Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics","20210308043650","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1615178210"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"3e41996af1",applicationID:"466202978"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,t,n){function r(n){if(!t[n]){var i=t[n]={exports:{}};e[n][0].call(i.exports,function(t){var i=e[n][1][t];return r(i||t)},i,i.exports)}return t[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)r(n[i]);return r}({1:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function i(e,t,n){return function(){return o(e,[u.now()].concat(c(arguments)),t?null:this,n),t?void 0:this}}var o=e("handle"),a=e(6),c=e(7),f=e("ee").get("tracer"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var d=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],p="api-",l=p+"ixn-";a(d,function(e,t){s[t]=i(p+t,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=i(p+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=i(p+"routeName",!0),t.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},r=this,i="function"==typeof t;return o(l+"tracer",[u.now(),e,n],r),function(){if(f.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[u.now(),r,i],n),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw f.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{f.emit("fn-end",[u.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,t){m[t]=i(l+t)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),o("err",[e,u.now(),!1,t])}},{}],2:[function(e,t,n){function r(){return c.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(o=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),o))-a}function i(){return o}var o=(new Date).getTime(),a=o,c=e(8);t.exports=r,t.exports.offset=a,t.exports.getLastTimestamp=i},{}],3:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){var n=e.getEntries();n.forEach(function(e){"first-paint"===e.name?d("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&d("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)])})}function i(e,t){var n=e.getEntries();n.length>0&&d("lcp",[n[n.length-1]])}function o(e){e.getEntries().forEach(function(e){e.hadRecentInput||d("cls",[e])})}function a(e){if(e instanceof m&&!g){var t=Math.round(e.timeStamp),n={type:e.type};t<=p.now()?n.fid=p.now()-t:t>p.offset&&t<=Date.now()?(t-=p.offset,n.fid=p.now()-t):t=p.now(),g=!0,d("timing",["fi",t,n])}}function c(e){d("pageHide",[p.now(),e])}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,s,d=e("handle"),p=e("loader"),l=e(5),m=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(v){}u=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(v){}s=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{s.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(v){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,w=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];w.forEach(function(e){document.addEventListener(e,a,!1)})}l(c)}},{}],4:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){if(!i)return!1;if(e!==i)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!o)return!1;for(var n=o.split("."),r=t.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var i=null,o=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var c=navigator.userAgent,f=c.match(a);f&&c.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&c.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(i="Safari",o=f[1])}t.exports={agent:i,version:o,match:r}},{}],5:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){function t(){e(a&&document[a]?document[a]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&o&&document.addEventListener(o,t,!1)}t.exports=r;var i,o,a;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",o="visibilitychange",a="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",o="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",o="webkitvisibilitychange",a="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],6:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){var n=[],r="",o=0;for(r in e)i.call(e,r)&&(n[o]=t(r,e[r]),o+=1);return n}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],7:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){t||(t=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,i=n-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++r<i;)o[r]=e[t+r];return o}t.exports=r},{}],8:[function(e,t,n){t.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,t,n){function r(){}function i(e){function t(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?u(e,f,a):a()}function n(n,r,i,o,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||o){e&&a&&e(n,r,i);for(var c=t(i),f=v(n),u=f.length,s=0;s<u;s++)f[s].apply(c,r);var p=d[h[n]];return p&&p.push([b,n,r,c]),c}}function o(e,t){y[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function m(e,t){var n=y[e];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===t&&n.splice(r,1)}function v(e){return y[e]||[]}function g(e){return p[e]=p[e]||i(n)}function w(e,t){s(e,function(e,n){t=t||"feature",h[n]=t,t in d||(d[t]=[])})}var y={},h={},b={on:o,addEventListener:o,removeEventListener:m,emit:n,get:g,listeners:v,context:t,buffer:w,abort:c,aborted:!1};return b}function o(e){return u(e,f,a)}function a(){return new r}function c(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var f="nr@context",u=e("gos"),s=e(6),d={},p={},l=t.exports=i();t.exports.getOrSetContext=o,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n){if(i.call(e,t))return e[t];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(o){}return e[t]=r,r}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t,n,r){i.buffer([e],r),i.emit(e,t,n)}var i=e("ee").get("handle");t.exports=r,r.ee=i},{}],id:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){var t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===window?0:a(e,o,function(){return i++})}var i=1,o="nr@id",a=e("gos");t.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,t,n){function r(){if(!x++){var e=b.info=NREUM.info,t=p.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(u.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&t))return u.abort();f(y,function(t,n){e[t]||(e[t]=n)});var n=a();c("mark",["onload",n+b.offset],null,"api"),c("timing",["load",n]);var r=p.createElement("script");r.src="https://"+e.agent,t.parentNode.insertBefore(r,t)}}function i(){"complete"===p.readyState&&o()}function o(){c("mark",["domContent",a()+b.offset],null,"api")}var a=e(2),c=e("handle"),f=e(6),u=e("ee"),s=e(4),d=window,p=d.document,l="addEventListener",m="attachEvent",v=d.XMLHttpRequest,g=v&&v.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:d.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:v,REQ:d.Request,EV:d.Event,PR:d.Promise,MO:d.MutationObserver};var w=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1198.min.js"},h=v&&g&&g[l]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),b=t.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:w,features:{},xhrWrappable:h,userAgent:s};e(1),e(3),p[l]?(p[l]("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),d[l]("load",r,!1)):(p[m]("onreadystatechange",i),d[m]("onload",r)),c("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var x=0},{}],"wrap-function":[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){function n(t,n,r,f,u){function nrWrapper(){var o,a,s,p;try{a=this,o=d(arguments),s="function"==typeof r?r(o,a):r||{}}catch(l){i([l,"",[o,a,f],s],e)}c(n+"start",[o,a,f],s,u);try{return p=t.apply(a,o)}catch(m){throw c(n+"err",[o,a,m],s,u),m}finally{c(n+"end",[o,a,p],s,u)}}return a(t)?t:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=t,o(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper)}function r(e,t,r,i,o){r||(r="");var c,f,u,s="-"===r.charAt(0);for(u=0;u<t.length;u++)f=t[u],c=e[f],a(c)||(e[f]=n(c,s?f+r:r,i,f,o))}function c(n,r,o,a){if(!m||t){var c=m;m=!0;try{e.emit(n,r,o,t,a)}catch(f){i([f,n,r,o],e)}m=c}}return e||(e=s),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function i(e,t){t||(t=s);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(n){}}function o(e,t,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(e);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(t,n,{get:function(){return e[n]},set:function(t){return e[n]=t,t}})}),t}catch(o){i([o],n)}for(var a in e)l.call(e,a)&&(t[a]=e[a]);return t}function a(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[p])}function c(e,t){var n=t(e);return n[p]=e,o(e,n,s),n}function f(e,t,n){var r=e[t];e[t]=c(r,n)}function u(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;++n)t[n]=arguments[n];return t}var s=e("ee"),d=e(7),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,m=!1;t.exports=r,t.exports.wrapFunction=c,t.exports.wrapInPlace=f,t.exports.argsToArray=u},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <script async src="/web/20210308043650js_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/google_analytics/gtag.js?qphw02"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("config", "UA-1876404-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics"/> <meta name="description" content="Genetics refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance. Genomics refers to the study of all of a person's genes (the genome)."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Genome.gov"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Genetics refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance. Genomics refers to the study of all of a person's genes (the genome)."