CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Black Jacobins - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fb795f70-6704-48e6-ba40-f5ed5df6691f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Black_Jacobins","wgTitle":"The Black Jacobins","wgCurRevisionId":1258571905,"wgRevisionId":1258571905,"wgArticleId":7575693,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2018","1938 non-fiction books","20th-century history books","1967 plays","Afro-Caribbean history","Allison and Busby books","Books about Trotskyism","Books by C. L. R. James","History books about the Haitian Revolution","History of the Caribbean","Works about revolutions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"The_Black_Jacobins","wgRelevantArticleId":7575693,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7718352","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/The_Black_Jacobins.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1871"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/The_Black_Jacobins.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1248"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="998"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Black Jacobins - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Black_Jacobins rootpage-The_Black_Jacobins skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Black+Jacobins" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Black+Jacobins" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Black+Jacobins" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Black+Jacobins" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_social_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_social_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical and social context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_social_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critical response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Black_Jacobins_as_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Black_Jacobins_as_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>The Black Jacobins</i> as drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Black_Jacobins_as_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_/_Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_/_Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes / Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_/_Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Black Jacobins</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_schwarzen_Jakobiner" title="Die schwarzen Jakobiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Die schwarzen Jakobiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7718352#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Black_Jacobins" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Black_Jacobins" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/The_Black_Jacobins" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&oldid=1258571905" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=The_Black_Jacobins&id=1258571905&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Black_Jacobins"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Black_Jacobins"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=The_Black_Jacobins&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7718352" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1938 book by C. L. R. James</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the hummingbird, see <a href="/wiki/Black_jacobin" title="Black jacobin">Black jacobin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Jacobins%3A+Toussaint+l%27Ouverture+and+the+San+Domingo+Revolution&rft.author=%5B%5BC.+L.+R.+James%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BSecker+%26+Warburg%5D%5D+Ltd&rft.place=United+Kingdom"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Jacobins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/The_Black_Jacobins.jpg/220px-The_Black_Jacobins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/The_Black_Jacobins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="393" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the 1st edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1938<span class="noprint">; 86 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1938</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a> Ltd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution</b></i> is a 1938 book by <a href="/wiki/Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidadian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>, and is a history of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> of 1791–1804. </p><p>He went to Paris to research this work, where he met Haitian military historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Auguste_Nemours" title="Alfred Auguste Nemours">Alfred Auguste Nemours</a>. James's text places the revolution in the context of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and focuses on the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>, who was born a slave but rose to prominence espousing the French Revolutionary ideals of <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">liberty and equality</a>. These ideals, which many French revolutionaries did not maintain consistently with regard to the black humanity of their colonial possessions, were embraced, according to James, with a greater purity by the persecuted blacks of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>; such ideals "meant far more to them than to any Frenchman."<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James examines the brutal conditions of slavery as well as the social and political status of the slave-owners, poor or <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#Social_stratification" title="Haitian Revolution">"small" whites</a>, and "free" blacks and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a> leading up to the Revolution. The book explores the dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Caribbean" title="Economy of the Caribbean">Caribbean economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="European economy">European feudal system</a> during the era before the Haitian Revolution, and places each revolution in comparative historical and economic perspective. </p><p>Toussaint L'Ouverture becomes a central and symbolic character in James's narrative of the Haitian Revolution. His complete embodiment of the revolutionary ideals of the period was, according to James, incomprehensible even to the revolutionary French, who did not seem to grasp the urgency of these ideals in the minds and spirits of a people rising from slavery. L'Ouverture had defiantly asserted that he intended "to cease to live before gratitude dies in my heart, before I cease to be faithful to France and to my duty, before the god of liberty is profaned and sullied by the liberticides, before they can snatch from my hands that sword, those arms, which France confided to me for the defence of its rights and those of humanity, for the triumph of liberty and equality."