CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"74b47938-787d-4c73-b714-64d5188cd2d0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery","wgTitle":"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery","wgCurRevisionId":1254718538,"wgRevisionId":1254718538,"wgArticleId":910147,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from February 2017","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles needing additional references from December 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Articles needing additional references from April 2023","Articles with a promotional tone from June 2024","All articles with a promotional tone","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009","Articles that may contain original research from December 2022","All articles that may contain original research","Academic degrees of India","Bachelor's degrees","Medical degrees"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery","wgRelevantArticleId":910147,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13948235","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bachelor_of_Medicine_Bachelor_of_Surgery rootpage-Bachelor_of_Medicine_Bachelor_of_Surgery skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Barbados</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>Namibia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.27</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.29</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.30</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.31</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.32</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.33</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.34</span> <span>South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.35</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.36</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.37</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.38</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.39</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.40</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.41</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.42</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England,_Wales,_and_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England,_Wales,_and_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.42.1</span> <span>England, Wales, and Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England,_Wales,_and_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.42.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Primary_Medical_Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Primary_Medical_Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.42.3</span> <span>Historical Primary Medical Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Primary_Medical_Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.43</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.44</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.45</span> <span>West Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.46</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.47</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Progression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="بكالوريوس الطب والجراحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكالوريوس الطب والجراحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্যাচেলর অব মেডিসিন, ব্যাচেলর অব সার্জারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাচেলর অব মেডিসিন, ব্যাচেলর অব সার্জারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="کارشناسی پزشکی و جراحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارشناسی پزشکی و جراحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99_%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC,_%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC_%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC" title="의학 학사, 외과 학사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의학 학사, 외과 학사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="आयुर्विज्ञान तथा शल्य-चिकित्सा स्नातक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयुर्विज्ञान तथा शल्य-चिकित्सा स्नातक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D." title="എം.ബി.ബി.എസ്. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം.ബി.ബി.എസ്." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="एम.बी.बी.एस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एम.बी.बी.एस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%87" title="بكالوريوس الطب والجراحه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكالوريوس الطب والجراحه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="ဆေးပညာဘွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆေးပညာဘွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licen%C8%9Biat_%C3%AEn_Medicin%C4%83,_Licen%C8%9Biat_%C3%AEn_Chirurgie" title="Licențiat în Medicină, Licențiat în Chirurgie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Licențiat în Medicină, Licențiat în Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="වෛද්‍යවේදී සහ ශල්‍යවේදී උපාධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛද්‍යවේදී සහ ශල්‍යවේදී උපාධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB_BS" title="MB BS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MB BS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இளநிலை மருத்துவம் மற்றும் அறுவையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இளநிலை மருத்துவம் மற்றும் அறுவையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D,_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="బ్యాచిలర్ ఆఫ్ మెడిసన్, బ్యాచిలర్ ఆఫ్ సర్జరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్యాచిలర్ ఆఫ్ మెడిసన్, బ్యాచిలర్ ఆఫ్ సర్జరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="แพทยศาสตรบัณฑิตและศัลยศาสตรบัณฑิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพทยศาสตรบัณฑิตและศัลยศาสตรบัณฑิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ایم بی بی ایس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایم بی بی ایس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="內外全科醫學士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="內外全科醫學士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13948235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&oldid=1254718538" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery&id=1254718538&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bachelor_of_Medicine%2C_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13948235" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical and surgical degree</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Special:EditPage/Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22">"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae</i>; <b>MBBS</b>, also abbreviated as <b>BM BS</b>, <b>MB ChB</b>, <b>MB BCh</b>, or <b>MB BChir</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degree</a> granted by <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical schools</a> or universities in countries that adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's higher education tradition</a>. Despite the historical distinction in nomenclature, these degrees are typically combined and conferred together. This degree is usually awarded as an undergraduate degree, but it can also be awarded at <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate-level</a> medical institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical duration for completion is five to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>Bachelor of Medicine</b> (<b>BMed</b> or <b>MB</b>) is an undergraduate medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries following the tradition of China. The completion period for this degree is generally five to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'Medicine' in this context encompasses the broader field of medical science and practice, rather than specifically <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>. Consequently, graduates with an BMed degree are qualified to practise surgery. The BMed degree serves as the primary medical qualification, and individuals holding it may pursue further professional education, such as a Master of Medical Science or a Doctor of Medical Science (equivalent to a PhD).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both degrees are considered equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree typically conferred by universities in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> only, some doctors opt to train in <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic medicine</a>, and thus receive a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree. For practical purposes, all three degrees (MBBS/MD/DO) are considered to be equal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wblearning-ejournal.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wblearning-ejournal.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_nature">History and nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree is currently awarded in institutions in the United Kingdom and countries formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlECFMG_2008_Information_Booklet_—_Reference_Guide_for_Medical_Education_Credentials_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlECFMG_2008_Information_Booklet_—_Reference_Guide_for_Medical_Education_Credentials-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore">University of Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification and in Scotland the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a>. In the mid-19th century, the public bodies that regulated medical practice required practitioners in Scotland and England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Over the course of the 19th century, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a> and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine. </p><p>In the countries that award bachelor's degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#United_Kingdom" title="Doctorate">junior doctorate</a> and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "<a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a>" and use the prefix "Dr.", whether or not they also hold a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">DSc</a>. </p><p>In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. For example, most Chinese universities offering medical degrees provide undergraduate courses lasting six years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first-year courses (for six-year degrees) in the basic sciences of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> have been abolished: that standard has to be reached by school examinations before entry. However, in most countries, a newly graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a> before he or she can obtain full registration as a licensed medical practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surgeon#Titles_in_the_Commonwealth" title="Surgeon">Surgeon § Titles in the Commonwealth</a></div> <p>The names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely. This is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any difference between the relative levels of the degrees. They are considered equivalent. </p><p>If the awarding body titles the degrees in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the degrees are commonly named <i>Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus</i>; <i>Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus</i>; or <i>Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia</i>; abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are named <i>Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</i>; <i>Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</i>; or <i>Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery</i>; usually abbreviated as MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees. </p><p>Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Australia" title="Medical education in Australia">Medical education in Australia</a></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Australia" title="List of medical schools in Australia">Australian medical schools</a> have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the PhD, or for their honorary doctorates. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a> (AQF) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor's degrees together with other undergraduate programs. </p><p>The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, most Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature. With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).<sup id="cite_ref-Doctor_of_Medicine_MD_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctor_of_Medicine_MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Medical University of Bahrain or <a href="/wiki/RCSI-Bahrain" title="RCSI-Bahrain">RCSI-Bahrain</a> is a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awards its graduates the MB, BCh, BAO (Hons), the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of medical colleges in Bangladesh">medical schools in Bangladesh</a> award <i>MBBS</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbados">Barbados</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barbados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bridgetown International University, Victoria University of Barbados, American University of Barbados School of Medicine, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies Faculty of Medicine</a> all award the MBBS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, medical undergraduates are awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine">Bachelor of Medicine</a> (<b>MB</b>, also <b>BMed</b>, and <b>BM</b>) in Clinical Medicine for a course of study lasting five years for native Chinese students and six years for international/foreign students, including internship. International students may take the program in English or Chinese. Some medical schools also award <b>MBBS</b> degrees, but only for international students. In total, 247 universities are authorized to award medical degrees. All 247 universities are recognized by most of the medical councils around the world and by ECFMG. By August 2022, 136 universities have passed the process of Accreditation of Medical Education from the Ministry of Education of China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The universities awarding MB and MBBS degrees are at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_China" title="List of medical schools in China">list of medical schools in China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an <i>MB BCh</i> as the basic medical degree after completion of five academic and clinical study years followed by two years of obligatory clinical rotations (the MB BCh is issued only after the completion of the clinical rotations) with total of seven years both academic, clinical study and clinical rotations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding the competitive examination occurring at the end of their first year of studies. They spend their second and third year at their medical school where they learn physiology, semiology and the basics of medical examination. From their fourth year, they begin their rotations in teaching hospitals where they assist junior and senior physicians and learn their art. At the end of their sixth year, they undertake a competitive examination to match with their medical specialty and city of practice. Students are then full-time physicians practising under supervision and will be called "doctors" only when graduating at the end of their residency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After 9 years (or 3 cycles including successfully defending a Practical (or Exercise) thesis (Le Doctorat en Medecine) on an area of interest), they are awarded : Diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine (State diploma of Doctor of Medicine) and Diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES) which are both needed for full registration on the National Council of the Order of Physicians (l'Ordre des médecins) and can practise medicine </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Ghanaian medical schools award an MBChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. These seven medical schools are <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_for_Development_Studies" title="University for Development Studies">University for Development Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Coast" title="University of Cape Coast">University of Cape Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Health_and_Allied_Sciences" title="University of Health and Allied Sciences">University of Health and Allied Sciences</a> and the private Accra College of Medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Family Health Medical School, another private medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-e089_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e089-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guyana">Guyana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guyana" title="University of Guyana">University of Guyana</a> awards <i>MB BS</i>. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD, such as <a href="/wiki/Texila_American_University" title="Texila American University">Texila American University</a>, Lincoln American University.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition. </p><p>The dual degree is awarded as: </p> <ul><li><i>MBBS</i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><i>MBChB</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India the MBBS is generally a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-year course including one year of mandatory internship and an additional year of mandatory rural posting. Some institutes like the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a> and other Deemed Medical Colleges do not have the 1 year of mandatory rural posting. During internship, medical students are paid a stipend. Registration as MBBS doctor is granted after completion of these postings. MBBS in India comes under purview of the <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Commission" title="National Medical Commission">National Medical Commission</a> which has the power to recognize or de-recognize medical colleges which provide MBBS education.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the last decade, a number of medical colleges have been opened in India, to cater to the huge Indian population. The National Medical Commission mentions 704 medical colleges, which teach MBBS in the country, as in July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are both government run as well as private medical colleges in India. Admission to MBBS program in government colleges can be highly competitive because of subsidized education and extensive hands-on experience. Every year, millions of students appear for the national competitive examination <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)</a> for a total of 107,798 MBBS seats in the country, as of July 2023. </p><p>The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology<b>.</b> The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for five years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties<b>.</b> Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. After 1 year of rotatory internship, additional years of rural internship is mandatory in many states, which can be skipped by paying a huge fine to the government, for obtaining permanent registration as a medical practitioner. </p><p>MBBS curriculum in India is going through changes with incorporation of modern teaching methods and introduction of National Exit Test (NExT) as the exit test for obtaining MBBS degree, notified on 30 June 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indonesia, graduating students are awarded the academic degree of <i>Sarjana Kedokteran</i> / <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine">Bachelor of Medicine</a> (written as suffix "S.Ked<i>"</i>) after completing their pre-clinical studies. At this point, the graduate is not yet a practising doctor, but may choose to work directly as a medical scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually health-related). However, most graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkship" title="Clinical clerkship">clinical clerkship</a> program (<i>Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter</i>) for another 1.5 to 2 years. During this program, students are required to rotate through different medical/surgical specialties in a teaching hospital, actively involved in diagnoses and treatment of patients under the direct supervision of <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consultant_(medicine)" title="Consultant (medicine)">consultants</a>/attending physicians. After completing a clinical clerkship, students take the national medical licensing examination (<i>Ujian Kompetensi Mahasiswa Program Profesi Dokter/UKMPPD</i>) and will be awarded the title <i>Dokter</i> (written as prefix "dr.") as their first professional title if they pass the examination.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Iraq" title="List of medical colleges in Iraq">medical schools in Iraq</a> award <i>MB ChB</i>, with the exception of the University of Kurdistan-Hewlêr which awards the MBBS degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Special:EditPage/Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland – <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some constituent institutions of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Galway" title="University of Galway">University of Galway</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> — award the degrees of <i>MB BCh BAO</i>. The letters <i>BAO</i> stand for <i>Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia</i> (Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a>. This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish <a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Council (Ireland)">Medical Council</a> nor the British <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> (GMC). The only exception is the newly established <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a> graduate entry school of medicine which awards <i>BM BS</i> for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree (upgradable after three or four years to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a>); as originally after this most students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training. </p><p><i>LRCPI LRCSI</i>, or simply <i>LRCP&SI</i>, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiates</a> awarded jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Ireland" title="Royal College of Physicians of Ireland">Royal College of Physicians of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> to students of the RCSI's medical school under the <i>Irish Conjoint Scheme</i>. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licences but now also receive the degrees <i>MB BCh BAO</i>, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>. The RCSI students received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as <i>L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI</i> or more misleadingly as <i>LLM</i>, <i>LRCPI LRCSI</i>, or simply <i>LRCP&SI</i>. </p><p><i>LAH</i> formerly denoted a licentiate of the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_Hall_of_Ireland" title="Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland">Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland</a>, and is no longer awarded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, medical undergraduates are awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, a course of study lasting six years. It is awarded by 42 national, 8 public and 31 private universities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery</i> <i>(MBBS)</i> degree is awarded in Jordan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology">Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moi_University" title="Moi University">Moi University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_University" title="Kenyatta University">Kenyatta University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maseno_University" title="Maseno University">Maseno University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Methodist_University" title="Kenya Methodist University">Kenya Methodist University</a> award <i>MB ChB</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_University" title="Mount Kenya University">Mount Kenya University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a> also award the four-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Clinical_Medicine_and_Community_Health" title="Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health">BSc. Clinical Medicine</a> degree in addition to the six-year MBChB.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AM. Dogliotti College of Medicine (University of Libeira) awards the MD degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major public medical universities in Libya, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tripoli" title="University of Tripoli">University of Tripoli</a> (Tripoli), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Benghazi" title="University of Benghazi">University of Benghazi</a> (formerly Garyounis) (Benghazi), and University of Alzaweyah. The schools award the <a href="/wiki/MBBCh" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBCh">MBBCh</a>. </p><p>The Libyan International Medical University is an accredited private medical university that awards an MBChB to its graduates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>MBBS</i> is awarded by five public and 17 private universities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polytechnic Institute">National Polytechnic Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Autonomous_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Autonomous University">Metropolitan Autonomous University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others, grant the title of "<i>Médico cirujano</i>" (Physician-surgeon) after five or six years of post-high school education, plus one year of internship and one year of social service depending on each institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All five medical schools (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine_1,_Yangon" title="University of Medicine 1, Yangon">UM1</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine_2,_Yangon" title="University of Medicine 2, Yangon">UM 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Services_Medical_Academy" title="Defence Services Medical Academy">DSMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine,_Mandalay" title="University of Medicine, Mandalay">UMM</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine,_Magway" title="University of Medicine, Magway">UMMG</a>) in Myanmar award the <i>MB BS</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Namibia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Namibia <a href="/wiki/UNAM_School_of_Medicine_(Namibia)" title="UNAM School of Medicine (Namibia)">UNAM School of Medicine</a>, the only medical school in the country, awards the MBChB degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 18 medical schools in Nepal that award the MBBS degree. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_education_commission,_Nepal_(MEC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical education commission, Nepal (MEC) (page does not exist)">Medical education commission, Nepal (MEC)</a> organizes the work related to establishment and operation of medical institutions all over Nepal and bears the sole responsibility to maintain quality, professionalism, institutional accountability and social justice in medical education.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is another entity called <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Medical_Council_(NMC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Medical Council (NMC)">Nepal Medical Council (NMC)</a> which major functions are quality control of medical education of the country, establish ethical health care practice, establish standardization of medical practice as well as responsible for giving license to practise medicine within the country's border.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, students follow a period of 6 academic years. After three years, students obtain the title Bachelor Geneeskunde (translates to Bachelor of Medicine). After a further three years of study and internships, students obtain the Master Geneeskunde (translates to Master of Medicine) title. After the completion of the master's degree, the students are recognized as medical doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two New Zealand medical schools, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland_Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences" title="University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences">Auckland</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago_Dunedin_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine">Otago</a>, style their degrees as "MBChB" and "MB ChB" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>MBBS/MB ChB</i> is awarded by many public and private universities in Nigeria, after a period of 6 academic years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of medical schools in Pakistan">List of medical schools in Pakistan</a></div> <p>In Pakistan, a <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> is more often referred to as a medical college. The full-form of MBBS is <b>Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery.</b> It is a 5-year course plus one-year internship in affiliated hospital that can be completed from a college recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Medical Commission">Pakistan Medical Commission</a>, to receive a degree titled MBBS (<a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of medical schools in Pakistan">Medical colleges in Pakistan</a>). Medical colleges may also teach Post Graduate courses such as <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_Pakistan" title="Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan">FCPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diplomas</a>. A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department which usually has a separate campus. Currently, a total of 127 medical colleges are listed in <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a> in Pakistan. </p><p>All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health. They, however, have to be recognised after meeting criteria set by a central regulatory authority called <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Medical Council">Pakistan Medical Commission</a> (PMC). Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMC. Both the academic performance at the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_(School)_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary (School) Certificate">HSSC</a> (grades 11–12) and a centralized entrance test like <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_and_Dental_College_Admission_Test" title="National Medical and Dental College Admission Test">NMDCAT</a>, are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges. </p><p>To get admission into any government medical college, the weightage is determined by the provincial or federal government. In order to get admission into any private medical college, the following weightage is used:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>50% to Marks of entrance test like <a href="/wiki/MCAT_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="MCAT Pakistan">National Medical and Dental College Admission Test</a> (NMDCAT).</li> <li>30% to Marks of <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary School Certificate</a> (HSSC) Pre-Medical.</li> <li>20% to Marks obtained in the <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">Interview</a> conducted by Private Colleges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Rwandan medical schools, public and private, award an MBBS as the basic medical degree after completion of five or six academic years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award the <i>MBBS</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore#Medicine" title="National University of Singapore">Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University#Lee_Kong_Chian_School_of_Medicine" title="Nanyang Technological University">Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> confer <i>MB BS</i>. The American <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> has a medical programme based in Singapore (<a href="/wiki/Duke-NUS_Graduate_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</a>), but it follows the North American model of styling its degree <i>Doctor of Medicine (MD)</i> at master's degree level.<sup id="cite_ref-urlDuke-NUS_Graduate_Medical_School_Singapore_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDuke-NUS_Graduate_Medical_School_Singapore-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Somali_National_University" title="Somali National University">Somali National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoud_University" title="Amoud University">Amoud University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benadir_University" title="Benadir University">Benadir University</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaam_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salaam University (page does not exist)">Salaam University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hargeisa University">Hargeisa University</a> award the MB ChB, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_University" title="East Africa University">East Africa University</a> awards MMBS.<sup id="cite_ref-Msis_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Msis-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical education in South Africa">Medical education in South Africa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State" title="University of the Free State">University of the Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stellenbosch">University of Stellenbosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu_University" title="Walter Sisulu University">Walter Sisulu University</a> and <a href="/wiki/MEDUNSA" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDUNSA">MEDUNSA</a> all award MBChB, whereas the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> styles its degree as MBBCh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sudan">South Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Juba" title="University of Juba">University of Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bahr_El-Ghazal" title="University of Bahr El-Ghazal">University of Bahr El-Ghazal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_University" title="Upper Nile University">Upper Nile University</a> in South Sudan awards the <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a> degree after the successful completion of six academic years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ceylon" title="University of Ceylon">University of Ceylon</a> was established through legislation and the MBBS degree was recognised for registration of doctors in place of the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_in_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery">Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery</a> (LMS).