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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Low tide zone (lower littoral)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_tide_zone_(lower_littoral)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بحر وحلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر وحلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-phi%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Hái-phiâⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-phiâⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ज्वारभाटा क्षेत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्वारभाटा क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Интертидална зона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интертидална зона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_marees" title="Zona de marees – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona de marees" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidevandszone" title="Tidevandszone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidevandszone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_(K%C3%BCste)" title="Watt (Küste) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Watt (Küste)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulitoraal" title="Eulitoraal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eulitoraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_intermareal" title="Zona intermareal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zona intermareal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vado" title="Vado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marearteko_zona" title="Marearteko zona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marearteko zona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پهنه میان‌کشندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهنه میان‌کشندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estran" title="Estran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crios_idirthaoideach" title="Crios idirthaoideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crios idirthaoideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B0%84%EB%8C%80" title="조간대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조간대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_intertidal" title="Zona intertidal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zona intertidal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_mesolitorale" title="Piano mesolitorale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piano mesolitorale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ваттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ваттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B2n_ent%C3%A8tidal" title="Zòn entètidal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zòn entètidal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ваттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ваттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%8D" title="വേലിത്തട്ടു് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേലിത്തട്ടു്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon_pasang_surut" title="Zon pasang surut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zon pasang surut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergetijdengebied" title="Intergetijdengebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intergetijdengebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidevannssone" title="Tidevannssone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidevannssone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_p%C5%82yw%C3%B3w" title="Strefa pływów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa pływów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_entremar%C3%A9s" title="Zona entremarés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona entremarés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon%C4%83_tidal%C4%83" title="Zonă tidală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zonă tidală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තර්-උදම් කලාපය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තර්-උදම් කලාපය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Intertidal zone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibavi%C4%8Dni_pas" title="Bibavični pas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bibavični pas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelgit_b%C3%B6lgesi" title="Gelgit bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gelgit bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_gian_tri%E1%BB%81u" title="Vùng gian triều – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng gian triều" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">Intertidal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of coast exposed only at low tide</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For the area in Cape Town, South Africa, see <a href="/wiki/Foreshore,_Cape_Town" title="Foreshore, Cape Town">Foreshore, Cape Town</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Intertidal_zone" title="Special:EditPage/Intertidal zone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Intertidal+zone%22">"Intertidal zone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Intertidal+zone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Intertidal+zone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Intertidal+zone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Intertidal+zone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Intertidal+zone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg/290px-Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg/435px-Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg/580px-Coastal_vegetation_zones_at_St_Malo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The rocky shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, northwestern France, with a stripe of the black lichen <i><a href="/wiki/Hydropunctaria_maura" title="Hydropunctaria maura">Hydropunctaria maura</a></i> at the high tide line</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Seamount">Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template talk:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>intertidal zone</b> or <b>foreshore</b> is the area above <a href="/wiki/Water_level" title="Water level">water level</a> at low <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a>. This area can include several types of <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitats</a> with various species of <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">life</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Seastars" class="mw-redirect" title="Seastars">sea stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, and many species of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> with regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">seashore</a></i>, although those can be defined as a wider region. </p><p>The intertidal zone also includes steep rocky <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a>, sandy <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> (e.g., vast <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>). This area can be a narrow strip, such as in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific island">Pacific islands</a> that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The <b>peritidal zone</b> is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels of <a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">interspecific competition</a> and the rapidly changing conditions that come with the <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many different <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelenterata" title="Coelenterata">Coelenterata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>, etc.). </p><p>The water that comes with the tides can vary from <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish waters</a>, fresh with <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, to highly <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saline</a> and dry <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, with drying between tidal inundations. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">Wave</a> splash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> can range from very hot with full <a href="/wiki/Sunshine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine">sunshine</a> to near freezing in colder climates. Some <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptations</a> in the littoral zone allow the utilization of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significant <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, and the littoral zone is a prime example. </p><p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shore</a> can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone#Supralittoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">supratidal zone</a>), which is above the <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring high-tide line</a> and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along most <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shores</a>, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Marine_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biome">marine biomes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Profundal_zone" title="Profundal zone">deep zones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zonation">Zonation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Zonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg/170px-Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg/255px-Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg/340px-Tide_pools_at_Pillar_Point_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3512" /></a><figcaption>Tide pools at Pillar Point showing zonation on the edge of the rock ledge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg/170px-Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg/255px-Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg/340px-Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>A rock, seen at low tide, exhibiting typical intertidal zonation, Kalaloch, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, western United States.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biologist">Marine biologists</a> divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on the <a href="/wiki/Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">splash zone</a> (the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy <a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">wave action</a>, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone. </p><p>Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pools</a> form in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">quicksand</a> may form.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_tide_zone_(lower_littoral)"><span id="Low_tide_zone_.28lower_littoral.29"></span>Low tide zone (lower littoral)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Low tide zone (lower littoral)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a>. There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area are <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_seaweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown seaweed">brown seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroid_(zoology)" title="Hydroid (zoology)">hydroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpin" title="Sculpin">sculpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Holothuroidea">sea cucumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lettuce" title="Sea lettuce">sea lettuce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea palm">sea palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllospadix_scouleri" title="Phyllospadix scouleri">surf grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_worm_(body_plan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube worm (body plan)">tube worms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelks</a>. Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there is more available <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> in the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to reach the vegetation to allow substantial <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> activity, and the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> is at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from large <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> such as fish because of the wave action and the relatively shallow water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal fish">Intertidal fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg/220px-Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg/330px-Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg/440px-Pteropurpura_trialata_is_laying_the_eggs_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> tide pool in the low tide zone</figcaption></figure> <p>The intertidal region is an important model system for the study of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it is possible to watch <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a> over years rather than decades. </p><p>The burrowing <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> that make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such as the high tide strand and the water table outcrop. </p><p>Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shoreline <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> from high intensity waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopods">isopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, and many marine <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelks</a>. Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of the intertidal zones.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologydictionary.net/intertidal-zone-facts/">.</a> Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine" title="Public trust doctrine">Public trust doctrine</a></div> <p>As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example is the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy</a>. In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as the <i>wet-sand area</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard,_USA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG/220px-Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG/330px-Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG/440px-Fishing_South_Beach_-_early_morning_low_tide_-_Katama_during_fishing_derby_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard%2C_USA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Beach fishing in <a href="/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts" title="Edgartown, Massachusetts">Edgartown, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For privately owned beaches in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, some states such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> use the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to the zone between low and high water. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, with exceptions for what are termed <i>several fisheries</i>, which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a>'s time or earlier, and the <a href="/wiki/Udal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Udal Law">Udal Law</a>, which applies generally in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the "usually maximum winter waves" and of course not to exceptional cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half the shoreline is owned by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> and West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlund_de_la_Torre-Castro_Erlandsson_Conand_2013_pp._1006–1019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlund_de_la_Torre-Castro_Erlandsson_Conand_2013_pp._1006–1019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward the ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:July_12,_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore,_Maryland_(9324594954).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg/220px-July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg/330px-July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg/440px-July_12%2C_2013_-_Assateague_Island_National_Seashore%2C_Maryland_%289324594954%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Nutrition (<a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophic</a>) Pollution in Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland</figcaption></figure> <p>Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated with <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human-induced environmental impacts</a>. A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists include <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overharvesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat destruction is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CornishMussels.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mussels in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England"><img alt="Mussels in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/220px-CornishMussels.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/330px-CornishMussels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CornishMussels.JPG/440px-CornishMussels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mussels in the intertidal zone in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CornishBarnacles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Barnacles and limpets in the intertidal zone near Newquay, Cornwall, England."><img alt="Barnacles and limpets in the intertidal zone near Newquay, Cornwall, England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CornishBarnacles.JPG/220px-CornishBarnacles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CornishBarnacles.JPG/330px-CornishBarnacles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CornishBarnacles.JPG/440px-CornishBarnacles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacles">Barnacles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Limpets">limpets</a> in the intertidal zone near Newquay, Cornwall, England.