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mw-editable page-กรดยูริก rootpage-กรดยูริก skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">ข้ามไปเนื้อหา</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เมนูหลัก" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เมนูหลัก</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เมนูหลัก</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การนำทาง </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="เยี่ยมชมหน้าหลัก [z]" accesskey="z"><span>หน้าหลัก</span></a></li><li id="n-ask" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1"><span>ถามคำถาม</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ค้นหาข้อมูลเบื้องหลังในเหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน"><span>เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="โหลดหน้าแบบสุ่ม [x]" accesskey="x"><span>สุ่มบทความ</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ทำความรู้จักวิกิพีเดีย"><span>เกี่ยวกับวิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="วิธีการติดต่อวิกิพีเดีย"><span>ติดต่อเรา</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div 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src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="สารานุกรมเสรี" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-th.svg" width="100" height="18" style="width: 6.25em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ค้นหา</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-สภาพทางเคมี" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#สภาพทางเคมี"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>สภาพทางเคมี</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-สภาพทางเคมี-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle สภาพทางเคมี subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-สภาพทางเคมี-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-สภาพละลายได้" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#สภาพละลายได้"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>สภาพละลายได้</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-สภาพละลายได้-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ชีววิทยา" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ชีววิทยา"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ชีววิทยา</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ชีววิทยา-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-พันธุศาสตร์" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#พันธุศาสตร์"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>พันธุศาสตร์</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-พันธุศาสตร์-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การแพทย์และงานวิจัย" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การแพทย์และงานวิจัย"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>การแพทย์และงานวิจัย</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-การแพทย์และงานวิจัย-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle การแพทย์และงานวิจัย subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-การแพทย์และงานวิจัย-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-กรดยูริกสูง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#กรดยูริกสูง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>กรดยูริกสูง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-กรดยูริกสูง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-โรคเกาต์" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#โรคเกาต์"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>โรคเกาต์</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-โรคเกาต์-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย_(Tumor_lysis_syndrome)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย_(Tumor_lysis_syndrome)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย (Tumor lysis syndrome)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย_(Tumor_lysis_syndrome)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-โรคเบาหวานแบบ_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#โรคเบาหวานแบบ_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>โรคเบาหวานแบบ 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-โรคเบาหวานแบบ_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-กรดยูริกต่ำ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#กรดยูริกต่ำ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>กรดยูริกต่ำ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-กรดยูริกต่ำ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-เชิงอรรถ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#เชิงอรรถ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>เชิงอรรถ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-เชิงอรรถ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">กรดยูริก</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 63 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="حمض البول – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض البول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اوریک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мачавая кіслата – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мачавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пикочна киселина – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пикочна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="ইউরিক অ্যাসিড – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mokraćna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_%C3%BAric" title="Àcid úric – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid úric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_mo%C4%8Dov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina močová – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina močová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_wrig" title="Asid wrig – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid wrig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinsyre" title="Urinsyre – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urinsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harns%C3%A4ure" title="Harnsäure – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harnsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Ουρικό οξύ – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Uric acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureata_acido" title="Ureata acido – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ureata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido úrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusihape" title="Kusihape – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kusihape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_uriko" title="Azido uriko – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido uriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اوریک اسید – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtsahappo" title="Virtsahappo – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtsahappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_urique" title="Acide urique – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide urique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_%C3%BArach" title="Aigéad úrach – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad úrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido úrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid – เฮาซา" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Uric acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="เฮาซา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="חומצת שתן – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצת שתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="यूरिक अम्ल – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mokraćna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAgysav" title="Húgysav – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Húgysav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Միզաթթու – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միզաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_urat" title="Asam urat – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam urat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Evags%C3%BDra" title="Þvagsýra – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þvagsýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_urico" title="Acido urico – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido urico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="尿酸 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尿酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%82%B0" title="요산 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_uricum" title="Acidum uricum – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum uricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lapimo_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Šlapimo rūgštis – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šlapimo rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_urek" title="Asam urek – มีนังกาเบา" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Asam urek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="มีนังกาเบา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мочна киселина – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мочна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_urik" title="Asid urik – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid urik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miegs%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Miegsüür – เยอรมันต่ำ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Miegsüür" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันต่ำ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="युरिक अम्ल – เนปาล" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="เนปาล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinezuur" title="Urinezuur – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urinezuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinsyre" title="Urinsyre – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urinsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_uric" title="Acid uric – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid uric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_moczowy" title="Kwas moczowy – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas moczowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_%C3%BArico" title="Ácido úrico – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido úrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_uric" title="Acid uric – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid uric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мочевая кислота – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мочевая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Urična kiselina – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uric acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_mo%C4%8Dov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina močová – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina močová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C4%8Dna_kislina" title="Sečna kislina – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sečna kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinska_kiselina" title="Urinska kiselina – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Urinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_urat" title="Asam urat – ซุนดา" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam urat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ซุนดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinsyra" title="Urinsyra – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urinsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யூரிக் அமிலம் – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூரிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crik_asit" title="Ürik asit – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ürik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сечова кислота – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сечова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="یورک تیزاب – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورک تیزاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_uric" title="Acid uric – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid uric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asido_uriko" title="Asido uriko – วาเรย์" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asido uriko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="วาเรย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="尿酸 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尿酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="尿酸 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尿酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="尿酸 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尿酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105522#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&oldid=11904484" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&id=11904484&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uric_acid" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105522" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11180373">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox" style="width:22em;"> <caption>กรดยูริก </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/110px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/165px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/220px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Uric_acid3D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Uric_acid3D.png/110px-Uric_acid3D.