<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> could not understand this motivation, according to James, and mistook it for rhetoric or bombast.<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Rivers of blood were to flow before they understood," James writes.<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James wrote in <i>The Black Jacobins</i> that the "cruelties of property and privilege are always more ferocious than the revenges of poverty and oppression. For the one aims at perpetuating resented injustice, the other is merely a momentary passion soon appeased."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_social_context">Historical and social context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical and social context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was first published in London in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a>, who had recently published James's <i><a href="/wiki/Minty_Alley" title="Minty Alley">Minty Alley</a></i> in 1936 and <i><a href="/wiki/World_Revolution_(book)" title="World Revolution (book)">World Revolution</a></i> in 1937. The impending world war was recognized and alluded to in the text by James, who had been living in England since 1932; in his Preface, he places the writing of the history in the context of "the booming of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s heavy artillery, the rattle of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s firing squads and the fierce shrill revolutionary movement striving for clarity and influence."<sup id="cite_ref-jx_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jx-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later passage, James writes of the slaves in the early days of French revolutionary violence, the "slaves only watched their masters destroy one another, as <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a> watched them in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">1914–1918</a>, and will watch them again before long."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his text, James suggests that "had it been written under different circumstances it would have been a different but not necessarily a better book."<sup id="cite_ref-jx_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jx-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Auguste_Nemours" title="Alfred Auguste Nemours">Alfred Auguste Nemours</a> in Paris while researching the book. Nemours, a Haitian diplomat, had written <i>Histoire militaire de la guerre d'independance de Saint-Domingue</i> in 1925 while <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti was under US occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The writing of history becomes ever more difficult. The power of God or the weakness of man, Christianity or the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> to govern wrong, can easily be made responsible for the downfall of states and the birth of new societies. Such elementary conceptions lend themselves willingly to narrative treatment and from <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Macaulay</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Thuycidides" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuycidides">Thuycidides</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Green" title="John Richard Green">Green</a>, the traditionally famous historians have been more artist than scientist: they wrote so well because they saw so little. To-day by a natural reaction we tend to a personification of the social forces, great men being merely or nearly instruments in the hands of economic destiny. As so often the truth does not lie in between. Great men make history, but only such history as it is possible for them to make. Their freedom of achievement is limited by the necessities of their environment. To portray the limits of those necessities and the realisation, complete or partial, of all possibilities, that is the true business of the historian.<sup id="cite_ref-jx_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jx-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>James's reflections on the context of his writings echo his concerns on the context of the events, as traditionally narrated. The book represents, according to some commentators, a challenge to the conventional "geography" of history, which usually identifies the national histories of states as discrete phenomena, and with "<a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>" in particular being bounded away from its actual constituent elements.<sup id="cite_ref-df_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-df-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Black Jacobins</i>, according to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, "events in France and in Haiti criss-cross and answer each other like voices in a fugue."<sup id="cite_ref-df_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-df-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The blacks were taking their part in the destruction of European <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>", according to James, and, as the workers and peasants of France stiffened in their resistance to local tyranny, they also became passionate <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in France">abolitionists</a> despite their geographical remove from the French slave enterprise in the Western hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ll_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Black Jacobins</i> has been characterized as demonstrating that "the French Revolution was not an insurrectionary experience limited to Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-ll_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given his origins as a slave in a colonized land, and the unmistakable current of French Revolutionary ideology that he imbibed and upheld, Toussaint L'Ouverture becomes, according to one reading of James, not merely the extraordinary leader of an island revolt, but "the apogee of the revolutionary doctrines that underpinned the French Revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-ll_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_text">The