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medical degree in Sudan is a six-year program that includes both classroom and clinical training. Students who successfully complete the program are awarded the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree, which is recognized internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The higher education in Syria provides training to a Diploma, Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate levels (see European Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education: Syria).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical education in Tunisia is solely administered by the government Ministry of Higher Education and Ministry of Public Health. Students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding their national <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a> exam and obtaining a competitive score that allows them admission to medical schools (usually in the 95% percentile). The curriculum spans six years, two years of fundamental medicine, followed by three years of clinical medicine, culminating in a final year of internship. Upon the completion of this comprehensive training, students are awarded a certificate equivalent to a bachelor's degree, known as the "Diplome de Fin des Etudes Cliniques en Médecine." Subsequently, a national exam is undertaken, and students are ranked based on their performance. Specialization in medicine then follows, ranging from an additional three years for family medicine to five years for most medical and surgical specialties. </p><p>During the initial two years at medical school, students focus on foundational subjects such as physiology, semiology, and the fundamentals of medical examination. From the fourth year onwards, they engage in rotations at teaching hospitals, where they actively participate under the guidance of junior and senior physicians, honing their practical skills. At the conclusion of the fifth year, students undergo a competitive examination to determine their medical specialty and city of practice. Following this, they transition to full-time physicians, practising under supervision, and earn the title of "doctors" upon successful completion of their residency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nine universities in Uganda that have <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical schools</a> that teach undergraduate courses, namely; <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Makerere University School of Medicine">Makerere University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbarara_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Mbarara University School of Medicine">Mbarara University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulu_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Gulu University School of Medicine">Gulu University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampala_International_University_School_of_Health_Sciences" title="Kampala International University School of Health Sciences">Kampala International University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busitema_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Busitema University School of Medicine">Busitema University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabale_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Kabale University School of Medicine">Kabale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Medical_School" title="Habib Medical School">Habib Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_International_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine International University">St. Augustine International University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Christian_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Uganda Christian University School of Medicine">Uganda Christian University</a> all award the <i>MBChB</i> degree, after five years of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ukraine, the full-form of MBBS is <b>Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.</b> It is generally a 5.8 year course including one year compulsory internship, that can be completed from a college accredited by the National Medical Commission. At present, Ukraine is ranked at the fourth position in Europe for having the largest number of post graduates in fields of medicine. Ukraine has a number of Top Government Medical Universities offering MBBS, MD and other degrees in medicine to the local students as well as international students. </p><p>The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as <b>biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology.</b> The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for six years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. <b>The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties.</b> Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and English in a student's secondary school examinations and student need to pass <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">National Eligibility cum Entrance Test</a> examination for the admission in Ukraine Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pursuing an MBBS degree in Russia has become an increasingly popular choice for Indian students in recent years. Russia offers a world-class medical education at a fraction of the cost compared to private medical colleges in India. The medical universities in Russia follow a comprehensive curriculum that is recognized globally. Students get access to advanced facilities and have the opportunity to learn from experienced faculty members. The medium of instruction is English, making it accessible for Indian students. One of the key advantages of studying MBBS in Russia is the affordable tuition fees and cost of living. This opens up opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds to achieve their dream of becoming a doctor. The degree is also accepted for medical practice in India after clearing the required entrance exams. </p><p>Overall, an MBBS degree from a Russian university is a valuable credential that can jumpstart the career of aspiring Indian doctors. The combination of quality education and cost-effectiveness makes it an attractive option worth considering. </p><p>Embarking on a journey to study MBBS abroad is a significant decision for Indian students. The allure of international education, exposure to diverse cultures, and world-class medical training make it an enticing prospect. However, planning and executing such a venture can be daunting. Many Consultants in India Offering MBBS in Russia for Indian and International Students.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England,_Wales,_and_Northern_Ireland"><span id="England.2C_Wales.2C_and_Northern_Ireland"></span>England, Wales, and Northern Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: England, Wales, and Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While first degrees in medicine meet the expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at "level 7 (the UK <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>)", these degrees usually retain, for historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varied abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas: </p> <ul><li><i>MB ChB</i> is used at the universities of Aston, <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin</a>, Birmingham, Bristol, Buckingham, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, Sunderland (in partnership with Keele)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a>.</li> <li><i>MB BCh</i> is used by the Welsh universities, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea University</a>.</li> <li><i>MB, BCh, BAO</i> is used at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Belfast">Queen's University, Belfast</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>MB BS</i> is used at all medical schools currently or previously part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> (aka The United Hospitals) (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine" title="Imperial College School of Medicine">Imperial College School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCL_Medical_School" title="UCL Medical School">UCL Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College London School of Medicine">King's College London School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry">Barts and The London School of Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's, University of London</a>). Other medical schools that also award an "MB BS" are <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Medical_School" title="Norwich Medical School">Norwich Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School" title="Hull York Medical School">Hull York Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">University of Central Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is currently partnered with St George's<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>BM BCh</i> is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li> <li><i>BM BS</i> is used at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_and_Medway_Medical_School" title="Kent and Medway Medical School">Kent and Medway Medical School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Sussex_Medical_School" title="Brighton and Sussex Medical School">Brighton and Sussex Medical School</a> (formerly at <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry</a>)</li> <li><i>BM</i> was previously awarded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>. However, beginning in 2013 students have been awarded BMBS. Although no degree in surgery was formally awarded by Southampton, this degree was equivalent to the MB ChB; students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.</li> <li><i>MB BChir</i> is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.</li></ul> <p>At the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (<i>BA</i>), degree (upgradable after three or four years to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a>), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: They used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations. Most students at Oxford and Cambridge now remain in place to take their clinical training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All medical schools in Scotland (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen,_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee Medical School">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Medical School">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow_Medical_School" title="University of Glasgow Medical School">Glasgow</a>) award MB ChB. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_School_of_Medicine" title="University of St Andrews School of Medicine">University of St Andrews School of Medicine</a> awarded <i>MB ChB</i> until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>, St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical <i>BSc</i> or <i>BSc (Hons)</i>, and students go to a Partner Medical School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or <a href="/wiki/School_of_Medicine,_University_of_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Medicine, University of Manchester">Manchester</a>), where they are awarded an <i>MB ChB</i> after a further three years' study.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a programme for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian Citizens and residents</a> whereby they complete 3 years at St. Andrews, then 3 years at Edinburgh and are assisted with applying for residency back in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, a joint initiative coordinated by both the Universities of St Andrews and Dundee, the Scottish Graduate Entry Medicine (ScotGEM) programme, has based its first and second year students at St Andrews, and its third and fourth year students at Dundee.