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Uric_acid3D.png/165px-Uric_acid3D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Uric_acid3D.png/220px-Uric_acid3D.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG/180px-Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG/270px-Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG/360px-Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;">ผลึกของเกลือยูเรตในแสงโพลาไรซ์</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">ชื่อ </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preferred_IUPAC_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preferred IUPAC name (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">7,9-Dihydro-1<i>H</i>-purine-2,6,8(3<i>H</i>)-trione</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">ชื่ออื่น <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">2,6,8-Trioxypurine; 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine; 2,6,8-Trioxopurine; 1<i>H</i>-Purine-2,6,8-trione</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">เลขทะเบียน </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99_CAS" title="เลขทะเบียน CAS">เลขทะเบียน CAS</a></div> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69-93-2">69-93-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/w/index.php?title=JSmol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSmol (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactam (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">lactam</a> form: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1Nc2nc%28%3DO%29nc2C%28%3DO%29N1">รูปภาพแบบโต้ตอบ</a></span></li><li>intermediate form: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc0nc%28O%29nc1c0NC%28%3DO%29N1">รูปภาพแบบโต้ตอบ</a></span></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactim (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">lactim</a> form: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc0nc%28O%29nc1c0N%3DC%28O%29N1">รูปภาพแบบโต้ตอบ</a></span></li><li>urate monoanion: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc0nc%28O%29nc1c0N%3DC%28%5BO-%5D%29N1">รูปภาพแบบโต้ตอบ</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3DMet </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp/cgi/show_data.php?acc=B00094">B00094</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beilstein_database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beilstein database (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>156158 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChEBI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChEBI (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=27226">CHEBI:27226</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChEMBL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChEMBL (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL792">ChEMBL792</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เคมสไปเดอร์">เคมสไปเดอร์</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1142.html">1142</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ดรักแบงก์">ดรักแบงก์</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01696">DB01696</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECHA_InfoCard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECHA InfoCard (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.655">100.000.655</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105522#P2566" title="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ"><img alt="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Community_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Community number (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200-720-7</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPHAR/BPS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUPHAR/BPS (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&ligandId=4731">4731</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=KEGG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KEGG (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">KEGG</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00366">C00366</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Uric+Acid">Uric+Acid</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="ผับเคม">ผับเคม</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1175">1175</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unique_Ingredient_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">UNII</a> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/268B43MJ25">268B43MJ25</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3042508">DTXSID3042508</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105522#P3117" title="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ"><img alt="แก้ไขสิ่งนี้ที่วิกิสนเทศ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Chemical_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Chemical Identifier (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C5H4N4O3/c10-3-1-2(7-4(11)6-1)8-5(12)9-3/h5,12H,(H,9,10)(H,7,8,11)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: DZGSAURIFGGOJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactam (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">lactam</a> form: O=C1Nc2nc(=O)nc2C(=O)N1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">intermediate form: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0NC(=O)N1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactim (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">lactim</a> form: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0N=C(O)N1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">urate monoanion: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0N=C([O-])N1</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">คุณสมบัติ </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สูตรเคมี">สูตรเคมี</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>5</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="มวลโมเลกุล">มวลโมเลกุล</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002168112000000000♠"></span>168.112</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>ลักษณะทางกายภาพ </td> <td>ผลึกสีขาว </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7" title="จุดหลอมเหลว">จุดหลอมเหลว</a> </td> <td>300 องศาเซลเซียส (572 องศาฟาเรนไฮต์; 573 เคลวิน) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="สารละลายในน้ำ">ละลายในน้ำ</a></div> </td> <td>6 mg/100 mL (at 20 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_coefficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition coefficient (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−1.107 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PKa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PKa (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">pKa</a> </td> <td>5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ค่าคงที่การแตกตัวของกรด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Basicity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub>) </td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_susceptibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic susceptibility (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3004337999999999999♠"></span>−6.62<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">อุณหเคมี </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0" title="ความร้อนจำเพาะ">ความจุความร้อน</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(<i>C</i>)</span> </div> </td> <td>166.15 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> (at 24.0 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_molar_entropy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard molar entropy (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span> </div> </td> <td>173.2 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span> </div> </td> <td>−619.69 to −617.93 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Std enthalpy of<br />combustion</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:112%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">(Δ<sub>c</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span> </div> </td> <td>−1921.2 to −1919.56 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">หากมิได้ระบุเป็นอื่น ข้อมูลข้างต้นนี้คือข้อมูลสาร ณ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ภาวะมาตรฐาน">ภาวะมาตรฐานที่ 25 °C, 100 kPa</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">อ้างอิงกล่องข้อมูล</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>กรดยูริก</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">Uric acid</span>) เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="สารประกอบเฮเทอโรไซคลิก">สารประกอบเฮเทอโรไซคลิก</a> (heterocyclic) ที่มี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน">คาร์บอน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไนโตรเจน">ไนโตรเจน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ออกซิเจน">ออกซิเจน</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮโดรเจน">ไฮโดรเจน</a> โดยมี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สูตรเคมี">สูตรเคมี</a>เป็น C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub> มันมีรูปแบบทั้งเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ไอออน">ไอออน</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เกลือ">เกลือ</a>ที่เรียกว่าเกลือยูเรต (urate) และเกลือกรดยูเรต (acid urate) เช่น ammonium acid urate กรดยูริกเป็นผลของกระบวนการสลายทาง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="เมแทบอลิซึม">เมแทบอลิซึม</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวคลีโอไทด์">นิวคลีโอไทด์</a>คือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พิวรีน">พิวรีน</a> (purine) และเป็นองค์ประกอบปกติของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ปัสสาวะ">ปัสสาวะ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">การมีกรดยูริกในเลือดสูง</a>อาจทำให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์">โรคเกาต์</a> และสัมพันธ์กับโรคอื่น ๆ รวมทั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="โรคเบาหวาน">โรคเบาหวาน</a> และนิ่วใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="ไต">ไต</a>ที่เกิดจาก ammonium acid urate </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="สภาพทางเคมี"><span id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B5"></span>สภาพทางเคมี</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สภาพทางเคมี"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>กรดยูริกเป็นกรดไดพร็อกติก (diprotic acid)<sup id="cite_ref-DiproticAcid_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiproticAcid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ประเภทหนึ่ง โดยมี p<i>K</i><sub>a1</sub> = 5.4 และ p<i>K</i><sub>a2</sub> = 10.3<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ดังนั้น ในภาวะที่เป็นด่างมากคือมีค่า <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5)" title="พีเอช (เคมี)">pH</a> สูง