text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James sets out to offer a view of the events that notes European and white perspectives without leaving them unquestioned. For James, the dismissiveness and marginalization that the slaves' revolutionary efforts faced was not only a problem of latter-day <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, but a problem at every historical moment back to and throughout the revolution. While Toussaint L'Ouverture set out to defend and maintain the dignity of man as he garnered it from French revolutionary literature, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a>, according to James, "<a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobins</a> in France, Whites and Mulattoes in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">San Domingo</a> (Saint-Domingue), were still looking upon the slave revolt as a huge riot which would be put down in time, once the division between the slave-owners was closed."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative of the Haitian Revolution had been, according to James, largely dominated by distant, foreign, or opportunist narrators, who opted for their own preferred emphases. On this plasticity of historical narrative, James opines of the French Revolution, "Had the monarchists been white, the bourgeoisie brown, and the masses of France black, the French Revolution would have gone down in history as a race war."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toussaint_Louverture,_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Toussaint_Louverture%2C_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg/230px-Toussaint_Louverture%2C_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Toussaint_Louverture%2C_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg/345px-Toussaint_Louverture%2C_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Toussaint_Louverture%2C_chef_des_insurg%C3%A9s_de_Saint-Domingue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>, as depicted in a 19th-century print.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a> is a central figure in James's telling of the Haitian Revolution. Although born a slave, James writes of Toussaint, "both in body and mind he was far beyond the average slave".<sup id="cite_ref-James_91_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toussaint joined the revolution after its onset and was immediately regarded as a leader, organizing the Haitian people into a force capable of breaking the French hold on the colony of San Domingo. He emerged both as a powerful, unifying symbol of the march of enslaved Africans toward liberty, and as an extraordinary politician: "superbly gifted, he incarnated the determination of his people never, never to be slaves again."<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James emphasizes the writing and thought of Toussaint, and quotes him at length, in order to demonstrate the man as he existed politically, often in contrast, according to James, to what has been written about him. James believes that Toussaint's own words best convey his personality and genius, which was all the more remarkable given its unlikely origins: </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Paine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Paine">Tom Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a>, were men of a liberal education, formed in the traditions of ethics, philosophy and history. Toussaint was a slave, not six years out of slavery, bearing alone the unaccustomed burden of war and government, dictating his thoughts in the crude words of a broken dialect, written and rewritten by his secretaries until their devotion and his will had hammered them into adequate shape.<sup id="cite_ref-j78_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In one letter that James quotes at length, sent by Toussaint to the Directory at a time when French colonists were conspiring to restore the slave system, Toussaint wrote that liberty was being assailed by the colonists under "the veil of patriotism": </p> <blockquote><p>Already perfidious emissaries have stepped in among us to ferment the destructive leaven prepared by the hands of liberticides. But they will not succeed. I swear it by all that liberty holds most sacred. My attachment to France, my knowledge of the blacks, make it my duty not to leave you ignorant either of the crimes which they meditate or the oath that we renew, to bury ourselves under the ruins of a country revived by liberty rather than suffer the return of slavery.</p></blockquote> <p>In the 1980 foreword to the British edition published by <a href="/wiki/Allison_%26_Busby" title="Allison & Busby">Allison & Busby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James explains that he was "specially prepared to write <i>The Black Jacobins</i>", having grown up in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and having researched the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian revolution</a> in depth while studying Marxism in England.<sup id="cite_ref-James_vi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_vi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this foreword, written 42 years after the work's first publication, James discusses his own background, his reasons for chronicling the history, and major people who influenced the work. He stated that he hoped others would elaborate on his research. Aware of some of the attacks on his book, James felt that no one could dispute the accuracy of his history; he "was never worried about what they would find, confident that [his] foundation would remain imperishable".<sup id="cite_ref-James_vi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_vi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of his text on "the only successful slave revolt in history",<sup id="cite_ref-jx_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jx-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James writes: "I made up my mind that I would write a book in which Africans or people of African descent instead of constantly being the object of other peoples' exploitation and ferocity would themselves be taking action on a grand scale and shaping other people to their own needs".