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is Scotland's first <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Medical_Program" title="Graduate Medical Program">graduate entry medical degree programme</a>. The intention is that the students of the inaugural cohort, due to graduate in July 2022, will be conferred a joint <i>MB ChB</i> by both universities - the first to graduate with this professional degree directly from St Andrews in over fifty years. </p><p>The Scottish <a href="/wiki/Triple_Qualification" title="Triple Qualification">Triple Qualification</a> of <i>LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG</i> (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a>, previously through a <a href="/wiki/Conjoint" title="Conjoint">Conjoint</a> Board and from 1994 through the <a href="/wiki/United_Examining_Board" title="United Examining Board">United Examining Board</a>. The UEB was dissolved in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_Primary_Medical_Qualifications">Historical Primary Medical Qualifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Historical Primary Medical Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conjoint" title="Conjoint">Conjoint</a> diplomas <i>LRCP MRCS LMSSA</i> were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Apothecaries">Society of Apothecaries</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_Examining_Board" title="United Examining Board">United Examining Board</a> from 1994 until 1999, when the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> withdrew permission. Before 1994, the English <a href="/wiki/Conjoint" title="Conjoint">Conjoint</a> diploma of <i>LRCP, MRCS</i> was awarded for 110 years, and the <i>LMSSA</i> was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_1965_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_1965-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas or who failed their medical school finals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduates</a> with an MBBS from foreign countries are generally exempt from having to attend <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> in the United States, but must still undergo <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">US residency</a> and pass the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">United States Medical Licensing Examination</a> (USMLE), which is given in three exams.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MBBS is not offered at medical schools in the United States as the majority of medical school programs are graduate entry and by tradition offer the MD degree as a primary medical qualification. </p><p>There are a number of institutions in the United States that offer a combined 6-year BS-MD joint degree, notably <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio_Medical_University" title="Northeast Ohio Medical University">Northeast Ohio Medical University</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby graduating high school seniors complete an accelerated bachelor's degree in two years followed by an MD at the traditional four-year pace. Although the BS-MD pathway is a hybrid undergraduate/graduate program, the result is a primary medical qualification equivalent to an MBBS degree and graduates of these schools go on to enter their intern year at roughly the same age as their UK counterparts. Most American schools offering a BS-MD program do so in 7 years, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Indiana University School of Medicine">Indiana University School of Medicine</a>, or in 8 years, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> maintains a list of such schools.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily US-educated MDs and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (DOs) go through four years of undergraduate education and apply to professional medical graduate schools with a competitive <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a> score and GPA. They then go through two more years of <a href="/wiki/Didactic_method" title="Didactic method">didactic</a> medical science study, and take the pass-fail <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_1" title="USMLE Step 1">USMLE Step 1</a> exam. DO students take a similar exam known as <a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a> Level 1. Following a pass, they then undergo <a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a> of medicine by taking part in patient care in clinics and hospitals under the close supervision of board-certified physicians. After this year, they take the <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Knowledge" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge">Step 2 Clinical Knowledge</a> exam and formerly took the <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Skills" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills">Step 2 Clinical Skills</a> exam as well. DO students take the COMLEX Level 2-Cognitive Evaulation exam and previously took the COMLEX Level 2-Performance Evaluation exam. COMLEX 2-PE and Step 2 CS were discontinued in 2021 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. They then go through one more year of experiential learning, often with elective rotations tailored to particular interests of study or future specialization. They also apply for the <a href="/wiki/National_Resident_Matching_Program" title="National Resident Matching Program">National Resident Matching Program</a> in this year. Following their fourth and final year, they graduate from medical school and are awarded their MD or DO degree. If selected for a residency, they continue for a minimum of three to eight years in their specialty where they are officially licensed to practise after completion. New resident physicians, or interns, in the first year of residency, known as intern year or internship, often take the <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_3" title="USMLE Step 3">USMLE Step 3</a> exam or COMLEX Level 3 exam during that year. </p><p>Undergraduate students applying to medical school also have the option to apply to an MD/PhD <a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a> at various academic institutions, which entails 7–8 years of primary medical education that is combined with a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">doctoral thesis</a>. MD/PhD students are required to take all USMLE exams and postgraduate residency training if they wish to practise medicine. A few schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heritage_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine">Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine</a>, offer DO/PhD programs. </p><p>Most MBBS physicians visiting or practising in the United States use the designation of MD for various personal and professional reasons, but laws may change to require full disclosure when presenting as a clinical practitioner for litigious reasons. The MD title is distinctly used in the US for physicians who earned their medical degree in the US who practise <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>. They separate themselves from DOs who go through a different type of education and training that focuses on the patient as a whole and an array of treatments inclusive of medicine and surgery as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many medical schools in Vietnam, such as Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, and Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Most of them require six years to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> (UWI) confer <i>MB BS</i>, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. The degree is a 5-year programme. The three physical campuses are <a href="/wiki/Mona,_Jamaica" title="Mona, Jamaica">Mona</a> in Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago">Saint Augustine</a> in Trinidad and Tobago, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_at_Cave_Hill" title="University of the West Indies at Cave Hill">Cave Hill</a> in Barbados, with each campus having a Medical Faculty. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guyana" title="University of Guyana">University of Guyana</a> (UG) also confers "MB BS" to their medical school graduates. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading to <i>MD</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambia">Zambia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All schools in Zambia award the <a href="/wiki/MBChB" class="mw-redirect" title="MBChB">MBChB</a> degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS) awards the MBChB degree. Midlands State University (MSU) also offers the MBChB degree. The National University of Science and Technology (NUST) awards the MBBS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications that lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate degree">graduate degrees</a> (depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-called <a href="/wiki/First_professional_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First professional degree">first professional degree</a>. Other professions whose qualifications follow a similar pattern include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Health">Environmental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Therapy">Occupational Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Therapy">Physical Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Psychology">Clinical Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary Medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician Assistant">Physician Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OT_Technician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OT Technician (page does not exist)">OT Technician</a></li></ul> <p>Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as professional degrees, not as <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours degrees</a>, and as such the graduate is not <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">classified</a> as for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School" title="Hull York Medical School">Hull York Medical School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> in England, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> in Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> in Wales and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a> in Scotland), it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons.)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded. </p><p>More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercalated_degree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercalated degree (page does not exist)">intercalated honours degree</a>. This is usually a Bachelor of Science (BSc), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medical Science">Bachelor of Medical Science</a> (BMedSci), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medical_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelor of Medical Biology (page does not exist)">Bachelor of Medical Biology</a> (BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six-year course, the third year was followed by the award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a law degree (LLB); if the optional law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham and the University of Southampton, both in England, all medical students on the five-year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a PhD. Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course to receive his/her MBBS degree. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a> (BMedSci) degree to all students who have successfully completed three years of their <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progression">Progression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Progression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country. Medical graduates are eligible to sit postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions. Among the latter are the <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons">Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons</a>, postgraduate master's degrees (such as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a>), and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (such as <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a>, if earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations, and board certification examinations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ayurveda,_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Unani_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homologation" title="Homologation">Homologation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">Pre-medical</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/medical-degree-glossary">"Decoding the 'Alphabet Soup' of Medical Degrees"</a>. <i>Yale Medicine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206014830/https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/medical-degree-glossary">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Medicine&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+%27Alphabet+Soup%27+of+Medical+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalemedicine.org%2Fnews%2Fmedical-degree-glossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/study/undergraduate/medicine-mbbs-programmes/">"Medicine (MBBS) programmes"</a>. <i>Imperial College London</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206172001/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/study/undergraduate/medicine-mbbs-programmes/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+College+London&rft.atitle=Medicine+%28MBBS%29+programmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedicine%2Fstudy%2Fundergraduate%2Fmedicine-mbbs-programmes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/undergraduate/coursefinder/courses/2023/medicine-5-year-programme/">"Medicine (5 Year Programme) - Queen Mary University of London"</a>. <i>www.qmul.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206171936/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/undergraduate/coursefinder/courses/2023/medicine-5-year-programme/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qmul.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Medicine+%285+Year+Programme%29+-+Queen+Mary+University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qmul.ac.uk%2Fundergraduate%2Fcoursefinder%2Fcourses%2F2023%2Fmedicine-5-year-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803155332/http://www.ecfmg.org/creds/refgde.html#c">"ECFMG 2011 Information Booklet - Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials"</a>. 3 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfmg.org/creds/refgde.html#c">the original</a> on 3 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECFMG+2011+Information+Booklet+-+Reference+Guide+for+Medical+Education+Credentials&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfmg.org%2Fcreds%2Frefgde.html%23c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221206165935/https://jiaoyuchu.bjmu.edu.cn/zsjy/zsgz/zyjs/183005.htm">"临床医学（五年制）_专业介绍_北京大学医学部教育处"</a>. <i>Peking University Health Science Center Office of the Registrar</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jiaoyuchu.bjmu.edu.cn/zsjy/zsgz/zyjs/183005.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peking+University+Health+Science+Center+Office+of+the+Registrar&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%89_%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjiaoyuchu.bjmu.edu.cn%2Fzsjy%2Fzsgz%2Fzyjs%2F183005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengYangChenSun2015" class="citation web cs1">Meng, Qingyue; Yang, Hongwei; Chen, Wen; Sun, Qiang; Liu, Xiaoyun (20 December 2015). Mills, Anne; Tangcharoensathien, Viroj (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apo.who.int/docs/librariesprovider15/publications/hits/china_health_systems_review_cn.pdf">"China Health System Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529043037/https://apo.who.int/docs/librariesprovider15/publications/hits/china_health_systems_review_cn.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=China+Health+System+Review&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Qingyue&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hongwei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wen&rft.au=Sun%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiaoyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapo.who.int%2Fdocs%2Flibrariesprovider15%2Fpublications%2Fhits%2Fchina_health_systems_review_cn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121092450/https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/medical-credentials/art-20454969">"Medical credentials and degrees: Doctors, nurses, P.A.s - Mayo Clinic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/medical-credentials/art-20454969">the original</a> on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Medical+credentials+and+degrees%3A+Doctors%2C+nurses%2C+P.A.s+-+Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Fconsumer-health%2Fin-depth%2Fmedical-credentials%2Fart-20454969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wblearning-ejournal.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wblearning-ejournal.com_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2011" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Bridget N. (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wblearning-ejournal.com/archive/10-10-11/E3001%20rtb.pdf">"Perspectives on professional doctorate education in the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Work Based Learning e-Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223548/http://wblearning-ejournal.com/archive/10-10-11/E3001%20rtb.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work+Based+Learning+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+professional+doctorate+education+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Bridget+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwblearning-ejournal.com%2Farchive%2F10-10-11%2FE3001%2520rtb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlECFMG_2008_Information_Booklet_—_Reference_Guide_for_Medical_Education_Credentials-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlECFMG_2008_Information_Booklet_—_Reference_Guide_for_Medical_Education_Credentials_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfmg.org/certification/reference-guide.html">"ECFMC 2017 guide: Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials"</a>. <i>Ecfmg.org</i>. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625075150/http://www.ecfmg.org/certification/reference-guide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecfmg.org&rft.atitle=ECFMC+2017+guide%3A+Reference+Guide+for+Medical+Education+Credentials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfmg.org%2Fcertification%2Freference-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cucas.cn/study_mbbs_in_china">"Study MBBS in China"</a>. <i>Cucas.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024075654/https://www.cucas.cn/study_mbbs_in_china">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cucas.cn&rft.atitle=Study+MBBS+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cucas.cn%2Fstudy_mbbs_in_china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doctor_of_Medicine_MD-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doctor_of_Medicine_MD_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/study-here/md">"Doctor of Medicine (MD)"</a>. University of Melbourne. 15 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703140421/http://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/study-here/md">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+of+Medicine+%28MD%29&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.unimelb.edu.au%2Fstudy-here%2Fmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsi.com/bahrain/about">"About RCSI Bahrain"</a>. <i>www.rcsi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524144501/https://www.rcsi.com/bahrain/about">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcsi.com&rft.atitle=About+RCSI+Bahrain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsi.com%2Fbahrain%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsi.com/bahrain/undergraduate/medicine/apply">"Undergraduate Medicine at RCSI Bahrain - Apply"</a>. <i>www.rcsi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195158/https://www.rcsi.com/bahrain/undergraduate/medicine/apply">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcsi.com&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+Medicine+at+RCSI+Bahrain+-+Apply&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsi.com%2Fbahrain%2Fundergraduate%2Fmedicine%2Fapply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcame.bjmu.edu.cn/en_school.php">"Directory of Accredited School in Clinical Medicine"</a>. <i>Working Committee for the Accreditation of Medical Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831062559/http://wcame.bjmu.edu.cn/en_school.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Committee+for+the+Accreditation+of+Medical+Education&rft.atitle=Directory+of+Accredited+School+in+Clinical+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcame.bjmu.edu.cn%2Fen_school.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knust.edu.gh/">"Home | Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology"</a>. <i>Knust.edu.gh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023034956/https://www.knust.edu.gh/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knust.edu.gh&rft.atitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+Kwame+Nkrumah+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knust.edu.gh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accra College of Medicine, Acm.edu.gh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e089-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e089_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdcghana.org/medical-and-dental-training-institutions-in-ghana/">"MEDICAL AND DENTAL TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN GHANA AND CORRESPONDING PROGRAMMES"</a>. <i>MEDICAL AND DENTAL COUNCIL</i>. 13 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEDICAL+AND+DENTAL+COUNCIL&rft.atitle=MEDICAL+AND+DENTAL+TRAINING+INSTITUTIONS+IN+GHANA+AND+CORRESPONDING+PROGRAMMES&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdcghana.org%2Fmedical-and-dental-training-institutions-in-ghana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.org.in/">"NMC India"</a>. <i>Nmc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194511/https://nmc.org.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nmc.org&rft.atitle=NMC+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.org.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/">"List of College Teaching MBBS | NMC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018200555/https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+College+Teaching+MBBS+%7C+NMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.org.in%2Finformation-desk%2Ffor-students-to-study-in-india%2Flist-of-college-teaching-mbbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/all-news/">"All news | NMC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+news+%7C+NMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.org.in%2Finformation-desk%2Fall-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonsil_Kedokteran_Indonesia2012" class="citation book cs1">Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lamptkes.org/unduhan/Final_SPPDI,_21_Maret_2013_1555037477.pdf"><i>Standar Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Indonesia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521131426/https://lamptkes.org/unduhan/Final_SPPDI,_21_Maret_2013_1555037477.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standar+Pendidikan+Profesi+Dokter+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Konsil+Kedokteran+Indonesia&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Konsil+Kedokteran+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flamptkes.org%2Funduhan%2FFinal_SPPDI%2C_21_Maret_2013_1555037477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/medicine-mb-a100/">"Medicine"</a>. <i>www.qub.ac.uk</i>. Queen's University Belfast. 