มันจะอยู่ในรูปแบบไอออนยูเรตเต็มตัวและมีประจุสองหน่วย แต่ที่ค่า pH ในระบบชีวภาพ หรือเมื่อมีไอออนไบคาร์บอเนตอยู่ด้วย มันก็อยู่ในรูปแบบไฮโดรเจนยูเรต (hydrogen urate) หรือไอออนกรดยูเรต ซึ่งมีประจุหน่วยเดียว เนื่องจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน">การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน</a>โดยประจุที่สองเกิดได้ง่ายมาก เกลือยูเรตแบบเต็มตัวจึงแยกสลายด้วยน้ำเป็นไฮโดรเจนยูเรตที่ค่า pH ประมาณกลาง ๆ มันเป็นสารประกอบแอโรแมติกเพราะการมี pi bonding ในวงแหวนทั้งสอง </p><p>เพราะเป็นสารอนุพันธ์ของพิวรีน (purine) แบบเฮเทอโรไซคลิก (heterocyclic) และไบไซคลิก (bicyclic) กรดยูริกจะไม่ให้โปรตอนคือ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮดรอน">H<sup>+</sup></a> (protonation) จากออกซิเจน (คือจากด้าน −OH) เหมือนกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดคาร์บอกซิลิก">กรดคาร์บอกซิลิก</a> งานศึกษาด้วย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99" title="การเลี้ยวเบน">การเลี้ยวเบน</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="รังสีเอกซ์">รังสีเอกซ์</a>กับไอออนของไฮโดรเจนยูเรตของผลึกแอมโมเนียมไฮโดรเจนยูเรต (ammonium hydrogen urate) ซึ่งเกิดในร่างกาย (in vivo) โดยเป็นตะกอนสะสมเนื่องจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์">โรคเกาต์</a> แสดงว่า ออกซิเจนแบบ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="คีโทน">คีโทน</a>ในตำแหน่งที่ 2 ของโครงสร้างพิวรีน (บนคาร์บอนระหว่างไนโตรเจนสอง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อะตอม">อะตอม</a>ในวงแหวนที่มีสมาชิก 6 หน่วย) อยู่ในรูปแบบของ OH group ในขณะที่ออกซิเจนที่อยู่ข้าง ๆ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไนโตรเจน">ไนโตรเจน</a>ในตำแหน่งที่ 1 และ 3 มี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ประจุ">ประจุ</a>ไอออนร่วมกันในวงแหวนแบบ pi-resonance-stabilized ที่มีสมาชิก 6 หน่วย </p><p>ดังนั้น ในขณะที่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="กรดอินทรีย์">กรดอินทรีย์</a>โดยมากจะให้โปรตอน (deprotonated) เนื่องกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน">การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="พันธะเคมี">พันธะเคมี</a>ไฮโดรเจน-ออกซิเจนที่มีขั้ว ปกติพร้อมกับการเกิด resonance stabilization โดยมีผลเป็นไอออนคาร์บอกซิเลต กรดยูริกจะให้โปรตอนจากอะตอมไนโตรเจน และจะใช้หมู่ keto/hydroxy ที่เป็นเทาโทเมอร์<sup id="cite_ref-Tautomer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tautomer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> สำหรับถอน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน">อิเล็กตรอน</a>เพื่อเพิ่มค่า p<i>K</i><sub>1</sub> วงแหวนที่มี 5 หน่วยยังมีหมู่ keto (ในตำแหน่งที่ 8) ล้อมรอบด้วยหมู่อะมิโนทุติยภูมิสองหน่วย (ในตำแหน่ง 7 และ 9) และการเสียโปรตอนของหน่วยเหล่านี้ที่ค่า pH สูงก็จะสามารถอธิบายค่า p<i>K</i><sub>2</sub> และปฏิกิริยาโดยเป็นกรดไดพร็อกติก<sup id="cite_ref-DiproticAcid_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiproticAcid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> การจัดระเบียบใหม่เป็นเทาโทเมอร์<sup id="cite_ref-Tautomer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tautomer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และ pi-resonance stabilization ในรูปแบบที่คล้ายกัน ก็จะทำให้ไอออนนี้เสถียรโดยระดับหนึ่ง </p><p>การคำนวณดูจะบ่งว่า ในสารละลาย (และในเฟสที่เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA" title="แก๊ส">แก๊ส</a>) รูปแบบที่มีประจุเดียวจะไม่มีไฮโดรเจนบนออกซิเจน และจะไม่มีไฮโดรเจนหนึ่งไม่ว่าจะเป็นบนไนโตรเจนตำแหน่ง 9 หรือบนไนโตรเจนตำแหน่ง 3 เทียบกับกรดยูริกที่ไม่ได้แตกประจุซึ่งจะมีไฮโดรเจนอยู่ที่ไนโตรเจนหมดทั้งสี่ตำแหน่ง<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ในโครงสร้างที่แสดงด้านบนขวา NH ที่บนขวาบนวงแหวนที่มี 6 หน่วยคือ "1" ถ้านับตามเข็มนาฬิกาไปรอบ ๆ วงแหวน "6" ก็คือคาร์บอนแบบคีโทนที่ยอดของวงแหวน ส่วน NH บนยอดของวงแหวนมี 5 หน่วยนับเป็น "7" เมื่อนับย้อนเข็มนาฬิกาตามวงแหวน NH ด้านล่างก็จะเป็น "9") </p><p>กรดยูริกแยกออกจากนิ่วไตเป็นครั้งแรกในปี ค.ศ. 1776 โดยนักเคมี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวสวีเดน">ชาวสวีเดน</a> (Carl Wilhelm Scheele)<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ต่อมาในปี 1882 นักเคมี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวยูเครน">ชาวยูเครน</a> (Ivan Horbaczewski) จึงเป็นคนแรกที่สังเคราะห์กรดยูเรตโดยหลอมละลายยูเรียกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ไกลซีน">ไกลซีน</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="สภาพละลายได้"><span id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.A0.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.89"></span>สภาพละลายได้</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สภาพละลายได้"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>โดยทั่วไปแล้ว การละลายได้ของกรดยูริกและ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เกลือ">เกลือ</a>ของมันที่เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="โลหะแอลคาไล">โลหะแอลคาไล</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท">โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท</a> จะค่อนข้างต่ำ เกลือทั้งหมดเหล่านี้ละลายในน้ำร้อนได้ดีกว่าน้ำเย็น ทำให้สามารถตกผลึกใหม่ได้ง่าย การละลายได้ไม่ดีเป็นสมุฏฐานสำคัญอย่างหนึ่งของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์">โรคเกาต์</a> การละลายได้ของกรดและเกลือต่าง ๆ ของมันใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="เอทานอล">เอทานอล</a>จะต่ำมากหรือไม่สำคัญ เมื่ออยู่ในเอทานอลหรือในน้ำ เอทานอลและน้ำแทบจะมีค่าเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="สารบริสุทธิ์">สารบริสุทธิ์</a> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>สภาพละลายได้ของเกลือยูเรต <br />(<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="กรัม">กรัม</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="น้ำ">น้ำ</a>/กรัมของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="สารละลาย">สาร</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="สารประกอบ">สารประกอบ</a> </th> <th>น้ำเย็น </th> <th>น้ำเดือด </th></tr> <tr> <td>กรดยูริก </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammonium hydrogen urate </td> <td>— </td> <td>1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium hydrogen urate </td> <td>370 </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium hydrogen urate </td> <td>1,175 </td> <td>124 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium hydrogen urate </td> <td>790 </td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium dihydrogen diurate </td> <td>3,750 </td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium dihydrogen diurate </td> <td>603 </td> <td>276 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disodium urate </td> <td>77 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dipotassium urate </td> <td>44 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium urate </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>1,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strontium urate </td> <td>4,300 </td> <td>1,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barium urate </td> <td>7,900 </td> <td>2,700 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>ตัวเลขในตารางบ่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5" title="มวล">มวล</a>น้ำที่จำเป็นเพื่อละลายมวลสารดังที่กำหนด ตัวเลขยิ่งต่ำเท่าไร ก็แสดงว่ายิ่งละลายได้มากขึ้นเท่านั้น<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ชีววิทยา"><span id=".E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B2"></span>ชีววิทยา</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ชีววิทยา"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="เอนไซม์">เอนไซม์</a> xanthine oxidase จะ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="เร่งปฏิกิริยา">เร่งปฏิกิริยา</a>การสร้างกรดยูริกจาก xanthine และ hypoxanthine ซึ่งก็เป็นผลผลิตจากพิวรีนประเภทอื่น ๆ xanthine oxidase เป็นเอนไซม์โมเลกุลใหญ่ที่มีตำแหน่งกัมมันต์ซึ่งประกอบด้วยโลหะ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="โมลิบดีนัม">โมลิบดีนัม</a>ยึดอยู่กับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กำมะถัน">กำมะถัน</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ออกซิเจน">ออกซิเจน</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hille_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ภายในเซลล์ xanthine oxidase อาจอยู่ในรูปแบบ xanthine dehydrogenase และ xanthine oxireductase ซึ่งสามารถกลั่นได้จาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="นม">นม</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ม้าม">ม้าม</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="วัวและควาย">วัวและควาย</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hori_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hori-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ร่างกายจะหลั่งกรดยูริกออกเมื่อขาดออกซิเจน<sup id="cite_ref-Baillie_1473-1478_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baillie_1473-1478-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มนุษย์">มนุษย์</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ไพรเมต">ไพรเมต</a>ระดับสูง กรดยูริก ปกติในรูปแบบไอออนไฮโดรเจนยูเรต จะเป็นผลผลิตขั้นสุดท้ายจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="เมแทบอลิซึม">เมแทบอลิซึม</a>ของพิวรีน และขับออกทาง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ปัสสาวะ">ปัสสาวะ</a> ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม">สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม</a>อื่น ๆ โดยมาก จะมีเอนไซม์ uricase ที่ช่วยเติมออกซิเจนและเปลี่ยนกรดให้กลายเป็น allantoin<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> การเสีย uricase ในไพรเมตระดับสูงคล้ายกับการเสียสมรรถภาพการผลิต<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="วิตามินซี">วิตามินซี</a> จึงเกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สมมติฐาน">สมมติฐาน</a>ว่า ยูเรตอาจแทนวิตามินซีได้เป็นบางส่วนใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สปีชีส์">สปีชีส์</a>เหล่านี้<sup id="cite_ref-Proct_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proct-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ทั้งกรดยูริกและวิตามินซีเป็นตัวลดออกซิเจน (reducing agent) ที่มีกำลังโดยเป็นตัวให้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน">อิเล็กตรอน</a> และเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="สารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ">สารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ</a>ที่ดี ในมนุษย์ สมรรถภาพต้านอนุมูลอิสระครึ่งหนึ่งภายใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="น้ำเลือด">น้ำเลือด</a>จะมาจากไอออนไฮโดรเจนยูเรต<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ระดับความเข้มข้นของกรดยูริก (หรือไอออนไฮโดรเจนยูเรต) ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เลือด">เลือด</a>มนุษย์อยู่ที่ 25-80 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="มิลลิกรัม">มิลลิกรัม</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ลิตร">ลิตร</a> (mg/L) ในชาย และ 15-60 mg/L ในหญิง<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (แต่ให้ดูต่อ ๆ ไปในเรื่องการมีค่าที่ต่างกว่าบ้าง) บุคคลหนึ่ง ๆ สามารถมีค่ากรดยูริกสูงถึง 96 mg/L โดยไม่มีโรคเกาต์<sup id="cite_ref-hyperuricemia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyperuricemia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ในมนุษย์ ไตเป็นตัวกำจัดกรดยูริก 70% ในแต่ละวัน และในมนุษย์ 5-25% ภาวะไตเสื่อมจะทำให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vitart_2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitart_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> การถ่ายกรดยูริกออกในปัสสาวะอยู่ระหว่าง 250-750 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="กรัม">mg</a> ต่อวัน เป็นความเข้มข้น 250-750 มิลลิกรัม/ลิตร (mg/L) ถ้าผลิตปัสสาวะ 1 ลิตรต่อวัน ซึ่งเป็นการละลายที่สูงกว่าการละลายได้ของกรดก็เพราะมันอยู่ในรูปแบบของ acid urate ละลาย </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="สุนัข">สุนัข</a>พันธุ์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="แดลเมเชียน">แดลเมเชียน</a>มีความบกพร่องทาง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="พันธุกรรม">พันธุกรรม</a>ในการดูดซึมกรดยูริกเข้าใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ตับ">ตับ</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="ไต">ไต</a> ทำให้เปลี่ยนกรดเป็น allantoin ลดลง ดังนั้น พันธุ์นี้จึงถ่ายกรดยูริกในปัสสาวะ ไม่ใช่ allantoin<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="นก">นก</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน">สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน</a> และในสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนมที่อยู่ในทะเลทรายเป็นบางชนิด (เช่น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="สัตว์ฟันแทะ">สัตว์ฟันแทะ</a>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="สกุล (ชีววิทยา)">สกุล</a> <i>Dipodomys</i>) กรดยูริกก็เป็นผลผลิตขั้นสุดท้ายจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="เมทาบอลิซึม">เมทาบอลิซึม</a>ของพิวรีนด้วย แต่จะถ่ายออกใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="อุจจาระ">อุจจาระ</a>โดยเป็นของแห้ง ซึ่งจะต้องผ่าน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="วิถีเมแทบอลิซึม">วิถีเมแทบอลิซึม</a>ที่ซับซ้อนและใช้พลังงานมากเทียบกับการแปรรูปของเสียที่เป็นไนโตรเจนอื่น ๆ เช่น ยูเรีย (จากวงจรยูเรีย) หรือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แอมโมเนีย">แอมโมเนีย</a> แต่ก็มีประโยชน์ลดการเสียน้ำและป้องกัน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ภาวะขาดน้ำ">ภาวะขาดน้ำ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ส่วนหนอนน้ำ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="ชั้น (ชีววิทยา)">ชั้น</a><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2" title="โพลีคีทา">โพลีคีทา</a>คือ <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i> กรดยูริกเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ฟีโรโมน">ฟีโรโมน</a>ทางเพศที่ปล่อยออกใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="น้ำ">น้ำ</a>โดยตัวเมียเมื่อกำลังผสมพันธุ์ ซึ่งกระตุ้นให้ตัวผู้ปล่อย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4" title="ตัวอสุจิ">ตัวอสุจิ</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="พันธุศาสตร์"><span id=".E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.98.