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James writes sceptically of British efforts to suppress the slave trade by using <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> as a figurehead. James asserts that the actual concern of the British was strategic, and that their humanitarian interest in <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolishing slavery</a> was in actuality a pragmatic interest, in that it undermined the French by crippling access to slave labour for France's most lucrative colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1938 — London: <a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a></li> <li>1963 — New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>/<a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, with Appendix "From Toussaint L'Ouverture to Fidel Castro"</li> <li>1980 — London: <a href="/wiki/Allison_and_Busby" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison and Busby">Allison and Busby</a>, with new foreword by C. L. R. James</li> <li>2011 — <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, with Introduction and Notes by James Walvin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary critics have esteemed <i>The Black Jacobins</i> since its first publication in 1938. In a 1940 review, Ludwell Lee Montague asserts that James "finds his way with skill through kaleidoscopic sequences of events in both Haiti and France, achieving clarity where complexities of class, color, and section have reduced others to vague confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-Montague_130_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague_130-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reviewer, W. G. Seabrook, heralds James's work as "a public service for which he merits the attention due a scholar who blazes the way in an all but neglected field".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seabrook proceeds to predict the importance of the work to Caribbean history, and the probable extensive circulation of the book. Decades after the first publication of the work, <i>The Black Jacobins</i> remained a prominent artifact of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean culture">Caribbean cultural</a> history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James looks more broadly at the West Indies in his 1963 appendix to the text, "From Toussaint L’Ouverture to Fidel Castro".<sup id="cite_ref-James_Appendix_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Appendix-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the appendix James considers patterns between later developments in the Caribbean and the Haitian revolution. Literary critic Santiago Valles summarizes what James attempts to do in the appendix: "In an appendix to the second edition, James noted intellectual and social movements in Cuba, Haiti and Trinidad during the 1920s and 1930s. First in Cuba, Haiti (1927), then in Brazil, Surinam and Trinidad (1931), other small groups faced the challenge of coming to terms with events which disrupted their understanding and connectedness to the wider world by revealing the relations of force."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians still continue to comment on the significance of the work and how it has paved the way for more detailed study of social and political movements in the Caribbean region. In a look at the role slaves themselves have played in Caribbean and American rebellions Adélékè Adéèkó points specifically to the influence of <i>The Black Jacobins</i> on the perception of slaves in <i>The Slaves Rebellion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, published in 2005, Adéèkó suggests: "<i>The Black Jacobins</i> stirs this high level of inspiration for its symbolic reconfiguration of the slaves’ will to freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics have accused the book of being partisan, in its glorification of the struggle against slavery and colonialism, or in its ideological bent. According to Montague, "The author's sympathies and frame of reference are evident, but he tells his story with more restraint than can generally be found in works on this subject by others less plainly labeled".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adéèkó suggests that "James' work is radical, conceived with a Marxist framework, and favors the search for determinative factors within social dialects".<sup id="cite_ref-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas O. Ott also fixes on James's association with a Marxist framework, suggesting that James's "stumbling attempt to connect the Haitian and French revolutions through some sort of common mass movement is a good example of 'fact trimming' to fit a particular thesis or ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both recent and contemporary reviewers agree that James's view (and critique) of extant historiography make the work extremely valuable in the study of Caribbean history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Black_Jacobins_as_drama"><i>The Black Jacobins</i> as drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Black Jacobins as drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, James wrote a play about the Haitian Revolution, <i><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture:_The_Story_of_the_Only_Successful_Slave_Revolt_in_History" title="Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History">Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History</a></i>, which was performed in 1936 at London's <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theatre" title="Westminster Theatre">Westminster Theatre</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> in the title role.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was significant in bringing the Haitian Revolution to the attention of the British public. The play has been published as a graphic novel by <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been adapted by artists Nic Watts and Sakina Karimjee. </p><p>In 1967, James revised the play with the help of Dexter Lyndersay and his new play, <i>The Black Jacobins</i>, has been performed internationally subsequently, including a radio adaptation broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> on 13 December 1971, with <a href="/wiki/Earl_Cameron_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Cameron (actor)">Earl Cameron</a> as Toussaint L'Ouverture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, <i>The Black Jacobins</i> play was performed in London at the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a>, in the first production from <a href="/wiki/Talawa_Theatre_Company" title="Talawa Theatre Company">Talawa Theatre Company</a>, with an all-black cast including <a href="/wiki/Norman_Beaton" title="Norman Beaton">Norman Beaton</a> as Toussaint L'Ouverture, directed by <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brewster" title="Yvonne Brewster">Yvonne Brewster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, it was announced that the book was going to be made into a television programme thanks to Bryncoed Productions, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Kwei-Armah" title="Kwame Kwei-Armah">Kwame Kwei-Armah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-j78-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j78_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jacobins</i>, pp. 197–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChopra2013" class="citation web cs1">Chopra, Samir (20 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samirchopra.com/2013/09/20/clr-james-on-the-surprisingly-moderate-reprisals-of-the-haitian-revolution/">"CLR James on the 'Surprisingly Moderate' Reprisals of the Haitian Revolution"</a>. <i>samirchopra.