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/1.2.1.24_sequence.jpg"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0F1574549963F6289E92669438C0183F"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="LUS-wVMJqa9iJ-h51oXNc_P2XSLD1-4nDTvEbtkM_hk"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 8 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet", "name": "Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet", "description": "Genetics refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance. Genomics refers to the study of all of a person\u0026#039;s genes (the genome).", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/media/22726" }, "datePublished": "2019-03-09T00:14:08-0500", "dateModified": "\u003Ctime datetime=\u00222018-09-07T12:00:00Z\u0022\u003EFri, 09/07/2018 - 12:00\u003C/time\u003E", "author": { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/", "name": "NHGRI" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/", "name": "NHGRI", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/media/35101", "height": "45" } } } ] }</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics"/> <link rel="revision" href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics"/> <title>Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20210308043650cs_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_9m8-tA3IQf8ThlLQYTTZUyEweCvyR908Tg0XCbKYOfY.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308043650cs_/https://assets.juicer.io/embed.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20210308043650cs_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_SgjFttRPC6GiQIr0KBnSKndmUT8vHm-WqsOT1v6idto.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20210308043650cs_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_Z1QThvuuwPRZDFNNYe4rJB_JedPsriyJCz0q1J_Cuo8.css"/>   <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650js_/https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&subagency=NIH" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-generic-template"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <style> @media only screen and (min-width: 0px) { #masthead { position: relative; z-index: 1; } #main, #footer { position: relative; z-index: 0; } #main .logo-print-only { display: none; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 640px) { } @media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) { } </style> <header id="masthead" role="banner"> <div id="block-banner"> <style type="text/css"> <![CDATA[/* ><!]]>*/ </style><section id="covid"><b>COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.</b> <span id="covid-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.coronavirus.gov/" id="cdc">CDC health information</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://covid19.nih.gov/">NIH research information</a></span></section> </div> <div class="desktop"> <div class="utilities"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell shrink logo-cell"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/"><img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/NHGRI-logo.svg" class="logo" alt="NHGRI logo"/></a> </div> <div class="cell auto search-cell"> <form action="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/search" method="GET"> <div class="search-cell-interior"> <input type="search" name="terms" placeholder="Begin your search here" title="enter the terms you wish to search for"/> <button type="submit" class="submit-search"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Submit"/></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="cell shrink social-cell"> <div id="block-languageswitch"> </div> </div> <div class="cell shrink social-cell"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-masthead-social-menu" id="block-masthead-social"> <h2 id="block-masthead-social-menu">Social Icons</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.facebook.com/genome.gov/" class="icon-facebook">Facebook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://twitter.com/genome_gov" class="icon-twitter">Twitter</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.youtube.com/user/GenomeTV" class="icon-youtube">YouTube</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navigation"> <div class="grid-container"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-masthead-main-menu" id="block-masthead-main"> <h2 id="block-masthead-main-menu">Main Navigation</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31296">About Genomics</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Introduction-to-Genomics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18221">Introduction to Genomics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26011">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18791">Policy Issues in Genomics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18806">The Human Genome Project</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26351">Research Funding</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Funding-Opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18636">Funding Opportunities</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Funded-Programs-Projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17601">Funded Programs & Projects</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Program-Staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26386">Program Staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/News-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26231">News & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26356">Research at NHGRI</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Areas" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18826">Research Areas</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Investigators" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44186">Research Investigators</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26636">Research Projects</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Clinical-Research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17716">Clinical Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Data-Tools-and-Resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18831">Data Tools & Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/News-and-Events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26226">News & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31486">Health</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/Genomics-and-Medicine" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17741">Genomics & Medicine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/Family-Health-History" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82061">Family Health History</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/For-Patients-and-Families" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18811">For Patients & Families</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/For-Health-Professionals" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18816">For Health Professionals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26366">Careers & Training</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/NHGRI-Jobs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17801">Jobs at NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/research-training" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17806">Research Training at NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/NHGRI-Funding-Opportunities-Training-Career-Development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17861">Funding for Research Training</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/Professional-Development-Programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17871">Professional Development Programs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/culture" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26121">NHGRI Culture</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/news-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25926">News & Events</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26371">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25966">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/social-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25986">Social Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/video" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25961">Videos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/image-gallery" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40586">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/press-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18536">Press Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26376">About NHGRI</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Organization" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18651">Organization</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-NHGRI/Director" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40576">NHGRI Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/NHGRI-Vision-and-Mission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18066">Mission and Vision</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18046">Policies and Guidance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Budget-Financial-Information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18071">Budget</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Institute-Advisors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18381">Institute Advisors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/2020SV" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82026">Strategic Vision</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/leadership-initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18076">Leadership Initiatives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Partner-with-NHGRI" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18136">Partner with NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15301">Staff Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39526">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="messages"> <div class="grid-x"> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div id="block-breadcrumbblock"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb" class="hide-for-small-only"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics">About Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources">Educational Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets">Fact Sheets about Genomics</a></li> <li>Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet</li> </ol> </nav> <div class="breadcrumb-main show-for-small-only hide"> <div class="crumb-parent"> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/">Home</a> </div> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics">About Genomics</a> </div> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources">Educational Resources</a> </div> </div> <div class="link-block current-block "> <div class="current-page remove-padding"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets">Fact Sheets about Genomics</a></div> <span class="drop-arrow-container"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile"> <div class="bar"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell shrink logo-cell"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/"><img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/NHGRI-logo.svg" class="logo" alt="NHGRI logo"/></a> </div> <div class="cell auto toggle-cell"> <button type="button" class="open-search"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Open Search"/></button> <button type="button" class="open-navigation"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB4AAAAeBAMAAADJHrORAAAAElBMVEUAAAD///////////////////8+Uq06AAAABXRSTlMAiHfvO9PV4LcAAAAoSURBVBjTYyAEnJSQgQqDaSgyCGYIRQXofAz1joLIQISQ9aPuo8x9ABWaRO+IIVJ/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="Open Navigation"/> </button> <button type="button" class="close-navigation"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB4AAAAeCAMAAAAM7l6QAAAAJFBMVEUAAAD///////////////////////////////////////////+0CY3pAAAAC3RSTlMAW1WsZgnst+0H72ntc40AAAB2SURBVHja1dPBCsQgDATQaWJsd+f//7dQECkTds7rLT4MMRqg8go0K75ZwOckeTRK8iwk2fnxbCcuLlflRHC5KgPq760diJrQJFP/XeoYne5DW9VV1XsFxtIBxy65K81dzLZFm/o/7xvmI5sxcEOEytmP4MzCDcX4D880HEjCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="Close Navigation"/></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell auto search-cell"> <form action="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/search" method="GET"> <div class="search-cell-interior"> <input type="search" name="terms" placeholder="Begin your search here" title="enter the terms you wish to search for"/><button type="submit" class="submit-search"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Submit"/></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="cell shrink toggle-cell"> <button type="button" class="close-search"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB4AAAAeCAMAAAAM7l6QAAAAJFBMVEUAAAD///////////////////////////////////////////+0CY3pAAAAC3RSTlMAW1WsZgnst+0H72ntc40AAAB2SURBVHja1dPBCsQgDATQaWJsd+f//7dQECkTds7rLT4MMRqg8go0K75ZwOckeTRK8iwk2fnxbCcuLlflRHC5KgPq760diJrQJFP/XeoYne5DW9VV1XsFxtIBxy65K81dzLZFm/o/7xvmI5sxcEOEytmP4MzCDcX4D880HEjCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="Close Search"/></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navigation"> <div class="site"><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-masthead-main-menu" id="block-masthead-main"> <h2 id="block-masthead-main-menu">Main Navigation</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31296">About Genomics</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Introduction-to-Genomics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18221">Introduction to Genomics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26011">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18791">Policy Issues in Genomics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18806">The Human Genome Project</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26351">Research Funding</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Funding-Opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18636">Funding Opportunities</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Funded-Programs-Projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17601">Funded Programs & Projects</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/Program-Staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26386">Program Staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-funding/News-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26231">News & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26356">Research at NHGRI</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Areas" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18826">Research Areas</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Investigators" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44186">Research Investigators</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26636">Research Projects</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Clinical-Research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17716">Clinical Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/Data-Tools-and-Resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18831">Data Tools & Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/research-at-nhgri/News-and-Events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26226">News & Events</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31486">Health</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/Genomics-and-Medicine" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17741">Genomics & Medicine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/Family-Health-History" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82061">Family Health History</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/For-Patients-and-Families" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18811">For Patients & Families</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/health/For-Health-Professionals" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18816">For Health Professionals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26366">Careers & Training</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/NHGRI-Jobs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17801">Jobs at NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/research-training" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17806">Research Training at NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/NHGRI-Funding-Opportunities-Training-Career-Development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17861">Funding for Research Training</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/Professional-Development-Programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17871">Professional Development Programs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/careers-training/culture" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26121">NHGRI Culture</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/news-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25926">News & Events</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26371">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25966">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/social-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25986">Social Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/video" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25961">Videos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/image-gallery" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40586">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/press-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18536">Press Resources</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26376">About NHGRI</a> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Organization" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18651">Organization</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-NHGRI/Director" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40576">NHGRI Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/NHGRI-Vision-and-Mission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18066">Mission and Vision</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18046">Policies and Guidance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Budget-Financial-Information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18071">Budget</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Institute-Advisors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18381">Institute Advisors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/2020SV" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82026">Strategic Vision</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/leadership-initiatives" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18076">Leadership Initiatives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Partner-with-NHGRI" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18136">Partner with NHGRI</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15301">Staff Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39526">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="language-switch nav"><div id="block-languageswitch"> </div> </div> <div class="social"><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-masthead-social-menu" id="block-masthead-social"> <h2 