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Stage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Inertial Upper Stage – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8A%E6%AE%B5%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="慣性上段ロケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="慣性上段ロケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Inertial Upper Stage (разгонный блок) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage (разгонный блок)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUS" title="IUS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IUS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inertial Upper Stage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalet_%C3%BCst_kademesi" title="Atalet üst kademesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atalet üst kademesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1662192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Inertial Upper Stage</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/270px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/405px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/540px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="1885" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a> deploying from the Space Shuttle</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Technologies" title="United Technologies">United Technologies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Used on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">Titan 34D</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">5.2 m (17 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">14,700 kg (32,400 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Associated stages</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Orbit_Stage" title="Transfer Orbit Stage">TOS</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes<br />(stage only)</th><td class="infobox-data">21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failed</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lower stage<br />failed</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 2004<sup id="cite_ref-final_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">3.15 m (10.3 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2.34 m (7 ft 8 in)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">10,400 kg (22,900 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">9,700 kg (21,400 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbus-21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">190 kN (43,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">295.5 s (2.898 km/s)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">up to 150 seconds<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid fuel rocket">Solid</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 kg (6,600 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700 kg (6,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbus-6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">80 kN (18,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-iusa_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">289.1 s (2.835 km/s)<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid fuel rocket">Solid</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Inertial Upper Stage</b> (<b>IUS</b>), originally designated the <b>Interim Upper Stage</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">two-stage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">solid-fueled</a> space launch system developed by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> beginning in 1976<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for raising payloads from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> to higher orbits or interplanetary trajectories following launch aboard a <a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">Titan 34D</a> or <a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV</a> rocket as its <a href="/wiki/Upper_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper stage">upper stage</a>, or from the payload bay of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Space_tug" title="Space tug">space tug</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the development of the Space Shuttle, NASA, with support from the Air Force, wanted an upper stage that could be used on the Shuttle to deliver payloads from low earth orbit to higher energy orbits such as <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">GTO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GEO</a> or to escape velocity for planetary probes. The candidates were the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (rocket)">Centaur</a>, propelled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, the <a href="/wiki/Transtage" title="Transtage">Transtage</a>, propelled by <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> storable propellants <a href="/wiki/Aerozine-50" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerozine-50">Aerozine-50</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), and the Interim Upper Stage, using solid propellant. The <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Defense">DOD</a> reported that Transtage could support all defense needs but could not meet NASA's scientific requirements, the IUS could support most defense needs and some science missions, while the Centaur could meet all needs of both the Air Force and NASA. Development began on both the Centaur and the IUS, and a second stage was added to the IUS design which could be used either as an <a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">apogee kick motor</a> for inserting payloads directly into geostationary orbit or to increase the payload mass brought to escape velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> was the primary contractor for the IUS<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Chemical Systems Division of <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies" title="United Technologies">United Technologies</a> built the IUS solid rocket motors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When launched from the Space Shuttle, IUS could deliver up to 2,270 kilograms (5,000 lb) directly to GEO or up to 4,940 kilograms (10,890 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_transfer_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous transfer orbit">GTO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first launch of the IUS was in 1982 on a Titan 34D rocket from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a> Space Shuttle mission.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of the Shuttle-Centaur was halted after the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger disaster">Challenger disaster</a>, and the Interim Upper Stage became the Inertial Upper Stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The solid rocket motor on both stages had a steerable nozzle for thrust vectoring. The second stage had <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> reaction control jets for attitude control whilst coasting, and for separation from payload.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-30-press-kit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-30-press-kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on mission, one, two or three 54 kg (120 lb) tanks of hydrazine could be fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-30-press-kit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-30-press-kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo_Deployment_(high_res).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg/250px-Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg/375px-Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg/500px-Galileo_Deployment_%28high_res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft and its attached <b>Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)</b> booster being deployed after being launched by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i></a> on the <a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a> mission</figcaption></figure> <p>On Titan launches, the Titan booster would launch the IUS, carrying the payload into low Earth orbit where it was separated from the Titan and ignited its first stage, which carried it into an elliptical "transfer" orbit to a higher altitude. </p><p>On Shuttle launches, the orbiter's payload bay was opened, the IUS and its payload raised (by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUS_Airborne_Support_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUS Airborne Support Equipment (page does not exist)">IUS Airborne Support Equipment</a> (ASE)) to a 50-52° angle, and released.