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C"></span>พันธุศาสตร์</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: พันธุศาสตร์"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>คนส่วนหนึ่งจะมี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การกลายพันธุ์">การกลายพันธุ์</a>ของโปรตีนที่มีหน้าที่ขับกรดยูริกออกผ่านไต <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ยีน">ยีน</a>ที่มีส่วนร่วมกับการกลายพันธุ์นี้รวมทั้ง <i>SLC2A9</i>, <i>ABCG2</i>, <i>SLC17A1</i>, <i>SLC22A11</i>, <i>SLC22A12</i>, <i>SLC16A9</i>, <i>GCKR</i>, <i>LRRC16A</i>, และ <i>PDZK1</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolz_2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolz_2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> โดย <i>SLC2A9</i> พบว่า ขนส่งทั้งกรดยูริกและ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA" title="ฟรักโทส">ฟรักโทส</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vitart_2008_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitart_2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Döring_2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Döring_2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="การแพทย์และงานวิจัย"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.A2"></span>การแพทย์และงานวิจัย</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=5" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การแพทย์และงานวิจัย"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="น้ำเลือด">น้ำเลือด</a>มนุษย์ พิสัยอ้างอิงของกรดยูริกปกติจะอยู่ระหว่าง 3.4-7.2 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="มิลลิกรัม">mg</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="เดซิลิตร">dL</a> (200-430 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cmol" class="mw-redirect" title="Μmol">µmol</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ลิตร">L</a>) สำหรับชาย และ 4-6.1 mg/dL (140-360 µmol/L) สำหรับหญิง<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> โดย 1 mg/dL จะเท่ากับ 59.48 µmol/L ความเข้มข้นกรดยูริกในเลือดที่สูงหรือต่ำกว่าพิสัยปกติเป็นอาการที่เรียกว่า <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด</a> (hyperuricemia) และภาวะกรดยูริกต่ำในเลือด (hypouricemia) โดยนัยเดียวกัน กรดยูริกที่สูงหรือต่ำกว่าปกติในปัสสาวะเรียกว่า ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในปัสสาวะ (hyperuricosuria) และภาวะกรดยูริกต่ำในปัสสาวะ (hypouricosuria) ระดับกรดยูริกใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="น้ำลาย">น้ำลาย</a>อาจสัมพันธ์กับระดับกรดในเลือด<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="กรดยูริกสูง"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.87"></span>กรดยูริกสูง</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=6" title="แก้ไขส่วน: กรดยูริกสูง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด</a> (hyperuricemia) ซึ่งกระตุ้นให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์">โรคเกาต์</a> อาจมีแหล่งกำเนิดหลายเหตุ </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="อาหาร">อาหาร</a>อาจเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="ปัจจัย">ปัจจัย</a> คือ การทานอาหารจำนวนมากที่มี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สารประกอบอินทรีย์">สารประกอบอินทรีย์</a>คือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พิวรีน">พิวรีน</a> ที่มีน้ำเชื่อมข้าวโพดซึ่งมีฟรักโทสสูง และที่มีน้ำตาล อาจเพิ่มระดับกรดยูริก<sup id="cite_ref-Cirillo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirillo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theodore_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodore-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>ดูเพิ่มที่</i> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94#การผลิตกรดยูริกเพิ่ม" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด#การผลิตกรดยูริกเพิ่ม</a>)</li> <li>กรดยูริกในเลือดอาจเพิ่มเพราะไตขับกรดออกน้อยลง<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>การอดอาหารหรืออการลดน้ำหนักอย่างรวดเร็วสามารถเพิ่มระดับกรดยูริกอย่างชั่วคราว<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7024153_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7024153-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ยาบางชนิด เช่น <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ยาขับปัสสาวะ">ยาขับปัสสาวะ</a>กลุ่ม thiazide สามารถเพิ่มระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดโดยขัดขวางการกำจัดกรดของไต<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>กลุ่มอาการอาการเนื้องอกสลาย (Tumor lysis syndrome) ซึ่งเป็นภาวะแทรกซ้อนของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="มะเร็ง">มะเร็ง</a>หรือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="เคมีบำบัด">เคมีบำบัด</a>บางอย่าง เกิดจากการขับ nucleobase<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โพแทสเซียม">โพแทสเซียม</a>ของเซลล์ที่ตายออกใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" class="mw-redirect" title="กระแสเลือด">กระแสเลือด</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="โรคเกาต์"><span id=".E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.8C"></span>โรคเกาต์</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=7" title="แก้ไขส่วน: โรคเกาต์"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>การมีกรดยูริกเกินในเลือดสามารถกระตุ้นให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์">โรคเกาต์</a><sup id="cite_ref-Heinig_M,_Johnson_RJ_2006_1059–64_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinig_M,_Johnson_RJ_2006_1059–64-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ซึ่งเป็นโรคสร้างความเจ็บปวดโดยมีผลเป็นกรดยูริกตกผลึกเป็นรูปเข็มที่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="ข้อต่อ">ข้อต่อ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="หลอดเลือดฝอย">หลอดเลือดฝอย</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ผิวหนัง">ผิวหนัง</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="เนื้อเยื่อ">เนื้อเยื่อ</a>อื่น ๆ<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> โรคเกาต์สามารถเกิดเมื่ระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดอาจถึงค่าเพียงแค่ 6 mg/dL (~357 µmol/L) แต่บุคคลหนึ่ง ๆ ก็อาจมีค่าถึง 9.6 mg/dL (~565 µmol/L) และก็ยังไม่เกิดโรค<sup id="cite_ref-hyperuricemia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyperuricemia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ในมนุษย์ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พิวรีน">พิวรีน</a>จะผ่าน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="เมแทบอลิซึม">เมแทบอลิซึม</a>กลายเป็นกรดยูริกแล้วก็จะขับออกทางปัสสาวะ การบริโภคอาหารที่มีพิวรีนสูงบางประเภท โดยเฉพาะเนื้อสัตว์และอาหารทะเล จะเพิ่มโอกาสเสี่ยง<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9751016">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94#การผลิตกรดยูริกเพิ่ม" title="ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด">ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือด § การผลิตกรดยูริกเพิ่ม</a></div> <p>การจำกัดอาหารอาจช่วยลดระดับกรดยูริกในเลือด แม้จะไม่ใช่วิธีรักษาให้หาย แต่ก็อาจช่วยลดความเสี่ยงที่โรคจะแย่ลงจนถึงกับเจ็บ และช่วยชลอความเสียหายต่อข้อต่อที่เป็นไปอย่างต่อเนื่อง อาหารบางอย่างควรหลีกเลี่ยงแต่ก็ไม่ใช่อาหารที่มีพิวรีนทั้งหมด เป้าหมายของโปรแกรมอาหารก็เพื่อลดความเสี่ยง ช่วยรักษาโรค มีน้ำหนักที่พอดี และทานอาหารถูกสุขภาพ อาหารที่ควรเลี่ยงรวมทั้งเครื่องในสัตว์รวมทั้ง <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ตับ">ตับ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="ไต">ไต</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ต่อมไทมัส">ต่อมไทมัส</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ตับอ่อน">ตับอ่อน</a> และอาหารทะเลบางชนิดรวมทั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ปลาแอนโชวี่">ปลาแอนโชวี่</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ปลาเฮร์ริง">ปลาเฮร์ริง</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ปลาซาร์ดีน">ปลาซาร์ดีน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="หอยแมลงภู่">หอยแมลงภู่</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="หอยเชลล์">หอยเชลล์</a> ปลาเทราท์ ปลาแฮดด็อก <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5" title="ปลาแมกเคอเรล">ปลาแมกเคอเรล</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ปลาทูน่า">ปลาทูน่า</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> การทานผักที่มีพิวรีนสูงโดยทั่วไป<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> หรือโดยพอประมาณ<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ไม่สัมพันธ์กับความเสี่ยงโรคที่สูงขึ้น </p><p>การรักษาโรคอย่างหนึ่งในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 ก็คือการให้ทานเกลือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ลิเทียม">ลิเทียม</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> เพราะ lithium urate จะละลายน้ำได้ดีกว่า ทุกวันนี้ ความบวมในช่วงที่เจ็บมักจะรักษาด้วย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ยาแก้อักเสบชนิดไม่ใช่สเตอรอยด์">ยาแก้อักเสบชนิดไม่ใช่สเตอรอยด์</a> (NSAID) <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โคลชิซีน">โคลชิซีน</a> หรือ corticosteroid และจะบริหารระดับยูเรตด้วย allopurinol<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ซึ่งมีฤทธิ์ระงับ xanthine oxidase อย่างอ่อน ๆ และมีฤทธิ์คล้าย ๆ (คือเป็น analog) ของ hypoxanthine โดย xanthine oxidoreductase จะเป็นตัวเพิ่ม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่ฟังก์ชัน">หมู่</a><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ไฮดรอกซิล">ไฮดรอกซิล</a>ผ่านกระบวนการ hydroxylation ที่ตำแหน่งที่สองทำให้กลายเป็น oxipurinol<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย_(Tumor_lysis_syndrome)"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B8.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2_.28Tumor_lysis_syndrome.29"></span>กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย (Tumor lysis syndrome)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=8" title="แก้ไขส่วน: กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย (Tumor lysis syndrome)"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>กลุ่มอาการเนื้องอกสลาย (Tumor lysis syndrome) เป็นอาการฉุกเฉินที่เป็นผลมาจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" class="mw-redirect" title="มะเร็งเม็ดเลือด">มะเร็งเม็ดเลือด</a> ที่ก่อให้เกิดกรดยูริกระดับสูงในเลือด โดยเซลล์เนื้องอกปล่อยสารในเซลล์ออกในเลือด ไม่ว่าจะเกิดเองหรือหลังจากได้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="เคมีบำบัด">เคมีบำบัด</a><sup id="cite_ref-howard_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> อาการอาจทำให้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ไตเสียหายอย่างเฉียบพลัน">ไตเสียหายอย่างเฉียบพลัน</a>เมื่อกรดยูริกตกผลึกที่ไต<sup id="cite_ref-howard_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> การรักษารวมทั้งการให้น้ำ (hyperhydration) เพื่อทำให้กรดยูริกเจือจางแล้วขับออกทางปัสสาวะ ให้ยา rasburicase เพื่อลดระดับกรดยูริกที่ไม่ละลายในเลือด หรือให้ allopurinol เพื่อห้ามกระบวนการ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="แคแทบอลิซึม">แคแทบอลิซึม</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พิวรีน">พิวรีน</a>เพื่อไม่ให้เพิ่มระดับกรดยูริก<sup id="cite_ref-howard_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome">Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=9" title="แก้ไขส่วน: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9751016"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">บทความหลัก: <a href="/wiki/Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesch-Nyhan syndrome">Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</a></div> <p>Lesch-Nyhan syndrome เป็นโรคทาง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="พันธุกรรม">พันธุกรรม</a>ที่มีน้อย และสัมพันธ์กับระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดสูง<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และมีอาการอื่น ๆ รวมทั้งภาวะกล้ามเนื้อหดเกร็ง การเคลื่อนไหวนอกอำนาจใจ ปัญญาอ่อน (cognitive retardation) และอาการต่าง ๆ ของโรคเกาต์<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ"><span id=".E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.A7.