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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Speech levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Person</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronominal_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronominal_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Pronominal affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronominal_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adnominal_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adnominal_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Adnominal possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adnominal_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obligatory_possessive_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obligatory_possessive_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Obligatory possessive marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obligatory_possessive_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Verbal possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negation_of_declaratives_using_te" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation_of_declaratives_using_te"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Negation of declaratives using <span><i>te</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation_of_declaratives_using_te-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation_of_imperatives_using_oik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation_of_imperatives_using_oik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Negation of imperatives using <span><i>oik</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation_of_imperatives_using_oik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_negative_particles_as_question_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_negative_particles_as_question_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Using negative particles as question tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_negative_particles_as_question_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives_and_directionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives_and_directionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demonstratives and directionals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demonstratives_and_directionals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demonstratives and directionals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives_and_directionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Root_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Root forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Root_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Locative nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similative_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similative_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Similative nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similative_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Directionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Essive_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essive_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Essive forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essive_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allative_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allative_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Allative forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allative_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venitive_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venitive_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Venitive forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venitive_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominalised_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominalised_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Nominalised forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominalised_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_glossing_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_glossing_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of glossing abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_glossing_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_taboo_(aroah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_taboo_(aroah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Name taboo (<span><i>aroah</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_taboo_(aroah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Taba language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_(langue)" title="Taba (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taba (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Taba" title="Yaren Taba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Taba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Taba" title="Pagsasao a Taba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Taba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Makian_Timur" title="Bahasa Makian Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Makian Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimakian-Mashariki" title="Kimakian-Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimakian-Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Makian_oriental" title="Lenga Makian oriental – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Makian oriental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_makian_wschodni" title="Język makian wschodni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język makian wschodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3512690#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Taba</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a> province</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(20,000+ cited 1983)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Taba–Gane<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Taba</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mky" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mky">mky</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2440">east2440</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1515">Taba</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Taba</b> (also known as <b>East Makian</b> or <b>Makian Dalam</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian language">Malayo-Polynesian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a> group. It is spoken mostly on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Makian" title="Makian">Makian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayoa" title="Kayoa">Kayoa</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by about 20,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are minor differences in dialect between all of the villages on Makian island in which Taba is spoken. Most differences affect only a few words. One of the most widespread reflexes is the use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> in Waikyon and Waigitang, where in other villages <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is retained from Proto-South Halmaheran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2005, <i>Ethnologue</i> lists Taba as having a speaking population of approximately 20,000; however, it has been argued by linguists that this number could in reality be anywhere between 20,000 and 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is predominantly spoken on Eastern Makian island, although it is also found on Southern Mori island, Kayoa islands, Bacan and Obi island and along the west coast of south Halmahera. There has also been continued migration of speakers to other areas of North Maluku due to frequent volcanic eruptions on Makian island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden20015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden20015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island itself is home to two languages: Taba, which is spoken on the eastern side of the island, and a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan language">Papuan language</a> spoken on the western side, known alternatively as <a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a> or Makian Luar (outer Makian); in Taba, this language is known as <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Taba Lik</i></span> ('Outer Taba'), while its native speakers know it as <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Moi</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech_levels">Speech levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speech levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba is divided into three different levels of speech: <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">alus</i></span>, <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">biasa</i></span> and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kasar</i></span>. </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Alus</i></span>, or 'refined' Taba, is used in situations in which the speaker is addressing someone older or of greater <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> than the speaker themselves. </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Biasa</i></span>, or 'ordinary' Taba, is used in most general situations. </p><p>The <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Kasar</i></span>, or 'coarse' form of Taba, is used only rarely and generally in anger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba has fifteen indigenous consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, and four loan phonemes: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>f/</span>. These are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200126_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200126-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999143_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999143-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar consonant">Apico-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lamino-palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamino-palatal consonant">Lamino-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorso-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorso-velar consonant">Dorso-<br />velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>)</td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>)</td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td align="center"></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Syllables may only have complex onsets at the beginning of morphemic units. The minimal Taba <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> consists of just a vowel, while the maximal indigenous syllable structure is CCVC (there are some examples of CCCVC from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>). The structure CCVC, however, is only found in syllables which occur at the beginning of morphemes; non-initial syllables have a maximal structure of CVC. The vast majority of words are mono- or disyllabic. </p><p>All consonants except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span> can be geminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geminates can occur word-initially, e.g., <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tala</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mky-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tala/</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to meet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> vs. <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ttala</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mky-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tːala/</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">we (<a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive</a>) meet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speakers degeminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">hː</a>/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial fricative clusters can be metathesized or assimilated (e.g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhsɔpan/</span> can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈshɔpan]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsːɔpan]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taba_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Taba_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Taba_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Taba_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Taba_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Taba_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Taba_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowel phonemes of Taba on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel chart">vowel chart</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Taba has five vowels, illustrated on the table below. The front and central vowels are <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a>; the back vowels are rounded. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200128_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200128-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>    <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>    <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>    <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>    <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>    <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba is, predominantly, a <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head-marking language</a> which adheres to a basic AVO <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>. However, there is a reasonable degree of flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden20011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden20011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k=ha-lekat</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-broken</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pakakas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tool</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">yak k=ha-lekat pakakas ne</p><p style="display: none;">1SG 1SG=CAUS-broken tool PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'I broke this tool.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Taba has both prepositions and postpositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Independent Pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001188_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001188-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">yak</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">am</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">au</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">meu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">i</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">si</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Taba, pronouns constitute an independent, closed set. Syntactically, Taba pronouns can be used in any context where a full <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> is applicable. However, independent pronouns are only used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Animate" class="mw-redirect" title="Animate">animate</a> entities, unless pronominal reference to inanimate <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patients</a> is required in <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive clauses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned, independent pronouns are generally used for animate reference. However, there are two exceptions to this generalisation. In some circumstances an inanimate is considered a 'higher inanimate' which accords syntactic status similar to animates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is represented as in English where inanimates such as cars or ships, for example, can be ascribed a gender. This is illustrated below in a response to the question 'Why did the <i>Taba Jaya</i> (name of a boat) stop coming to Makian?':<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ttumo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">t=tum-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>=follow-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ndara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ndara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">too.much</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ttumo i te ndara</p><p style="display: none;">t=tum-o i te ndara</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.INCL=follow-APPL 3SG NEG too.much</p><p style="clear: left;">'We didn't catch it enough.