CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">  <title>FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions - APA Style - LibGuides at St. Francis College</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">    <meta name="DC.Title" content="LibGuides: APA Style: FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions"/> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Alex Kustanovich"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Description" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Publishers" content="St. Francis College"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright St. Francis College 2025"/> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/faq"/> <meta name="DC.Date.Created" content="Jun 13, 2017"/> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="Jan 21, 2020"/> <meta property="og:title" content="LibGuides: APA Style: FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions"> <meta property="og:description" content="LibGuides: APA Style: FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/faq"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://library.sfc.edu/ld.php?screenshot=gicidb.png&size=facebook&cb=1743539478"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="627"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://library.sfc.edu/ld.php?screenshot=gicidb.png&size=twitter&cb=1743539478"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@springshare"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/css/jquery-ui.min.css?2691" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/slick-1.8.1/slick/slick.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/slick-1.8.1/slick/slick-theme.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/css3.16.4/lg-public.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/js/1.12.4_jquery.min.js"></script><script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery(".dropdown-toggle").on("click",function(e){ jQuery(this).siblings("ul.s-lg-subtab-ul.dropdown-menu").toggle(); }) }); </script> <script src="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.13.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script> jQuery.ui || document.write('<script src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/js/jquery-ui.min.js?2691">\x3C/script>'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/js3.16.4/lg-public.min.js"></script><style>/** bootstrap_tab_css.twig **/ #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button { border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; background-color: #062651; color: #fff; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 15px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs { border-bottom: 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li#s-lg-admin-tab-add > a { -webkit-border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button:hover { border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; background-color: #b50a0a; color: #ffffff; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > button, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > button { color: #ffffff; cursor: default; background-color: #b50a0a; border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; border-bottom-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > .s-lg-subtab-ul > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > .s-lg-subtab-ul > .active > button { color: #ffffff; cursor: default; background-color: #b50a0a; border-bottom-color: transparent; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > button:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > button:hover { color: #ffffff; cursor: pointer; background-color: #b50a0a; border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; border-bottom-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav .dropdown-toggle .caret { border-top-color: #e1e1e1; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs button.dropdown-toggle .caret { margin-left: 2px; margin-top: -3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 6px 4px 3px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 6px 0px 3px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; margin-right: 2px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 6px 4px 3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 6px 0px 3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover { border-radius: 0; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 5px 4px 10px; } .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link { margin-right: 0px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; position: absolute; right: 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover { width: 100%; float: left; border-radius: 0; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 15px 4px 15px; } /** !bootstrap_tab_css.twig **/ .s-lib-box {border-color: #cccccc; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px; background-color: #fff; } .s-lib-box-std .s-lib-box-title {background-color: #000000; background-image: none;color: #888; border-bottom: 0px solid #cccccc; } .s-lib-box .s-lib-box-title {background-color: #000000; background-image: none;color: #888; border-bottom: 0px solid #cccccc; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; } .s-lib-box .s-lg-box-footer { border-radius: 0px 0px 3px 3px; }</style><style> /* UNIVERSAL PAGE STYLES */ .titles { border-width: 7px; border-color: #ffc107; max-width: 70px; margin-top: 0px; } /* HOMEPAGE STYLES THAT DO NOT FIT ON HOMEPAGE CSS */ .layer-searchbox { background-color: rgba(192,192,192,0.8); margin-top: -50px; margin-bottom: -20px; min-height: 365px; width: 100vw; position: relative; margin-left: -50vw; left: 50%; } #jumbotron-covid { background-image: url("https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/197826/images/COVID_UPDATES_FOR_FALL_BKLYN.