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href="#Secretary_of_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Secretary of the Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Current positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Snow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88" title="جون دبليو. سنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون دبليو. سنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="جان دبلیو. سنوو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان دبلیو. سنوو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Джон Уільям Сноу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Уільям Сноу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_W._%EC%8A%A4%EB%85%B8" title="존 W. 스노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 W. 스노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ջոն Ուիլյամ Սնոու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ուիլյամ Սնոու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Snow" title="John William Snow – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John William Snow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Snow" title="John William Snow – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John William Snow" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95" title="ג'ון ויליאם סנואו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ויליאם סנואו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88" title="جون دبليو. سنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون دبليو. سنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC" title="ジョン・スノー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・スノー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Сноу, Джон Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сноу, Джон Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Snow" title="John William Snow – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John William Snow" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John W. Snow" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Джон Вільям Сноу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Вільям Сноу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AB%BE" title="約翰·威廉·史諾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·威廉·史諾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">73rd United States Secretary of the Treasury</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Snow, see <a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Snow (disambiguation)">John Snow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John W. Snow</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_W._Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_W._Snow.jpg/220px-John_W._Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_W._Snow.jpg/330px-John_W._Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_W._Snow.jpg/440px-John_W._Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2005</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">73rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 3, 2003 – June 28, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Dam" title="Kenneth W. Dam">Kenneth W. Dam</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Kimmitt" title="Robert M. Kimmitt">Robert M. Kimmitt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1976–1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James B. Gregory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Claybrook" title="Joan Claybrook">Joan Claybrook</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John William Snow</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1939-08-02</span>) </span>August 2, 1939<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 85)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Carolyn Snow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_W_Snow_sig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John W. Snow's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_W_Snow_sig.jpg/128px-John_W_Snow_sig.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/John_W_Snow_sig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="46" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_Secretary_John_W._Snow_Testifies_on_the_FY2005_Federal_Budget.ogg" title="File:Treasury Secretary John W. Snow Testifies on the FY2005 Federal Budget.ogg">John W. Snow's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="424" data-mwtitle="Treasury_Secretary_John_W._Snow_Testifies_on_the_FY2005_Federal_Budget.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Treasury_Secretary_John_W._Snow_Testifies_on_the_FY2005_Federal_Budget.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Treasury_Secretary_John_W._Snow_Testifies_on_the_FY2005_Federal_Budget.ogg/Treasury_Secretary_John_W._Snow_Testifies_on_the_FY2005_Federal_Budget.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Snow testifies before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a> on the FY2005 federal budget<br />Recorded February 13, 2004</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John William Snow</b> (born August 2, 1939) is an American economist, attorney, and businessman who is the former CEO of <a href="/wiki/CSX_Corporation" title="CSX Corporation">CSX Corporation</a> and served as the 73rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretary of the treasury</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. He replaced Secretary <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> on February 3, 2003, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> on July 3, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow submitted a letter of resignation on May 30, 2006, effective "after an orderly transition period for my successor."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow announced on June 29, 2006, that he had completed his last day on the job; <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Kimmitt" title="Robert M. Kimmitt">Robert M. Kimmitt</a> served as acting secretary until Paulson was sworn in. Snow has since worked as chairman of <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow was born in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, the son of Catherine (Howard), a school teacher, and William Dean Snow, a tax attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow attended high school at <a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Academy" title="Gilmour Academy">Gilmour Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gates_Mills,_Ohio" title="Gates Mills, Ohio">Gates Mills, Ohio</a>. He did his undergraduate studies at <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> (where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a> fraternity) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a>, from which he received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in 1962. He received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in 1965. He completed a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">George Washington University Law School</a> in 1967 and then worked at the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> of Wheeler & Wheeler from 1967 to 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1965 to 1968, he was an assistant professor of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_and_Ford_administrations">Nixon and Ford administrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nixon and Ford administrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972 Snow left Wheeler & Wheeler and took up a position as assistant professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">George Washington University Law School</a>. During the three years he spent with the GWU Law School, Snow also held positions in the U.S. government. From 1972 to 1973, he served as assistant <a href="/wiki/General_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="General Counsel">general counsel</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>. From 1973 to 1974, he was deputy assistant secretary for policy, plans and international affairs. From 1974 to 1975, he served as assistant secretary for governmental affairs in the Department of Transportation. </p><p>In 1975 Snow left GWU Law School and took up the full-time position of deputy undersecretary in the Department of Transportation. In 1976 he left this post when he was named as administrator of the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>. </p><p>With the election of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, Snow departed public life in 1977. During