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But very quickly the focus of activity shifted away from schooling the SS leadership in a broad set of ideological fields to something much narrower. In fact, work concentrated more on conducting basic pseudo-scientific research in the fields of Germanic pre- and early history, medieval history, folklore and genealogy (''Sippenforschung''), all intended to provide the underpinnings for the racial teachings of the SS. A scientific library was established. But even the first plans by Bartels from early 1934 did not show any large-scale class rooms, only smaller cell-like rooms for individual study. Among those active at the Wewelsburg was [[Wilhelm Teudt]].<ref name=Takeover/><ref name=Knobelsdorf>{{cite web|url=http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=474&url_tabelle=tab_medien|title=Manfred von Knobelsdorff (German)|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> ====Fields of activity==== Wewelsburg Castle was also a centre for archaeological excavations in the region. Fields of activity included study of prehistory and ancient history (directed by Wilhelm Jordan, who led excavations in the region), study of medieval history and folklife (directed by Karlernst Lasch from March 1935), build-up of the "Library of the Schutzstaffel in Wewelsburg" (directed by Dr. Hans Peter des Coudres), and strengthening the National Socialist worldview in the village of Wewelsburg (directed by Walter Franzius).{{Cn|date=January 2021}} This latter activity included such work as renovation of a timbered house in the center of the village of Wewelsburg – the "''Ottens Hof''" – between 1935 and 1937 for use as a village community center. Franzius also undertook various other architectural tasks.<ref>[http://www.ottenshof.de/html/geschichte.html Country inn ''Ottens Hof'' – History] (in German)</ref><ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] p. 248-249 (in German)</ref> ====Crew==== The castle crew consisted of members of all SS branches, the "General SS" ("''[[Allgemeine SS]]''"), the police and the "Armed SS" ("''[[Waffen-SS]]''").<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] p. 212 (in German)</ref> Also working at the castle were proponents of a kind of SS esotericism consisting of Germanic mysticism, an ancestor cult, worship of [[rune]]s, and racial doctrines. Himmler, for example, adapted the idea of the [[Grail]] to create a heathen mystery for the SS.<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] p. 278 (in German)</ref> ====Redesign and reconstruction==== No proof exists that Himmler wanted a Grail castle, but redesign of the castle by the SS referred to certain characters in the legends of the Grail: for example, one of the arranged study rooms was named ''Gral'' ("[[Grail]]"), and others, ''König Artus'' ("[[King Arthur]]"), ''König Heinrich'' ("King Henry", referring to [[Henry the Fowler]] to whom Himmler claimed a connection),<ref>[[Willi Frischauer|Frischauer, Willi]] (1953). ''Himmler, the Evil Genius of the Third Reich''. Odhams. (pages 85-88)</ref> ''Heinrich der Löwe'' ("[[Henry the Lion]]"), ''[[Widukind]]'', ''Christoph Kolumbus'' ("[[Christopher Columbus]]"), ''Arier'' ("Aryan"), ''Jahrlauf'' ("course of the seasons"), ''Runen'' ("[[rune]]s"), ''Westfalen'' ("[[Westphalia]]"), ''Deutscher Orden'' ("[[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]]"), ''Reichsführerzimmer'' ("Room of the Empire's Leader(s)"; ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'', or "the Reich's Leader of the SS" was Himmler's title), ''Fridericus'' (probably in reference to [[Frederick II of Prussia]]), ''tolle Christian'' ("Christian the Great", probably referring to [[Christian the Younger of Brunswick, Bishop of Halberstadt]]), and ''Deutsche Sprache'' ("German language"). In addition to these study rooms, the SS created guest rooms, a dining room, an auditorium, a canteen kitchen, and a photographic laboratory with an archive.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Oak was used to panel and furnish these rooms, though (according to contemporary witnesses) only sparingly. All interior decoration was shaped by an SS sensibility in art and culture; the preferred elements of design were based on runes, [[swastika]]s, and Germanically interpreted ''Sinnzeichen'' (sense characters).<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] pp. 218, 224, 225, 226 and 277 (in German)</ref> Tableware, decorated with runes and Germanic symbols of salvation, was manufactured specifically for Wewelsburg Castle, and Himmler's private collection of weapons was housed in the castle.<ref name="ReferenceB">Karl Höffkes, Stuart Russell: Die Wewelsburg – Das weltanschauliche Zentrum der SS</ref> In 1934, the eastern castle bridge was built and the castle [[moat]] lowered. The exterior plaster was removed to make the building look more castle-like. The following year, a smithy was established on the ground floor of the North Tower for manufacture of the wrought-iron interior decoration of the castle.<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] p. 223 (in German)</ref> The western and southern wings of the castle were rebuilt between 1934 and 1938; the eastern, between 1936 and 1938. The first new building, the guardhouse (''Wachgebäude''), was constructed next to the castle<ref name="The Wewelsburg" /> in 1937. An SS sentry post and a small circular location (''Rondell'') were placed next to the guardhouse, as was a no longer extant SS staff building (''SS-Stabsgebäude''). The North Tower was strengthened and rebuilt between 1938 and 1943.<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] p. 225 (in German)</ref> From 1939, the castle was also furnished with miscellaneous objects of art,<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS"] pp. 225–29 (in German)</ref> including prehistoric objects (chiefly arranged by the teaching and research group [[Ahnenerbe|Das Ahnenerbe]]), objects of past historical eras, and works of contemporary sculptors and painters (mainly works by such artists as [[Karl Diebitsch]], [[Wolfgang Willrich]], and Hans Lohbeck – that is, art in line with the aesthetics of National Socialism).{{Cn|date=January 2021}} ====Directors==== The first commandant of the castle (''Burghauptmann von Wewelsburg''), from August 1934, was SS-''[[Obersturmbannführer]]'' (Lieutenant Colonel) Manfred von Knobelsdorff.