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 100%; text-align: center; border-radius: 15px; min-height: 325px; } .jumbotron-covid-text { color: white; margin-left: 100px; margin-right: 100px; } .covid-fall-button { background-color: #0588BC; color: white; padding: 5px 10px 5px 15px; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 4px; border: solid 0px; } .covid-fall-button:hover { color: #062651; background-color: #CCCCCC; } .s-lg-box-wrapper-31735454 .s-lib-box-title { color: #062651; } /*REMOVING LIBGUIDES DEFAULT STYLES*/ #s-lg-guide-tabs-title-bar { border-top: 0px solid; } /*removes page scroll icon on right hand side of page*/ #s-lib-scroll-top { display: none !important; } /*hide box footer*/ .s-lib-footer { display: none; } /*hide page tab*/ #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs { display:none; } /*increases font size on box headers*/ .s-lib-box .s-lib-box-title { background-color: transparent; color: grey; display: block; font-weight: 500; line-height: normal; font-size: 30px; text-align: center; padding-left: 0px; } /*remove all breadcrumbs*/ #s-lib-bc { display: none; } /*remove guide name, description*/ #s-lg-guide-header-info { display: none; } /*remove guide search box*/ #s-lg-guide-header-search { display: none; } /*extend body to edge of viewport*/ body { padding-top: 70px; font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif; } /*HEADER STYLES*/ /*STYLES FOR COVID ALERT BAR UNDERNEATH NAVBAR*/ /*left-hand side text*/ .fall-update-alert { font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 15px; } /*alert box styling and positioning*/ .alert { background-color: #ffc107; color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: -20px; margin-right: -15px; border: solid 0px; border-radius: 0; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } /*creates a dismiss button effect*/ .circle { font-size: 22px; background-color: black; color: #ffc107; margin-left: 10px; padding: 0 6px 0 6px; border-radius: 35px; } /*link to close the alert bar*/ .close { font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; opacity: 1; margin-right: 30px; padding: 5px 0 0 0; } /*NAVBAR STYLES*/ /*padding for sfc icon*/ .navbar-brand { padding: 0px 30px 10px 30px; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; margin-right: 50px; } /*makes sfc icon responsive*/ .img-fluid { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } /*navbar color*/ .navbar-default { background-color: #062651; border-color: #062651; border-radius: 0px; padding-top: 10px; height: 70px; padding-right: 30px; box-shadow: 0 .5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); } /*position dropdown menu*/ .dropdown-utility { position: static !important; } /*color and font size of links in dropdown menus*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a { color: white; font-size: 18px; } /*color of links in dropdown menus when hovering over them*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } /*Nav Bar dropdown text color*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a { color: white; } /*Font size for utility icons and text*/ .navbar-default .navbar-right { font-size: 14px; } /*background color of nav bar dropdown links on hover*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; border-radius: 5px; } /*navbar text color after closing a menu*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus { color: white; } /*background color of nav bar dropdown links on click*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus { color: #062651; background-color: #efefef; border-radius: 5px; } /*border color for hamburger menu*/ .navbar-default .navbar-toggle { border-color: #5d77b7; } /*hover background color for hamburger menu*/ .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus { background-color: #5d77b7; } /*color of the three lines for hamburger menu*/ .navbar-default .navbar-toggle .icon-bar { background-color: pink; } /*background color for dropdown menus nav bar*/ .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu { background-color: #062651; margin-top: 9px; padding: 5px 5px 15px 5px; } /*background-color for the hamburger dropdown menu*/ #bs-example-navbar-collapse-1 { background-color: #062651 !important; border: solid 0px; } /*styles the dropdown content of navbar hours*/ #utility-hours { background-color: #fafafa !important; width: 100%; border: none; padding: 30px; text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; } /*styles the dropdown content of navbar chat*/ #utility-chat { background-color: #F5F5F5; width: 100%; color: black; border: none; padding: 20px 50px 20px 50px; margin-top: 0px; } /*styles the dropdown content of navbar search*/ #utility-search { background-color: #F5F5F5; width: 100%; color: black; border: none; text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; } /*title for the weekly hours table in dropdown*/ .hours-title-homepage { color: black; background-color: #ffc107; max-width: 40%; margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%; padding: 10px 0 10px 0; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 