id="block-masthead-social-menu">Social Icons</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.facebook.com/genome.gov/" class="icon-facebook">Facebook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://twitter.com/genome_gov" class="icon-twitter">Twitter</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.youtube.com/user/GenomeTV" class="icon-youtube">YouTube</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="messages"> <div class="grid-x"> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div id="block-breadcrumbblock"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb" class="hide-for-small-only"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics">About Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources">Educational Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets">Fact Sheets about Genomics</a></li> <li>Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet</li> </ol> </nav> <div class="breadcrumb-main show-for-small-only hide"> <div class="crumb-parent"> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/">Home</a> </div> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics">About Genomics</a> </div> <div class="link-block collapsed"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/About-Genomics/Educational-Resources">Educational Resources</a> </div> </div> <div class="link-block current-block "> <div class="current-page remove-padding"> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets">Fact Sheets about Genomics</a></div> <span class="drop-arrow-container"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> var MastheadMobile = document.querySelector( '#masthead .mobile' ); var MastheadMobile_Bar = MastheadMobile.querySelector( '.bar' ); // Navigation Open & Close Buttons var MastheadMobile_OpenNavigation = MastheadMobile.querySelector( '.open-navigation' ); MastheadMobile_OpenNavigation.addEventListener( 'click', function() { // slideToggle() if( !MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'navigation-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.add( 'navigation-open' ); jQuery('.breadcrumbs').addClass('hide'); } if( MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'search-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.remove( 'search-open' ); } } ); var MastheadMobile_CloseNavigation = MastheadMobile.querySelector( '.close-navigation' ); MastheadMobile_CloseNavigation.addEventListener( 'click', function() { if( MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'navigation-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.remove( 'navigation-open' ); jQuery('.breadcrumbs').removeClass('hide'); } } ); // Search Open & Close Buttons var MastheadMobile_OpenSearch = MastheadMobile.querySelector( '.open-search' ); MastheadMobile_OpenSearch.addEventListener( 'click', function() { if( !MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'search-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.add( 'search-open' ); } if( MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'navigation-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.remove( 'navigation-open' ); } MastheadMobile.querySelector( 'input[name="terms"]' ).focus(); } ); var MastheadMobile_CloseSearch = MastheadMobile.querySelector( '.close-search' ); MastheadMobile_CloseSearch.addEventListener( 'click', function() { if( MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.contains( 'search-open' ) ) { MastheadMobile_Bar.classList.remove( 'search-open' ); } } ); // Desktop Social Icons var SocialMenu = document.querySelector( '#masthead .desktop .social-cell ul' ); var SocialMenuAnchors = document.querySelectorAll( '#masthead .desktop .social-cell ul a' ); for( var i = SocialMenuAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) { SocialMenuAnchors[i].innerHTML = '<span>'+SocialMenuAnchors[i].innerHTML+'</span>'; } SocialMenu.classList.add( 'has-icons' ); // Mobile Social Icons var SocialMenu = document.querySelector( '#masthead .mobile .navigation .social h2 ~ ul' ); var SocialMenuAnchors = document.querySelectorAll( '#masthead .mobile .navigation .social h2 ~ ul a' ); for( var i = SocialMenuAnchors.length - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) { SocialMenuAnchors[i].innerHTML = '<span>'+SocialMenuAnchors[i].innerHTML+'</span>'; } SocialMenu.classList.add( 'has-icons' ); var MobileMenu = document.querySelector( '#masthead .mobile .navigation .site h2 ~ ul' ); MobileMenu.classList.add( 'menu' ); MobileMenu.classList.add( 'vertical' ); // Menu mode... MobileMenu.classList.add( 'accordion-menu' ); MobileMenu.setAttribute( 'data-accordion-menu', '' ); // Create overview links and apply foundation markup to submenus... var MobileSubmenus = document.querySelectorAll( '#masthead .mobile .navigation .site h2 ~ ul ul' ); for( var i = MobileSubmenus.length - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) { MobileSubmenus[i].classList.add( 'menu' ); MobileSubmenus[i].classList.add( 'vertical' ); MobileSubmenus[i].classList.add( 'nested' ); var NewLi = document.createElement( 'li' ); var SubmenuParentA = MobileSubmenus[i].parentElement.querySelector( 'a' ); var SubmenuParentA_clone = SubmenuParentA.cloneNode( true ); SubmenuParentA_clone.innerHTML = 'Overview'; NewLi.appendChild( SubmenuParentA_clone ); MobileSubmenus[i].insertBefore( NewLi, MobileSubmenus[i].querySelector( 'li' ) ); } </script> </div> </header> <main id="main" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/NHGRI_grey_teal.svg" class="logo-print-only" alt="NHGRI logo"/> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-nhgri-content"> <article data-history-node-id="15061" role="article" about="/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics" class="node node--type-generic-template node--promoted node--view-mode-full nhgri_custom"> <div class="node__content"> <style> @media (min-width: 1024px) { .component.basic-hero#c-32ae0a99-80ba-47ac-95a4-3bb9102c2f8d .interior::after { content: ''; display: inline-block; position: absolute; background-image: url(/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/patterns/pattern-dots-lightgray.svg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; pointer-events: none; z-index: 100; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); -ms-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); width: 140px; height: 132px; right: 2rem; bottom: -4rem; opacity: 0.5; } } </style> <div class="component basic-hero dark navy" id="c-32ae0a99-80ba-47ac-95a4-3bb9102c2f8d"> <div class="interior"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x align-bottom wrapper"> <div class="cell medium-9"> <span class="accent teal left"></span> <h1>Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component intro-text light white" id="c-d50daf2f-bfbc-4edb-8ce0-08af675e2666"> <div class="interior"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell wrapper"> <p>Genetics and genomics both play roles in health and disease. Genetics refers to the study of genes and the way that certain traits or conditions are passed down from one generation to another. Genomics describes the study of all of a person's genes (the genome).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component expandable-text no-js light white" id="c-52116097-a4ad-4840-9856-dead99b94c3d"> <div class="interior "> <div class="grid-container "> <div class="hide-for-small-only"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x content-container top-rule"> <div class="cell large-4 heading-cell"> <h2 class="heading">What are genetics and genomics?</h2> </div> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="content "> <p>Genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance - in other words, the way that certain traits or conditions are passed down from one generation to another. Genetics involves scientific studies of genes and their effects. Genes (units of heredity) carry the instructions for making proteins, which direct the activities of cells and functions of the body. Examples of genetic or inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/10001213/learning-about-cystic-fibrosis/">Learning About Cystic Fibrosis</a>), Huntington's disease (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/10001215/learning-about-huntingtons-disease/">Learning About Huntington's Disease</a>), and phenylketonuria (PKU) (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/25020037/learning-about-phenylketonuria/">Learning About Phenylketonuria</a>).</p> <p>Genomics is a more recent term that describes the study of all of a person's genes (the genome), including interactions of those genes with each other and with the person's environment. Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer because these diseases are typically caused more by a combination of genetic and environmental factors than by individual genes. Genomics is offering new possibilities for therapies and treatments for some complex diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable-mobile show-for-small-only "> <ul class="accordion" data-accordion data-allow-all-closed="true"> <li class="accordion-item " data-accordion-item> <a href="#" class="accordion-title">What are genetics and genomics?</a> <div class="accordion-content" data-tab-content> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="mobile-contents"> <p>Genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance - in other words, the way that certain traits or conditions are passed down from one generation to another. Genetics involves scientific studies of genes and their effects. Genes (units of heredity) carry the instructions for making proteins, which direct the activities of cells and functions of the body. Examples of genetic or inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/10001213/learning-about-cystic-fibrosis/">Learning About Cystic Fibrosis</a>), Huntington's disease (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/10001215/learning-about-huntingtons-disease/">Learning About Huntington's Disease</a>), and phenylketonuria (PKU) (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/25020037/learning-about-phenylketonuria/">Learning About Phenylketonuria</a>).