Jan\u002DMar", "1972 Apr\u002DJun", "1972 Jul\u002DSep", "1972 Oct\u002DOct", "1973 Jan\u002DMar", "1973 Apr\u002DJun", "1973 Jul\u002DSep", "1973 Oct\u002DDec", "1974 Jan\u002DMar", "1974 Apr\u002DJun", "1974 Jul\u002DSep", "1974 Oct\u002DDec", "1975 Jan\u002DMar", "1975 Apr\u002DJun", "1975 Jul\u002DSep", "1975 Oct\u002DDec", "1976 Jan\u002DMar", "1976 Apr\u002DJun", "1976 Jul\u002DSep", "1976 Oct\u002DOct", "1977 Jan\u002DMar", "1977 Apr\u002DJun", "1977 Jul\u002DSep", "1977 Oct\u002DDec", "1978 Jan\u002DMar", "1978 Apr\u002DJun", "1978 Jul\u002DSep", "1978 Oct\u002DOct", "1979 Jan\u002DMar", "1979 Apr\u002DJun", "1979 Jul\u002DSep", "1979 Oct\u002DDec", "1980 Jan\u002DMar", "1980 Apr\u002DJun", "1980 Jul\u002DSep", "1980 Oct\u002DDec", "1981 Jan\u002DMar", "1981 Apr\u002DJun", "1981 Jul\u002DSep", "1981 Oct\u002DDec", "1982 Feb\u002DMar", "1982 Apr\u002DJun", "1982 Jul\u002DSep", "1982 Oct\u002DDec", "1983 Jan\u002DMar", "1983 Apr\u002DJun", "1983 Jul\u002DSep", "1983 Oct\u002DNov", "1984 Jan\u002DMar", "1984 Apr\u002DJun", "1984 Jul\u002DSep", "1984 Oct\u002DOct" ] }, yAxis: { title: { text: 'Missed Votes (%)' }, minorGridLineWidth: 0, gridLineWidth: 0, alternateGridColor: null, min: 0, max: null, plotBands: [{ from: 0, to: 4.060672629657153, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.1)', label: { text: '25th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 4.060672629657153, to: 7.043073341094296, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.3)', label: { text: 'Median', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 7.043073341094296, to: 10.875732810401033, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.1)', label: { text: '75th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }, { from: 10.875732810401033, to: 14.801685981497833, color: 'rgba(68, 170, 213, 0.3)', label: { text: '90th Percentile', verticalAlign: 'top', style: { color: '#606060' } } }] }, tooltip: { formatter: function() { return this.x +': '+ this.y +'% votes missed'; } }, plotOptions: { spline: { lineWidth: 2, marker: { radius: 3 }, states: { hover: { lineWidth: 2 } } } }, series: [{ name: 'Kazen - Missed Votes %', data: [0.0, 0.0, 3.4, 6.1, 2.6, 0.0, 1.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.1, 1.3, 8.6, 0.0, 3.3, 0.0, 6.0, 6.2, 16.7, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 15.2, 0.0, 0.0, 2.5, 34.7, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.5, 0.0, 0.0, 3.8, 3.0, 0.4, 0.0, 4.0, 2.6, 0.5, 4.4, 12.7, 27.7, 3.6, 0.0, 0.0, 2.7, 0.0, 0.0, 21.6, 31.5, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.1, 0.9, 1.4, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.3, 9.9, 0.0, 7.0, 32.1, 33.6, 3.1, 0.0 ] }], navigation: { menuItemStyle: { fontSize: '10px' } } }); }) function show_pronunciation_guide() { new 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Rep. Abraham Kazen [D-TX23, 1967-1984], former Representative for Texas's 23rd Congressional District - GovTrack.us