20px; } .homepage-table { font-family: arial, sans-serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 91%; margin-left: 4.5%; margin-top: 10px; } .homepage-table th { width: 13%; text-align:center; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.3em; border-bottom: 2px dashed #dddddd; padding: 8px; } .homepage-table td { text-align:center; font-size: 16px; padding: 15px; font-weight: bold; } /*search box in navbar dropdown menu*/ #simple-search { width: 60%; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; padding: 0 0 50px 0; } /*title for the search box in navbar dropdown menu*/ .search-title-homepage { font-size: 28px; color: #062651; padding: 20px 0 10px 0; } /*search button color for search box in navbar dropdown menu*/ #go-navbar { color: #062651; background-color: #ffc107; } /*text style for Chat in navbar dropdown menu*/ #ask-librarian-more { font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; color: #062651; padding: 20px 0 10px 0; } /*title for Chat in navbar dropdown menu*/ .ask-librarian-title { font-size: 30px; color: #062651; text-align: center; } .more-services { color: white; font-size: 14px; } /*styles divider line on services dropdown */ .titles2{ border: 1px dashed white; border-color: white; max-width: 160px; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 25px; } /*SCREEN WIDTH STYLES*/ /*hides text for nav bar icons on small screens*/ @media (max-width: 1158px) { .no-display { display: none; } } @media (max-width: 879px) { #no-display-icon { display: none; } } /*shifts menu links left (towards SFC logo) on small screens*/ @media (max-width: 1000px) { .navbar-brand { margin-right: 20px; padding: 0 0 0 15px; } } /*FOOTER STYLES*/ /*Footer styles*/ /*adds padding for footer*/ #custom-footer {padding: 0px; padding-top: 10px;} /*sets background color for custom footer*/ #custom-footer {background-color: #062651;} /*sets font color for text within content area of footer*/ #content-container {color: #ffffff;} /*enlarges font size for text*/ #library-contact {font-size: 16px;} /*sets colors for linked social media icons*/ #social-media a { color: #ffffff; } /*aligns social media icons to right*/ #social-media {text-align: right;} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var x = document.createElement("script"); x.type = "text/javascript"; x.async = true; x.src = (document.location.protocol === "https:" ? "https://" : "http://") + "libraryh3lp.com/js/libraryh3lp.js?17677"; var y = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; y.parentNode.insertBefore(x, y); })(); </script><style> /*Adds background image to catalog search box*/ #search-banner { background-image: url(https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/110090/images/primobackground.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; margin: 0px; } #search-cat { padding: 30% 0; } /*hide box footer*/ .s-lib-footer { display: none; } .s-lib-box { border-color: #fffff; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: 0px; border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px; background-color: #fffff; } /*remove all breadcrumbs*/ #s-lib-bc { display: none; } /*remove guide name, description*/ #s-lg-guide-header-info { display: none; } /*remove guide search box*/ #s-lg-guide-header-search { display: none; } /*increases font size on box headers*/ .s-lib-box .s-lib-box-title { background-color: transparent; color: #fffff; display: block; font-weight: 500; line-height: normal; font-size: 30px; /*border-bottom: 2px solid #062651; */ padding-left: 0px; } /*hide box headers .s-lib-box .s-lib-box-title { display: none; }*/ /*hide page tab*/ #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs { display:none; } /*extend body to edge of viewport*/ body { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } /*removes guide name & description #s-lg-guide-name, #s-lg-guide-description {display: none;}*/ /*adds padding between header/banner and page body/search box #s-lg-guide-header { padding-top: 10px; }*/ /*adds padding to body of LG*/ #s-lg-guide-main { padding: 10px; } /*remove guide search box*/ #s-lg-guide-header-search { display: none; } /*Header styles*/ .padding-0 { padding: 0; } /*navbar color*/ .navbar-default { background-color: #062651; border-color: #062651; } .navbar-default .navbar-brand { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-brand:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-brand:focus { color: #e8ecf5; } .navbar-default .navbar-text { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu { background-color: #062651; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu > li > .divider { background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-toggle { border-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus { background-color: #5d77b7; } .navbar-default .navbar-toggle .icon-bar { background-color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-collapse, .navbar-default .navbar-form { border-color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-link { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-link:hover { color: #e8ecf5; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a { color: #ecf0f1; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus { color: #e8ecf5; background-color: #5d77b7; } } /*padding for sfc icon*/ .navbar-brand { padding: 0px 10px 10px 0px; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; } /*makes sfc icon responsive*/ .img-fluid { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } @media screen and (max-width: 375px) { .navbar-brand {max-width: 75%;} } /*navbar font size*/ .navbar { font-size: 20px; } .dropdown-menu { font-size: 18px; } /*Footer styles*/ /*adds padding for footer*/ #custom-footer {padding: 0px; padding-top: 10px;} /*sets background color for custom footer*/ #custom-footer {background-color: #062651;} /*sets font color for text within content area of footer*/ #content-container {color: #ffffff;} /*enlarges font size for text*/ #library-contact {font-size: 16px;} /*sets colors for linked social media icons*/ #social-media a{color: #ffffff;} /*aligns social media icons to right*/ #social-media {text-align: right;} </style><style> .citation {padding: 5px; margin-left: 20px; text-indent: -20px; } </style><script> var springStats = springStats || {}; springStats.saConfig = springStats.saConfig || { site_id: 553, tracking_parameters: {"_st_guide_id":682831,"_st_page_id":4823364,"_st_site_id":553}, tracking_server_host: "libguides-proc.springyaws.com" }; </script> <script src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/js/sa.min.js?3116"></script> <script> springSpace.Common = springSpace.Common || { }; springSpace.Common.constant = { PROCESSING: { ACTION_DISPLAY_POLL: 159 } }; springSpace.Common.baseURL = "https://library.sfc.edu/"; handleScroll=function() { if (false) { var target_elt = "#s-lg-page-section-4823364"; jQuery("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: jQuery(target_elt).offset().top }, 750); if (jQuery(this).scrollTop() > 220) { jQuery("#s-lib-scroll-top").fadeIn(750); } } } </script> <script> // Enable tooltips. jQuery(function () { try { springSpace.UI.initPopOvers(); jQuery(".az-bs-tooltip").tooltip(); } catch (e) { } }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { springSpace.springTrack.trackPage({_st_type_id: '1',_st_group_id: '13878',_st_guide_id: '682831',_st_page_id: '4823364'}); }); jQuery(document).ready(function() { handleScroll(); }); </script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-44412829-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script> function _gaLt(event){ var el = event.srcElement || event.target; /* Loop up the tree through parent elements if clicked element is not a link (eg: an image inside a link) */ while(el && (typeof el.tagName == 'undefined' || el.tagName.toLowerCase() != 'a' || !el.href)) el = el.parentNode; if(el && el.href){ if(el.href.indexOf(location.host) == -1){ /* external link */ ga("send", "event", "Outgoing Links", el.href, document.location.pathname + document.location.search); /* if target not set then delay opening of window by 0.5s to allow tracking */ if(!el.target || el.target.match(/^_(self|parent|top)$/i)){ setTimeout(function(){ document.location.href = el.href; }.bind(el),500); /* Prevent standard click */ event.preventDefault ? event.preventDefault() : event.returnValue = !1; } } } } /* Attach the event to all clicks in the document after page has loaded */ var w = window; w.addEventListener ? w.addEventListener("load",function(){document.body.addEventListener("click",_gaLt,!1)},!1) : w.attachEvent && w.attachEvent("onload",function(){document.body.attachEvent("onclick",_gaLt)}); </script></head> <body class="s-lg-guide-body"> <a id="s-lg-public-skiplink" class="alert-info" href="#s-lg-guide-main">Skip to Main Content</a><div id="header-nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top navbar expand-xl"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://library.sfc.edu/"> <img alt="SFC Library" src="https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/197826/images/SFC_Logo.png" class="img-fluid" style="max-width: 50px;"> </a> </div>  <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav">  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="http://library.sfc.edu/research" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="font-size: 18px;">Research <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://sfc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01STFRANCISCOLL_INST:01STFRANCISCOLL_INST">Search Library Resources</a></li> <li><a href="http://library.sfc.edu/az.php">Databases A-Z</a></li> <li><a href="https://sfc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/jsearch?vid=01STFRANCISCOLL_INST%3A01STFRANCISCOLL_INST">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="http://library.sfc.edu/hub">Research Hub</a></li> <li><a href="http://library.sfc.edu/libraryguides">Library Guides</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/research/citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/digitalarchives">Digital Archives</a></li> <div style="text-align: right"><p><span style="font-size: 12px; margin-right:10px"></br><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/research" class="more-services">more research support <strong>  ➜</strong></a></span></p></div> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="http://library.sfc.edu/research" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="font-size: 18px;">Borrow & Request <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing">Borrowing Materials</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing/textbook">Find Your Textbook</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing/ebooks">eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing/ILL">Interlibrary Loan</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing/purchase_request">Request a Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="https://sfc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/account?vid=01STFRANCISCOLL_INST:01STFRANCISCOLL_INST&section=overview&lang=en">My Library Account</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="http://library.sfc.edu/services" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="font-size: 18px;">Services <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left">  <div style="text-align: center; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"><p><span style="font-size: 18px; color: black; background-color: #ffc107; border-radius: 5px; padding: 10px;"><strong>Students</strong></span></p></div> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/research">Research Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing">Borrowing Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/borrowing/ILL ">ILL/ Other Libraries</a></li> <div style="text-align: right"><p><span style="font-size: 12px; margin-right:10px"></br><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/services/students" class="more-services">more student services <strong>  ➜</strong></a></span></p></div><hr class="titles2"> <div style="text-align: center; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"><p><span style="font-size: 18px; color: black; background-color: #ffc107; border-radius: 5px; padding: 10px;"><strong>Faculty</strong></span></p></div> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/faculty/embedded">Embedded Librarian Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/faculty/instruction">Library Instruction</a></li><li><a href="http://library.sfc.edu/openeducation">Open Education Resources</a></li> <div style="text-align: right"><p><span style="font-size: 12px; margin-right:10px"></br><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/services/faculty" class="more-services">more faculty services <strong>  ➜</strong></a></span></p></div> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="http://library.sfc.edu/research" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="font-size: 18px;">Visit <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/hours">Hours</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/visit/computers">Computers & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/news">Library News</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/librarydisplays">Displays and Exhibits</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/digitalarchives">Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/contact">Ask A Librarian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="http://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" style="font-size: 18px">Help <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/staff">Staff Directory</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/primo">Using Primo: The All-in-One Search</a></li> <li><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/how-to">How-To Guides</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right" id="no-display-icon"> <li><a class="utility" href="https://sfc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/account?vid=01STFRANCISCOLL_INST:01STFRANCISCOLL_INST&section=overview&lang=en"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user" id="no-display-icon"></span><span class="no-display">  LOG IN</span></a></li> <li class="dropdown-utility"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-comment" id="no-display-icon"></span><span class="no-display">  CHAT</span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="utility-chat"> <p class="ask-librarian-title">Ask a <strong>Librarian</strong></span></p> <div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="needs-js">chat loading...</div></div> <div class="col-sm-3"><div id="ask-librarian-more"><p><strong>More help options:</strong></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/primo"><strong>Using Primo: The All-in-one Search</strong></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/how-to"><strong>Tutorials</strong></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/askalibrarian/contact"><strong>Contact Us</strong></a></span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown-utility"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-time" id="no-display-icon"></span><span class="no-display">  HOURS</span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="utility-hours"> <div style="text-align: center;" class="hours-title-homepage"><strong>Week of Mar 24th - Mar 30th</strong></div> <table class="homepage-table"> <tr> <th>MON</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 24th</span></th> <th>TUE</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 25th</span> </th> <th>WED</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 26th</span></th> <th>THU</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 27th</span></th> <th>FRI</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 28th</span></th> <th>SAT</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 29th</span></th> <th>SUN</br> <span style="font-size: 14px; color: #aaaaaa;">Mar 30th</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td>9am-7pm</td> <td>9am-7pm</td> <td>9am-7pm</td> <td>9am-7pm</td> <td>9am-5pm</td> <td>Closed</td> <td>Closed</td> </tr> </table> <p><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/hours"><span style="float:right; font-size: 16px;"><strong>See full library calendar   <span style="font-size: 