</p> <p>Genomics is a more recent term that describes the study of all of a person's genes (the genome), including interactions of those genes with each other and with the person's environment. Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer because these diseases are typically caused more by a combination of genetic and environmental factors than by individual genes. Genomics is offering new possibilities for therapies and treatments for some complex diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component expandable-text no-js light white" id="c-a2f1a6e6-0be1-4ece-91c1-b190d5b60f84"> <div class="interior "> <div class="grid-container "> <div class="hide-for-small-only"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x content-container top-rule"> <div class="cell large-4 heading-cell"> <h2 class="heading">Why are genetics and genomics important to my health?</h2> </div> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="content "> <p>Genetics and genomics both play roles in health and disease. Genetics helps individuals and families learn about how conditions such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis are inherited in families, what screening and testing options are available, and, for some genetic conditions, what treatments are available. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016930/faq-about-genetic-disorders/">Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Disorders</a>)</p> <p>Genomics is helping researchers discover why some people get sick from certain infections, environmental factors, and behaviors, while others do not. For example, there are some people who exercise their whole lives, eat a healthy diet, have regular medical checkups, and die of a heart attack at age 40. There are also people who smoke, never exercise, eat unhealthy foods and live to be 100. Genomics may hold the key to understanding these differences.</p> <p>Apart from accidents (such as falls, motor vehicle accidents or poisoning), genomic factors play a role in nine of the ten leading causes of death in the United States (for example, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/lcod.htm">Leading Causes of Death</a> [cdc.gov]). All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup. Differences in the remaining 0.1 percent hold important clues about the causes of diseases. Gaining a better understanding of the interactions between genes and the environment by means of genomics is helping researchers find better ways to improve health and prevent disease, such as modifying diet and exercise plans to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in people who carry genetic predispositions to developing this disease.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable-mobile show-for-small-only "> <ul class="accordion" data-accordion data-allow-all-closed="true"> <li class="accordion-item " data-accordion-item> <a href="#" class="accordion-title">Why are genetics and genomics important to my health?</a> <div class="accordion-content" data-tab-content> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="mobile-contents"> <p>Genetics and genomics both play roles in health and disease. Genetics helps individuals and families learn about how conditions such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis are inherited in families, what screening and testing options are available, and, for some genetic conditions, what treatments are available. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016930/faq-about-genetic-disorders/">Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Disorders</a>)</p> <p>Genomics is helping researchers discover why some people get sick from certain infections, environmental factors, and behaviors, while others do not. For example, there are some people who exercise their whole lives, eat a healthy diet, have regular medical checkups, and die of a heart attack at age 40. There are also people who smoke, never exercise, eat unhealthy foods and live to be 100. Genomics may hold the key to understanding these differences.</p> <p>Apart from accidents (such as falls, motor vehicle accidents or poisoning), genomic factors play a role in nine of the ten leading causes of death in the United States (for example, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/lcod.htm">Leading Causes of Death</a> [cdc.gov]). All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup. Differences in the remaining 0.1 percent hold important clues about the causes of diseases. Gaining a better understanding of the interactions between genes and the environment by means of genomics is helping researchers find better ways to improve health and prevent disease, such as modifying diet and exercise plans to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in people who carry genetic predispositions to developing this disease.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component expandable-text no-js light white" id="c-99f872cc-dd94-4f8a-b52c-b2fc87b9afa1"> <div class="interior "> <div class="grid-container "> <div class="hide-for-small-only"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x content-container top-rule"> <div class="cell large-4 heading-cell"> <h2 class="heading">Why are genetics and genomics important to my family's health?</h2> </div> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="content "> <p>Understanding more about diseases caused by a single gene (using genetics) and complex diseases caused by multiple genes and environmental factors (using genomics) can lead to earlier diagnoses, interventions, and targeted treatments. A person's health is influenced by his/her family history and shared environmental factors. This makes family history an important, personalized tool that can help identify many of the causative factors for conditions that also have a genetic component. The family history can serve as the cornerstone for learning about genetic and genomic conditions in a family, and for developing individualized approaches to disease prevention, intervention, and treatment. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/17516481/the-us-surgeon-generals-family-history-initiative-family-history-initiative/">My Family Health Portrait</a>).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable-mobile show-for-small-only "> <ul class="accordion" data-accordion data-allow-all-closed="true"> <li class="accordion-item " data-accordion-item> <a href="#" class="accordion-title">Why are genetics and genomics important to my family's health?</a> <div class="accordion-content" data-tab-content> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="mobile-contents"> <p>Understanding more about diseases caused by a single gene (using genetics) and complex diseases caused by multiple genes and environmental factors (using genomics) can lead to earlier diagnoses, interventions, and targeted treatments. A person's health is influenced by his/her family history and shared environmental factors. This makes family history an important, personalized tool that can help identify many of the causative factors for conditions that also have a genetic component. The family history can serve as the cornerstone for learning about genetic and genomic conditions in a family, and for developing individualized approaches to disease prevention, intervention, and treatment. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/17516481/the-us-surgeon-generals-family-history-initiative-family-history-initiative/">My Family Health Portrait</a>).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component expandable-text no-js light white" id="c-7922c18a-5d7e-44d5-a10f-552dfda44df9"> <div class="interior "> <div class="grid-container "> <div class="hide-for-small-only"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x content-container top-rule bottom-rule"> <div class="cell large-4 heading-cell"> <h2 class="heading">What are some of the new genetic and genomic techniques and technologies?</h2> </div> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="content "> <p><strong>Proteomics</strong></p> <p>The suffix "-ome" comes from the Greek for <em>all</em>, <em>every</em>, or <em>complete</em>. It was originally used in "genome," which refers to all the genes in a person or other organism. Due to the success of large-scale biology projects such as the sequencing of the human genome, the suffix "-ome" is now being used in other research contexts. Proteomics is an example. The DNA sequence of genes carries the instructions, or code, for building proteins. This DNA is transcribed into a related molecule, RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteomics, therefore, is a similar large-scale analysis of all the proteins in an organism, tissue type, or cell (called the proteome). Proteomics can be used to reveal specific, abnormal proteins that lead to diseases, such as certain forms of cancer.</p> <p><strong>Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics</strong></p> <p>The terms "pharmacogenetics" and "pharmacogenomics" are often used interchangeably in describing the intersection of pharmacology (the study of drugs, or pharmaceuticals) and genetic variability in determining an individual's response to particular drugs. The terms may be distinguished in the following way.