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <i>Taba Jaya</i>, a boat significant enough to be given a name, is accorded pronoun status similar to animates. The other exception occurs in reflexive clauses where a <a href="/wiki/Pronominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronominal">pronominal copy</a> of a reflexive patient is required, as shown below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Bonci</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bonci</p><p style="margin: 0px;">peanut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ncayak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n-say-ak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-spread-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tadia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="remote past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Bonci ncayak i tadia</p><p style="display: none;">bonci n-say-ak i ta-dia</p><p style="display: none;">peanut 3SG-spread-APPL 3SG SIM-REM</p><p style="clear: left;">'Peanut (leaves) spread out on itself like that.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Non-human animates and inanimates are always grammatically singular, regardless of how many referents are involved. In Taba, pronouns and noun phrases are marked by person and number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person">Person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Person"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba distinguishes three persons in the pronominal and cross-referencing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Person is marked on both pronouns and on cross-referencing <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">proclitics</a> attached to verb phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actor cross-referencing proclitics are outlined in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first-person plural, a <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> distinction is made, 'inclusive' (including the addressee) and 'exclusive' (excluding the addressee), as is common to most Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cross-referencing proclitics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">k= </td> <td>a= </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td>t= </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>m= </td> <td>h= </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>n= </td> <td>l= </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following are examples (4–10) of simple actor <a href="/wiki/Intransitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive">intransitive</a> clauses showing each of the proclitic prefixes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Intransitive Clauses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">yak kwom</p><p style="display: none;">yak k=wom</p><p style="display: none;">1SG 1SG=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'I've come'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Am</p><p style="margin: 0px;">am</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">awom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Am awom</p><p style="display: none;">am a=wom</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.EXCL 1PL.EXCL=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'We've come. (myself and one or more other people but not you)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tit</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">twom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">t=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Tit twom</p><p style="display: none;">tit t=wom</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.INCL 1PL.INCL=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'We've come. (You and I)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Au</p><p style="margin: 0px;">au</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">m=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Au mwom</p><p style="display: none;">au m=wom</p><p style="display: none;">2SG 2SG=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'You've come. (you singular)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">h=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Meu hwom</p><p style="display: none;">meu h=wom</p><p style="display: none;">2PL 2PL=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'You've come. (you plural)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">I nwom</p><p style="display: none;">i n=wom</p><p style="display: none;">3SG 3SG=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'S/he's come.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">si</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Si lwom</p><p style="display: none;">si l=wom</p><p style="display: none;">3PL 3PL=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'They've come.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The alternation between proclitic markers indicates number, where in (4) <i>k=</i> denotes the arrival of a singular actor, while in (7) <i>a=</i> indicates the arrival of first-person plural actors, exclusionary of the addressee, and is replicated in the change of prefix in the additional examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number is marked on noun phrases and pronouns. Taba distinguishes grammatically between singular and plural categories, as shown in (3) to (9) above. Plural marking is obligatory for humans and is used for all noun phrases which refer to multiple individuals. Plurality is also used to indicate respect in the second and third Person when addressing or speaking of an individual who is older than the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules for marking number on noun phrases are summarised in the table below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Marking Number </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>human </th> <td>Used for one person when person is same age or younger than speaker. </td> <td>Used for one person when person is older than speaker.<br />Used for more than one person in all contexts. </td></tr> <tr> <th>non-human animate </th> <td>Used no matter how many referents </td> <td>Not used </td></tr> <tr> <th>inanimate </th> <td>Used no matter how many referents </td> <td>Not used </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitic</a> <i>=si</i> marks number in noun phrases. <i>=si</i> below (10), indicates that there is more than one child playing on the beach and, in (11), the enclitic indicates that the noun phase <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">mama lo baba</i></span>, translated as 'mother and father,' is plural.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(11)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wangsi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wang=si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lalawa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=ha=lawa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural">3pl</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-play</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">la-we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sea-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="essive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ESS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">solo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">solo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beach</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wangsi lalawa lawe solo li</p><p style="display: none;">wang=si l=ha=lawa la-we solo li</p><p style="display: none;">child=PL 3pl=CAUS-play sea-ESS beach LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">'The children are playing on the beach.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(12)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">babasi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">baba=si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laoblak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l-ha=obal-k</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-call-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nim mama li babasi laoblak</p><p style="display: none;">nim mama lo baba=si l-ha=obal-k</p><p style="display: none;">2SG.POSS mother and father=PL 3PL=CAUS-call-APPL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Your mother and father are calling you.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Plural number is used as a marker of respect not only for second-person addressees, but for third-person referents as seen in (12).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taba, it has been observed that many adults use <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> shifts towards the perspective of addressee children regarding the use of plural markers. Example (13) is typical of an utterance of an older person than those they are referring to, indicative of respect that should be accorded to the referent by the addressee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ksung</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k=sung</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>=enter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Om</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Om</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Uncle</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nur</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Nur</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Nur</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nidi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nidi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">um</p><p style="margin: 0px;">um</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ksung Om Nur nidi um li</p><p style="display: none;">k=sung Om Nur nidi um li</p><p style="display: none;">1SG=enter Uncle Nur 3PL.POSS house LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">'I went into Om Nur's house.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(14)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">babasi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">baba=si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">li</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nim babasi e lo li e?</p><p style="display: none;">nim baba=si e lo li e</p><p style="display: none;">2SG.POSS father=PL FOC where LOC FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where is your father?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronominal_affixes">Pronominal affixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronominal affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Taba verbs having actor arguments carry affixes which cross-reference the number and person of the actor, examples of proclitics are shown above. In Taba, there are valence-changing affixes which deal with patterns of cross-referencing with three distinct patterns. The dominant pattern is used with all verbs having an actor argument. The other two patterns are confined to a small number of verbs: one for the possessive verb, the other for a few verbs of excretion. This is discussed further in Possession below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba does not, as such, have possessive pronouns. Rather, the possessor noun and the possessed entity are linked by a possessive ligature. The Taba ligatures are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessive Particles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">nik</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">am</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">nit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">nim</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">meu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">nidi/di</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adnominal_possession">Adnominal possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adnominal possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adnominal <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a> involves the introduction of an inflected possessive <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> between the possessor and the possessed entity; this inflected possessive, formally categorised as a 'ligature', is cross-referenced with the number and person of the possessor. This ligature indicates a possessive relationship between a modifier noun and its head-noun. In Taba, adnominal possession is distinguished by reverse <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> ordering, in which the possessor noun precedes the noun referring to the possessed entity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001230_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001230-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many contexts the possessor will not be overtly referenced. </p><p>Example of reverse genitive ordering in Taba: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(15)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mtu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><p style="display: none;">ni mtu</p><p style="display: none;">3SG.POSS child</p><p style="clear: left;">'His/her child.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obligatory_possessive_marking">Obligatory possessive marking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Obligatory possessive marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Taba, <a href="/wiki/Alienability_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienability (grammar)">alienable</a> and inalienable possession is not obligatorily marked by the use of different forms, though this is common in many related languages. However, there are a number of seemingly inalienable entities which cannot be referred to without referencing a possessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001233_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001233-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(16)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meja</p><p style="margin: 0px;">table</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wwe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leg</p></div><p style="display: none;">meja ni wwe</p><p style="display: none;">table 3SG.POSS leg</p><p style="clear: left;">'The leg (of the table).'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbal_possession">Verbal possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbal possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbal possession in Taba is generally indicated through the attaching of the causative prefix <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ha-</i></span> to the adnominal possessive forms. The possessor then becomes actor of the clause, and the possessed entity becomes the undergoer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001197_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001197-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of forming a possessive verb is very unusual, typologically, and is found in almost no other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001239_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001239-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(17)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kabin</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k=ha-nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kabin da yak k=ha-nik</p><p style="display: none;">goat DIST 1SG 1SG=CAUS-1SG.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'That goat, I own it.