his transition period out of public life, in Spring 1977, he served as a visiting professor of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> and as a visiting fellow at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>. In addition, he was named a Distinguished Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a> from 1978 until 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_industry">Railway industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Railway industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow's years with the Department of Transportation proved useful to him, as in 1977, he became the Vice President in charge of Governmental Affairs for <a href="/wiki/Chessie_System" title="Chessie System">Chessie System</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> that owned three American railroads: the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio Railway</a>, a.k.a. the C&O (for which the Chessie System was named); the <a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway" title="Western Maryland Railway">Western Maryland Railway</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a>. </p><p>In 1980 Chessie System merged with another railroad holding company, <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line_Industries" title="Seaboard Coast Line Industries">Seaboard Coast Line Industries</a>, to form <a href="/wiki/CSX_Corporation" title="CSX Corporation">CSX Corporation</a>, and Snow became CSX's Senior Vice President-Corporate Services at their new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. In 1984, he was promoted to Executive Vice President. </p><p>In 1985 CSX installed Snow as president and CEO of their B&O Railroad and he oversaw its merger with their C&O Railway in 1986. This created a new entity, <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>. Snow became the President and CEO of CSX Transportation. In 1988, Snow left CSX Transportation (the railroad) to become President and Chief Operating Officer of CSX Corporation (the holding company). As of April 1989 he was President and Chief Executive Officer of CSX. From 1991, he also served as CSX's chairman. He continued to hold all three posts until he was named Secretary of the Treasury in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Snow's tenure at CSX, deferred maintenance of the railroad's physical plant became prevalent. This is a common practice used by railroads to improve the bottom line for investors while the tracks themselves fall into disrepair. Miles of mainline were subjected to slow orders as a result, increasing the need for more locomotives and rail cars, and thus costing the company more money. CSX was forced to lease hundreds of locomotives to make up the difference further adding to the increased costs. This practice ended with Snow's successor, Michael Ward. </p><p>Part of CSX, CSX Lines was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a> in early 2003. After Snow left the company for the White House, CSX sold its international port operations to the UAE company, Dubai Transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service_during_time_in_the_private_sector">Public service during time in the private sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public service during time in the private sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s campaign for the presidency in 1980, Snow was a member of Governor Reagan's four-man advisory group on regulatory policy. Following his election victory, President-Elect Reagan named Snow as Vice Chairman of his Transportation Transition Team. </p><p>Snow would go on to serve on the White House Conference for a Drug-Free America; the Services Policy Advisory Committee of the U.S. Trade Representative; as Co-Chair of the National Commission on Financial Institution Reform, Recovery and Enforcement; the National Commission on Intermodal Transportation; the National Commission on Economic Growth and Tax Reform; as a Trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Virginia Museum of Fine Arts">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a>; and as a Member of the Richmond City School Board. </p><p>He was the co-chairman of <a href="/wiki/The_Conference_Board" title="The Conference Board">the Conference Board</a>'s Blue-Ribbon Commission on Public Trust and Private Enterprise. He also served as co-chairman of the National Commission on Financial Institution Reform, Recovery and Enforcement in 1992 that made recommendations following the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a>. </p><p>From 1994 through 1996 he was Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Business_Roundtable" title="Business Roundtable">Business Roundtable</a>, a business policy group of 250 chief executive officers of the nation's largest companies, and played a major role in supporting passage of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_affiliations">Further affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former Secretary of Treasury, Mr. Snow, served as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Business_Roundtable" title="Business Roundtable">Business Roundtable</a>, as well as being a longstanding member of the <a href="/wiki/Business_Roundtable" title="Business Roundtable">Business Roundtable</a>. As well as being on the Executive Committee of The Business Council; the Virginia Business Council; and the National Coal Council. </p><p>Snow has served as a director for <a href="/wiki/NationsBank_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="NationsBank Corp.">NationsBank Corp.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Textron_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Textron Inc.">Textron Inc.</a>; <a href="/wiki/USX_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="USX Corporation">USX Corporation</a>; the U.S.-Japan Business Council; <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Association of American Railroads">Association of American Railroads</a>. </p><p>Snow was also the founding Chairman of the Center for Energy and Economic Development (CEED), a coal and rail industry-funded advocacy organization. CEED was a predecessor organization to the <a href="/wiki/American_Coalition_for_Clean_Coal_Electricity" title="American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity">American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity</a> (ACCCE). </p><p>He has served on the Board of Trustees of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darden_Graduate_School_of_Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Darden Graduate School of Business Administration">the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation</a>. </p><p>On October 19, 2006, Snow was named chairman of <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a>. </p><p>On August 15, 2007, Snow was appointed the inaugural Newman Visiting Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. </p><p>He joined the Board of Directors of Marathon Petroleum Corporation in 2011, when that company was spun off from Marathon Oil Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1992, Snow has been an avid supporter of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as he stated on Charleston, South Carolina's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Morning_Charleston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Morning Charleston (page does not exist)">Good Morning Charleston</a></i> television program. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Snow,_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG/200px-John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG/300px-John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG/400px-John_Snow%2C_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>John W. Snow at the 2004 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>/<a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a> Annual Meeting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow was nominated as secretary of the Treasury by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on January 13, 2003, and unanimously confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>. </p><p>In July and August 2003, Snow and his colleagues, Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> and Commerce Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a>, took a bus across the country on their <i>Jobs and Growth Tour</i>, aimed at promoting the benefits of the Bush Administration's tax cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2005, The Washington Post quoted a senior administration official as saying that Mr. Snow could "stay as long as he wants, provided it's not very long." </p><p>In May 2004, it was revealed that Snow's brokers had bought $10 million of debt issued by <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a> on the day and day after Snow was sworn into office as Treasury Secretary. Snow claimed this was done without his knowledge in February 2003. When Snow found out, he divested the debt holdings. A Treasury ethics lawyer has found that the holdings did not represent a conflict of interest but had the potential to do so in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 26, 2006, Snow announced that he would resign effective July 3. He said the White House would make an official statement the following week. On May 30, it was formally announced that Snow would leave this position. On this same day, it was announced that President George W. Bush had nominated <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, to replace Snow.