20px">➜</span></strong></span></a></p> </div></li> <li class="dropdown-utility"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" id="no-display-icon"></span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="utility-search"> <p class="search-title-homepage">Search all <strong>SFC Library</strong> resources</p>  <script type="text/javascript"> function searchPrimo() { document.getElementById("primoQuery").value = "any,contains," + document.getElementById("primoQueryTemp").value.replace(/[,]/g, " "); document.forms["searchForm"].submit(); } </script> <form class="form" id="simple-search" name="searchForm" method="get" target="_blank" action="https://sfc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?vid=01STFRANCISCOLL_INST:01STFRANCISCOLL_INST" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8" onsubmit="searchPrimo()"> <div class="input-group input-group-lg" style="width: 100%;">  <input class="form-control" type="text" id="primoQueryTemp" value="" placeholder="Search for Articles, Books, and more">  <input type="hidden" name="vid" value="01STFRANCISCOLL_INST:01STFRANCISCOLL_INST"> <input type="hidden" name="tab" value="newmenu"> <input type="hidden" name="search_scope" value="MyInst_and_CI"> <input type="hidden" name="mode" value="basic">  <input type="hidden" name="displayMode" value="full"> <input type="hidden" name="bulkSize" value="10"> <input type="hidden" name="highlight" value="true"> <input type="hidden" name="dum" value="true"> <input type="hidden" name="query" id="primoQuery"> <input type="hidden" name="displayField" value="all">  <input type="hidden" name="pcAvailabiltyMode" value="true">  <div class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="go-navbar" title="Search" onclick="searchPrimo()" type="button" value="Search" alt="Search"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></i> </button> </div> </div> </form></div> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"> </br> </br><div id="s-lg-guide-header" class="container s-lib-header s-lib-side-borders"> <nav id="s-lib-bc" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol id="s-lib-bc-list" class="breadcrumb"><li id="s-lib-bc-customer" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="http://library.sfc.edu">St. Francis College Library</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-site" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/">LibGuides</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-group" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu?group_id=13878">Library Homepage</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-guide" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa">APA Style</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-page" class="active breadcrumb-item">FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions</li></ol> </nav> <div class="pull-right"> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-search"> <div id="s-lg-guide-search-box"> <form role="search" id="s-lg-guide-search-form" action="https://library.sfc.edu/srch.php" method="GET"> <div class="input-group input-group-sm"> <input type="text" id="s-lg-guide-search-terms" name="q" class="form-control" maxlength="260" placeholder="Search this Guide"> <label class="sr-only" for="s-lg-guide-search-terms">Search this Guide</label><input type="hidden" name="guide_id" value="682831" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit">Search</button></span></div></form></div> </div> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-info"> <h1 id="s-lg-guide-name">APA Style</h1> <div id="s-lg-guide-desc-container"> <span id="s-lg-guide-description"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-tabs-title-bar" class="container s-lib-side-borders"></div> <div id="s-lg-side-nav-content" class="container s-lib-side-borders pad-top-med"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 s-lg-tabs-side pad-bottom-med"> <div id="s-lg-tabs-container"> <div id="s-lg-guide-tabs" role="navigation" aria-label="Guide Pages"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked split-button-nav"> <li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/guide" ><span>APA Style</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/intext" ><span>In-Text Citations</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/article" ><span>Articles/Database</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/book" ><span>Book</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/website" ><span>Website</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/images" ><span>Images</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/video" ><span>Movie / Video</span></a></li><li class="active"><a title="" class="active" href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/faq" ><span>FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions</span></a><ul class="list-group s-lg-boxnav"><li class="list-group-item"><a href="#s-lg-box-15144073">How often should I cite?</a></li><li class="list-group-item"><a href="#s-lg-box-15144077">How do I cite something that's already citing something else?</a></li><li class="list-group-item"><a href="#s-lg-box-15144082">How do I cite an ebook?