</p> <p>Pharmacogenetics is the field of study dealing with the variability of responses to medications due to variation in single genes. Pharmacogenetics takes into account a person's genetic information regarding specific drug receptors and how drugs are transported and metabolized by the body. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to create an individualized drug therapy that allows for the best choice and dose of drugs. One example is the breast cancer drug trastuzumab (Herceptin). This therapy works only for women whose tumors have a particular genetic profile that leads to overproduction of a protein called HER2. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016938/faq-about-genetics-disease-prevention-and-treatment/">Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment</a>)</p> <p>Pharmacogenomics is similar to pharmacogenetics, except that it typically involves the search for variations in multiple genes that are associated with variability in drug response. Since pharmacogenomics is one of the large-scale "omic" technologies, it can examine the entirety of the genome, rather than just single genes. Pharmacogenomic studies may also examine genetic variation among large groups of people (populations), for example, in order to see how different drugs might affect different racial or ethnic groups.</p> <p>Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies are leading to drugs that can be tailor-made for individuals, and adapted to each person's particular genetic makeup. Although a person's environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health can also influence that person's response to medicines, understanding an individual's genetic makeup is key to creating personalized drugs that work better and have fewer side effects than the one-size-fits-all drugs that are common today. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016938/faq-about-genetics-disease-prevention-and-treatment/">Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment</a>). For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends genetic testing before giving the chemotherapy drug mercaptopurine (Purinethol) to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Some people have a genetic variant that interferes with their ability to process this drug. This processing problem can cause severe side effects, unless the standard dose is adjusted according to the patient's genetic makeup. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/27530645/faq-about-pharmacogenomics/">Frequently Asked Questions about Pharmacogenomics</a>).</p> <p><strong>Stem Cell Therapy</strong></p> <p>Stem cells have two important characteristics. First, stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into various specialized body cells. Second, stem cells are able to stay in their unspecialized state and make copies of themselves. Embryonic stem cells come from the embryo at a very early stage in development (the blastocyst staqe). The stem cells in the blastocyst go on to develop all of the cells in the complete organism. Adult stem cells come from more fully developed tissues, like umbilical cord blood in newborns, circulating blood, bone marrow or skin.</p> <p>Medical researchers are investigating the use of stem cells to repair or replace damaged body tissues, similar to whole organ transplants. Embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst have the ability to develop into every type of tissue (skin, liver, kidney, blood, etc.) found in an adult human. Adult stem cells are more limited in their potential (for example, stem cells from liver may only develop into more liver cells). In organ transplants, when tissues from a donor are placed into the body of a patient, there is the possibility that the patient's immune system may react and reject the donated tissue as "foreign." However, by using stem cells, there may be less risk of this immune rejection, and the therapy may be more successful.</p> <p>Stem cells have been used in experiments to form cells of the bone marrow, heart, blood vessels, and muscle. Since the 1990's, umbilical cord blood stem cells have been used to treat heart and other physical problems in children who have rare metabolic conditions, or to treat children with certain anemias and leukemias. For example, one of the treatment options for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childALL/Patient/page1">childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a> [cancer.gov] is stem cell transplantation therapy.</p> <p>There has been much debate nationally about the use of embryonic stem cells, especially about the creation of human embryos for use in experiments. In 1995, Congress enacted a ban on federal financing for research using human embryos. However, these restrictions have not stopped researchers in the United States and elsewhere from using private funding to create new embryonic cell lines and undertaking research with them. The embryos for such research are typically obtained from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized <em>in vitro</em> - as in an <em>in vitro</em> fertilization clinic - and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. In 2009, some of the barriers to federal financing of responsible and scientifically worthy human stem cell research were lifted.</p> <p><strong>Cloning</strong></p> <p>Cloning can refer to genes, cells, or whole organisms. In the case of a cell, a clone refers to any genetically identical cell in a population that comes from a single, common ancestor. For example, when a single bacterial cell copies its DNA and divides thousands of times, all of the cells that are formed will contain the same DNA and will be clones of the common ancestor bacterial cell. Gene cloning involves manipulations to make multiple identical copies of a single gene from the same ancestor gene. Cloning an organism means making a genetically identical copy of all of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the organism. There are two major types of cloning that may relate to humans or other animals: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.</p> <p>Therapeutic cloning involves growing cloned cells or tissues from an individual, such as new liver tissue for a patient with a liver disease. Such cloning attempts typically involve the use of stem cells. The nucleus will be taken from a patient's body cell, such as a liver cell, and inserted into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. This will ultimately produce a blastocyst whose stem cells could then be used to create new tissue that is genetically identical to that of the patient.</p> <p>Reproductive cloning is a related process used to generate an entire animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. The first cloned animals were frogs. Dolly, the famous sheep, is another example of cloning. The success rates of reproductive animal cloning, however, have been very low. In 2005, South Korean researchers claimed to have produced human embryonic stem cell lines by cloning genetic material from patients. However, this data was later reported to have been falsified.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable-mobile show-for-small-only "> <ul class="accordion" data-accordion data-allow-all-closed="true"> <li class="accordion-item " data-accordion-item> <a href="#" class="accordion-title">What are some of the new genetic and genomic techniques and technologies?</a> <div class="accordion-content" data-tab-content> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell large-8 text-cell"> <div class="mobile-contents"> <p><strong>Proteomics</strong></p> <p>The suffix "-ome" comes from the Greek for <em>all</em>, <em>every</em>, or <em>complete</em>. It was originally used in "genome," which refers to all the genes in a person or other organism. Due to the success of large-scale biology projects such as the sequencing of the human genome, the suffix "-ome" is now being used in other research contexts. Proteomics is an example. The DNA sequence of genes carries the instructions, or code, for building proteins. This DNA is transcribed into a related molecule, RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteomics, therefore, is a similar large-scale analysis of all the proteins in an organism, tissue type, or cell (called the proteome). Proteomics can be used to reveal specific, abnormal proteins that lead to diseases, such as certain forms of cancer.</p> <p><strong>Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics</strong></p> <p>The terms "pharmacogenetics" and "pharmacogenomics" are often used interchangeably in describing the intersection of pharmacology (the study of drugs, or pharmaceuticals) and genetic variability in determining an individual's response to particular drugs. The terms may be distinguished in the following way.</p> <p>Pharmacogenetics is the field of study dealing with the variability of responses to medications due to variation in single genes. Pharmacogenetics takes into account a person's genetic information regarding specific drug receptors and how drugs are transported and metabolized by the body. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to create an individualized drug therapy that allows for the best choice and dose of drugs. One example is the breast cancer drug trastuzumab (Herceptin). This therapy works only for women whose tumors have a particular genetic profile that leads to overproduction of a protein called HER2. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016938/faq-about-genetics-disease-prevention-and-treatment/">Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment</a>)</p> <p>Pharmacogenomics is similar to pharmacogenetics, except that it typically involves the search for variations in multiple genes that are associated with variability in drug response. Since pharmacogenomics is one of the large-scale "omic" technologies, it can examine the entirety of the genome, rather than just single genes. Pharmacogenomic studies may also examine genetic variation among large groups of people (populations), for example, in order to see how different drugs might affect different racial or ethnic groups.</p> <p>Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies are leading to drugs that can be tailor-made for individuals, and adapted to each person's particular genetic makeup. Although a person's environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health can also influence that person's response to medicines, understanding an individual's genetic makeup is key to creating personalized drugs that work better and have fewer side effects than the one-size-fits-all drugs that are common today. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/19016938/faq-about-genetics-disease-prevention-and-treatment/">Genetics, Disease Prevention and Treatment</a>). For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends genetic testing before giving the chemotherapy drug mercaptopurine (Purinethol) to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Some people have a genetic variant that interferes with their ability to process this drug. This processing problem can cause severe side effects, unless the standard dose is adjusted according to the patient's genetic makeup. (See: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/27530645/faq-about-pharmacogenomics/">Frequently Asked Questions about Pharmacogenomics</a>).</p> <p><strong>Stem Cell Therapy</strong></p> <p>Stem cells have two important characteristics. First, stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into various specialized body cells. Second, stem cells are able to stay in their unspecialized state and make copies of themselves. Embryonic stem cells come from the embryo at a very early stage in development (the blastocyst staqe). The stem cells in the blastocyst go on to develop all of the cells in the complete organism. Adult stem cells come from more fully developed tissues, like umbilical cord blood in newborns, circulating blood, bone marrow or skin.</p> <p>Medical researchers are investigating the use of stem cells to repair or replace damaged body tissues, similar to whole organ transplants. Embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst have the ability to develop into every type of tissue (skin, liver, kidney, blood, etc.) found in an adult human. Adult stem cells are more limited in their potential (for example, stem cells from liver may only develop into more liver cells). In organ transplants, when tissues from a donor are placed into the body of a patient, there is the possibility that the patient's immune system may react and reject the donated tissue as "foreign." However, by using stem cells, there may be less risk of this immune rejection, and the therapy may be more successful.</p> <p>Stem cells have been used in experiments to form cells of the bone marrow, heart, blood vessels, and muscle. Since the 1990's, umbilical cord blood stem cells have been used to treat heart and other physical problems in children who have rare metabolic conditions, or to treat children with certain anemias and leukemias. For example, one of the treatment options for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childALL/Patient/page1">childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a> [cancer.gov] is stem cell transplantation therapy.</p> <p>There has been much debate nationally about the use of embryonic stem cells, especially about the creation of human embryos for use in experiments. In 1995, Congress enacted a ban on federal financing for research using human embryos. However, these restrictions have not stopped researchers in the United States and elsewhere from using private funding to create new embryonic cell lines and undertaking research with them. The embryos for such research are typically obtained from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized <em>in vitro</em> - as in an <em>in vitro</em> fertilization clinic - and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. In 2009, some of the barriers to federal financing of responsible and scientifically worthy human stem cell research were lifted.</p> <p><strong>Cloning</strong></p> <p>Cloning can refer to genes, cells, or whole organisms. In the case of a cell, a clone refers to any genetically identical cell in a population that comes from a single, common ancestor. For example, when a single bacterial cell copies its DNA and divides thousands of times, all of the cells that are formed will contain the same DNA and will be clones of the common ancestor bacterial cell. Gene cloning involves manipulations to make multiple identical copies of a single gene from the same ancestor gene. Cloning an organism means making a genetically identical copy of all of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the organism. There are two major types of cloning that may relate to humans or other animals: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.</p> <p>Therapeutic cloning involves growing cloned cells or tissues from an individual, such as new liver tissue for a patient with a liver disease. Such cloning attempts typically involve the use of stem cells. The nucleus will be taken from a patient's body cell, such as a liver cell, and inserted into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. This will ultimately produce a blastocyst whose stem cells could then be used to create new tissue that is genetically identical to that of the patient.</p> <p>Reproductive cloning is a related process used to generate an entire animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. The first cloned animals were frogs. Dolly, the famous sheep, is another example of cloning. The success rates of reproductive animal cloning, however, have been very low. In 2005, South Korean researchers claimed to have produced human embryonic stem cell lines by cloning genetic material from patients. However, this data was later reported to have been falsified.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component last-updated light white" id="c-569c09c8-3402-42c4-944b-c326e669b5ed"> <div class="interior"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x text-center"> <div class="cell"> <p>Last updated: <span>September 7, 2018</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-secondary"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell large-5 contact-cell"> <div class="contact-dock"> <h2 class="heading">Get Updates</h2> <p>Enter your email address to receive updates about the latest advances in genomics research.</p>  <style> #footer .footer-secondary .grid-container .contact-cell .contact-dock form { margin: 0; } #mc-embedded-subscribe{ margin:0; } </style> <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://genome.us12.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=12d2aeb3c1601aea84c780560&id=3d227b0341" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required>  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"><input type="text" name="b_12d2aeb3c1601aea84c780560_3d227b0341" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="cell large-7 social-cell"> <h2 class="heading">Social Media Stream</h2> <div class="social-dock"> <a class="follow-us arrow royal-blue" href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/social-media">Follow Us</a> <div class="essential-pattern-wrapper"><div class="essential-pattern"></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-primary"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell medium-5 branding-cell"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell small-4"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/NIH_mark_logo_white.svg" alt="NIH logo"/> </a> </div> <div class="cell small-3"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.hhs.gov/" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/DHHS_logo_white.svg" alt="DHHS logo"/> </a> </div> <div class="cell small-5"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.usa.gov/" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20210308043650im_/https://www.genome.gov/themes/custom/nhgri/assets/global/US-GSA-USAGov-Logo_white.svg" alt="USA Gov logo"/> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-5 links-cell"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footer-links-menu" id="block-footer-links"> <h2 id="block-footer-links-menu">Footer Links</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39526">Contact</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance/Accessibility" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15276">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance/Site-Map" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15336">Site Map</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15301">Staff Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043650/https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" target="_blank">FOIA</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance/Privacy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18061">Privacy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210308043650/https://www.genome.gov/about-nhgri/Policies-Guidance/Copyright" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15261">Copyright</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="cell medium-2 mantra-cell"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 121 57" style="enable-background:new 