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samirchopra.com&rft.atitle=CLR+James+on+the+%27Surprisingly+Moderate%27+Reprisals+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamirchopra.com%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2Fclr-james-on-the-surprisingly-moderate-reprisals-of-the-haitian-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jx-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jx_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jx_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jx_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jx_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, x–xi.`</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalleo 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-df-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-df_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-df_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Featherstone, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBbUGSbWcLoC&dq=David+Featherstone.+%22Resistance%2C+space+and+political+identities%22+%22black+jacobins%22&pg=PA23"><i>Resistance, Space and Political Identities</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ll-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ll_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ll_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ll_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, Lisa, David Lloyd. <i>The Politics of Culture in the Shadow of Capital</i>. 1997, pp. 231–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jacobins</i>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_91-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_91_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2017" class="citation web cs1">Bartholomew, Emma (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/clr-james-publisher-margaret-busby-my-50-years-working-with-3544672">"CLR James' publisher Margaret Busby: 'My 50 years working with books'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hackney_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney Gazette">Hackney Gazette</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hackney+Gazette&rft.atitle=CLR+James%27+publisher+Margaret+Busby%3A+%27My+50+years+working+with+books%27&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackneygazette.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fclr-james-publisher-margaret-busby-my-50-years-working-with-3544672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_vi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_vi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_vi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, C. L. R., <i>The Black Jacobins</i>, London: Allison & Busby, 1980 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850313352" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850313352">978-0850313352</a>), Foreword, p. vi. Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Hill_(historian)" title="Robert A. Hill (historian)">Robert A. Hill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/charles-forsdick-the-black-jacobins-reader-1.pdf">"Foreword"</a>, Forsdick and Høgsbjerg (2017), <i>The Black Jacobins Reader</i>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James (1980), p. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, pp. 53–54, 2nd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague_130-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montague_130_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montague 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seabrook, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Suttles (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Appendix-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Appendix_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Appendix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santiago-Valles, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adélékè Adéèkó (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adéléke_Adéè̳kó̳_89_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adélékè Adéèkó, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montague, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ott, Thomas O. <i>The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804</i>. 1973, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, C. L. R.; Christian Høgsbjerg (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukeupress.edu/Toussaint-Louverture/"><i>Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History; A Play in Three Acts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/products/2535-toussaint-louverture">"Toussaint Louverture"</a>. <i>Verso</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso&rft.atitle=Toussaint+Louverture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fproducts%2F2535-toussaint-louverture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/radio4/fm/1971-12-13#at-20.30">"The Monday Play | The Black Jacobins"</a>, BBC Radio 4, 13 December 1971. Listings, <i>Radio Times</i>, Issue 2509, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, Susan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205021331/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/caribbean/culture/theatre4.htm">"New Black theatre companies"</a>, Moving Here – Migration histories. Archived on 5 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/black-jacobins">"Black Jacobins, The"</a>, Black Plays Archive, Royal National Theatre.