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a> languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, Taba uses different particles to negate <a href="/wiki/Declarative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative sentence">declarative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> clauses;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010246_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010246-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declaratives are negated using <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span>, while imperatives are negated using <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">oik</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases the negative particles are clause-final, a placement which is posited to be the result of contact with non-Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010248_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010248-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReesink2002246_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReesink2002246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation_of_declaratives_using_te">Negation of declaratives using <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Negation of declaratives using te"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Declarative clauses are negated using the particle <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span>, which follows all other elements of the clause except for modal and aspectual particles (these are discussed below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335–336_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335–336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples (15a) and (15b) show negation of an actor intransitive clause, while (16a) and (16b) give negation of a non-actor bivalent clause (i.e. a clause with two undergoer arguments); <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> has the same clause-final placement regardless of the clause structure. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nhan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=han</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akla</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ak-la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="allative case ('to')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALL</abbr>-sea</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nhan akla</p><p style="display: none;">n=han ak-la</p><p style="display: none;">3sg=go ALL-sea</p><p style="clear: left;">'She's going seawards.' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nhan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=han</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akla</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ak-la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="allative case ('to')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALL</abbr>-sea</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nhan akla te</p><p style="display: none;">n=han ak-la te</p><p style="display: none;">3sg=go ALL-sea NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'She's not going seawards.' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(19a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">calana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ak-lacalana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">trousers</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kudak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuda-k</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.black-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asfal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">asfal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bitumen</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nik calana kudak asfal</p><p style="display: none;">nik ak-lacalana kuda-k asfal</p><p style="display: none;">1sg.POSS trousers be.black-APPL bitumen</p><p style="clear: left;">'My trousers are blackened with bitumen.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(19b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">calana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ak-lacalana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">trousers</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kudak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuda-k</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.black-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asfal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">asfal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bitumen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nik calana kudak asfal te</p><p style="display: none;">nik ak-lacalana kuda-k asfal te</p><p style="display: none;">1sg.POSS trousers be.black-APPL bitumen NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'My trousers are not blackened with bitumen.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Negation of <a href="/wiki/Complex_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex sentence">complex sentences</a> can be ambiguous — see example (17), where <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> can operate on either just the <a href="/wiki/Complement_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement clause">complement clause</a> <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">khan</i></span> 'I'm going' or to the whole clause complex <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kalusa khan</i></span> 'I said I'm going':<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(20)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kalusa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k=ha-lusa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-say</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k=han</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>=go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Kalusa khan te</p><p style="display: none;">k=ha-lusa k=han te</p><p style="display: none;">1sg=CAUS-say 1sg=go NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'I said I'm not going.' / 'I didn't say I'm going.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Negative existential clauses</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Te</i></span> can serve as the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)#Semantic_predication" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicator</a> of a negative <a href="/wiki/Existential_clause" title="Existential clause">existential clause</a>, with no verb required. It can occur immediately following the noun phrase that refers to whatever is being asserted as non-existent, as in (18): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(21)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dalawat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dalawat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">girlfriend</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nik dalawat te</p><p style="display: none;">nik dalawat te</p><p style="display: none;">1sg.POSS girlfriend NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'I don't have a girlfriend.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, a <a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">discourse marker</a> is generally interposed between the noun phrase and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span>. This marker expresses something about how the non-existence of the noun phrase's <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a> relates to the discourse context, or alternatively indicates the speaker's attitude towards the proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In (19), the discourse marker <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">mai</i></span> (glossed as 'but') is used to indicate that the non-existence of tea, sugar and coffee in the household described by the speaker is counter to one's expectations that a normal household would have these items: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(22)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tea</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gula</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sugar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kofi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">coffee</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Te mai te; gula mai te; kofi mai te</p><p style="display: none;">tea but NEG sugar but NEG coffee but NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'There's no tea; there's no sugar; there's no coffee.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Complex negative modal / aspectual particles</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–339_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–339-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taba has three complex negative particles which, in addition to negation, express mood or aspect; these are formed by the modal and aspectual particles attaching onto <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> as <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>. The three particles are <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tedo</i></span> (realis negative), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tehu</i></span> (continuative negative), and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tesu</i></span> (potential negative). </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky"><b>tedo</b></i></span> <b>(realis negative)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–338_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–338-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Tedo</i></span> is a compound of <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">realis mood</a> marker <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">do</i></span>, and expresses a more emphatic negation than plain <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span>. In (20), it is used to emphasize the absolute nature of the prohibition against making alcohol in the Muslim community of the speaker: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(23)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lpeik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=pe-ik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural">3pl</abbr>=make-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">saguer</p><p style="margin: 0px;">saguer</p><p style="margin: 0px;">palm.wine</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tedo.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-do</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mai ane lpeik saguer tedo.</p><p style="display: none;">mai a-ne l=pe-ik saguer te-do</p><p style="display: none;">but DEM-PROX 3pl=make-APPL palm.wine NEG-REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">'But here they don't make palm wine with it anymore.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky"><b>tehu</b></i></span> <b>(continuative negative)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Tehu</i></span> is a compound of <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">continuous aspect</a> marker <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">hu</i></span>, and can be roughly translated as 'not up to the relevant point in time': this may be either the time of utterance (i.e. 'not yet', 'still not'), or some other time relevant to the context of the utterance, as in (21). Unlike the potential negative <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tesu</i></span>, <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tehu</i></span> does not express any expectations about the likelihood of the negated event or state occurring in the future. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(24)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Manganco</p><p style="margin: 0px;">manganco</p><p style="margin: 0px;">long.time</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dukon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dukon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eruption</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tehu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Manganco ne dukon tehu</p><p style="display: none;">manganco ne dukon te-hu</p><p style="display: none;">long.time PROX eruption NEG-CONT</p><p style="clear: left;">'For a long time there hadn't been an eruption.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Tehu</i></span> also often appears at the end of the first clause in a sequence of clauses, indicating whatever is referred to by the first clause has not still occurred by the time of the event(s) or state(s) referred to by the following clauses. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(25)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Karna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">karna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">because</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taplod</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-plod</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detransitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DETR</abbr>-erupt</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tehu,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-hu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manusia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">manusia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">people</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">loas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=oas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural">3pl</abbr>=flee</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Karna taplod tehu, manusia loas do.</p><p style="display: none;">karna ta-plod te-hu manusia l=oas do</p><p style="display: none;">because DETR-erupt NEG-CONT people 3pl=flee REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Because the mountain had still not erupted when everyone fled.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky"><b>tesu</b></i></span> <b>(potential negative)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338–339_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338–339-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Tesu</i></span> is formed by suffixing <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-su</i></span>, expressing the <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a>, to <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span>. Although <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tesu</i></span> is similar to <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tehu</i></span> in that it encodes the meaning 'not up to the relevant point in time', it also expresses an expectation that the event referred to <i>will</i> occur in the future: this expectation is made explicit in the free translation of (23). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(26)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sedi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sedi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">garden.shelter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dumik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dumik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.complete</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tesu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-su</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="potential mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sedi ne dumik tesu</p><p style="display: none;">sedi ne dumik te-su</p><p style="display: none;">garden.shelter PROX be.complete NEG-POT</p><p style="clear: left;">'This garden shelter is not yet finished.' [but I expect it to be finished later]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Tesu</i></span> shares with <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tehu</i></span> the ability to be used at the end of the first clause in a sequence of clauses, and also carries a similar meaning of incompletion; in addition, it encodes the expectation that the event referred to by the first clause should have happened by the event(s) of the following clauses. This expectation does not need to have actually been fulfilled; the breakfast that was expected to be cooked in the first clause of (24) was, in reality, never cooked due to the ensuing eruption. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(27)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hadala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hadala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">breakfast</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mosa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mosa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.cooked</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tesu,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-su</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="potential mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taplod</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-plod</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detransitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DETR</abbr>-erupt</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haso</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ha=so</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr>=one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nak.