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-30-press-kit_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-30-press-kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Shuttle separated from the payload to a safe distance, the IUS first stage ignited and, as on a Titan booster mission, entered a "transfer orbit". </p><p>Upon reaching apogee in the transfer orbit, the first stage and interstage structure were jettisoned. The second stage then fired to circularize the orbit, after which it released the satellite and, using its attitude control jets, began a retrograde maneuver to enter a lower orbit to avoid any possibility of collision with its payload. </p><p>In addition to the communication and reconnaissance missions described above, which placed the payload into stationary (24-hour) orbit, the IUS was also used to boost spacecraft towards planetary trajectories. For these missions, the second IUS stage was separated and ignited immediately after first stage burnout. Igniting the second stage at low altitude (and thus, high orbital speed) provided the extra velocity the spacecraft needed to escape from Earth orbit (see <a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a>). IUS could not impart as much velocity to its payload as Centaur would have been able to: while Centaur could have launched Galileo directly on a two-year trip to Jupiter, the IUS required a six-year voyage with multiple gravity assists.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final flight of the IUS occurred in February 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-final_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flights">Flights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Serial number<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th>Launch vehicle </th> <th>Payload </th> <th>Remarks </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>1982-10-30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">Titan 34D</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSCS_II_F-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSCS II F-16 (page does not exist)">DSCS II F-16</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=DSCS_III_A-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSCS III A-1 (page does not exist)">III A-1</a></span> </td> <td>Mission successful despite telemetry loss for most of the flight. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1983-04-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TDRS-1" title="TDRS-1">TDRS-A</a> (TDRS-1)</span> </td> <td>The second stage tumbled due to a thruster motor problem, resulting in an incorrect orbit. The Boeing staff that was monitoring the flight was able to separate the tumbling IUS from the satellite so it could be maneuvered into its final orbit. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg/60px-STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg/90px-STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg/120px-STS-6_TDRS-A_deploy_preparations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>1985-01-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USA-8" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-8">USA-8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnum_(satellite)" title="Magnum (satellite)">Magnum</a>) </td> <td>Classified DoD payload<sup id="cite_ref-magnum_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnum-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>1985-10-03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USA-11" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-11">USA-11</a>/<a href="/wiki/USA-12" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-12">12</a> (<a href="/wiki/DSCS" class="mw-redirect" title="DSCS">DSCS</a>) </td> <td>DoD payload. Declassified in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg/53px-DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg/79px-DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg/105px-DSCS-III_STS-51-J.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>1986-01-28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-B" title="TDRS-B">TDRS-B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Destroyed during launch</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>1988-09-29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-3" title="TDRS-3">TDRS-C</a> (TDRS-3) </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TDRS-C_ASE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/TDRS-C_ASE.jpg/60px-TDRS-C_ASE.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/TDRS-C_ASE.jpg/90px-TDRS-C_ASE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/TDRS-C_ASE.jpg/120px-TDRS-C_ASE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="4088" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>1989-03-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-4" title="TDRS-4">TDRS-D</a> (TDRS-4) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>1989-05-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a> </td> <td>Probe to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. Only one tank of hydrazine.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-30-press-kit_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-30-press-kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_Overhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Magellan_Overhead.jpg/60px-Magellan_Overhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Magellan_Overhead.jpg/90px-Magellan_Overhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Magellan_Overhead.jpg/120px-Magellan_Overhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>1989-06-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) A</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-39 (page does not exist)">USA-39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>1989-10-18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a> </td> <td>Probe to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg/60px-STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg/90px-STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg/120px-STS034-71-000AK_-_STS-34_Galileo_spacecraft_IUS_deployment_sequence_in_OV-104%27s_payload_bay_-_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>1989-11-23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a>) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-48 (page does not exist)">USA-48</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnum_(satellite)" title="Magnum (satellite)">Magnum</a>) </td> <td>Classified DoD payload<sup id="cite_ref-magnum_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnum-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>1990-10-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">PAM-S</a> </td> <td>Probe to the polar regions of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/60px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/90px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/120px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>1990-11-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) A</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-65 (page does not exist)">USA-65</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>1991-08-02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-5" title="TDRS-5">TDRS-E</a> (TDRS-5) </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg/60px-TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg/90px-TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg/120px-TDRS-E_deployment_from_STS-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>1991-11-24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a>) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-75 (page does not exist)">USA-75</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>1993-01-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-6" title="TDRS-6">TDRS-F</a> (TDRS-6) </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg/60px-1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg/90px-1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg/120px-1993_s54_TDRS-F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>1994-12-22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) A</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-107 (page does not exist)">USA-107</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>1995-07-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TDRS-7" title="TDRS-7">TDRS-G</a> (TDRS-7) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1997-02-23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USA-130" title="USA-130">USA-130</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>1999-04-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) B</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-142 (page does not exist)">USA-142</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td>IUS first and second stages failed to separate, payload placed into useless orbit </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>1999-07-23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> </td> <td>Last launch of a payload using IUS on a Space Shuttle. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg/60px-Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg/90px-Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg/120px-Chandra_X-ray_Observatory_inside_the_Space_Shuttle_payload_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2617" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>2000-05-08 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) B</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-149&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-149 (page does not exist)">USA-149</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>2001-08-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) B</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-159&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-159 (page does not exist)">USA-159</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>2004-02-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV (402) B</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-176 (page does not exist)">USA-176</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TDRS-C in Space Shuttle Discovery's payload bay"><img alt="TDRS-C in Space Shuttle Discovery's payload bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg/91px-1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg/137px-1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg/183px-1988_s26_TDRS-C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">TDRS-C in Space Shuttle <i>Discovery'</i>s payload bay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Release of TDRS-C"><img alt="Release of TDRS-C" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg/120px-1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg/180px-1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg/240px-1988_s26TDRS-C_Released.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="4072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Release of TDRS-C</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulysses used a PAM-S and IUS combination"><img alt="Ulysses used a PAM-S and IUS combination" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/84px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/127px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/169px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ulysses</i> used a PAM-S and IUS combination</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Inertial Upper Stage at the Museum of Flight in Seattle"><img alt="An Inertial Upper Stage at the Museum of Flight in Seattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg/90px-Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg/135px-Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg/180px-Inertial_Upper_Stage_mockup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Inertial Upper Stage at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Flight" title="Museum of Flight">Museum of Flight</a> in Seattle </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iusa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusa_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072224/http://fas.org/spp/military/program/launch/ius.htm">"Inertial Upper Stage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fas.org/spp/military/program/launch/ius.htm">the original</a> on March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inertial+Upper+Stage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fmilitary%2Fprogram%2Flaunch%2Fius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-final-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-final_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204746/http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/ius.html">"Inertial Upper Stage"</a>. Boeing. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inertial+Upper+Stage&rft.pub=Boeing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fhistory%2Fboeing%2Fius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iusb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iusb_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/ius.htm">"Inertial Upper Stage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>Boeing won the contract to develop the IUS in 1976...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Boeing+launches+two+satellites&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1982-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1243%26dat%3D19821101%26id%3DzJVTAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DLYcDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5271%2C2172388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_DawsonMark_Bowles" class="citation web cs1">Virginia Dawson; Mark Bowles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4230.pdf">"Taming liquid hydrogen : the Centaur upper stage rocket"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. p. 172<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2014</span>. <q>They argued that the IUS, which was designed by the Air Force, was a potentially better rocket. The first stage of the two-stage rocket was capable of launching medium-sized payloads at most. This limitation would be overcome by means of the addition of a second stage for larger payloads with destinations into deeper space. Specifically, the Air Force asked NASA to develop an additional stage that could be used for planetary missions such as a proposed probe to Jupiter called Galileo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Taming+liquid+hydrogen+%3A+the+Centaur+upper+stage+rocket&rft.pages=172&rft.au=Virginia+Dawson&rft.au=Mark+Bowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4230.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/t4-config-2b.htm">"Titan IV Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Titan+IV+Inertial+Upper+Stage+%28IUS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fspace%2Fsystems%2Ft4-config-2b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221070222/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/carriers.html">"SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PAYLOADS"</a>. <i>science.ksc.nasa.gov</i>. 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April 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-30/sts-30-press-kit.txt">the original</a> on 2000-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-25</span></span>. <q>The IUS is 17 feet long and 9.25 ft. in diameter. It consists of an aft skirt; an aft stage solid rocket motor (SRM) containing approximately 21,400 lb. of propellant and generating approximately 42,000 lb. of thrust; an interstage; a forward stage SRM with 6,000 lb. of propellant generating approximately 18,000 lb. of thrust; and an equipment support section. - The equipment support section contains the avionics, which provide guidance, navigation, control, telemetry, command and data management, reaction control and electrical power. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Taming+liquid+hydrogen+%3A+the+Centaur+upper+stage+rocket&rft.pages=211&rft.au=Virginia+Dawson&rft.au=Mark+Bowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4230.