</a></li></ul></li> </ul> <div class="s-lg-row margin-top-med"><div id="s-lg-col-0"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <div class="s-lg-tab-content"> <div id="s-lg-guide-main" class="tab-pane active" tabindex="-1"> <div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-1" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868372" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868372"><div id="s-lg-box-15144073-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-15144073" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">How often should I cite?</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-15144073" > <div class="s-lib-box-content pad-left-none pad-right-none"> <div id="s-lg-content-34502379" class=" clearfix"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><img alt="FAQ" data-pin-nopin="true" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/accounts/110090/images/customer-service.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%; float: left; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;" />There's no magic number for how many times you should have an in-text citation.  The general rule is that each time you use an idea or words from someone else you should provide a citation. This could mean having multiple citations in one sentence or having one citation at the end of entire paragraph.  Make sure that you cite in a way that someone reading your paper for the first time can match exactly which idea came from which source.</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">For an example of what NOT to do:</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. They are very sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. When frog populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetland. In addition, when oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one can also assume something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">This writer has not included enough citations.  It's difficult to tell which part of this paragraph came from the source.</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Here are two examples of GOOD in-text citation style:</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Sample 1</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. According to a recent study by Willemssen (2010), frogs are very sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. The study notes that when frog populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetland. In addition, when oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one can also assume something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Sample 2</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health.  Willemssen (2010) recently conducted research in Wisconsin that shows that frogs are very sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. Willemssen's research indicates that when frog populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetland. One very telling quote from Willemssen's research is that "87% of wetlands where two-headed frogs are found have high levels of  environmental contamination" (p. 341). </span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">Adapted from http://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/32328</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868376" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868376"><div id="s-lg-box-15144077-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-15144077" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">How do I cite something that's already citing something else?</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-15144077" > <div class="s-lib-box-content pad-left-none pad-right-none"> <div id="s-lg-content-34498014" class=" clearfix"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><img alt="Indirect Citation" src="//libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/110090/images/indirectquote3.png" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; float: left;" />Also known as an indirect or secondary citation.  The best way to handle this is to try and access the original source. For example, if you read a textbook that cites a medical study, you should try to find the medical study and cite directly from that. This can also be helpful to make sure you understand the context of the original study. The library offers a free<a href="http://library.sfc.edu/services/otherlibraries"> Interlibrary Loan (ILL)</a> service for both books and articles that the SFC Library does not have.</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">Sometimes however, you may not have access to the original source.  In that case <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">cite the secondary source </span>using "as cited in" in the in-text citation and mention the original source within the sentence. </span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 40px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">According to Blum, women metabolize more glucose and appear to use more of their brains on a given task (as cited in Rathus, 2008, p. 49).</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"></span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">In the above example, Blum is the original source and Rathus is the secondary source.</span></p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;">In your reference list only include the works that you actually read and referenced in your essay (In the example above, you would include Rathus but <em>not</em> Blum). </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868381" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-17868381"><div id="s-lg-box-15144082-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-15144082" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">How do I cite an ebook?