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tidal pool in the intertidal zone during low tide, Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa"><img alt="A tidal pool in the intertidal zone during low tide, Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/220px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/330px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg/440px-Micro-climate_on_rock_at_Sunrise-on-_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Tidal_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal pool">tidal pool</a> in the intertidal zone during low tide, Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unexplained crumbs of sand that appear to have been deposited around stone by escaping air"><img alt="Unexplained crumbs of sand that appear to have been deposited around stone by escaping air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg/220px-Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg/330px-Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg/440px-Life_around_stone_at_Sunrise-on-Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unexplained crumbs of sand that appear to have been deposited around stone by escaping air</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussels_Dalian.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocks in intertidal zone completely covered by mussels, at Bangchuidao Scenic Area, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China"><img alt="Rocks in intertidal zone completely covered by mussels, at Bangchuidao Scenic Area, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mussels_Dalian.JPG/220px-Mussels_Dalian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mussels_Dalian.JPG/330px-Mussels_Dalian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mussels_Dalian.JPG/440px-Mussels_Dalian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rocks in intertidal zone completely covered by mussels, at Bangchuidao Scenic Area, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Province">Liaoning Province</a>, China</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballantine Scale">Ballantine Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" title="Ecological forecasting">Ecological forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral series">Littoral series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NaGISA" title="NaGISA">NaGISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShoreZone" title="ShoreZone">Shorezone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidelands" title="Tidelands">Tidelands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/intertidal-zone.html">"What is the intertidal zone?"</a>. <i>oceanservice.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Intertidal+Zone%3F&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-the-intertidal-zone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/feb/12/thisweekssciencequestions">"Why is Morecambe Bay so dangerous?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2004-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+is+Morecambe+Bay+so+dangerous%3F&rft.date=2004-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2004%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fthisweekssciencequestions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/intertidal-zone/">"Intertidal Zone"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society</i>. 2019-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Intertidal+Zone&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fintertidal-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/sp02/sp02u1p3.pdf">"Intertidal Ecology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USF College of Marine Science. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intertidal+Ecology&rft.pub=USF+College+of+Marine+Science&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marine.usf.edu%2Fpjocean%2Fpackets%2Fsp02%2Fsp02u1p3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_Marx2024" class="citation news cs1">Willem Marx (September 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/09/14/nx-s1-5106125/an-eu-law-upsets-local-tradition-on-italys-beaches">"An EU law upsets local tradition on Italy's beaches"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+EU+law+upsets+local+tradition+on+Italy%27s+beaches&rft.date=2024-09-14&rft.au=Willem+Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F09%2F14%2Fnx-s1-5106125%2Fan-eu-law-upsets-local-tradition-on-italys-beaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordlund_de_la_Torre-Castro_Erlandsson_Conand_2013_pp._1006–1019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordlund_de_la_Torre-Castro_Erlandsson_Conand_2013_pp._1006–1019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlundde_la_Torre-CastroErlandssonConand2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nordlund, Lina Mtwana; de la Torre-Castro, Maricela; Erlandsson, Johan; et al. (2013-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235897">"Intertidal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean: Assessing Current Status and Future Possibilities Using Expert Opinions"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. <b>43</b> (8): 1006–1019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-013-0465-8">10.1007/s13280-013-0465-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447">0044-7447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235897">4235897</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375399">24375399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Intertidal+Zone+Management+in+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%3A+Assessing+Current+Status+and+Future+Possibilities+Using+Expert+Opinions&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1006-1019&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235897%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0044-7447&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24375399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13280-013-0465-8&rft.aulast=Nordlund&rft.aufirst=Lina+Mtwana&rft.au=de+la+Torre-Castro%2C+Maricela&rft.au=Erlandsson%2C+Johan&rft.au=Conand%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Muthiga%2C+Nyawira&rft.au=Jiddawi%2C+Narriman&rft.au=Gullstr%C3%B6m%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/climate-change-impacts-intertidal-zone-populations/">"Climate Change Impacts on Intertidal Zone Populations"</a>. <i>NCCOS Coastal Science Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCCOS+Coastal+Science+Website&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Impacts+on+Intertidal+Zone+Populations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoastalscience.noaa.gov%2Fproject%2Fclimate-change-impacts-intertidal-zone-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlundde_la_Torre-CastroErlandssonConand2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nordlund, Lina Mtwana; de la Torre-Castro, Maricela; Erlandsson, Johan; Conand, Chantal; Muthiga, Nyawira; Jiddawi, Narriman; Gullström, Martin (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235897">"Intertidal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean: Assessing Current Status and Future Possibilities Using Expert Opinions"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. <b>43</b> (8): 1006–1019. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Ambio..43.1006N">2014Ambio..43.1006N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-013-0465-8">10.1007/s13280-013-0465-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447">0044-7447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235897">4235897</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375399">24375399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Intertidal+Zone+Management+in+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%3A+Assessing+Current+Status+and+Future+Possibilities+Using+Expert+Opinions&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1006-1019&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235897%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Ambio..43.1006N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24375399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13280-013-0465-8&rft.issn=0044-7447&rft.aulast=Nordlund&rft.aufirst=Lina+Mtwana&rft.au=de+la+Torre-Castro%2C+Maricela&rft.au=Erlandsson%2C+Johan&rft.au=Conand%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Muthiga%2C+Nyawira&rft.au=Jiddawi%2C+Narriman&rft.au=Gullstr%C3%B6m%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntertidal+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/intertidal_zone/">Watch the online documentary <i>The Intertidal Zone</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> subtropical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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