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">also</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hadala mosa tesu, taplod haso nak.</p><p style="display: none;">hadala mosa te-su ta-plod ha=so nak</p><p style="display: none;">breakfast be.cooked NEG-POT DETR-erupt CL=one also</p><p style="clear: left;">'Breakfast was still not cooked (although I had every expectation that it would be) when it erupted again.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Unlike the modal and aspectual markers which are used to form the other complex negative particles, <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">su</i></span> is not attested as a <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_unbound_morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound and unbound morphemes">free morpheme</a> elsewhere; however, it is likely related to the optional final <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-s</i></span> of the modal verb <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-ahate(s)</i></span> 'to be unable', which appears to be derived historically from <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> having fused onto the verb <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-ahan</i></span> 'to be able'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001316–318_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001316–318-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used with a final <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-s</i></span>, as in (25b) compared with (25a), this modal verb encodes the same meanings expressed by <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tesu</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(28a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Irianti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Irianti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Irianti</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nasodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=ha-sodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-suck[smoke]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nahate</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=ahate</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=be.unable</p></div><p style="display: none;">Irianti nasodas nahate</p><p style="display: none;">Irianti n=ha-sodas n=ahate</p><p style="display: none;">Irianti 3sg=CAUS-suck[smoke] 3sg=be.unable</p><p style="clear: left;">'Irianti is not allowed to smoke.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001317_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001317-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(28b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Iswan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Iswan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Iswan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nasodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=ha-sodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-suck[smoke]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nahates</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=ahate-s</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=be.unable-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="potential mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Iswan nasodas nahates</p><p style="display: none;">Iswan n=ha-sodas n=ahate-s</p><p style="display: none;">Iswan 3sg=CAUS-suck[smoke] 3sg=be.unable-POT</p><p style="clear: left;">'Iswan is not allowed to smoke (now. But he will be allowed to in the future).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001318_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001318-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation_of_imperatives_using_oik">Negation of imperatives using <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">oik</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Negation of imperatives using oik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imperative clauses are negated using the admonitive particle <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">oik</i></span>. This particle appears to be derived from a verb <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">oik</i></span> 'to leave something behind'; however, this verb requires actor cross-referencing, whereas the particle is never cross-referenced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowden (2001) posits that the imperative use of <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">oik</i></span> has developed from the use of the independent verb in <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb constructions</a>, with the morphological elements being lost in the process of grammaticalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001369_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001369-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particle is shown in (26), while the verbal use (with cross-referencing) is shown in (27): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(29)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hmomas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">h=momas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>=wipe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">komo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">komo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hand</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hmomsak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">h=momas=ak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>=wipe=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">calana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">calana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">trousers</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">oik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="admonitive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADMON</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Hmomas meu komo mai hmomsak meu calana oik</p><p style="display: none;">h=momas meu komo mai h=momas=ak meu calana oik</p><p style="display: none;">2PL=wipe 2PL.POSS hand but 2PL=wipe=APPL 2PL.POSS trousers ADMON</p><p style="clear: left;">'Wipe your hands, but don't wipe them with your trousers.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(30)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">suka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">desire</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">m=oik</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=leave.behind</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nim</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sagala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sagala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stuff</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ane?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nim suka moik nim sagala ane?</p><p style="display: none;">nim suka m=oik nim sagala a-ne</p><p style="display: none;">2SG.POSS desire 2SG=leave.behind 2SG.POSS stuff LOC-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'Do you want to leave your stuff behind here?'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_negative_particles_as_question_tags">Using negative particles as question tags</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Using negative particles as question tags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">Yes–no (polar) questions</a> can be posed with either positive or negative polarity; positive polarity questions operate in much the same way as in English, while negative polarity questions, which are formed using forms of the negative marker <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">te</i></span> as <a href="/wiki/Tag_question" title="Tag question">question tags</a>, work in a different manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a positive polarity question is given below in (28a), while (28b) shows a negative polarity question: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(31a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Masodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">m=ha-sodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular">2sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-suck</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Masodas pa ne?</p><p style="display: none;">m=ha-sodas pa ne</p><p style="display: none;">2sg=CAUS-suck or PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'Do you smoke?'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(31b)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Masodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">m=ha-sodas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular">2sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-suck</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Masodas pa te?</p><p style="display: none;">m=ha-sodas pa te</p><p style="display: none;">2sg=CAUS-suck or NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'Do you smoke or not?'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The answers to the positive polarity may be either <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Jou/Ole</i></span> ('Yes, I do smoke') or <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Te</i></span> ('No, I don't smoke'); when responding to the negative polarity question, the answers are either <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Jou/Ole</i></span> ('Yes, I do <i>not</i> smoke'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">Te</i></span> ('No, I <i>do</i> smoke').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demonstratives_and_directionals">Demonstratives and directionals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demonstratives and directionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba has two systems which are both involved in marking <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>: the demonstrative and the directional systems. Although compared to other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryer2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDryer2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taba is typologically unusual in that its grammar involves little <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, this is not the case when it comes to demonstratives and directionals. Both of these systems involve root morphemes which can occur either on their own or with affixes, creating a large variety of meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two demonstrative roots in Taba: <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span>, which expresses proximity to the speaker, and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dia</i></span> (or shortened form <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">da</i></span>), which expresses distance from the speaker. Each of these roots can be combined with a variety of morphemes to produce different nouns and pronouns, as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstratives<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> (≈ this) </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dia/da</i></span> (≈ that) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Root forms </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dia/da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Demonstrative pronouns </th> <th>sg. </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">idia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pl. </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">sine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">sidia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Locative nouns </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ane</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">adia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Similative nouns </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">'biasa'</i></span> </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tane</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tadia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">'alus'</i></span> </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tadine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">taddia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">hatadine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">hatadia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">'kasar'</i></span> </th> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dodine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dodia</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: the three different categories of similative nouns refer to the three different <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> of Taba, which have been ascribed the following meanings: <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">biasa</i></span> ('normal'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">alus</i></span> ('fine/respectful') and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kasar</i></span> ('coarse').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Root_forms">Root forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Root forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Root forms <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dia</i></span> have a <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> function with respect to the speaker, and can express the speaker's physical, textural, temporal or even emotional and spiritual distance from something. These forms, when used on their own, occur immediately after the noun phrase to which they refer, much like the equivalent forms in many other <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the root forms functioning as such can be seen below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(32)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pakakas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tool</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">pakakas ne</p><p style="display: none;">tool PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'this tool'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200188_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200188-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(33)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kurusi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chair</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kurusi da</p><p style="display: none;">chair DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'that chair'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200188_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200188-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Demonstrative root forms in Taba, like in most other languages, can also be used to refer to concepts previously mentioned in a conversation, as per the following example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(34)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ndadi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ndadi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">so</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dukon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dukon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eruption</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">taun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">year</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">halim</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ha=lim</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr>=five</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ndadi dukon ne taun halim do.</p><p style="display: none;">ndadi dukon ne taun ha=lim do</p><p style="display: none;">so eruption PROX year CL=five REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">'So the eruption was five years ago.