<ref name="Takeover" /> He was partial to Karl Maria Wiligut's religious theories. The opinion of other SS-scientists about Wiligut were absolutely negative. SS-''Obersturmbannfuhrer'' von Knobelsdorff was succeeded by [[Siegfried Taubert]] on 30 January 1938. Because Taubert was consigned to various other tasks he was absent from the castle for longer periods.<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS"] pp. 281 and 243 (in German)</ref> ====Other activities==== So-called "SS-marriage-consecrations" (''SS-Eheweihen'') took place at the castle. Since 1936, Himmler (who was often present at the castle) wanted more and more to expand the Wewelsburg to be a representative and ideological center of the SS Order. Consequently, although at first planned to be an educational training center, during the 1930s increasing measures were taken to transform the castle into an isolated central meeting place for the highest ranking SS-officers.<ref name= "Historical background">[http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php Historical background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704180651/http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php |date=2010-07-04 }} (in German)</ref> ====Financing==== For financing the project, Himmler founded in 1936 the "Gesellschaft zur Förderung und Pflege deutscher Kulturdenkmäler e.V." (Association for the advancement and maintenance of German cultural relics (registered association)) and assigned the association as building developer. In contrast to the SS, the association was allowed to receive donations and loans. Until 1943, the project cost {{Reichsmark|15 million|link=yes}}.<ref name="Takeover"/> ====Bans on visitation and publication==== On 6 November 1935, Himmler forbade visiting the castle without express permission.<ref>[https://www.schoeningh.de/uploads/tx_mbooks/9783506780942_leseprobe.pdf] Extract from ''Mythos Wewelsburg - facts and legends'', p. 20 (in German)</ref> In 1939, he further forbade publishing anything about the castle.<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS"] pp. 222–23 (in German)</ref> ====Construction and modifications after 1938==== After the ''[[:de:Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst|Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst]]'' (the "FAD", "Voluntary Labour Service") ceased work on Wewelsburg, the ''Reichsarbeitsdienst'' (the "RAD", "Reich Labour Service") carried out modifications to the castle; but in 1938, the RAD was relocated to the "''Westwall''" ([[Siegfried Line]]).<ref name="Takeover" /> Between 1939 and 1943, prisoners from the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Niederhagen concentration camp]]s were used as labourers to perform much of the construction work on Wewelsburg, under the design of architect [[Hermann Bartels]].<ref>[http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=133&url_tabelle=tab_texte Wewelsburg – Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311011405/http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=133&url_tabelle=tab_texte |date=2007-03-11 }} (in German)</ref> However, by a decree of 13 January 1943, all building projects which were unimportant for the war – including the Wewelsburg – had to be stopped.<ref name="Takeover" /> In 1938, after ''[[Reichskristallnacht]]'', 17 Jews from [[Salzkotten]], ten kilometers (about six miles) distant, were held in the dungeon of the Wewelsburg before transportation to the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]].<ref>[http://www.judentum-in-salzkotten.de/Geschichte/geschichte.html History of the Jewish population of Salzkotten] (in German).</ref> In the middle of the 1930s, Himmler had a private safe mounted in the basement of the west tower. Only the commandant of the castle knew about it. The whereabouts of its content after the Second World War is unclear.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> ==== Meetings of SS-Leaders ==== Swearing-in ceremonies were planned at the castle. Meetings of SS-''Gruppenführer'' (equivalent to lieutenant-generals) at so called "spring conferences" were planned since 1939. Some talks probably took place at Wewelsburg Castle; the only documented ''Gruppenführers''' meeting was held from 12 to 15 June 1941 – one week before the beginning of [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The highest ranking SS-officers, who planned the SS operation in the [[Soviet Union]] or who were intended to be used for the operation, were called up by Himmler. Concrete decisions were not made. The meeting's purpose was the ideological preparation of the attendant SS leaders for the campaign.<ref name="Historical background" /> Another source mentions three or four ceremonies a year of SS leaders which took place at the castle.<ref name="Nicholas Goodrick Clarke, p. 197">Nicholas Goodrick Clarke: ''Die okkulten Wurzen des Nationalsozialismus'' (The Occult Roots of Nazism), p. 197</ref> Towards the end of the war, Himmler ordered that Wewelsburg Castle should become the ''Reichshaus der SS-Gruppenführer'' (Reich-House of the SS-Gruppenführer).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php |title=Wewelsburg – Historischer Hintergrund |access-date=2010-05-24 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704180651/http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Wewelsburg" title="Wewelsburg">Wewelsburg</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wewelsburg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wewelsburg</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wewelsburg&action=edit&section=8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-dnmql","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.047","walltime":"0.062","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 42.093 1 -total"," 99.84% 42.024 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.81% 17.600 2 Template:Replace"," 39.34% 16.559 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.97% 15.140 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.52% 6.532 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 15.06% 6.341 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.34% 0.984 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.01% 0.848 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.89% 0.795 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043344,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-dnmql","timestamp":"20250105235652","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>