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talawa.com/articles/the-black-jacobins/">"The Black Jacobins"</a>, Talawa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bylykbashi, Kaltrina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbivision.com/2018/11/26/bryncoed-options-clr-james-the-black-jacobins/">"Bryncoed options CLR James' The Black Jacobins"</a>, TBI Television Business International, 26 November 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_/_Further_reading"><span id="Notes_.2F_Further_reading"></span>Notes / Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes / Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdéèkó2005" class="citation book cs1">Adéèkó, Adélékè (2005). <i>The Slave's Rebellion: Literature, History, Orature</i>. New York: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave%27s+Rebellion%3A+Literature%2C+History%2C+Orature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A9%C3%A8k%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A9l%C3%A9k%C3%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalleo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dalleo, Raphael (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The independence so hardly won has been maintained': C.L.R. James and the U.S. Occupation of Haiti". <i>Cultural Critique</i>. <b>87</b>: 38–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fculturalcritique.87.2014.0038">10.5749/culturalcritique.87.2014.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140362980">140362980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&rft.atitle=%27The+independence+so+hardly+won+has+been+maintained%27%3A+C.L.R.+James+and+the+U.S.+Occupation+of+Haiti&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=38-59&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fculturalcritique.87.2014.0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140362980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dalleo&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueroa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Figueroa, Víctor (2006). "The Kingdom of Black Jacobins: C. L. R. James and Alejo Carpentier on the Haitian Revolution". <i><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hispanic_Review" title="Afro-Hispanic Review">Afro-Hispanic Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 55–71, 227. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23055334">23055334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Black+Jacobins%3A+C.+L.+R.+James+and+Alejo+Carpentier+on+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-71%2C+227&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23055334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsdickHøgsbjerg2017" class="citation book cs1">Forsdick, Charles; Høgsbjerg, Christian, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-black-jacobins-reader/?viewby=title"><i>The Black Jacobins Reader</i></a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Jacobins+Reader&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fthe-black-jacobins-reader%2F%3Fviewby%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøgsbjerg2014" class="citation book cs1">Høgsbjerg, Christian (2014). <i>C.L.R. James in Imperial Britain</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.L.R.+James+in+Imperial+Britain&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8gsbjerg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøgsbjerg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Høgsbjerg, Christian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.brighton.ac.uk/ws/files/4880340/_The_Fever_and_the_Fret_.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Fever and the Fret': C.L.R. James, the Spanish Civil War and the Writing of The Black Jacobins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a></i>. <b>44</b> (1–2): 161–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017605.2016.1187858">10.1080/03017605.2016.1187858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147908021">147908021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Journal+of+Socialist+Theory&rft.atitle=%27The+Fever+and+the+Fret%27%3A+C.L.R.+James%2C+the+Spanish+Civil+War+and+the+Writing+of+The+Black+Jacobins&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017605.2016.1187858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147908021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8gsbjerg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcris.brighton.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F4880340%2F_The_Fever_and_the_Fret_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1938" class="citation book cs1">James, C. L. R. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ouleft.org/wp-content/uploads/CLR_James_The_Black_Jacobins.pdf"><i>The Black Jacobins</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Jacobins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.+L.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fouleft.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FCLR_James_The_Black_Jacobins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague1940" class="citation journal cs1">Montague, Ludwell L. (1940). "<i>The Black Jacobins. Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution</i>. by Cyril Lionel Robert James". Review. <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 129–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2507494">10.2307/2507494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507494">2507494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Black+Jacobins.+Toussaint+L%27Ouverture+and+the+San+Domingo+Revolution.+by+Cyril+Lionel+Robert+James&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-130&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2507494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2507494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Ludwell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago-Valles2003" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago-Valles, W. F. (2003). "C. L. R. James: Asking Questions of the Past". <i>Race & Class</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396803045001003">10.1177/0306396803045001003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145376669">145376669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=C.+L.+R.+James%3A+Asking+Questions+of+the+Past&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396803045001003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145376669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Santiago-Valles&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook1939" class="citation journal cs1">Seabrook, W. G. (1939). "<i>The Black Jacobins</i> by C. L. R. James". Review. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): 125–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2714508">10.2307/2714508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714508">2714508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Black+Jacobins+by+C.+L.+R.