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001272_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001272-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Although the demonstrative roots are a closed class and most clearly mark <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>, they also belong to a slightly larger class of deictics, including the directional root <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ya</i></span> ('up'). When this directional root is used deictically, it implies that both the speaker and hearer hold some common knowledge about the referent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Directionals will be discussed in further detail in the next section. See below an example of <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ya</i></span> functioning deictically: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(35)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Malcoma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">m=alcoma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular">2sg</abbr>=send</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">foto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">foto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">photograph</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="recent past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Malcoma yak ni foto ya</p><p style="display: none;">m=alcoma yak ni foto ya</p><p style="display: none;">2sg=send 1sg 3sg.POSS photograph REC</p><p style="clear: left;">'Send me the photographs (that I have just referred to, and which we both know about'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001273_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001273-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba has four demonstrative pronouns, each formed through the affixation of a pronoun to the demonstrative root.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process, as well as the rough English translation for each pronoun is outlined in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstrative pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001273_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001273-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">da/dia</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ine</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ine</p><p style="display: none;">i-ne</p><p style="display: none;">SG-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'this' (near speaker)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ida</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-da</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">idia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ida / idia</p><p style="display: none;">i-da / i-dia</p><p style="display: none;">SG-DIST / SG-DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'that' (away from speaker)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sine</p><p style="margin: 0px;">si-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">sine</p><p style="display: none;">si-ne</p><p style="display: none;">PL-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'these' (near speaker)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sida</p><p style="margin: 0px;">si-da</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sidia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">si-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">sida / sidia</p><p style="display: none;">si-da / si-dia</p><p style="display: none;">PL-DIST / PL-DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'those' (away from speaker)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taba's demonstrative pronouns can also be used to refer to a concept previously mentioned in a conversation, or a series of previously described events, as shown in the next two examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(36)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Idia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Minggu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Minggu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sunday</p></div><p style="display: none;">Idia Minggu</p><p style="display: none;">i-dia Minggu</p><p style="display: none;">3SG-DIST Sunday</p><p style="clear: left;">'That was Sunday'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(37)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Lai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">just</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">t=am</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>=see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">idia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Lai tam idia</p><p style="display: none;">lai t=am i-dia</p><p style="display: none;">just 1PL.INCL=see 3SG-DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'We had just seen all of this (for the first time)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_nouns">Locative nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Locative nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba has two locative nouns, formed by the prefixation of <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">a-</i></span>. The formation of these nouns and their rough English translations can be found in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Locative nouns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dai/dia</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ane</p><p style="display: none;">a-ne</p><p style="display: none;">LOC-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'here'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">adia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">adia</p><p style="display: none;">a-dia</p><p style="display: none;">LOC-DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'there'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Here are two examples showing the locative nouns in use, occurring after the noun to which they refer: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(38)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Si</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Si ane te</p><p style="display: none;">Si a-ne te</p><p style="display: none;">3PL LOC-PROX NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">'He wasn't there'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001275-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(39)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Peda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">peda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">machete</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">adia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">loka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">loka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">banana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">umpo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">um-po</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>-down</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lema</p><p style="margin: 0px;">le-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">land-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="venitive (coming towards)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VEN</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Peda adia loka ni umpo lema</p><p style="display: none;">peda a-dia loka ni um-po le-ma</p><p style="display: none;">machete LOC-DIST banana 3SG.POSS NOM-down land-VEN</p><p style="clear: left;">'The machete is there, landwards from the bottom of the banana tree'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001276_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001276-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similative_nouns">Similative nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Similative nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taba has eight similative nouns, which differ between the language's three <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>. Many other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> have similative noun equivalents,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Taba is unique in that it has such a high number. The eight different forms can be found in the table below, where the labels ascribed to each register by Taba speakers are as such: <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">biasa</i></span> ('normal'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">alus</i></span> ('fine/respectful') and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kasar</i></span> ('coarse').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ne</i></span> </th> <th><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">di/dia</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">biasa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tane</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tadia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">alus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tadine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">taddia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">hatadine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">hatadia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kasar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dodine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">dodia</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is an example of a similative noun occurring naturally in a conversation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(40)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Napnap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yapyap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ash</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">um</p><p style="margin: 0px;">um</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">llo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">llo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="recent past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mlongan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mlongan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.long</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Napnap um ni llo ya mlongan tane</p><p style="display: none;">yapyap um ni llo ya mlongan ta-ne</p><p style="display: none;">ash house 3SG.POSS inside REC be.long SIM-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'The ash inside the house was as deep as this'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200194_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Similative nouns in Taba can also occur as single-word utterances and as adverbs, as in the following examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(41)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tadia!</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-dia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tadia!</p><p style="display: none;">ta-dia</p><p style="display: none;">SIM-DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'It's done like that!', 'I've done it!', 'Tadaa!' etc. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001276_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001276-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(42)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tit</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tpe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">t-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>.do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ta-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tit tpe tane</p><p style="display: none;">tit t-pe ta-ne</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.INCL 1PL.INCL.do SIM-PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'We do it like this'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001277_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001277-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directionals">Directionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Directionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for the directional system, Taba has five basic <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> categories. These, along with their roughly translated English equivalents are: <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ya</i></span> ('up'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">po</i></span> ('down'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">la</i></span> ('sea'), <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">le</i></span> ('land') and <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">no</i></span> ('there'). Like demonstratives, directionals in Taba can be affixed to express more complex meanings, namely motion towards or from a direction, position in a direction, and parts of something that are oriented in a particular direction. This kind of morphology is unusual within Taba, but typologically common compared to many other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryer2013_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDryer2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth noting that while the directional roots in Taba can have rough English translations, utterances containing them will often have senseless meanings if translated directly into English. </p><p>All Taba directionals formed by affixation can be found in the table below. The essive forms refer to static location in a particular direction and the allative forms refer to motion towards a particular direction. The venitive forms refer to motion away from a particular direction and the nominalised forms refer to parts of something that are oriented in a particular direction. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Directionals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">up</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <th><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">down</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <th><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <th><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">land</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <th><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">there</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Root </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">ya</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">po</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">la</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">le</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">no</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Essive <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ESS</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">yase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">pope</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">lawe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">lewe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">noge</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Allative <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ALL</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">attia</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">appo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">akl</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">akla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">akno</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venitive <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">VEN</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">yama</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">poma</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">lame</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">lema</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">noma</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nominalised <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">NOM</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">tattubo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">umpo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kle</i></span> </td> <td><span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">kno</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essive_forms">Essive forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Essive forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essive directionals in Taba, as stated above, signify static location in a particular direction. These forms can have a larger range of functions when compared with the other directionals. Namely, they can occur as verb <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjuncts</a>, both with a locative phrase and alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can occur either before or after a verb, or to modify a noun phrase. Shown below is an example of the essive forms being used in a sentence: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(43)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">same</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">as</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nalusa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=ha-lusa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-say</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">abu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">abu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ash</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">la-we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sea-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="essive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ESS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sama lo John nalusa ni abu nwom lawe</p><p style="display: none;">Sama lo John n=ha-lusa ni abu n=wom la-we</p><p style="display: none;">same as John 3sg=CAUS-say 3sg.POSS ash 3sg=come sea-ESS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Just like you (John) said the ash (from the eruption) fell in Australia'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001290_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001290-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allative_forms">Allative forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Allative forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allative directional forms in Taba express movement towards a particular direction. These forms can occur on their own, after the verb as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjunct</a>, or at the head of a locative phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these two functions occurring in natural speech are shown below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(44)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ncopang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=sopang</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=descend</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akla</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ak-la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="allative case ('to')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALL</abbr>-sea</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ncopang akla</p><p style="display: none;">n=sopang ak-la</p><p style="display: none;">3SG=descend ALL-sea</p><p style="clear: left;">'It descended to the sea'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001288_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001288-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(45)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Malai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Malai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lhan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=han</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>=go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">appo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ap-po</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="allative case ('to')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALL</abbr>-down</p></div><p style="display: none;">Malai lhan appo</p><p style="display: none;">Malai l=han ap-po</p><p style="display: none;">then 3PL=go ALL-down</p><p style="clear: left;">'Then they went downwards'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001288_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001288-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venitive_forms">Venitive forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Venitive forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Venitive directional forms in Taba express movement away from a particular direction. These forms are much freer in word order and can occur at many different places within a clause, serving to modify verbs, as seen in the next two examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(46)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Noma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">no-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">there-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="venitive (coming towards)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">no-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">there-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="venitive (coming towards)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">turus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">turus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">direct</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manusia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">manusia</p><p style="margin: 0px;">people</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lwom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=wom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural">3pl</abbr>=come</p></div><p style="display: none;">Noma noma turus manusia lwom</p><p style="display: none;">no-ma no-ma turus manusia l=wom</p><p style="display: none;">there-VEN there-VEN direct people 3pl=come</p><p style="clear: left;">'From here and there the people came' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001289_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001289-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(47)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nyoa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=yoa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=search (almost)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k=han</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>=go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lama,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">la-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sea-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="venitive (coming towards)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">polisisi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">polisi=si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">police-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ltahan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">l=tahan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural">3pl</abbr>=find</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nyoa khan lama, polisisi ltahan yak</p><p style="display: none;">n=yoa k=han la-ma polisi=si l=tahan yak</p><p style="display: none;">{3sg=search (almost)} 1sg=go sea-VEN police-PL 3pl=find 1sg</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'd almost come back from Moti when the police found me'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200194_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Venitive forms can also occur in utterances without any verbs, such as in the following example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(48)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Motor</p><p style="margin: 0px;">motor</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Payahe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Payahe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Payahe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lema</p><p style="margin: 0px;">le-ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">land-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="venitive (coming towards)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Motor Payahe lema yak</p><p style="display: none;">motor Payahe le-ma yak</p><p style="display: none;">boat Payahe land-VEN 1sg</p><p style="clear: left;">'I came on the boat from Payahe'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001289_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001289-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The suffix <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">-ma</i></span>, used to form venitive directionals is likely derived from the word <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">maRi</i></span> ('come'), that has been reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>><sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominalised_forms">Nominalised forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nominalised forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nominalised directional forms in Taba signify parts of an object that are oriented towards a particular direction. These forms are always possessed by and occur after the noun relative to which the location is being expressed. This is illustrated in the following two examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(49)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kapal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kapal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ship</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="recent past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pso</p><p style="margin: 0px;">p-so</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr>-one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuso</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=uso</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=follow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">la-we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sea-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="essive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ESS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Botan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Botan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Halmahera</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">umpo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">um-po</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>-down</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lawe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">la-we</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sea-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="essive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ESS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Kapal ya pso nuso lawe Botan ni umpo lawe</p><p style="display: none;">Kapal ya p-so n=uso la-we Botan ni um-po la-we</p><p style="display: none;">ship REC CL-one 3sg=follow sea-ESS Halmahera 3sg.POSS NOM-down sea-ESS</p><p style="clear: left;">'There was a ship following along underneath Halmahera'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(50)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ntongo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n=tongo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>=stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'Happy Restaurant'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">'Happy Restaurant'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">'Happy Restaurant'</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="mky" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kle</p><p style="margin: 0px;">k-le</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>-land</p></div><p style="display: none;">I ntongo {'Happy Restaurant'} ni kle</p><p style="display: none;">i n=tongo {'Happy Restaurant'} ni k-le</p><p style="display: none;">3sg 3sg=stay {'Happy Restaurant'} 3sg.POSS NOM-land</p><p style="clear: left;">'He's staying landwards from the 'Happy Restaurant<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_glossing_abbreviations">List of glossing abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of glossing abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section contains only the glossing abbreviations that appear in this article. For a full list, see <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">List of glossing abbreviations</a>.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ADMON </td> <td>admonitive mood </td></tr> <tr> <td>ALL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative case</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>APPL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Applicative_voice" title="Applicative voice">applicative voice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CAUS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CONT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">continuous aspect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DEM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DETR </td> <td>detransitivizer </td></tr> <tr> <td>DIST </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distal_demonstrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal demonstrative">distal demonstrative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">essive case</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>FOC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LOC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NEG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NOM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>POSS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Possessive_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive (linguistics)">possessive</a> marker </td></tr> <tr> <td>POT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PROX </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proximal_demonstrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal demonstrative">proximal demonstrative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>REAL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">realis mood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>REC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal voice">reciprocal voice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>REM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Remote_past_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote past tense">remote past tense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SIM </td> <td>simultaneous aspect </td></tr> <tr> <td>VEN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Venitive">venitive</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="display:none;"> <p>SIM:simultaneous aspect PROX:proximal demonstrative ADMON:admonitive mood </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_taboo_(aroah)"><span id="Name_taboo_.28aroah.29"></span>Name taboo (<span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">aroah</i></span>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Name taboo (aroah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As is common with many Melanesian people, Taba speakers practice ritual <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">name taboo</a>. As such, when a person dies in a Taba community, their name may not be used by any person with whom they had a close connection. This practice adheres to the Makianese belief that, if the names of the recently deceased are uttered, their spirits may be drastically disturbed. The deceased may be referred to simply as 'Deku's mother' or 'Dula's sister'. Others in the community with the same name as the deceased will be given <span title="East Makian-language text"><i lang="mky">maronga</i></span>, or substitute names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200122_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200122-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mky/">Taba</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mky/">Taba language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001190_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language/mky">Taba language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (15th ed., 2005) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden20015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden20015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200126-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200126_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999143-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999143_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowdenHajek1999">Bowden & Hajek 1999</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999144_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowdenHajek1999">Bowden & Hajek 1999</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdenHajek1999145_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowdenHajek1999">Bowden & Hajek 1999</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200128-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200128_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden20011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden20011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001188-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001188_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001187_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001194_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001230-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001230_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001233-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001233_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001197-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001197_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001239-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001239_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010246-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010246_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlorey2010">Florey 2010</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010248-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorey2010248_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlorey2010">Florey 2010</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReesink2002246-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReesink2002246_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReesink2002">Reesink 2002</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335–336-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001335–336_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001336_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–339-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–339_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, pp. 337–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–338-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337–338_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, pp. 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338–339-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001338–339_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001339_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001316–318-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001316–318_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, pp. 316–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001317-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001317_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001318-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001318_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001337_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001369-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001369_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001356_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDryer2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryer2013_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDryer2013_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDryer2013">Dryer 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/feature/88A#4/-1.14/145.28">"WALS Online - Feature 88A: Order of Demonstrative and Noun"</a>. <i>wals.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trussel2.com&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary+-+Words%3A+a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FACD%2Facd-w_a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden2001287_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden200122-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden200122_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2001">Bowden 2001</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taba_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2001" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/146703?mode=full"><i>Taba: description of a South Halmahera language</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Linguistics" title="Pacific Linguistics">Pacific Linguistics</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/feature/26A#5/-0.703/137.813">"WALS Online - Feature 26A: Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology"</a>. <i>wals.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wals.info&rft.atitle=WALS+Online+-+Feature+26A%3A+Prefixing+vs.+Suffixing+in+Inflectional+Morphology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Ffeature%2F26A%235%2F-0.703%2F137.813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorey2010" class="citation book cs1">Florey, Margaret (2010). "Negation in Moluccan languages". In Ewing, Michael C.; Klamer, Marian (eds.). <i>East Nusantara: Typological and areal analyses</i>. Vol. 618. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. pp. <span class="nowrap">227–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-618">10.15144/PL-618</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146766">1885/146766</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858836105" title="Special:BookSources/9780858836105"><bdi>9780858836105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Negation+in+Moluccan+languages&rft.btitle=East+Nusantara%3A+Typological+and+areal+analyses&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Research+School+of+Pacific+and+Asian+Studies%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F146766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-618&rft.isbn=9780858836105&rft.aulast=Florey&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaba+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReesink2002" class="citation journal cs1">Reesink, Ger P. (2002). "Clause-final negation: structure and interpretation". <i>Functions of Language</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ffol.9.2.06ree">10.1075/fol.9.2.06ree</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functions+of+Language&rft.atitle=Clause-final+negation%3A+structure+and+interpretation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Ffol.9.2.06ree&rft.aulast=Reesink&rft.aufirst=Ger+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas–Natuna Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay (page does not exist)">Asahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombok_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombok Balinese (page does not exist)">Lombok</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjar_Hulu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjar Hulu language (page does not exist)">Hulu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjar_Kuala_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjar Kuala language (page does not exist)">Kuala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjar_Samarinda_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjar Samarinda language (page does not exist)">Samarinda</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung_Malay" title="Belitung Malay">Belitung Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengkayang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengkayang Malay (page does not exist)">Bengkayang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilah Malay (page does not exist)">Bilah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai language (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medan_Malay" title="Medan Malay">Medan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketapang_Malay" title="Ketapang Malay">Ketapang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Pinang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Pinang Malay (page does not exist)">Kota Pinang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkat_Malay" title="Langkat Malay">Langkat Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandalungan_Madurese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandalungan Madurese (page does not exist)">Pandalungan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapan language (page does not exist)">Tapan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riau_Coastal_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riau Coastal Malay (page does not exist)">Riau Coastal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riau_Islands_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riau Islands Malay (page does not exist)">Riau Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakai_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakai language (page does not exist)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambas_Malay" title="Sambas Malay">Sambas Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdang_Malay" title="Serdang Malay">Serdang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samin_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samin Javanese (page does not exist)">Samin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ledo_Kaili_language" title="Ledo Kaili language">Ledo</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_language" title="Lindu language">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_Api_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung Api language">Api/Pesisir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cikoneng_Lampung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cikoneng Lampung language (page does not exist)">Cikoneng</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_Nyo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung Nyo language">Nyo/Pepadun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berangas_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berangas language (page does not exist)">Berangas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Balangan_language" title="Dusun Balangan language">Dusun Balangan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li>Tidung <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangke_language" title="Sangke language">Sangke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassfied of language isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponi_language" title="Saponi language">Saponi</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggara_Jauh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggara Jauh Malay (page does not exist)">Tenggara Jauh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_Malay" title="Gorontalo Malay">Gorontalo Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ternate_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Malay">Ternate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Papuan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Papuan Malay (page does not exist)">Northwest</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acehnese_Hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acehnese Hakka (page does not exist)">Acehnese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangka-Belitung_Hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangka-Belitung Hakka (page does not exist)">Bangka-Belitung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagan_Hokkien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagan Hokkien (page does not exist)">Bagan </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batam_Hokkien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batam Hokkien (page does not exist)">Batam</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Mandarin (page does not exist)">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siantar_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siantar Mandarin (page does not exist)">Siantar</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batam_Teochew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batam Teochew (page does not exist)">Batam</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jambi_Teochew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jambi Teochew (page does not exist)">Jambi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Teochew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Teochew (page does not exist)">Ketapang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Dutch">Indonesian Dutch</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Halmahera–West_New_Guinea_languages132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Template:South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Template talk:South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Halmahera–West_New_Guinea_languages132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biakic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irarutu_language" title="Irarutu language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moor language">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambel–Biga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maya–Matbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiawat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiawat language">Fiawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooi language">Wooi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerisiam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerisiam language">Yerisiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar language">Umar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty languages">Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluan-Pam_language" title="Baluan-Pam language">Baluan-Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kaniet language">Northern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kaniet language">Southern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Aua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">Saint Matthias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenis_language" title="Tenis language">Tenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utupua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Amba language (Solomon Islands)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asumboa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asumboa language">Asumboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbili_language" title="Tanimbili language">Tanimbili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanikoro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teanu_language" title="Teanu language">Teanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovono_language" title="Lovono language">Lovono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanema_language" title="Tanema language">Tanema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reefs-Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs-Santa Cruz languages">Reefs–Santa Cruz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84iwoo_language" title="Äiwoo language">Äiwoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engdewu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Engdewu language">Engdewu / Nanggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BCgu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natügu language">Natügu / Santa Cruz</a> <ul><li>Nalögo</li> <li>Noipx</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gela–Guadalcanal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengo_language" title="Lengo language">Lengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birao_language" title="Birao language">Birao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghari_language" title="Ghari language">Ghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malango_language" title="Malango language">Malango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talise_language" title="Talise language">Talise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaita–<br />San Cristobal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longgu_language" title="Longgu language">Longgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagani_language" title="Fagani language">Fagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahua_language" title="Kahua language">Kahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owa_language" title="Owa language">Owa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_Wawa_language" title="Marau Wawa language">Marau