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.88"></span>โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=10" title="แก้ไขส่วน: โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือดอาจเพิ่มปัจจัยเสี่ยงให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ">โรคหลอดเลือดเลี้ยงหัวใจ</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="โรคเบาหวานแบบ_2"><span id=".E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.9A_2"></span>โรคเบาหวานแบบ 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=11" title="แก้ไขส่วน: โรคเบาหวานแบบ 2"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือดอาจเป็นผลของการดื้อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อินซูลิน">อินซูลิน</a>เพราะ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="โรคเบาหวาน">โรคเบาหวาน</a> โดยไม่ใช่อาการตั้งต้นของโรค<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> งานศึกษาหนึ่งแสดงว่า ระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดสูงจะสัมพันธ์กับความเสี่ยง<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="โรคเบาหวานแบบ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โรคเบาหวานแบบ 2</a> ที่สูงกว่า ต่างหากจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="โรคอ้วน">โรคอ้วน</a> สัมพันธ์กับภาวะไขมันในเลือดผิดปกติ (dyslipidemia) และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ความดันโลหิตสูง">ความดันโลหิตสูง</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ภาวะกรดยูริกเกินในเลือดยังสัมพันธ์กับองค์ประกอบต่าง ๆ ของ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="กลุ่มอาการทางเมแทบอลิซึม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กลุ่มอาการทางเมแทบอลิซึม</a> (metabolic syndrome) รวมทั้งในเด็ก<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81"></span>การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=12" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเกิดนิ่วกรดยูริก"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>นิ่วไตสามารถเกิดโดยการสะสมจุลผลึกของโซเดียมยูเรต<sup id="cite_ref-Banach_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banach-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ความอิ่มตัวของกรดยูริกในเลือดอาจมีผลเป็นรูปแบบหนึ่งของนิ่วในไตเมื่อยูเรตตกผลึกในไต นิ่วกรดยูริกเหล่านี้โปร่งรังสี ดังนั้น จึงไม่ปรากฏในภาพเอกซ์เรย์ท้องธรรมดา ๆ<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ผลึกกรดยูริกยังส่งเสริมให้เกิดนิ่วแบบแคลเซียมออกซาเลต โดยเป็นเหมือนกับผลึกล่อ/เริ่มต้น<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="กรดยูริกต่ำ"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B3"></span>กรดยูริกต่ำ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=13" title="แก้ไขส่วน: กรดยูริกต่ำ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ภาวะกรดยูริกต่ำในเลือด (hypouricemia) มีเหตุหลายอย่าง การได้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="สังกะสี">สังกะสี</a>จากอาหารน้อยจะทำให้กรดยูริกต่ำ ผลเช่นนี้อาจชัดขึ้นในหญิงที่ทาน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ยาคุมกำเนิด">ยาคุมกำเนิด</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ยาที่ใช้ป้องกันภาวะฟอสเฟตเกินในเลือด (hyperphosphataemia) ที่บ่งใช้ในคนไข้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="โรคไตเรื้อรัง">โรคไตเรื้อรัง</a> ก็สามารถลดระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดอย่างสำคัญ<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง"><span id=".E0.B9.82.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.97.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.87.E0.B8.87"></span>โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=14" title="แก้ไขส่วน: โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="งานวิเคราะห์อภิมาน">งานวิเคราะห์อภิมาน</a>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="งานศึกษาที่มีกลุ่มควบคุม">งานศึกษาที่มีกลุ่มควบคุม</a> 10 งานแสดงว่า ระดับกรดยูริกในเลือดของคนไข้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง">โรคปลอกประสาทเสื่อมแข็ง</a>จะต่ำกว่ากลุ่มควบคุมปกติอย่างสำคัญ ซึ่งอาจชี้ว่า นี่เป็นอาการส่อทางชีวภาพของโรคนี้<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B3.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.AB.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4"></span>การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=15" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การทำระดับกรดยูริกต่ำให้ปกติ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>การแก้ปัญหาสังกะสีต่ำหรือได้ไม่พอ อาจช่วยเพิ่มระดับกรดยูริกในเลือด<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="เชิงอรรถ"><span id=".E0.B9.80.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.96"></span>เชิงอรรถ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=16" title="แก้ไขส่วน: เชิงอรรถ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: upper-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DiproticAcid-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DiproticAcid_3-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DiproticAcid_3-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">ในสาขา<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เคมี">เคมี</a> <b>กรดไดพร็อกติก</b> (diprotic acid) เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94" title="กรด">กรด</a> Arrhenius ชั้นหนึ่งที่สามารถให้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน">โปรตอน</a>หรือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="แคตไอออน">แคตไอออน</a><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮโดรเจน">ไฮโดรเจน</a>สองหน่วยต่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="โมเลกุล">โมเลกุล</a>เมื่อละลายใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="สารละลาย">สารละลาย</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ลักษณะทางเคมีที่สำคัญที่สุดของโมเลกุลกรดไดพร็อกติกหนึ่ง ๆ ก็คือสมรรถภาพในการให้โปรตอน (deprotonation) สองหน่วยเป็นลำดับต่อ ๆ กันสองต่อเมื่อละลาย นอกจากเป็นกรดสามัญที่ใช้ทุกวันในกิจต่าง ๆ ก็ยังมีอยู่ทั่วไปใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ธรรมชาติ">ธรรมชาติ</a> เช่นในร่างกายมนุษย์</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tautomer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tautomer_8-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tautomer_8-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>เทาโทเมอร์</b> (tautomer) เป็นไอโซเมอร์โดยโครงสร้าง (structural isomer) ต่าง ๆ ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สารประกอบอินทรีย์">สารประกอบอินทรีย์</a>ที่สามารถเปลี่ยนเป็นกันและกันได้ง่าย ๆ<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ปฏิกิริยาเคมี">ปฏิกิริยา</a>เช่นนี้มักจะมีผลเปลี่ยนตำแหน่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน">โปรตอน</a>หนึ่ง ๆ แม้จะเป็นเรื่องซับซ้อน แต่ tautomerism ก็สำคัญต่อปฏิกิริยาของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="กรดอะมิโน">กรดอะมิโน</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดนิวคลีอิก">กรดนิวคลีอิก</a> ซึ่งเป็นโครงสร้างพื้นฐานใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สิ่งมีชีวิต">สิ่งมีชีวิต</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Nucleobases</b> เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="สารประกอบ">สารประกอบ</a>ชีวภาพที่สร้าง nucleo<u>sides</u> ซึ่งก็เป็นองค์ประกอบของ nucleo<u>tides</u> ทั้งหมดเป็นมอนอเมอร์ (monomer) ที่เป็นโครงสร้างพื้นฐานของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดนิวคลีอิก">กรดนิวคลีอิก</a> บ่อยครั้งจะเรียกเฉย ๆ ว่า เบส เช่นในสาขาพันธุศาสตร์ สมรรถภาพของ nucleobases เพื่อสร้าง base pair และในการนำมาต่อ ๆ กัน นำไปสู่โครงสร้างฮีลิกซ์รูปเกลียวเป็นโซ่ยาว เช่นที่พบใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="อาร์เอ็นเอ">อาร์เอ็นเอ</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ">ดีเอ็นเอ</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&section=17" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Diprotic-Acid-Definition.htm">"Diprotic Acid Definition"</a>. <i>About.com Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2016-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Education&rft.atitle=Diprotic+Acid+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fod%2Fchemistryglossary%2Fg%2FDiprotic-Acid-Definition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-diprotic-acid.htm">"What is a Diprotic Acid?"</a>. <i>wiseGEEK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiseGEEK&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Diprotic+Acid%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.com%2Fwhat-is-a-diprotic-acid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrudden2008" class="citation book cs1">McCrudden, Francis H. (2008). <i>Uric Acid</i>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0554619910" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0554619910"><bdi>978-0554619910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uric+Acid&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0554619910&rft.aulast=McCrudden&rft.aufirst=Francis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAntonov,_L2011" class="citation book cs1">Antonov, L (2011). <i>Tautomerism: Methods and Theories</i> (1st ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-3-527-33294-6" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-3-527-33294-6"><bdi>978-3-527-33294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tautomerism%3A+Methods+and+Theories&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-527-33294-6&rft.au=Antonov%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_MB;_March,_J2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, MB; March, J (2001). <i>Advanced Organic Chemistry</i> (5th ed.). New York: Wiley Interscience. pp. 1218–1211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-471-58589-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-471-58589-0"><bdi>0-471-58589-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1218-1211&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-471-58589-0&rft.au=Smith%2C+MB%3B+March%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKatritzky,_AR;_Elguero,_J1971" class="citation book cs1">Katritzky, AR; Elguero, J; และคณะ (1971). <i>The Tautomerism of heterocycles</i>. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-12-020651-X" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-12-020651-X"><bdi>0-12-020651-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tautomerism+of+heterocycles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-12-020651-X&rft.au=Katritzky%2C+AR%3B+Elguero%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez,_Verónica;_Alderete,_Joel_B2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jiménez, Verónica; Alderete, Joel B (2005-11-30). "Theoretical calculations on the tautomerism of uric acid in gas phase and aqueous solution". <i>Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM</i>. <b>755</b>: 209–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theochem.2005.08.001">10.1016/j.theochem.2005.08.