</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-15144082" > <div class="s-lib-box-content pad-left-none pad-right-none"> <div id="s-lg-content-34502315" class=" clearfix"> <p><img alt="eBook" src="//libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/110090/images/ereader.png" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; float: left;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 16px;">eBooks are cited simliar to print books. It is not necessary to include the ebook format. If the book has a DOI or non-database URL this should be included too.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 16px;">Example from an academic database:</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 160px;"><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Winters, A. (2014). <em>The displaced of capital. </em>University of Chicago Press.</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">Example with DOI or non-database URL:</span></p> <p class="citation" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Brown, L.S. (2018). <em>Feminist therapy</em> (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: 16px;">Since the page number of ebooks are not consistent (i.e. they change depending on the device and font settings) you should not use page numbers for in-text citations.  One option is to use paragraph numbers if they are provided. (You can also manually count the paragraphs if you wish.)</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 160px;"><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">Winters describes the a summer thunderstorm noting how "the first drops strike their light civic stripes on the pavement" (para. 2).</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;">It is okay to use page numbers in a pdf version of an ebook where the page numbers are consistent with the print version.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <ul id="s-lg-page-prevnext" class="pager s-lib-hide"><li class="previous"><a href="https://library.sfc.edu/apa/video"><< <strong>Previous:</strong> Movie / Video</a></li><li class="next"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="s-lib-footer-public" class="s-lib-footer footer container s-lib-side-borders"> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-meta" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med clearfix"> <ul id="s-lg-guide-header-attributes" class=""> <li id="s-lg-guide-header-updated" class="s-lg-h-separator"> <span class="s-lg-guide-label">Last Updated:</span> <span class="s-lg-text-greyout">Jan 21, 2020 2:53 PM</span> </li> <li id="s-lg-guide-header-url" class="s-lg-h-separator"> <span class="s-lg-guide-label">URL:</span> <span class="s-lg-text-greyout">https://library.sfc.edu/apa</span> </li> <li id="s-lg-guide-print-url"> <a href="javascript: window.print();"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true" title="Print Page"></i> Print Page</a> </li> </ul> <div id="s-lib-footer-login-link" class="pull-right pad-right-med"> <a href="https://sfc.libapps.com/libapps/login.php?site_id=553&target64=L2xpYmd1aWRlcy9hZG1pbl9jLnBocD9nPTY4MjgzMSZwPTQ4MjMzNjQ=">Login to LibApps</a> </div> </div> <div class="pad-bottom-sm clearfix"> <div id="s-lib-footer-support-link" class="pull-right pad-right-med"> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-subjects" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med pad-right-med pull-left"> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-tags" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med"> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="s-lib-scroll-top"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="jQuery('body').focus();" title="Back to Top" aria-label="Back to Top"> <span class="fa-stack fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-up fa-stack-1x" style="position:relative; bottom:2px;"></i> </span> </a> </div>  <div id="s-lib-alert" title=""><div id="s-lib-alert-content"></div></div> <div id="custom-footer"> <div class="container" id="content-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6" id="library-contact"> <address> <strong>St. Francis College Library</strong><br> 180 Remsen Street<br> Brooklyn Heights, NY 11201<br> Phone: <a href="tel:718-489-5205">718.489.5205</a> E-mail: <a href="mailto:library@sfc.edu">library@sfc.edu</a><br> Text: <a href="sms:347-329-2275">347.329.2275</a> Chat: <a href=http://libraryh3lp.com/chat/students@chat.libraryh3lp.com?skin=11486&theme=simpletext&title=LibraryH3lp%20Chat&identity=librarian#">Ask a Librarian</a><br> <a href="http://www.sfc.edu">SFC.edu</a> </address> </div> <div class="col-md-6" id="social-media"> <p> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sfclibrarynyc"><i class="fa fa-facebook-official fa-fw fa-3x" aria label=facebook link" alt="facebook"></i></a> <a href="http://www.instagram.com/sfclibrary"><i class="fa fa-instagram fa-fw fa-3x" aria label=instagram link" alt="instagram"></i></a> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/sfclibrary"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square fa-fw fa-3x" aria label=twitter link" alt="twitter"></i></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/sfclibrary/videos"><i class="fa fa-youtube fa-fw fa-3x" aria label=youtube link" alt="youtube"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>