Wawa</a> ? †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%27abaita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="To'abaita language">To'abaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baelelea_language" title="Baelelea language">Baelelea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeggu_language" title="Baeggu language">Baeggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataleka_language" title="Fataleka language">Fataleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langalanga_language" title="Langalanga language">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula%27alaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula'alaa language">Gula'alaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dori%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dori'o language">Dori'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%8BAre%EA%9E%8Care_language" title="ꞋAreꞌare language">ꞋAreꞌare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroha_language" title="Oroha language">Oroha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso–Melanesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kimbe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language_(Oceanic)" title="Bulu language (Oceanic)">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meramera_language" title="Meramera language">Meramera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Ireland–<br />Northwest<br />Solomonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungag–Nalik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxudumau_language" title="Laxudumau language">Laxudumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalik_language" title="Nalik language">Nalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiang_language" title="Tiang language">Tiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigak_language" title="Tigak language">Tigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungag_language" title="Tungag language">Tungag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Madara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notsi_language" title="Notsi language">Notsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lavatbura–Lamusong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madak_language" title="Madak language">Madak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. George</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungalunga_language" title="Lungalunga language">Lungalunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar-Lak_language" title="Siar-Lak language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Solomonic_languages" title="Northwest Solomonic languages">Northwest<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Piva language">Piva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-Alu_language" title="Mono-Alu language">Mono-Alu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruava_language" title="Uruava language">Uruava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ririo_language" title="Ririo language">Ririo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisi_language" title="Varisi language">Varisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghua_language" title="Vaghua language">Vaghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanongga_language" title="Ghanongga language">Ghanongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoava_language" title="Hoava language">Hoava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusaghe_language" title="Kusaghe language">Kusaghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungga_language" title="Lungga language">Lungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nduke language">Nduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughele_language" title="Ughele language">Ughele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangunu_language" title="Vangunu language">Vangunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blablanga_language" title="Blablanga language">Blablanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheke_Holo_language" title="Cheke Holo language">Cheke Holo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_language" title="Gao language">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabana_language" title="Zabana language">Zabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazao_language" title="Zazao language">Zazao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomoip_language" title="Tomoip language">Tomoip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarmi%E2%80%93Jayapura_languages" title="Sarmi–Jayapura languages">Sarmi–<br />Jayapura</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schouten_languages" title="Schouten languages">Schouten</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Sissano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Sissano language">Arop-Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_language" title="Sera language">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulau-Suain_language" title="Ulau-Suain language">Ulau-Suain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumleo_language" title="Tumleo language">Tumleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakamul_language" title="Yakamul language">Yakamul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiep_language" title="Kaiep language">Kaiep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terebu_language" title="Terebu language">Terebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biem_language" title="Biem language">Biem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kis_language" title="Kis language">Kis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebur_language" title="Medebur language">Medebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Sepa language (Papua New Guinea)">Sepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf_languages" title="Huon Gulf languages">Huon Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela language (Papua New Guinea)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwatsa_language" title="Aribwatsa language">Aribwatsa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwaung_language" title="Aribwaung language">Aribwaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danggal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danggal language">Dangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwet_language" title="Duwet language">Duwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labu_language" title="Labu language">Labu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maralango language">Maralango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language_(Madang_Province)" title="Mari language (Madang Province)">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musom_language" title="Musom language">Musom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_language" title="Nafi language">Nafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silisili language">Silisili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampar_language" title="Wampar language">Wampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampur_language" title="Wampur language">Wampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hote_language" title="Hote language">Hote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwal_language" title="Iwal language">Iwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapin_language" title="Kapin language">Kapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumalu language">Kumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangga_Buang_language" title="Mangga Buang language">Mangga Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapos_Buang_language" title="Mapos Buang language">Mapos Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Mumeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piu_language" title="Piu language">Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehes_language" title="Vehes language">Vehes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamap_language" title="Yamap language">Yamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbami_language" title="Numbami language">Numbami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages" title="Ngero–Vitiaz languages">Ngero–Vitiaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariai_language" title="Bariai language">Bariai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalamai_language" title="Malalamai language">Malalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_language" title="Bilibil language">Bilibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marik_language" title="Marik language">Marik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matukar_language" title="Matukar language">Matukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindiri_language" title="Mindiri language">Mindiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wab_language" title="Wab language">Wab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamogai_language" title="Lamogai language">Lamogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language" title="Mouk-Aria language">Mouk-Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigon_language" title="Aigon language">Aigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karore_language" title="Karore language">Karore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaulong_language" title="Kaulong language">Kaulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miu_language" title="Miu language">Miu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengseng_language" title="Sengseng language">Sengseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Aiklep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akolet_language" title="Akolet language">Akolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Apalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avau_language" title="Avau language">Avau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebeli_language" title="Bebeli language">Bebeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language" title="Lesing-Gelimi language">Lesing-Gelimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lote_language" title="Lote language">Lote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamusi_language" title="Mamusi language">Mamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengen_language" title="Mengen language">Mengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Lukep_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Lukep language">Arop-Lukep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnai_language" title="Karnai language">Karnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasanga_language" title="Malasanga language">Malasanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mur_Pano_language" title="Mur Pano language">Mur Pano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_language" title="Mato language">Mato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronji_language" title="Ronji language">Ronji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_language" title="Amara language">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleu-Kilenge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleu-Kilenge language">Maleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sio_language" title="Sio language">Sio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Auhelawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Auhelawa language">'Auhelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhutu_language" title="Buhutu language">Buhutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwanabwana_language" title="Bwanabwana language">Bwanabwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya%27oya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya'oya language">Oya'oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliba_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Saliba language (Papua New Guinea)">Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unubahe_language" title="Unubahe language">Unubahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagawaga_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Wagawaga language (New Guinea)">Wagawaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwaidoka_language" title="Bwaidoka language">Bwaidoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodio_language" title="Diodio language">Diodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamalele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamalele language">Iamalele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduna_language" title="Iduna language">Iduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koluwawa_language" title="Koluwawa language">Koluwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiadomu_language" title="Maiadomu language">Maiadomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunama_language" title="Bunama language">Bunama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boselewa_language" title="Boselewa language">Boselewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_language" title="Duau language">Duau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeya_language" title="Galeya language">Galeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwatebu_language" title="Mwatebu language">Mwatebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language" title="Sewa Bay language">Sewa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawawa_language" title="Dawawa language">Dawawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabai_language" title="Kakabai language">Kakabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_language" title="Are language">Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language" title="Arifama-Miniafia language">Arifama-Miniafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_language" title="Doga language">Doga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayavi_language" title="Ghayavi language">Ghayavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaninuwa_language" title="Kaninuwa language">Kaninuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubir_language" title="Ubir language">Ubir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweda_language" title="Gweda language">Gweda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haigwai_language" title="Haigwai language">Haigwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwala_language" title="Maiwala language">Maiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaveha_language" title="Minaveha language">Minaveha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taupota_language" title="Taupota language">Taupota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawala_language" title="Tawala language">Tawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakaikeke_language" title="Yakaikeke language">Yakaikeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuki_language" title="Anuki language">Anuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumawana_language" title="Gumawana language">Gumawana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kilivila–Misima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budibud_language" title="Budibud language">Budibud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misima_language" title="Misima language">Misima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyuw_language" title="Muyuw language">Muyuw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nimoa–Sudest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimoa_language" title="Nimoa language">Nimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Sudest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Micronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic-Pohnpeic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuukic-Pohnpeic languages">Chuukic–<br />Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic_languages" title="Chuukic languages">Chuukic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonsorol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsorol language">Sonsorol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puluwatese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puluwatese language">Puluwatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">Namonuito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages" title="Pohnpeic languages">Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marqeusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> 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