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Structure%3A+THEOCHEM&rft.atitle=Theoretical+calculations+on+the+tautomerism+of+uric+acid+in+gas+phase+and+aqueous+solution&rft.volume=755&rft.pages=209-214&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.theochem.2005.08.001&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica%3B+Alderete%2C+Joel+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_journal" title="แม่แบบ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheele-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1776" class="citation journal cs1">Scheele, C. W. (1776). "Examen Chemicum Calculi Urinari" [A chemical examiniation of kidney stones]. <i>Opuscula</i>. <b>2</b>: 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opuscula&rft.atitle=Examen+Chemicum+Calculi+Urinari&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHorbaczewski1882" class="citation journal cs1">Horbaczewski, Johann (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b448AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA796#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Synthese der Harnsäure"</a> [Synthesis of uric acid]. <i>Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften</i>. <b>3</b>: 796–797.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte+f%C3%BCr+Chemie+und+verwandte+Teile+anderer+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Synthese+der+Harns%C3%A4ure&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=796-797&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Horbaczewski&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db448AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA796%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (62nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=62nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Merck Index<i><span></span></i> (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merck+Index&rft.edition=9th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrudden" class="citation book cs1">McCrudden, Francis H. <i>Uric acid</i>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uric+acid&rft.pages=58&rft.aulast=McCrudden&rft.aufirst=Francis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hille-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hille_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHille2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hille, R. (2005). "Molybdenum-containing hydroxylases". <i>Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics</i>. <b>433</b> (1): 107–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.abb.2004.08.012">10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15581570">15581570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Biochemistry+and+Biophysics&rft.atitle=Molybdenum-containing+hydroxylases&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-116&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.abb.2004.08.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15581570&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hori-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hori_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHoriUeharaMikami1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hori, N.; Uehara, K.; Mikami, Y. (1992). "Enzymatic Synthesis of 5-Methyluridine from Adenosine and Thymine with High Efficiency". <i>Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 580–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.56.580">10.1271/bbb.56.580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosci.+Biotechnol.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Enzymatic+Synthesis+of+5-Methyluridine+from+Adenosine+and+Thymine+with+High+Efficiency&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=580-582&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1271%2Fbbb.56.580&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Uehara%2C+K.&rft.au=Mikami%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baillie_1473-1478-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baillie_1473-1478_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBaillieBatesThompsonWaring2007" class="citation journal cs1">Baillie, J. K.; Bates, M. G.; Thompson, A. A.; Waring, W. S.; Partridge, R. W.; Schnopp, M. F.; Simpson, A.; Gulliver-Sloan, F.; Maxwell, S. R.; Webb, D. J. (May 2007). 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(1997-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/pupyr/pp.htm#Pu%20Catab">"Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism: Purine Catabolism"</a>. <i>NetBiochem</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetBiochem&rft.atitle=Purine+and+Pyrimidine+Metabolism%3A+Purine+Catabolism&rft.date=1997-12-04&rft.aulast=Angstadt&rft.aufirst=Carol+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.med.utah.edu%2FNetBiochem%2Fpupyr%2Fpp.htm%23Pu%2520Catab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proct-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Proct_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFProctor1970" class="citation journal cs1">Proctor, P. (November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cbc33c124616115633eeb892312dcec64a6517de">"Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>228</b> (5274): 868. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.228..868P">1970Natur.228..868P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F228868a0">10.1038/228868a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5477017">5477017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4146946">4146946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Similar+functions+of+uric+acid+and+ascorbate+in+man%3F&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=5274&rft.pages=868&rft.date=1970-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F228868a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4146946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5477017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Natur.228..868P&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fcbc33c124616115633eeb892312dcec64a6517de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwellThomasonSandlerLeguen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Maxwell, S. R. J.; Thomason, H.; Sandler, D.; Leguen, C.; Baxter, M. A.; Thorpe, G. H. G.; Jones, A. F.; Barnett, A. H. (1997). "Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". <i>European Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>27</b> (6): 484–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2362.1997.1390687.x">10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1390687.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9229228">9229228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Antioxidant+status+in+patients+with+uncomplicated+insulin-dependent+and+non-insulin-dependent+diabetes+mellitus&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=484-490&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2362.1997.1390687.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9229228&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=S.+R.+J.&rft.au=Thomason%2C+H.&rft.au=Sandler%2C+D.&rft.au=Leguen%2C+C.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+G.+H.+G.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Barnett%2C+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</i> (11th ed.). 1987. p. A-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.pages=A-3&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyperuricemia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hyperuricemia_22-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hyperuricemia_22-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTauscheUngerRichter2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tausche, A. K.; Unger, S.; Richter, K.; และคณะ (May 2006). "Hyperurikämie und Gicht" [Hyperuricemia and gout: diagnosis and therapy]. <i>Der Internist</i> (ภาษาเยอรมัน). <b>47</b> (5): 509–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00108-006-1578-y">10.1007/s00108-006-1578-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586130">16586130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11480796">11480796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Internist&rft.atitle=Hyperurik%C3%A4mie+und+Gicht&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=509-521&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11480796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16586130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00108-006-1578-y&rft.aulast=Tausche&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Unger%2C+S.&rft.au=Richter%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitart_2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vitart_2008_23-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vitart_2008_23-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFVitartRudanHayward2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vitart, V.; Rudan, I.; Hayward, C.; และคณะ (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/060c5b6c5cc063f6e2e1742fd6a1f29f027289e4">"SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 437–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.106">10.1038/ng.106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18327257">18327257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6720464">6720464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=SLC2A9+is+a+newly+identified+urate+transporter+influencing+serum+urate+concentration%2C+urate+excretion+and+gout&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437-442&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6720464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18327257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.106&rft.aulast=Vitart&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Rudan%2C+I.&rft.au=Hayward%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F060c5b6c5cc063f6e2e1742fd6a1f29f027289e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanByers1948" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, M. & Byers, S. O. (1 September 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2957191-X">"Observations concerning the causes of the excess excretion of uric acid in the Dalmatian dog"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>175</b> (2): 727–735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2957191-X">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57191-X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18880769">18880769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Observations+concerning+the+causes+of+the+excess+excretion+of+uric+acid+in+the+Dalmatian+dog&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=727-735&rft.date=1948-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2957191-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18880769&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Byers%2C+S.+O.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252957191-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazard-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2004" class="citation book cs1">Hazard, L. C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dyb8bNBh5nwC"><i>Sodium and Potassium Secretion by Iguana Salt Glands</i></a>. <i>Iguanas: Biology and Conservation</i>. University of California Press. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-520-23854-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-520-23854-1"><bdi>978-0-520-23854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sodium+and+Potassium+Secretion+by+Iguana+Salt+Glands&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23854-1&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyb8bNBh5nwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFZeeckHarderBeckmann1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeck, E.; Harder, T.; Beckmann, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e729adcfc7ff6976af008b1ea023f784c45f925d">"Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Ecology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022328610423">10.1023/A:1022328610423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42318049">42318049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.atitle=Uric+acid%3A+the+sperm-release+pheromone+of+the+marine+polychaete+Platynereis+dumerilii&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022328610423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42318049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zeeck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Harder%2C+T.&rft.au=Beckmann%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fe729adcfc7ff6976af008b1ea023f784c45f925d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAringerGraessler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aringer, M.; Graessler, J. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/be2e83ba2688e86b0968618f3e0d33b240079968">"Understanding deficient elimination of uric acid"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>372</b> (9654): 1929–1930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961344-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61344-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18834627">18834627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1839089">1839089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Understanding+deficient+elimination+of+uric+acid&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=9654&rft.pages=1929-1930&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1839089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18834627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961344-6&rft.aulast=Aringer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Graessler%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fbe2e83ba2688e86b0968618f3e0d33b240079968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolz_2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolz_2009_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKolzJohnson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kolz, M.; Johnson, T.; และคณะ (June 2009). Allison, David B. (บ.ก.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683940">"Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations"</a>. <i>PLOS Genet</i>. <b>5</b> (6): e1000504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000504">10.1371/journal.pgen.1000504</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683940">2683940</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19503597">19503597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genet.&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+28%2C141+individuals+identifies+common+variants+within+five+new+loci+that+influence+uric+acid+concentrations&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1000504&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2683940%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19503597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000504&rft.aulast=Kolz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+T.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2683940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKöttgen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Köttgen, A.; และคณะ (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8739767/Genome_wide_association_analyses_identify_18_new_loci_associated_with_serum_urate_concentrations.pdf">"Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 145–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.2500">10.1038/ng.2500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663712">3663712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23263486">23263486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+analyses+identify+18+new+loci+associated+with+serum+urate+concentrations&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-154&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3663712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23263486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.2500&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ttgen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F8739767%2FGenome_wide_association_analyses_identify_18_new_loci_associated_with_serum_urate_concentrations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Döring_2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Döring_2008_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDöringGiegerMehta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Döring, A.; Gieger, C.; Mehta, D.; และคณะ (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a885600cafc4c7035a5e4e274bc397964492b10">"SLC2A9 influences uric acid concentrations with pronounced sex-specific effects"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 430–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.107">10.1038/ng.107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18327256">18327256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29751482">29751482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=SLC2A9+influences+uric+acid+concentrations+with+pronounced+sex-specific+effects&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=430-436&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29751482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18327256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.107&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gieger%2C+C.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F5a885600cafc4c7035a5e4e274bc397964492b10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMandalMount2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal, Asim K.; Mount, David B. (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25422986/">"The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_Review_of_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annual Review of Physiology (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Annual Review of Physiology</a></i>. <b>77</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=323%E2%80%93345&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="323–345 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">323–345</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-physiol-021113-170343">10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25422986">25422986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+molecular+physiology+of+uric+acid+homeostasis&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=323-345&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-physiol-021113-170343&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25422986&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Asim+K.&rft.au=Mount%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25422986%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802082027/http://www.acb.org.uk/docs/Pathology%20Harmony%20for%20web.pdf">"Harmonisation of Reference Intervals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pathology Harmony (UK)</i>. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acb.org.uk/docs/Pathology%20Harmony%20for%20web.pdf">แหล่งเดิม</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>เมื่อ 2 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pathology+Harmony+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Harmonisation+of+Reference+Intervals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acb.org.uk%2Fdocs%2FPathology%2520Harmony%2520for%2520web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoHuang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, J; Huang, Y (2015). 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"The historical development, efficacy and safety of very-low-calorie diets". <i>International Journal of Obesity</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 195–208. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7024153">7024153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Obesity&rft.atitle=The+historical+development%2C+efficacy+and+safety+of+very-low-calorie+diets&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-208&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7024153&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489521_7">"Diuretic-Related Side Effects: Development and Treatment"</a>. Medscape<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diuretic-Related+Side+Effects%3A+Development+and+Treatment&rft.pub=Medscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F489521_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHowardJonesPui2011" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Scott C.; Jones, Deborah P.; Pui, Ching-Hon (2011-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437249">"The Tumor Lysis Syndrome"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>364</b> (19): 1844–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0904569">10.1056/NEJMra0904569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437249">3437249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21561350">21561350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Tumor+Lysis+Syndrome&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1844-1854&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21561350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0904569&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Deborah+P.&rft.au=Pui%2C+Ching-Hon&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinig_M,_Johnson_RJ_2006_1059–64-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Heinig_M,_Johnson_RJ_2006_1059–64_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHeinigJohnson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Heinig, M.; Johnson, R. J. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0b79175b6d5830ee8a35845c1bca748cac53bae0">"Role of uric acid in hypertension, renal disease, and metabolic syndrome"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>73</b> (12): 1059–1064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3949%2Fccjm.73.12.1059">10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190309">17190309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45409308">45409308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Role+of+uric+acid+in+hypertension%2C+renal+disease%2C+and+metabolic+syndrome&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1059-1064&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45409308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17190309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3949%2Fccjm.73.12.1059&rft.aulast=Heinig&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F0b79175b6d5830ee8a35845c1bca748cac53bae0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2010-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2010_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFRichetteBardin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Richette, P.; Bardin, T. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1e107a19eba9fa23b7c9b9399e00a2da7880c365">"Gout"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>375</b> (9711): 318–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960883-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19692116">19692116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208793280">208793280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Gout&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=9711&rft.pages=318-328&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208793280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19692116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960883-7&rft.aulast=Richette&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Bardin%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F1e107a19eba9fa23b7c9b9399e00a2da7880c365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Choi_43-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Choi_43-1">40.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFChoiAtkinsonKarlsonWillett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, H. K.; Atkinson, K.; Karlson, E. W.; Willett, W.; Curhan, G. (March 2004). "Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>350</b> (11): 1093–1103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa035700">10.1056/NEJMoa035700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15014182">15014182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Purine-rich+foods%2C+dairy+and+protein+intake%2C+and+the+risk+of+gout+in+men&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1093-1103&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa035700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15014182&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+K.&rft.au=Karlson%2C+E.+W.&rft.au=Willett%2C+W.&rft.au=Curhan%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/gout-diet/art-20048524">"Gout diet: What's allowed, what's not"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></i>. July 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Gout+diet%3A+What%27s+allowed%2C+what%27s+not&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Fnutrition-and-healthy-eating%2Fin-depth%2Fgout-diet%2Fart-20048524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_web" title="แม่แบบ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: url-status">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSchrauzer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schrauzer, Gerhard N. (2002). "Lithium: Occurrence, Dietary Intakes, Nutritional Essentiality". <i>Journal of the American College of Nutrition</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 14–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2002.10719188">10.1080/07315724.2002.10719188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11838882">11838882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25752882">25752882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Lithium%3A+Occurrence%2C+Dietary+Intakes%2C+Nutritional+Essentiality&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25752882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11838882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07315724.2002.10719188&rft.aulast=Schrauzer&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304060453/http://www.cks.nhs.uk/gout/background_information/causes_and_risk_factors">"NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries"</a>. UK <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cks.nhs.uk/gout/background_information/causes_and_risk_factors#-291124">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHS+Clinical+Knowledge+Summaries&rft.pub=UK+National+Health+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cks.nhs.uk%2Fgout%2Fbackground_information%2Fcauses_and_risk_factors%23-291124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPacherNivorozhkinSzabó2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pacher, P.; Nivorozhkin, A.; Szabó, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2233605">"Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol"</a>. <i>Pharmacological Reviews</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 87–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.58.1.6">10.1124/pr.58.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2233605">2233605</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507884">16507884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+effects+of+xanthine+oxidase+inhibitors%3A+Renaissance+half+a+century+after+the+discovery+of+allopurinol&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-114&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2233605%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16507884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpr.58.1.6&rft.aulast=Pacher&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Nivorozhkin%2C+A.&rft.au=Szab%C3%B3%2C+C.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2233605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-howard_48-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-howard_48-1">45.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-howard_48-2">45.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHowardJonesPui2011" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, S. C.; Jones, D. P.; Pui, C.-H. (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437249">"The Tumor Lysis Syndrome"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>364</b> (19): 1844–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0904569">10.1056/NEJMra0904569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437249">3437249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21561350">21561350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Tumor+Lysis+Syndrome&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1844-1854&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21561350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0904569&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Pui%2C+C.-H.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFLuoDoLiu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Luo, Y. C.; Do, J. S.; Liu, C. C. (October 2006). "An amperometric uric acid biosensor based on modified Ir–C electrode". <i>Biosensors & Bioelectronics</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 482–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bios.2006.07.013">10.1016/j.bios.2006.07.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16908130">16908130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosensors+%26+Bioelectronics&rft.atitle=An+amperometric+uric+acid+biosensor+based+on+modified+Ir%E2%80%93C+electrode&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=482-488&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bios.2006.07.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16908130&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Y.+C.&rft.au=Do%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Liu%2C+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFNyhan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nyhan, W. L. (March 2005). "Lesch-Nyhan Disease". <i>Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096470490512490">10.1080/096470490512490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15804753">15804753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37934468">37934468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Lesch-Nyhan+Disease&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37934468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15804753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096470490512490&rft.aulast=Nyhan&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBorghiVerardiPareoBentivenga2014" class="citation journal cs1">Borghi, C.; Verardi, F. M.; Pareo, I.; Bentivenga, C.; Cicero, A. F. (2014). "Hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease risk". <i>Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 1219–1225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14779072.2014.957675">10.1586/14779072.2014.957675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25192804">25192804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42023170">42023170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Cardiovascular+Therapy&rft.atitle=Hyperuricemia+and+cardiovascular+disease+risk&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1219-1225&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42023170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25192804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2F14779072.2014.957675&rft.aulast=Borghi&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Verardi%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Pareo%2C+I.&rft.au=Bentivenga%2C+C.&rft.au=Cicero%2C+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFCappuccioStrazzulloFarinaroTrevisan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cappuccio, F. 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Results from a population-based study". <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>270</b> (3): 354–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.270.3.354">10.1001/jama.270.3.354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8315780">8315780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Uric+acid+metabolism+and+tubular+sodium+handling.+Results+from+a+population-based+study&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=354-359&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.270.3.354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8315780&rft.aulast=Cappuccio&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rft.au=Strazzullo%2C+P.&rft.au=Farinaro%2C+E.&rft.au=Trevisan%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDehghanvan_HoekSijbrands_E._J.Witteman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dehghan, A.; van Hoek, M.; Sijbrands E. 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P.; และคณะ (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359272">"High plasma uric acid concentration: Causes and consequences"</a>. <i>Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome</i>. <b>4</b>: 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1758-5996-4-12">10.1186/1758-5996-4-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359272">3359272</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22475652">22475652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetology+%26+Metabolic+Syndrome&rft.atitle=High+plasma+uric+acid+concentration%3A+Causes+and+consequences&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359272%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22475652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1758-5996-4-12&rft.aulast=De+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, J. 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MedicalBug. 6 January 2012. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalbug.com/what-is-gout-what-causes-gout/">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Gout%3A+What+Causes+Gout%3F&rft.pub=MedicalBug&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalbug.com%2Fwhat-is-gout-what-causes-gout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWorcesterCoe2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Worcester, E. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518455">"Nephrolithiasis"</a>. <i>Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ). <b>35</b> (2): 369–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2008.01.005">10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518455">2518455</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486720">18486720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care%3A+Clinics+in+Office+Practice&rft.atitle=Nephrolithiasis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=369-391&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2518455%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18486720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2008.01.005&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft.au=Coe%2C+F.+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2518455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pak, C. Y. (September 2008). 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P.; Chasan-Taber, S.; Blair, A.; และคณะ (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.20781">"Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on uric acid concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial"</a>. <i>Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 290–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="เข้าถึงได้ฟรี"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.20781">10.1002/art.20781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641045">15641045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Effects+of+sevelamer+and+calcium-based+phosphate+binders+on+uric+acid+concentrations+in+patients+undergoing+hemodialysis%3A+a+randomized+clinical+trial&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=290-295&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fart.20781&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15641045&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Chasan-Taber%2C+S.&rft.au=Blair%2C+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fart.20781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWangHuWangQian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, L.; Hu, W.; Wang, J.; Qian, W.; Xiao, H. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Oral+zinc+therapy+normalizes+serum+uric+acid+level+in+Wilson%27s+disease+patients&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=289-292&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39995735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3777013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000441-198611000-00007&rft.aulast=Umeki&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ohga%2C+R.&rft.au=Konishi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+T.&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+K.&rft.au=Terao%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span 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