Google Testing Blog: July 2019

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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='2097440038165971468' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html' itemprop='url' title='Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests'> Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Monday, July 08, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Chris Povirk, Java Core Libraries<br /> <br /> <i>(originally posted to the <a href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html">Google Open Source Blog</a>)</i><br /> <br /> Software testing is important—and sometimes frustrating. The frustration can come from working on innately hard domains, like concurrency, but too often it comes from a thousand small cuts:<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertEquals("<span style="color: #0f9d58;">Message has been sent</span>", getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)); assertTrue( getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>));</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> The two assertions above test <i>almost</i> the same thing, but they are structured differently. The difference in <i>structure</i> makes it hard to identify the difference in <i>what's being tested</i>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> A better way to structure these assertions is to use a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface">fluent API</a>:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT)) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> A fluent API naturally leads to other advantages:<br /> <ul> <li>IDE autocompletion can suggest assertions that fit the value under test, including rich operations like <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">containsExactly(permission.SEND_SMS, permission.READ_SMS)</span>.</li> <li>Failure messages can include the value under test and the expected result. Contrast this with the <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertTrue</span> call above, which lacks a failure message entirely.</li> </ul> <div> Google's fluent assertion library for Java and Android is <a href="https://truth.dev/">Truth</a>. We're happy to announce that we've released <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/releases/tag/release_1_0">Truth 1.0</a>, which stabilizes our API after years of fine-tuning.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s1600/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="813" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s640/image1.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> Truth started in 2011 as a Googler's personal open source project. Later, it was donated back to Google and cultivated by the Java Core Libraries team, the people who bring you <a href="https://github.com/google/guava">Guava</a>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> You might already be familiar with assertion libraries like <a href="https://github.com/hamcrest/JavaHamcrest">Hamcrest</a> and <a href="https://joel-costigliola.github.io/assertj/">AssertJ</a>, which provide similar features. We've designed Truth to have a simpler API and more readable failure messages. For example, here's a failure message from AssertJ:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">java.lang.AssertionError: Expecting: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]> to contain exactly in any order: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> elements not found: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> and elements not expected: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]></span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /> And here's the equivalent message from Truth:<br /> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">value of: iterable.onlyElement() expected: year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 but was: year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> For more details, read our <a href="https://truth.dev/comparison">comparison of the libraries</a>, and <a href="https://truth.dev/#how-to-use-truth">try Truth</a> for yourself.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Also, if you're developing for Android, try <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals#assertions">AndroidX Test</a>. It includes Truth <a href="https://truth.dev/extension">extensions</a> that make assertions even easier to write and failure messages even clearer:</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_BIG_TEXT) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> Coming soon: Kotlin users of Truth can look forward to <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/572">Kotlin-specific</a> <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/536">enhancements</a>.</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> By Chris Povirk, Java Core Libraries<br /> <br /> <i>(originally posted to the <a href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html">Google Open Source Blog</a>)</i><br /> <br /> Software testing is important—and sometimes frustrating. The frustration can come from working on innately hard domains, like concurrency, but too often it comes from a thousand small cuts:<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertEquals("<span style="color: #0f9d58;">Message has been sent</span>", getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)); assertTrue( getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>));</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> The two assertions above test <i>almost</i> the same thing, but they are structured differently. The difference in <i>structure</i> makes it hard to identify the difference in <i>what's being tested</i>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> A better way to structure these assertions is to use a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface">fluent API</a>:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_BIG_TEXT)) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(getString(notification, EXTRA_TEXT)) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /> <br /> A fluent API naturally leads to other advantages:<br /> <ul> <li>IDE autocompletion can suggest assertions that fit the value under test, including rich operations like <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">containsExactly(permission.SEND_SMS, permission.READ_SMS)</span>.</li> <li>Failure messages can include the value under test and the expected result. Contrast this with the <span style="color: #0f9d58; font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertTrue</span> call above, which lacks a failure message entirely.</li> </ul> <div> Google's fluent assertion library for Java and Android is <a href="https://truth.dev/">Truth</a>. We're happy to announce that we've released <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/releases/tag/release_1_0">Truth 1.0</a>, which stabilizes our API after years of fine-tuning.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s1600/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="813" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0882nWja4Q4m3O08xb4HkZcGh8jzSMjG0b-5dyF5Khs37yoGiY6N5m1NZ4g3BGqDOd7I_RDXVqyzmcROPLL-8TaBsCf_7Zn2vYJ6Lzt4yfs_YmzWtfk_81DIbFq0SdMLuKaz/s640/image1.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> Truth started in 2011 as a Googler's personal open source project. Later, it was donated back to Google and cultivated by the Java Core Libraries team, the people who bring you <a href="https://github.com/google/guava">Guava</a>.<br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div> You might already be familiar with assertion libraries like <a href="https://github.com/hamcrest/JavaHamcrest">Hamcrest</a> and <a href="https://joel-costigliola.github.io/assertj/">AssertJ</a>, which provide similar features. We've designed Truth to have a simpler API and more readable failure messages. For example, here's a failure message from AssertJ:</div> </div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">java.lang.AssertionError: Expecting: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]> to contain exactly in any order: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> elements not found: <[year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 ]> and elements not expected: <[year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 ]></span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /> And here's the equivalent message from Truth:<br /> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">value of: iterable.onlyElement() expected: year: 2019 month: 6 day: 30 but was: year: 2019 month: 7 day: 15 </span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> For more details, read our <a href="https://truth.dev/comparison">comparison of the libraries</a>, and <a href="https://truth.dev/#how-to-use-truth">try Truth</a> for yourself.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Also, if you're developing for Android, try <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals#assertions">AndroidX Test</a>. It includes Truth <a href="https://truth.dev/extension">extensions</a> that make assertions even easier to write and failure messages even clearer:</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <br /></div> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="my-bordered-table" style="width: 613px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="background-color: #e0e0e0; vertical-align: top; width: 607px;"><pre style="background-color: #e0e0e0; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "consolas" , "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_BIG_TEXT) .isEqualTo(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Message has been sent"</span>); assertThat(notification).extras().<span style="color: #9c27b0;">string</span>(EXTRA_TEXT) .contains(<span style="color: #0f9d58;">"Kurt Kluever <kak@google.com>"</span>);</span></pre> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /> Coming soon: Kotlin users of Truth can look forward to <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/572">Kotlin-specific</a> <a href="https://github.com/google/truth/issues/536">enhancements</a>.</div> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <br /></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Truth 1.0: Fluent Assertions for Java and Android Tests&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/truth-10-fluent-assertions-for-java-and.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' 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class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(39)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/'> 2008 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(75)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2008/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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Google Testing Blog: July 2019