0 0 121 57;" xml:space="preserve"> <style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#FFFFFF;}.st1{fill:#5FE0D4;}</style> <path class="st0" d="M0,13v1.056h4.828V26h1.324V14.056H11V13H0z M12.448,12.922v5.298h0.037c0.219-0.578,0.608-1.043,1.168-1.394 c0.56-0.351,1.174-0.526,1.843-0.526c0.657,0,1.208,0.086,1.652,0.259c0.444,0.172,0.8,0.415,1.068,0.729 c0.267,0.314,0.456,0.698,0.566,1.154c0.109,0.456,0.164,0.966,0.164,1.532v6.129h-1.15v-5.944c0-0.406-0.037-0.785-0.11-1.135 c-0.073-0.351-0.201-0.655-0.383-0.914c-0.182-0.259-0.429-0.462-0.739-0.609c-0.31-0.148-0.697-0.221-1.159-0.221 c-0.462,0-0.873,0.083-1.232,0.249c-0.359,0.166-0.664,0.394-0.913,0.683c-0.25,0.289-0.444,0.634-0.584,1.034 c-0.14,0.4-0.216,0.834-0.228,1.301v5.556h-1.15v-13.18H12.448z M27.48,19.402c-0.14-0.406-0.338-0.766-0.593-1.08 c-0.256-0.314-0.566-0.566-0.931-0.757c-0.365-0.191-0.779-0.286-1.241-0.286c-0.475,0-0.894,0.096-1.259,0.286 c-0.365,0.191-0.675,0.443-0.931,0.757c-0.255,0.314-0.459,0.677-0.611,1.089c-0.152,0.413-0.253,0.834-0.301,1.265h6.096 C27.695,20.232,27.619,19.808,27.48,19.402 M21.785,22.956c0.115,0.449,0.301,0.852,0.557,1.209 c0.256,0.357,0.578,0.652,0.968,0.886c0.389,0.234,0.858,0.351,1.405,0.351c0.84,0,1.497-0.222,1.971-0.665 c0.475-0.443,0.803-1.034,0.986-1.772h1.15c-0.244,1.083-0.691,1.92-1.342,2.511c-0.651,0.591-1.573,0.886-2.765,0.886 c-0.742,0-1.384-0.132-1.926-0.397c-0.541-0.265-0.983-0.628-1.323-1.089c-0.341-0.462-0.593-0.997-0.758-1.606 c-0.164-0.609-0.246-1.252-0.246-1.929c0-0.628,0.082-1.243,0.246-1.846c0.165-0.603,0.417-1.141,0.758-1.615 c0.34-0.474,0.782-0.856,1.323-1.145c0.541-0.289,1.183-0.434,1.926-0.434c0.754,0,1.399,0.154,1.935,0.462 c0.535,0.308,0.97,0.71,1.305,1.209c0.335,0.499,0.575,1.071,0.721,1.717c0.146,0.646,0.207,1.301,0.182,1.966h-7.246 C21.611,22.072,21.669,22.506,21.785,22.956"/> <path class="st0" d="M35.246,12.921H45.32v3.379h-6.059v1.643h5.201v3.138h-5.201v5.022h-4.015V12.921z M50.724,18.94 c-1.369,0-1.551,1.348-1.551,2.363c0,1.015,0.182,2.381,1.551,2.381c1.369,0,1.551-1.366,1.551-2.381 C52.275,20.287,52.092,18.94,50.724,18.94 M50.724,26.343c-3.559,0-5.165-2.382-5.165-5.04c0-2.659,1.606-5.022,5.165-5.022 s5.165,2.363,5.165,5.022C55.888,23.961,54.283,26.343,50.724,26.343 M57.185,16.521h3.468v1.533h0.037 c0.584-1.145,1.351-1.772,2.665-1.772c0.365,0,0.711,0.055,1.058,0.148v3.231c-0.365-0.129-0.694-0.24-1.424-0.24 c-1.424,0-2.19,0.849-2.19,2.898v3.785h-3.614V16.521z M71.714,20.232c0-0.886-0.657-1.606-1.588-1.606 c-1.077,0-1.697,0.573-1.861,1.606H71.714z M68.246,22.134c0.091,1.089,0.712,1.865,1.843,1.865c0.584,0,1.223-0.222,1.515-0.683 h3.377c-0.73,2.068-2.719,3.028-4.873,3.028c-3.029,0-5.311-1.81-5.311-5.003c0-2.788,2.008-5.059,5.001-5.059 c3.76,0,5.384,2.123,5.384,5.853H68.246z M77.3,18.773h-1.478v-2.253H77.3c-0.037-0.941,0.055-1.993,0.748-2.695 c0.785-0.794,1.697-0.905,3.157-0.905c0.547,0,1.077,0.055,1.624,0.074v2.511c-0.292-0.037-0.584-0.129-0.876-0.129 c-0.876,0-1.168,0.258-1.113,1.144h1.898v2.253h-1.825v7.33H77.3V18.773z M83.798,16.521h3.468v1.533h0.037 c0.584-1.145,1.351-1.772,2.665-1.772c0.365,0,0.711,0.055,1.058,0.148v3.231c-0.365-0.129-0.694-0.24-1.424-0.24 c-1.424,0-2.19,0.849-2.19,2.898v3.785h-3.614V16.521z M96.428,18.94c-1.369,0-1.551,1.348-1.551,2.363 c0,1.015,0.182,2.381,1.551,2.381s1.551-1.366,1.551-2.381C97.979,20.287,97.797,18.94,96.428,18.94 M96.428,26.343 c-3.559,0-5.165-2.382-5.165-5.04c0-2.659,1.606-5.022,5.165-5.022c3.559,0,5.165,2.363,5.165,5.022 C101.593,23.961,99.987,26.343,96.428,26.343 M102.798,16.521h3.486v1.219h0.037c0.675-0.96,1.643-1.458,3.084-1.458 c1.697,0,3.249,1.052,3.249,3.249v6.573h-3.614v-5.022c0-1.108-0.128-1.883-1.186-1.883c-0.621,0-1.442,0.314-1.442,1.846v5.059 h-3.614V16.521z M118.97,16.521h1.935v2.253h-1.935v3.341c0,0.886,0.201,1.274,1.113,1.274c0.274,0,0.547-0.018,0.821-0.055v2.77 c-0.73,0-1.551,0.111-2.318,0.111c-1.533,0-3.23-0.24-3.23-2.862v-4.578h-1.606v-2.253h1.606v-2.917h3.614V16.521z"/> <path class="st0" d="M5.896,34.818c-0.414,0.234-0.757,0.542-1.031,0.923c-0.274,0.381-0.481,0.816-0.621,1.301 c-0.14,0.486-0.21,0.982-0.21,1.486c0,0.505,0.07,1,0.21,1.486c0.14,0.486,0.347,0.92,0.621,1.301 c0.274,0.382,0.618,0.689,1.031,0.923c0.413,0.234,0.894,0.351,1.442,0.351s1.028-0.117,1.442-0.351 c0.414-0.234,0.758-0.541,1.031-0.923c0.274-0.381,0.481-0.815,0.621-1.301c0.14-0.486,0.21-0.981,0.21-1.486 c0-0.504-0.07-1-0.21-1.486c-0.14-0.486-0.347-0.92-0.621-1.301c-0.274-0.381-0.618-0.689-1.031-0.923 c-0.414-0.234-0.894-0.351-1.442-0.351S6.309,34.584,5.896,34.818 M9.245,33.895c0.554,0.271,1.019,0.634,1.396,1.089 c0.377,0.455,0.663,0.987,0.858,1.597c0.195,0.609,0.292,1.258,0.292,1.947c0,0.689-0.097,1.338-0.292,1.948 c-0.195,0.609-0.481,1.142-0.858,1.597c-0.377,0.455-0.843,0.815-1.396,1.08c-0.554,0.264-1.19,0.397-1.907,0.397 c-0.718,0-1.354-0.132-1.907-0.397c-0.554-0.265-1.019-0.625-1.396-1.08c-0.377-0.455-0.664-0.988-0.858-1.597 c-0.195-0.609-0.292-1.258-0.292-1.948c0-0.689,0.097-1.338,0.292-1.947c0.194-0.609,0.48-1.142,0.858-1.597 c0.377-0.455,0.842-0.818,1.396-1.089c0.554-0.271,1.189-0.406,1.907-0.406C8.055,33.489,8.691,33.625,9.245,33.895 M15.278,34.744 v8.547h-1.15v-8.547h-1.606v-0.979h1.606v-0.867c0-0.406,0.03-0.781,0.091-1.126c0.061-0.344,0.176-0.64,0.347-0.886 c0.17-0.246,0.404-0.437,0.703-0.572c0.298-0.135,0.678-0.203,1.141-0.203c0.17,0,0.328,0.006,0.474,0.018 c0.146,0.013,0.31,0.031,0.493,0.055v0.997c-0.158-0.025-0.304-0.046-0.438-0.065c-0.134-0.018-0.268-0.028-0.402-0.028 c-0.317,0-0.56,0.049-0.73,0.148c-0.171,0.099-0.295,0.231-0.374,0.397s-0.125,0.36-0.137,0.582 c-0.012,0.222-0.018,0.462-0.018,0.72v0.83h1.862v0.979H15.278z"/> <path class="st0" d="M32.802,41.944c-0.894,1.163-2.282,1.662-3.706,1.662c-3.852,0-6.225-3.028-6.225-6.776 c0-5.022,3.487-7.034,6.426-7.034c3.323,0,5.422,1.828,6.006,4.929h-3.852c-0.146-0.96-0.949-1.643-1.899-1.643 c-2.757,0-2.665,2.936-2.665,3.84c0,1.237,0.493,3.397,2.939,3.397c0.931,0,1.88-0.48,2.081-1.459h-1.771v-2.825h5.331v7.256h-2.538 L32.802,41.944z M43.643,37.42c0-0.886-0.657-1.606-1.588-1.606c-1.077,0-1.698,0.573-1.862,1.606H43.643z M40.175,39.322 c0.091,1.089,0.712,1.865,1.844,1.865c0.584,0,1.223-0.222,1.515-0.683h3.377c-0.73,2.068-2.72,3.028-4.874,3.028 c-3.03,0-5.312-1.81-5.312-5.003c0-2.788,2.008-5.059,5.002-5.059c3.761,0,5.385,2.123,5.385,5.853H40.175z M48.443,33.709h3.487 v1.219h0.037c0.675-0.96,1.643-1.458,3.085-1.458c1.698,0,3.249,1.052,3.249,3.249v6.573h-3.614V38.27 c0-1.108-0.128-1.883-1.187-1.883c-0.621,0-1.442,0.314-1.442,1.846v5.059h-3.614V33.709z M64.853,36.128 c-1.369,0-1.552,1.348-1.552,2.363c0,1.015,0.182,2.381,1.552,2.381c1.369,0,1.552-1.366,1.552-2.381 C66.405,37.476,66.222,36.128,64.853,36.128 M64.853,43.531c-3.56,0-5.166-2.382-5.166-5.04c0-2.659,1.606-5.022,5.166-5.022 c3.56,0,5.166,2.363,5.166,5.022C70.019,41.15,68.413,43.531,64.853,43.531 M71.387,33.709h3.487v1.274h0.037 c0.73-1.108,1.789-1.514,3.103-1.514c1.022,0,2.118,0.535,2.556,1.495c0.146-0.111,0.876-1.495,3.231-1.495 c2.428,0,3.249,1.698,3.249,3.249v6.573h-3.615v-5.188c0-0.905-0.091-1.717-1.187-1.717c-0.913,0-1.223,0.72-1.223,1.717v5.188 h-3.615v-5.188c0-0.905-0.091-1.717-1.187-1.717c-0.913,0-1.223,0.72-1.223,1.717v5.188h-3.614V33.709z M88.873,43.291h3.614v-9.582 h-3.614V43.291z M88.873,32.675h3.614v-2.566h-3.614V32.675z M100.391,37.346c-0.037-0.388-0.165-0.701-0.402-0.905 c-0.219-0.203-0.529-0.314-0.913-0.314c-1.388,0-1.588,1.218-1.588,2.381c0,1.163,0.201,2.363,1.588,2.363 c0.785,0,1.333-0.646,1.405-1.403h3.451c-0.347,2.603-2.373,4.061-4.929,4.061c-2.848,0-5.13-1.994-5.13-5.022 c0-3.028,2.282-5.04,5.13-5.04c2.483,0,4.6,1.237,4.819,3.877H100.391z M110.905,36.497c-0.018-0.314-0.182-0.554-0.42-0.72 c-0.219-0.185-0.511-0.277-0.803-0.277c-0.511,0-1.095,0.111-1.095,0.739c0,0.277,0.219,0.406,0.42,0.498 c0.602,0.259,1.971,0.332,3.176,0.739c1.205,0.388,2.264,1.108,2.264,2.677c0,2.659-2.519,3.379-4.819,3.379 c-2.227,0-4.673-0.905-4.728-3.379h3.45c0.018,0.332,0.164,0.609,0.438,0.849c0.182,0.166,0.529,0.277,0.968,0.277 c0.475,0,1.223-0.185,1.223-0.739c0-0.554-0.31-0.72-1.99-1.015c-2.757-0.48-3.87-1.366-3.87-3.009c0-2.419,2.574-3.046,4.473-3.046 c2.045,0,4.509,0.572,4.6,3.028H110.905z"/> <path class="st1" d="M0.017,57h15.055v-2.971H0.017V57z M0,0.743h15.055V0H0V0.743z"/> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="juicer-social"> <div id="block-juicerembedfeed1"> <ul class="juicer-feed" data-feed-id="genome-gov" data-per="3" data-columns="1"></ul> </div> </div> </footer> <a id="button_backtotop"></a> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/15061","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-1876404-1","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"improved_multi_select":{"selectors":["#edit-field-tags"],"filtertype":"partial","placeholder_text":"","orderable":false,"js_regex":false,"groupresetfilter":false,"remove_required_attr":false,"buttontext_add":"Add","buttontext_addall":"Add All","buttontext_del":"Remove","buttontext_delall":"Remove All","buttontext_moveup":"Move up","buttontext_movedown":"Move down"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"ddb890b9066af9ba24d592ac0f4854a72bd9eda231c85bdd564902c747648a11"}}</script> <script src="/web/20210308043650js_/https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_nlxcJkwBLtoGE0PTMnIiqhNTMJML00oQByfL-Akc7Bo.js"></script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20210308043650js_/https://assets.juicer.io/embed-no-jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam-cell.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"3e41996af1","applicationID":"466202978","transactionName":"YABWZxcHCEtZWxZbDVlKdVARDwlWF3wQRxJWCWhdCgIDZHtXDEYQWAlYVhc6KFdcXTRbB0AmW10RFAlUVF0QH1xBDFFE","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":507,"atts":"TEdVEV8dG0U=","errorBeacon":"bam-cell.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet