Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="description" content="The presented special edition is dedicated to actual issues of modern manufacturing starting from materials processing technologies and issues of waste treatment ending with the design of technological equipment, analysis processes of heat and mass transfer in engineering systems, and mechatronics and robotics. It will be helpful to specialists in machines design, materials processing, robotics and environmental engineering." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.919" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919 | Scientific.Net" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.919" /> <meta property="og:image" content="/Content/app/scinet5/images/metadata_logo.png" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="261" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="260" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific.Net Logo" /> <title>Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919 | Scientific.Net</title> <link href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="/Content/public.min.css?v=BKBihgCkUm340JBGsNjEPtWz8I22CUsubMPC3V1WYzw" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.gstatic.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="icon" href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans+Condensed:300,700%7COpen+Sans:300i,400,400i,600,600i,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">    <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T3VDKWV');</script>  </head> <body> <noscript>  <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T3VDKWV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <div class="sc-content-container"> <div class="sc-content"> <div class="header-menu-container"> <div class="identity-menu-container header-menu-container-not-logged-in"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <ul class="role-menu"> <li class="user-menu between normal-user-menu"> <div class="hdivider-100"></div> <div class="cart-info"> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Payment/Cart"> <i class="inline-icon cart-icon-white"></i> <span id="cartInfoTotalItemsCount"></span> </a> </div> <div class="user-menu-login-or-register"> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Account/Registration?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.919" rel="nofollow"> Registration </a> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.919" rel="nofollow"> Log In </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="block-header"> <div class="logo-block"> <a href="/" class="application-logo inline-icon logo-icon"></a> <div class="burger-menu-button visible-xs"> <div class="hamburger-box"> <div class="hamburger-inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-and-search-block"> <div class="burger-menu"> <nav class="burger-menu-items"> <div class="public-menu"> <ul> <li><a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="/news/all">News</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="header-menu-top"> <div class="header-menu-list"> <a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a> <a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a> <a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a> <a href="/news/all">News</a> <a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a> <a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> <div class="search-block"> <input class="search-control" type="search" placeholder="Search" data-url="/Search"> <button class="button button-95 button-grey search-btn button-simple"> <span class="hidden-xs">Search</span> <i class="inline-icon search-icon-grey visible-xs"></i> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="banner-new"></div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row content-container"> <div class="left-content col-md-4 col-sm-5"> <div class="left-content-first-line icon-container mobile-collapse-button"> <div class="page-name-block underline-begin sibling-name-block"> <div class="page-name-block-text"> Volumes <a class="left-content-expand-button"><i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-hover-icon on-focus-arrow-down-black"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mobile-collapse-content"> <a href="/AMM.922" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 922</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 921</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.920" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 920</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.919" class="normal-large-text icon-container active-element active"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 919</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.918" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 918</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.917" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 917</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.916" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 916</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.915" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 915</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.914" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 914</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.913" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 913</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.912" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 912</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.911" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 911</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.910" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Applied