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs" class="citation web cs1">Krebs, Gunter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/ius.htm">"IUS"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=IUS&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_stage%2Fius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnum-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magnum_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnum_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs" class="citation web cs1">Krebs, Gunter D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/orion-1_nro.htm">"Orion 1, 2 (Magnum 1, 2)"</a>. Gunter's Space Page<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orion+1%2C+2+%28Magnum+1%2C+2%29&rft.pub=Gunter%27s+Space+Page.&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Gunter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Forion-1_nro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMars2020" class="citation web cs1">Mars, Kelli (2020-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/35-years-ago-sts-51j-first-flight-of-space-shuttle-atlantis">"35 Years Ago: STS-51J – First Flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=35+Years+Ago%3A+STS-51J+%E2%80%93+First+Flight+of+Space+Shuttle+Atlantis&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Mars&rft.aufirst=Kelli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2F35-years-ago-sts-51j-first-flight-of-space-shuttle-atlantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320041300/https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/programs/tdrss/default.cfm">"Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)"</a>. NASA Space Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/programs/tdrsS/default.cfm">the original</a> on 2009-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+and+Data+Relay+Satellite+System+%28TDRSS%29&rft.pub=NASA+Space+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacecomm.nasa.gov%2Fspacecomm%2Fprograms%2FtdrsS%2Fdefault.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInertial+Upper+Stage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_Upper_Stage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417071751/http://www.aerospace.org/wp-content/uploads/crosslink/V4N1.pdf"><i>Evolution of the Inertial Upper Stage</i></a> <i>Crosslink</i> Winter 2003 Vol 4 Num 1 (published by The Aerospace Corporation), page 38</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/launch/ius.htm">Inertial Upper Stage</a> at Federation of American Scientists</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">SLV-5 (Titan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">SB series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65E_Atlas" title="SM-65E Atlas">SB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">SB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">SB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">SB-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">SB-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">SB-6</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SSB-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">SSB-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">SSB-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtage" title="Transtage">SSB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">ASB-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">WS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">WS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMEWS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMEWS (page does not exist)">LS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">ES-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">ES-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boost_Surveillance_Tracking_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boost Surveillance Tracking System (page does not exist)">LS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">NS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstar" title="Milstar">ES-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Surveillance_and_Tracking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Surveillance and Tracking System">LS-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space-Based_Radar_(USAF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space-Based Radar (USAF) (page does not exist)">LS-10</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSS-10" title="XSS-10">XSS-10</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-165" title="USA-165">XSS-11</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XSS-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XSS-12 (page does not exist)">XSS-12</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">S-13</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">ES-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Based_Space_Surveillance" title="Space Based Space Surveillance">LS-15</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">LS-16</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Extremely_High_Frequency" title="Advanced Extremely High Frequency">ES-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">EWS-G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">EWS-G2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Not assigned</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Unofficial designation</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Designation believed to be this type but unconfirmed</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">DCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_DM-03" title="Blok DM-03">DM-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 27 / 37</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">/ 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_(rocket_stage)" title="Volga (rocket stage)">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanzheng" title="Yuanzheng">Yuanzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Cryogenic_Evolved_Stage" title="Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage">Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KVTK_(rocket_stage)" title="KVTK (rocket stage)">KVTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RM-81_Agena" title="RM-81 Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_(rocket_stage)" title="Able (rocket stage)">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(rocket_stage)" title="Altair (rocket stage)">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astris_(rocket_stage)" title="Astris (rocket stage)">Astris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_2BL" title="Blok 2BL">Blok 2BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_D" title="Blok D">Blok D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burner_(rocket_stage)" title="Burner (rocket stage)">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-D_(rocket_stage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-D (rocket stage) (page does not exist)">Delta-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-K" title="Delta-K">Delta-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P" title="Delta-P">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPKM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPKM">EPKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-02" title="FG-02">FG-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">Ikar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KVD-1" title="KVD-1">KVD-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-IV" title="S-IV">Saturn IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">Saturn IVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Orbit_Stage" title="Transfer Orbit Stage">Transfer Orbit Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtage" title="Transtage">Transtage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttle" title="Template talk:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of crews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <small>(ESA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> <small>(CSA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA <small>(engine test article)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li> <li>Ares <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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