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow was forced to resign when it was uncovered that Snow failed to pay income taxes on the $24 million of loan forgiveness he received while CEO of CSX Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-snowbirds_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snowbirds-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush stated publicly that he wanted a "new face" to head the Treasury Dept., even though the stock market grew 40% during Snow's tenure as secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_positions">Current positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow belongs to the IAG (International Consolidated Airlines Group S.A) board. IAG is the result of Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España S.A and British Airways Plc. merger. </p><p>In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to remain a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">June 2016 Referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow lives in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. His was married to Carolyn (Kalk), b. Apr 11, 1940 - d. June 5, 2024. He has three children, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Snow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Snow (page does not exist)">Ian Snow</a>, Bradley Snow and Christopher. He has twelve grandchildren between Ian, Bradley, and Chris. </p><p>Snow's alma mater, Kenyon College, awarded him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> in 1993. He has also received the U.S. Department of Transportation Secretary's Outstanding Achievement Award and has been named a Distinguished Fellow by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216003211/http://www.lincolntribune.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4224">"Inside Report by Robert Novak – Local News – News : Lincoln Tribune : Instant, reliable and credible local news"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cerberus+chairman+is+ex-chief+of+Treasury%2C+Toledo+native&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2Flocal%2F2007%2F05%2F15%2FCerberus-chairman-is-ex-chief-of-Treasury-Toledo-native.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kTwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7091,7253157&dq=what%27s-on-who%27s-where-wheeler-snow-engagement-is&hl=en">"Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107044933/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kTwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7091,7253157&dq=what%27s-on-who%27s-where-wheeler-snow-engagement-is&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=Toledo+Blade+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkTwxAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DTQEEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7091%2C7253157%26dq%3Dwhat%2527s-on-who%2527s-where-wheeler-snow-engagement-is%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnston_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, David Cay. <i>Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense (and Stick You With the Bill)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 2008, pages 22–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509113718/http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/About_MPC/Corporate_Profile/Board_of_Directors/John_W_Snow/">"John W. Snow"</a>. Marathon Oil Company. 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July 29, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030151915/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20030729&id=o_UrAAAAIBAJ&pg=1344%2C2566497">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+New+Era&rft.atitle=Bush+economic+team+hits+the+road+to+promote+tax+cuts&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D266%26dat%3D20030729%26id%3Do_UrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1344%2C2566497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomberg_News2004" class="citation news cs1">Bloomberg News (May 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/28/business/an-inquiry-in-treasury-chief-s-debt-holdings.html">"An Inquiry in Treasury Chief's Debt Holdings"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323201945/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/28/business/an-inquiry-in-treasury-chief-s-debt-holdings.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+in+Treasury+Chief%27s+Debt+Holdings&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft.au=Bloomberg+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fan-inquiry-in-treasury-chief-s-debt-holdings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/30/AR2006053000447.html">"WashingtonPost.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235149/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/30/AR2006053000447.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WashingtonPost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F05%2F30%2FAR2006053000447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snowbirds-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snowbirds_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieth,_WarrenSimon,_Richard2002" class="citation web cs1">Vieth, Warren; Simon, Richard (December 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307181106/http://www.kycbs.net/SnowBirds.htm">"CSX Paid No Income Tax in 2 of the Last 4 years"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kycbs.net/SnowBirds.htm">the original</a> on March 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=CSX+Paid+No+Income+Tax+in+2+of+the+Last+4+years&rft.date=2002-12-11&rft.au=Vieth%2C+Warren&rft.au=Simon%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kycbs.net%2FSnowBirds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span> (Scroll down to third item on page; article archived by archive.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush, George W., <i>Decision Points.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583">"Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. April 20, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731121846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Staying+in+EU+%27best+hope%27+for+UK%27s+future+say+ex-US+Treasury+secretaries&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+W.+Snow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Snow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/snow-bio.html">White House Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/pages/jsnow.aspx">Treasury Department Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?48381">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul O'Neill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a><br /><small>Served under: George W. Bush</small> </b><br />2003–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Cabinet Member</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084624427">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/188031667">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4645/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdPf44hqbVdwtGY734v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1227803362">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50014928">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007581687605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582931">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pd7tmt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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