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Medicine&rft.date=2024-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fundergraduate%2Fmedicine-mb-a100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/courses/undergraduate/courses/medicine/">"Medicine - Courses | Trinity College Dublin"</a>. <i>www.tcd.ie</i>. Trinity College Dublin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tcd.ie&rft.atitle=Medicine+-+Courses+%7C+Trinity+College+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fcourses%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourses%2Fmedicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/08/30/1325992_001.pdf">"医学部を置く大学一覧（令和元年度）"</a> [List of Universities with Medical Schools (FY2019)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mext.go.jp</i> (in Japanese). 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816231146/https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/08/30/1325992_001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mext.go.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8%E3%82%92%E7%BD%AE%E3%81%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fcomponent%2Fa_menu%2Feducation%2Fdetail%2F__icsFiles%2Fafieldfile%2F2019%2F08%2F30%2F1325992_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126004751/http://oferta.unam.mx/carreras/37/medicina">"Oferta Académica UNAM | Medicina"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oferta.unam.mx/carreras/37/medicina">the original</a> on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oferta+Acad%C3%A9mica+UNAM+%26%23124%3B+Medicina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foferta.unam.mx%2Fcarreras%2F37%2Fmedicina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113214722/http://www.esm.ipn.mx/OfertaEducativa/Paginas/Plan-de-Estudios.aspx">"Plan de Estudios"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esm.ipn.mx/OfertaEducativa/Paginas/Plan-de-Estudios.aspx">the original</a> on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+de+Estudios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esm.ipn.mx%2FOfertaEducativa%2FPaginas%2FPlan-de-Estudios.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uam.mx/licenciaturas/index.html">"UAM. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Licenciaturas y carreras en orden alfabético"</a>. <i>Uam.mx</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119043357/http://www.uam.mx/licenciaturas/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uam.mx&rft.atitle=UAM.+Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+Metropolitana.+Licenciaturas+y+carreras+en+orden+alfab%C3%A9tico.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uam.mx%2Flicenciaturas%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mec.gov.np/en/pages/about-us">"Background"</a>. <i>www.mec.gov.np</i>. 13 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603183937/https://www.mec.gov.np/en/pages/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mec.gov.np&rft.atitle=Background&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mec.gov.np%2Fen%2Fpages%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.org.np/history-and-information">"|| Nepal Medical Council ||"</a>. <i>www.nmc.org.np</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603183940/https://www.nmc.org.np/history-and-information">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nmc.org.np&rft.atitle=%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B+Nepal+Medical+Council+%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmc.org.np%2Fhistory-and-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amc.nl/web/leren/geneeskunde/master.htm">"Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC - Master Geneeskunde"</a>. 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+UMC+Locatie+AMC+-+Master+Geneeskunde&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.nl%2Fweb%2Fleren%2Fgeneeskunde%2Fmaster.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-option/bachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html">"Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland"</a>. <i>www.auckland.ac.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523050551/https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-option/bachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.auckland.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Bachelor+of+Medicine+and+Bachelor+of+Surgery+-+The+University+of+Auckland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auckland.ac.nz%2Fen%2Fstudy%2Fstudy-options%2Ffind-a-study-option%2Fbachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchool2021" class="citation web cs1">School, Otago Medical (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otago.ac.nz/oms/education/mbchb/">"MB ChB: The University of Otago Medical Degree"</a>. <i>www.otago.ac.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171700/https://www.otago.ac.nz/oms/education/mbchb/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.otago.ac.nz&rft.atitle=MB+ChB%3A+The+University+of+Otago+Medical+Degree&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=School&rft.aufirst=Otago+Medical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otago.ac.nz%2Foms%2Feducation%2Fmbchb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101074316/http://www.pmdc.org.pk/Portals/0/admission%20housejob%20regulations.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmdc.org.pk/Portals/0/admission%20housejob%20regulations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmdc.org.pk%2FPortals%2F0%2Fadmission%2520housejob%2520regulations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfaisal_University2023" class="citation web cs1">Alfaisal University (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616103451/https://com.alfaisal.edu/en/mbbs">"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery"</a>. <i>Alfaisal University College of Medicine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://com.alfaisal.edu/en/mbbs">the original</a> on 16 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alfaisal+University+College+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Bachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft.au=Alfaisal+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcom.alfaisal.edu%2Fen%2Fmbbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlDuke-NUS_Graduate_Medical_School_Singapore-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlDuke-NUS_Graduate_Medical_School_Singapore_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/admissions">"Admissions | Postgraduate, Graduate Entry Medicine | Duke-NUS"</a>. <i>Duke-nus.edu.sg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810212107/https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/admissions">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke-nus.edu.sg&rft.atitle=Admissions+%26%23124%3B+Postgraduate%2C+Graduate+Entry+Medicine+%26%23124%3B+Duke-NUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duke-nus.edu.sg%2Fadmissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Msis-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Msis_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115071710/http://helpforafricanstudents.org/studyinafrica/index.php?option=com_customproperties&view=show&task=show&Itemid=57&cp_african_country=somalia&submit_search=Search">"Medical schools in Somalia"</a>. helpforafricanstudents.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helpforafricanstudents.org/studyinafrica/index.php?option=com_customproperties&view=show&task=show&Itemid=57&cp_african_country=somalia&submit_search=Search">the original</a> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+schools+in+Somalia&rft.pub=helpforafricanstudents.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelpforafricanstudents.org%2Fstudyinafrica%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_customproperties%26view%3Dshow%26task%3Dshow%26Itemid%3D57%26cp_african_country%3Dsomalia%26submit_search%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srilankamedicalcouncil.org/aboutus.php">"About us"</a>. Sri Lanka Medical Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114022737/http://www.srilankamedicalcouncil.org/aboutus.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Sri+Lanka+Medical+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srilankamedicalcouncil.org%2Faboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich" class="citation web cs1">Rich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduinfoseas.com/p/medical-education-in-sudan.html">"Medical Education in Sudan"</a>. <i>Eduinfoseas.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225045056/https://www.eduinfoseas.com/p/medical-education-in-sudan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eduinfoseas.com&rft.atitle=Medical+Education+in+Sudan&rft.au=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduinfoseas.com%2Fp%2Fmedical-education-in-sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141201004623/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/participating_countries/overview/syria_tempus_country_fiche_final.pdf">"Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education in Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/participating_countries/overview/syria_tempus_country_fiche_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Audiovisual+and+Culture+Executive+Agency+on+Higher+Education+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feacea.ec.europa.eu%2Ftempus%2Fparticipating_countries%2Foverview%2Fsyria_tempus_country_fiche_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/times-study-abroad/europe/ukraine-and-russia-are-leading-study-destinations-to-pursue-mbbs-abroad/articleshow/85649599.cms">"Ukraine and Russia are leading study destinations to pursue MBBS abroad - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 26 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903142754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/times-study-abroad/europe/ukraine-and-russia-are-leading-study-destinations-to-pursue-mbbs-abroad/articleshow/85649599.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ukraine+and+Russia+are+leading+study+destinations+to+pursue+MBBS+abroad+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Feducation%2Ftimes-study-abroad%2Feurope%2Fukraine-and-russia-are-leading-study-destinations-to-pursue-mbbs-abroad%2Farticleshow%2F85649599.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2024" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Athar (19 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edu-wire.com/mbbs-in-abroad-for-indian-student/">"MBBS in abroad for Indian student in 2024"</a>. <i>edu-wire.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503201537/https://www.edu-wire.com/mbbs-in-abroad-for-indian-student/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edu-wire.com%2F&rft.atitle=MBBS+in+abroad+for+Indian+student+in+2024&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Athar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu-wire.com%2Fmbbs-in-abroad-for-indian-student%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620065316/http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html">"Bristol University | Academic Registry (Education Support) | QAA Descriptor for a Higher Education Qualification at Level 7"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bristol+University+%26%23124%3B+Academic+Registry+%28Education+Support%29+%26%23124%3B+QAA+Descriptor+for+a+Higher+Education+Qualification+at+Level+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2Fesu%2Fassessment%2Fannex%2Fannex-level7descriptor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunderland.ac.uk/study/medicine/mbchb-medicine/">"MBChB Medicine - The University of Sunderland"</a>. <i>University of Sunderland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404014102/https://www.sunderland.ac.uk/study/medicine/mbchb-medicine/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Sunderland&rft.atitle=MBChB+Medicine+-+The+University+of+Sunderland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunderland.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fmedicine%2Fmbchb-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/medicine-mb-a100/">"Medicine (MB) A100 | Courses | Queen's University Belfast"</a>. <i>www.qub.ac.uk</i>. 1 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526224313/https://www.qub.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/medicine-mb-a100/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Medicine+%28MB%29+A100+%7C+Courses+%7C+Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fundergraduate%2Fmedicine-mb-a100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/life-and-health-sciences/medicine/course">"Graduate Entry Medicine - Course Overview"</a>. <i>www.ulster.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523174523/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/life-and-health-sciences/medicine/course">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Graduate+Entry+Medicine+-+Course+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2Ffaculties%2Flife-and-health-sciences%2Fmedicine%2Fcourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/life-and-health-sciences/medicine/partners">"Partner Medical School"</a>. <i>www.ulster.ac.uk</i>. 10 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523174648/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/life-and-health-sciences/medicine/partners">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Partner+Medical+School&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2Ffaculties%2Flife-and-health-sciences%2Fmedicine%2Fpartners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/medicine-bsc-a100/">"Medicine BSc A100 - Subjects - University of St Andrews"</a>. <i>www.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523174524/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/medicine-bsc-a100/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Medicine+BSc+A100+-+Subjects+-+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fsubjects%2Fmedicine%2Fmedicine-bsc-a100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/medicine-bsc-a990/">"Medicine BSc A990 - Subjects - University of St Andrews"</a>. <i>www.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427182240/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/medicine-bsc-a990/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Medicine+BSc+A990+-+Subjects+-+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fsubjects%2Fmedicine%2Fmedicine-bsc-a990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/">"ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews"</a>. <i>www.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523174525/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=ScotGEM+MBChB+-+Subjects+-+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fsubjects%2Fmedicine%2Fscotgem-mbchb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apothecaries.org/medical-reform/">"Medical Reform"</a>. <i>The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523181245/https://www.apothecaries.org/medical-reform/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Worshipful+Society+of+Apothecaries&rft.atitle=Medical+Reform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apothecaries.org%2Fmedical-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_1965-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_1965_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1965" class="citation book cs1">Walker, R Milnes (1965). <i>Medical Education in Britain</i>. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Education+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nuffield+Provincial+Hospitals+Trust&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=R+Milnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmle-courses.eu/united-states-medical-licensure-requirements/">"Requirements for become a licensed doctor in USA"</a>. <i>Usmle-courses.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924044114/https://www.usmle-courses.eu/united-states-medical-licensure-requirements/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usmle-courses.eu&rft.atitle=Requirements+for+become+a+licensed+doctor+in+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmle-courses.eu%2Funited-states-medical-licensure-requirements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neomed.edu/medicine/admissions/paths/early-assurance/">"Early Assurance Medical School Program | NEOMED"</a>. <i>Neomed.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518180025/https://www.neomed.edu/medicine/admissions/paths/early-assurance/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neomed.edu&rft.atitle=Early+Assurance+Medical+School+Program+%26%23124%3B+NEOMED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neomed.edu%2Fmedicine%2Fadmissions%2Fpaths%2Fearly-assurance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://students-residents.aamc.org/medical-school-admission-requirements/medical-schools-offering-combined-baccalaureate-md-programs-state-and-program-length-2021-2022">"Medical Schools Offering Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, by State and Program Length, 2021-2022"</a>. <i>Students & Residents</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825165615/https://students-residents.aamc.org/medical-school-admission-requirements/medical-schools-offering-combined-baccalaureate-md-programs-state-and-program-length-2021-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Students+%26+Residents&rft.atitle=Medical+Schools+Offering+Combined+Baccalaureate-MD+Programs%2C+by+State+and+Program+Length%2C+2021-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudents-residents.aamc.org%2Fmedical-school-admission-requirements%2Fmedical-schools-offering-combined-baccalaureate-md-programs-state-and-program-length-2021-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103659/http://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/docs/MBBS%20Regulations.pdf">"Regulations of the University of West Indies Regarding The MBBS Degree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/docs/MBBS%20Regulations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+of+the+University+of+West+Indies+Regarding+The+MBBS+Degree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mona.uwi.edu%2Ffms%2Fdocs%2FMBBS%2520Regulations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABachelor+of+Medicine%2C+Bachelor+of+Surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Levels_of_academic_degree" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_degrees" title="Template talk:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Levels_of_academic_degree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Levels of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_education_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_education_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">Pre-medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkship" title="Clinical clerkship">Clerkship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-internship" title="Sub-internship">Sub-internship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">Graduate medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_certification" title="Board certification">Board certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education" title="Continuing medical education">Continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Medicine (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic Medicine (DO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduate</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">MBBS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">MCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">USMLE</a> <ul><li>Step: <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_1" title="USMLE Step 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Knowledge" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge">2CK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Skills" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills">2CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_3" title="USMLE Step 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a> <ul><li>Level: <a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resident_Matching_Program" title="National Resident Matching Program">National Resident Matching Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education" title="Liaison Committee on Medical Education">Liaison Committee on Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Continuing_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Commission_for_Foreign_Medical_Graduates" title="Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates">Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Flexner" title="Abraham Flexner">Abraham Flexner</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Issues in higher education inside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage inside the U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&oldid=1254718538">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&oldid=1254718538</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_degrees_of_India" title="Category:Academic degrees of India">Academic degrees of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bachelor%27s_degrees" title="Category:Bachelor's degrees">Bachelor's degrees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_degrees" title="Category:Medical degrees">Medical degrees</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_February_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from February 2017">EngvarB from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2021">Articles needing additional references from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2023">Articles needing additional references from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with a promotional tone from June 2024">Articles with a promotional tone from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone" title="Category:All articles with a promotional tone">All articles with a promotional tone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from December 2022">Articles that may contain original research from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 09:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-5mk5f","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.056","walltime":"1.265","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6914,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":229654,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10628,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":225272,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1070.965 1 -total"," 33.56% 359.373 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.20% 291.270 50 Template:Cite_web"," 14.29% 153.025 16 Template:Citation_needed"," 12.24% 131.049 7 Template:Navbox"," 11.65% 124.733 16 Template:Fix"," 11.44% 122.562 1 Template:Langx"," 9.10% 97.441 1 Template:Academic_degrees"," 7.04% 75.429 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.84% 73.240 4 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.655","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22813234,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-7dgpp","timestamp":"20241130110248","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13948235","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13948235","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-18T19:14:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T09:59:21Z","headline":"undergraduate medical degree in countries following the UK tradition of medical education"}</script> </body> </html>