Mechanics and Materials <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">Vol. 910</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="right-content col-md-8 col-sm-7 col-xs-12"> <div class="bread-crumbs hidden-xs"> <a class="bread-crumbs-first" href="/">Home</a><i class="inline-icon arrow-breadcrumbs"></i><a class="bread-crumbs-first" href="/AMM">Applied Mechanics and Materials</a><i class="inline-icon arrow-breadcrumbs"></i><span class="bread-crumbs-second">Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919</span></div> <div class="page-name-block underline-begin"> <h1 class="page-name-block-text">Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919</h1> </div> <div class="clearfix title-details"> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>DOI:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.4028/v-iaGm39">https://doi.org/10.4028/v-iaGm39</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="titleMarcXmlLink" style="display: none" class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Export:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="/AMM.919/marc.xml">MARCXML</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>ToC:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="/AMM.919_toc.pdf">Table of Contents</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="volume-tabs"> </div> <div class=""> <div class="volume-papers-page"> <div class="block-search-pagination clearfix"> <div class="block-search-volume"> <input id="paper-search" type="search" placeholder="Search" maxlength="65"> </div> <div class="pagination-container"><ul class="pagination"><li class="active"><span>1</span></li><li><a href="/AMM.919/2">2</a></li><li><a href="/AMM.919/3">3</a></li><li class="PagedList-skipToNext"><a href="/AMM.919/2" rel="next">></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="block-volume-title normal-text-gray"> <p> Paper Title <span>Page</span> </p> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.-1">Preface</a> </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.3">Investigation on Influence of Die Electric Medium in Electrical Discharge Machining of Monel 400 Alloy</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Madhanagopal Manoharan, Sudalai Perumal, Arivendhan Ajithram, S. Dinesh Kumar, J. Ekanthamoorthy </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock597478" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional thermal energy based erosive process, which primarily applied for machining hard materials. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness are the response parameters used to characterize the dielectric nature of the machined surface in EDM process. Addition of ingredients in the dielectric fluid improves the properties of fluid for better machining of the samples. The dielectric fluid medium plays a key role in controlling the electrical discharge and heat absorption, thereby removes the debris and cools the work piece during the machining process. In the current study, comprehensive work is done by investigating the effect of different dielectric fluid medium on machining parameters of EDM process with the addition of different powders in the dielectric fluid, which results in high precise and better topography in the machined part surface. Addition of powders such as Titanium (Ti), Silicon (Si), Graphite (Gr), Copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in dielectric fluid increases the convection property in the work piece tool interaction with increase in the micro-hardness of material. This work analyses the performance study of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of Monel 400 alloys, which can be improved by adding metallic powder into the dielectric medium. Material Removal Rate (MRR) is measured in the samples machined out of EDM process. In addition, Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array is formulated for conducting machining in a sequential order to understand the implications of machined process parameters on the material removal rate over different dielectric mediums. It is found that the Aluminium oxide, graphite powder mix with EDM oil gives better material removal rate and less machining time. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu powders in the dielectric fluid provides better machinability response parameters. But it is preferable to parts with high slenderness ratio especially holes. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock597478', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 3 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.11">Experimental Analysis of Cryogenic-Treated Single Tubular Electrodes in Micro-EDM Using CRITIC-MOORA Based Integrated Approach</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Nivin Vincent, Franklin R. John </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock597535" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: The current research focuses on the viability of rotating, single tubular brass electrodes undergoing shallow cryogenic treatment (at -140掳C) before micro-drilling austenitic stainless steel SS316L with the electrical discharge machining process. In order to study and achieve a better rate of material removal and a lower rate of electrode wear, the Taguchi L18 experimental matrix representing the four variables, current, duty cycle, capacitance level, and gap voltage was examined. Regular tap water served as the dielectric fluid to uphold the sustainability concept of the machining experiments and an integrated hybrid approach incorporating CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weight determination method and MOORA (multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis) was applied