+James&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-127&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2714508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2714508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2004" class="citation book cs1">Scott, David (2004). <i>Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscripts+of+Modernity%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Colonial+Enlightenment&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Ashley (January 2009). "The Black Jacobins – A review of C. L. R. James's classic account of Haiti's slave revolt". <i>ISR (International Socialist Review)</i> (63).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISR+%28International+Socialist+Review%29&rft.atitle=The+Black+Jacobins+%E2%80%93+A+review+of+C.+L.+R.+James%27s+classic+account+of+Haiti%27s+slave+revolt&rft.issue=63&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sweeney, Fionnghuala (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272274240">"The Haitian Play. CLR James' <i>Toussaint Louverture</i> (1936)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Francophone Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 143–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fijfs.14.1-2.143_1">10.1386/ijfs.14.1-2.143_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Francophone+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Haitian+Play.+CLR+James%27+Toussaint+Louverture+%281936%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=143-163&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fijfs.14.1-2.143_1&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Fionnghuala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272274240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttles_Jr.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Suttles Jr., William C. (1971). "African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716232">10.2307/2716232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716232">2716232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149485699">149485699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=African+Religious+Survivals+as+Factors+in+American+Slave+Revolts&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149485699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716232&rft.aulast=Suttles+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Manuel (3 February 2008). "The Black Jacobins 70 Years Later". <i>Monthly Review Online</i>. Monthly Review Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review+Online&rft.atitle=The+Black+Jacobins+70+Years+Later&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Black+Jacobins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923234338/http://the.arc.co.uk/arm/propertyCLR.html">Extract from <i>The Black Jacobins</i></a></li> <li>Christian Høgsbjerg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=639&issue=126">"CLR James and the Black Jacobins"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a></i>, 126 (2010).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallaxe.net/wordpress3/discussions/2014/07/09/sx-salon-issue-16-may-2014/">Discussion of CLR James's play <i>Toussaint Louverture</i></a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Axe_Project" title="Small Axe Project">sx salon</a></i>, 16 (2014).</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&oldid=1258571905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&oldid=1258571905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1938_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1938 non-fiction books">1938 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_history_books" title="Category:20th-century history books">20th-century history books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_plays" title="Category:1967 plays">1967 plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afro-Caribbean_history" title="Category:Afro-Caribbean history">Afro-Caribbean history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allison_and_Busby_books" title="Category:Allison and Busby books">Allison and Busby books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Trotskyism" title="Category:Books about Trotskyism">Books about Trotskyism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_C._L._R._James" title="Category:Books by C. L. R. James">Books by C. L. R. James</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_books_about_the_Haitian_Revolution" title="Category:History books about the Haitian Revolution">History books about the Haitian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Caribbean" title="Category:History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_revolutions" title="Category:Works about revolutions">Works about revolutions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2018">Use dmy dates from June 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 12:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Jacobins&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fhqv7","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.492","walltime":"0.597","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2360,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":39447,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1938,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":61982,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 495.471 1 -total"," 28.34% 140.421 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.84% 93.353 3 Template:Cite_web"," 17.81% 88.257 1 Template:Short_description"," 16.18% 80.187 1 Template:Infobox_book"," 12.73% 63.090 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.01% 59.492 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.38% 51.406 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.17% 30.549 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"," 5.12% 25.349 5 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.250","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6305942,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qg7t2","timestamp":"20241122150450","ttl":723316,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Black Jacobins","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Black_Jacobins","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7718352","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7718352","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-23T02:13:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T12:48:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/86\/The_Black_Jacobins.jpg","headline":"1938 book by Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James"}</script> </body> </html>