for decision making. The weight fractions (significance) for MRR and EWR were found to be 0.5532 and 0.4467, respectively and the MOORA method converted multiple objective parameters into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each of them. An ideal parameter combination highlighting the dominant significance of duty cycle, pulse current, capacitance level and gap voltage with corresponding values of 70%-18A-1-34V was obtained and the results were substantiated with relevant confirmation experiments. The highest MRR achieved is 10.0961 mm鲁/min and the lowest EWR is found to be 3.9640 mm鲁/min. Moreover, the electrode tip regions, the micro holes, and the surrounding workpiece surfaces were also thoughtfully scrutinized and contrasted using scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which validates the worth and significance of cryogenically frozen electrodes in successful micro-drilling of SS316L material. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock597535', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 11 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.21">Multi-Objective Parametric Optimization of Micro-Electro Discharge Machining of Hastelloy C276 Super Alloy Using Response Surface Methodology and Particle Swarm Optimization</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: M. Parthiban, M. Harinath, V.S.S. Krishaanth, B. Logesh, Ahamed N.J. Musthak </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock599454" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: The need for the application of superalloys in aerospace industries in recent years has increased owing to its benefits such as extensive load-bearing capability under high temperatures. Hastelloy is one such superalloy that is extensively utilized in the aerospace sector because of its good corrosion and heat resistance among the other nickel-based superalloys. In this work, the investigation is conducted to understand the effects of input process parameters such as voltage, pulse off time (Toff), and pulse on time (Ton) on the response variables, namely Material removal rate (MRR), Tool wear rate (TWR), Overcut (OC), and Taper Ratio (TR) during micro-EDM of Hastelloy C276. For micro drilling the Hastelloy C276 material, a copper electrode with a diameter of 0.5 mm is utilized. To investigate the connections between the input and output characteristics, a technique known as the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which is a collection of mathematical and statistical methodologies, is applied. The experimental runs are carried out with the help of the RSM-based Box-Behnken design (BBD). The experimental outcomes were computed, and ANOVA was used to identify the most influential variables. In addition, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was utilized to optimize the results, which were compared to the Response surface methodology approach. The outcomes of the PSO-optimized results revealed a strong correlation between expected and experimental outcomes over the RSM approach. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock599454', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 21 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.33">Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Hydroxide from Cockle Shell Waste via Sol-Gel Method: Effect of HCl Concentration</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Zainatul Sakinah Ramli, Norliyana Mohd Salleh, Tuti Katrina Abdullah, Suhaina Ismail, Syazana Ahmad Zubir </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock595165" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Continuous cockle shell dumping in open areas has become a global problem which generate major environmental issues. The conversion of the wastes into value-added products is highly desirable and economic. This work aimed to investigate the influence of sol-gel processing parameter on the properties of the synthesized calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>). In this study, cockle shell waste was used as calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) precursor in the preparation of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> via sol-gel method and the processing parameter varied was hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M). The cockle shell based CaCO<sub>3</sub> and the prepared Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-Red (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), X-ray fluorescent (XRF) and particle size analyzer (PSA). The XRD analysis indicates that the calcium carbonate obtained from cockle shell was mainly in the form of aragonite polymorph. Upon sol-gel processing, the analysis of the sample shows the presence of portlandite and small traces of aragonite in all samples suggesting an incomplete reaction of the hydrolysis process. Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>powder prepared using 1M HCl yields the smallest particle size. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock595165', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 33 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.41">Reprocessable and Recyclable Self-Healing Natural Rubber/Carbon Black Composite Based on Metal Thiolate Ionic Network</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Lai Mei Fen, Raa Khimi Shuib </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock591898" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Reprocessable and recyclable self-healing rubber composites were fabricated by mixing natural rubber (NR) with carbon black (CB) filler in the presence of zinc thiolate (ZT) to form the ionic association in the rubber system. This work investigated and compared the unfilled and natural rubber filled with 5phr of carbon black. The recycling process was repeated three times, and the mechanical performance was measured each time. Tensile strength was increased by more than 430% for unfilled rubber and 520% for NR/5CB composites after the third recycling process. Tear strength was also increased with the number of the recycling process. According to a welding test ability, the developed materials showed potential for repair. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that as the recycling number increased, the white spot of ZT responsible for generating the ionic network reduced as more ZT was converted into Zn<sup>2+ </sup>salt bonding. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock591898', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 41 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.51">Cellulose-Based Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as an Alternative Filler for Latex Application: A Review</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Nuur Syuhada Dzulkafly, Anson Teh Tian Loke, A. Rashid Azura </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock594911" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Cellulose is a natural polymer with good properties that have caught researchers' attention to utilize these natural resources' potential. Cellulose also has been widely used as an alternative filler to replace inorganic filler in polymer composites. This review discussed the extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This review focused on the OPEFB due to the emergence of palm oil plantations which creates a high amount of biomass, whereas OPEFB is one of the major contributors. The utilization of cellulose application in the polymer focused on alternative fillers in latex application. The postulate crosslink mechanism in latex films is also described to highlight the potential of OPEFB as fillers in latex application. The utilization of OPEFB cellulose has the potential to be explore as bio-fillers with also impact the crosslinks mechanism in latex system which can improved the properties in latex composites. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock594911', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 51 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.57">A Review on Methods of Cenosphere Separation from Fly Ash</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Abu Dzar Johar, Hassan Mohamed, Zarina Itam, Nazirul Mubin Zahari, Zakaria Che Muda, Agusril Syamsir, Salmia Beddu, Mohd Hafiz Zawawi, Mahyun Zainoodin, Shaikh Muhammad Mubin, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock591879" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Cenospheres are valuable material contained inside the fly ash. Its low weight, low density, and high strength made it very versatile and can be used in various fields. The way of separating the cenosphere from the fly ash consists of two categories, wet and dry separation. For wet separation, it involves submerging the fly ash inside a mixture made either by pure acetone, pure water, or a mixture of water and acetone with different mixing ratios before stirring the mixture. The cenospheres, floating on top of the mix due to low density, can be collected and dried. The dry separation technique involves putting the fly ash into a cyclone separator at a constant velocity. The fly ash will then move into the bottom of the cyclone. Particles can also be separated by diameter sizes by sieving. By manipulating various parameters, cenosphere yield may differ. This paper is written to help gain more understanding on cenosphere properties and its separation method. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock591879', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 57 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.67">Transforming Carbide Lime Waste into Marketable PCC: Effect of Mechanical Disturbance</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Emee Marina Salleh, Rohaya Othman, Siti Noorzidah Mohd Sabri, Zawawi Mahim </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock590725" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: The acetylene market is anticipated to be driven by the growing applications across numerous industries particularly chemical synthesis, oxy-acetylene welding, and metal cutting. Attributable to wide-range uses, acetylene witnesses stable growth in the global market. However, the production of acetylene results in increasing generation of carbide lime waste that is classified as a scheduled waste under Malaysian Environmental Quality Act: EQA 1974 (SW427) due to its high alkalinity. The rising amount of the waste has warranted the need for repurposing its usage to avert handling and disposal difficulties. In overcoming this crucial environmental issue, the carbide lime waste was transformed into a more marketable product so-called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) via feasible carbonation, promoted using natural sucrose solution. During the carbonation process, stirring rate was manipulated (i.e 300, 500, 700 and 1000 rpm) in investigating its effects on the PCC formation. Increasing the mechanical disturbance resulted in significant time reduction from 28 minutes to only 9 minutes and particle refinement. The production of PCC with purity above 98% suggested that the carbide lime waste was successfully transformed into high-grade PCC, which not only may help in preserving environmental sustainability yet can also offer profitable return to industry. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock590725', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 67 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/AMM.919.73">Characterisation of Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) at a Water Treatment Plant in Melaka</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Abdul Rafeq Saleman, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Al Amin Mohamed Sultan, Umar Al Amani Azlan, Muhammad Zulfattah Zakaria </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock590997" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a by-product produced in the process of water treatment plants (WTP). It is estimated that an ordinary WTP produces over 10,000 tonnes of WTS per day, which has become a major concern in the management of WTS. Numerous previous studies have been accomplished to determine a safe disposal method and the potential reuse of WTS. In most investigations, material characterisation was the adopted method. It is known that each WTP produces different chemical composition of WTS according to raw water intake and the treatment process. The aim of this paper is to examine the chemical composition of WTS in the WTP at Melaka. The WTS sample is collected from WTP after the pressing process, where large amounts of water have been removed. The sample is tested using the Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The SEM-EDX results revealed that by weight percentage (%), WTS contains zirconium (Zr) (28 to 46%), oxygen (28 to 40%) and carbon (7 to 26%). Aluminium and silicon have weight percentages ranging from 7 to 8%. The outcomes are then confirmed by XRD, which showed the high intensity of Zr and 伪-Zr at approximately 35.3 and 36.1. of <i>2胃</i>. Based on these findings, the suitable and potential reuse of WTS would be the extraction of Zr. However, further research is required to verify the consistency of Zr in WTS. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock590997', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 73 </div> </div> <div class="block-bottom-pagination"> <div class="pager-info"> <p>Showing 1 to 10 of 21 Paper Titles</p> </div> <div class="pagination-container"><ul class="pagination"><li class="active"><span>1</span></li><li><a href="/AMM.919/2">2</a></li><li><a href="/AMM.919/3">3</a></li><li class="PagedList-skipToNext"><a href="/AMM.919/2" rel="next">></a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="social-icon-popup"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="sc-footer"> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-menu col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <ul class="list-inline menu-font"> <li><a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/insights" target="_blank">Insights</a></li> <li><a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/PolicyAndEthics/PublishingPolicies">Policy & Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Imprint">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/Conferences">All Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/special-issues">All Special Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/news/all">All News</a></li> <li><a href="/read-and-publish-agreements">Read & Publish Agreements</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-copyright"> <p> © 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For open access content, terms of the Creative Commons licensing CC-BY are applied. <br />Scientific.Net is a registered trademark of Trans Tech Publications Ltd. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="scrollTop inline-icon scroll-top-icon" href="#" style="display: none"></a> </div> <script src="/Scripts/public.min.js?v=BtSq2PJEHRTW2PekpQGgIQKs7-OSPiKhsoI9rMs6kTU"></script> <script> $(function () { $("#paper-search").autocomplete({ minLength: 1, source: '/Title/Search?kurzel=AMM&volumeBegin=919&volumeEnd=919', delay: 200, select: function (event, ui) { window.location.href = ui.item.url; } }); }); </script> <script asp-render-component-scripts> $(function () { $.get("/Title/ShowMarcXmlLink") .done(function (showMarcXmlLink) { if (showMarcXmlLink) { $("#titleMarcXmlLink").show(); } }); }); Scinet.public = (function () { function loadCartInfo(onLoad) { var formatCartItemCount = function (count) { var format = (count > 1 || count === 0) ? "{0} items" : "{0} item"; $("#cartInfoTotalItemsCount").html(Scinet.stringFormat(format, count)); }, cookieCartItemCount = Cookies.get("Scinet5.CartItemsCount"); if (onLoad && cookieCartItemCount != null) { formatCartItemCount(parseInt(cookieCartItemCount, 10)); } else { $.ajax({ url: "/Cart/GetItemsCount", cache: false }) .done( function (count) { Cookies.set("Scinet5.CartItemsCount", count, { domain: ".scientific.net", secure: true }); formatCartItemCount(count); }); } } return { loadCartInfo: loadCartInfo }; })(); $(function () { Scinet.public.loadCartInfo(true); $("[data-add-book-to-cart]").on("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(this).data("add-book-to-cart"); console.log(data); var url = "/Cart/AddBook"; $.post(url, data) .done( function () { Scinet.public.loadCartInfo(); $("#addToCart").modal(); }) .fail( function (xhr) { Scinet.error(xhr.responseText); }); }) }); </script> <script> var $buoop = { required: { e: 11, f: -6, o: -6, s: -3, c: -6 }, insecure: false, unsupported: false, api: 2019.11, reminder: 0, onshow: function () { window.browserUpdateOutdated = true; } }; function $buo_f() { var e = document.createElement("script"); e.src = "//browser-update.org/update.min.js"; document.body.appendChild(e); }; try { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", $buo_f, false) } catch (e) { window.attachEvent("onload", $buo_f) } </script>   <script> window.clientErrorLogActionUrl = "/Errors/LogClientError"; </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 919 | Scientific.Net