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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F54611190%2FPoly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering_I_Preparation_and_morphology%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":70893473,"identifier":"Attachment_70893473","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":54611190,"created_at":"2021-10-01T07:09:07.808-07:00","from_world_paper_id":175369439,"updated_at":"2024-11-25T02:39:27.793-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Tissue engineering has shown great promise for creating biological alternatives for implants. In this approach, scaffolding plays a pivotal role. Hydroxyapatite mimics the natural bone mineral and has shown good bonebonding properties. This paper describes the preparation and morphologies of three-dimensional porous composites from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) or poly(D,L-lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) solution and hydroxyapatite (HAP). A thermally induced phase separation technique was used to create the highly porous composite scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering. Freeze drying of the phase-separated polymer/ HAP/solvent mixtures produced hard and tough foams with a co-continuous structure of interconnected pores and a polymer/HAP composite skeleton. The microstructure of the pores and the walls was controlled by varying the polymer concentration, HAP content, quenching temperature, polymer, and solvent utilized. The porosity increased with decreasing polymer concentration and HAP content. Foams with porosity as high as 95% were achieved. Pore sizes ranging from several microns to a few hundred microns were obtained. The composite foams showed a significant improvement in mechanical properties over pure polymer foams. They are promising scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering.","publication_date":"1999,,","publication_name":"J Biomed Mater Res","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"70893473"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Poly(?-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33046521]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":70893473,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Poly(?-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/70893473/mini_magick20211001-797-11g77c7.png?1633099004" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Poly(?-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33046521" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterMa1"><img alt="Profile image of Peter Ma" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Peter Ma</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1999, J Biomed Mater Res</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 54611190; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=54611190"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Tissue engineering has shown great promise for creating biological alternatives for implants. In this approach, scaffolding plays a pivotal role. Hydroxyapatite mimics the natural bone mineral and has shown good bonebonding properties. This paper describes the preparation and morphologies of three-dimensional porous composites from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) or poly(D,L-lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) solution and hydroxyapatite (HAP). A thermally induced phase separation technique was used to create the highly porous composite scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering. Freeze drying of the phase-separated polymer/ HAP/solvent mixtures produced hard and tough foams with a co-continuous structure of interconnected pores and a polymer/HAP composite skeleton. The microstructure of the pores and the walls was controlled by varying the polymer concentration, HAP content, quenching temperature, polymer, and solvent utilized. The porosity increased with decreasing polymer concentration and HAP content. Foams with porosity as high as 95% were achieved. Pore sizes ranging from several microns to a few hundred microns were obtained. The composite foams showed a significant improvement in mechanical properties over pure polymer foams. They are promising scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":70893473,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/54611190/Poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering_I_Preparation_and_morphology"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":70893473,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/54611190/Poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering_I_Preparation_and_morphology"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="70893473" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/54611190/Poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering_I_Preparation_and_morphology" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="72976771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72976771/Poly_a_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering">Poly(a-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33046521" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterMa1">Peter Ma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">creating biological alternatives for implants. In this ap-proach, scaffolding plays a pivotal role. Hydroxyapatite mimics the natural bone mineral and has shown good bone-bonding properties. This paper describes the preparation and morphologies of three-dimensional porous composites from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) or poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) solution and hydroxyapatite (HAP). A thermally induced phase separation technique was used to create the highly porous composite scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering. Freeze drying of the phase-separated polymer/ HAP/solvent mixtures produced hard and tough foams with a co-continuous structure of interconnected pores and a polymer/HAP composite skeleton. The microstructure of the pores and the walls was controlled by varying the poly-mer concentration, HAP content, quenching temperature, polymer, and solvent utilized. The porosity increased with decreasing polymer concentration and HAP content. Foams with porosity as high a...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Poly(a-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering","attachmentId":81683326,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72976771/Poly_a_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72976771/Poly_a_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_porous_composites_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="124429447" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124429447/A_method_of_fabrication_of_porous_carbonated_hydroxyapatite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering">A method of fabrication of porous carbonated hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="110264322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GurinAlex">Alex Gurin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A method to produce porous carbonated hydroxyapatite ceramics was developed which is based on vacuum impregnation of cellular polyurethane (PU) matrixes with a ceramic slip. The polyurethane foams were burnt off and the samples were converted into porous carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) ceramics by sintering in a furnace at 600 to 650°C using a sintering additive. The ceramics had 60-90% interconnected porosity, necessary to facilitate cell seeding and fixation which is an important requirement for use in bone tissue engineering. The optimal composition of ceramic slip and the sintering conditions were found. PU foams with a different number of pores per inch (ppi) were used and the strength testing of ceramics was carried out. It is suggested that the experimental ceramics would be useful in bone replacement and reconstruction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A method of fabrication of porous carbonated hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":118656353,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124429447/A_method_of_fabrication_of_porous_carbonated_hydroxyapatite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124429447/A_method_of_fabrication_of_porous_carbonated_hydroxyapatite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="54611061" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54611061/Engineering_new_bone_tissuein_vitro_on_highly_porous_poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds">Engineering new bone tissuein vitro on highly porous poly(?-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33046521" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterMa1">Peter Ma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Engineering new bone tissue with cells and a synthetic extracellular matrix (scaffolding) represents a new approach for the regeneration of mineralized tissues compared with the transplantation of bone (autografts or allografts). In the present work, highly porous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and PLLA/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite scaffolds were prepared with a thermally induced phase separation technique. The scaffolds were seeded with osteoblastic cells and cultured in vitro. In the pure PLLA scaffolds, the osteoblasts attached primarily on the outer surface of the polymer. In contrast, the osteoblasts penetrated deep into the PLLA/HAP scaffolds and were uniformly distributed. The osteoblast survival percentage in the PLLA/HAP scaffolds was superior to that in the PLLA scaffolds. The osteoblasts proliferated in both types of the scaffolds, but the cell number was always higher in the PLLA/HAP composite scaffolds during 6 weeks of in vitro cultivation. Bone-specific markers (mRNAs encoding bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin) were expressed more abundantly in the PLLA/HAP composite scaffolds than in the PLLA scaffolds. The new tissue increased continuously in the PLLA/HAP composite scaffolds, whereas new tissue formed only near the surface of pure PLLA scaffolds. These results demonstrate that HAP imparts osteoconductivity and the highly porous PLLA/ HAP composite scaffolds are superior to pure PLLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Engineering new bone tissuein vitro on highly porous poly(?-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds","attachmentId":70893429,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54611061/Engineering_new_bone_tissuein_vitro_on_highly_porous_poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54611061/Engineering_new_bone_tissuein_vitro_on_highly_porous_poly_hydroxyl_acids_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="17516340" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17516340/Structure_and_properties_of_nano_hydroxyapatite_polymer_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering">Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37284697" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuobaoWei">Guobao Wei</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biomaterials, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To better mimic the mineral component and the microstructure of natural bone, novel nano-hydroxyapatite (NHAP)/polymer composite scaffolds with high porosity and well-controlled pore architectures were prepared using thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) techniques. The morphologies, mechanical properties and protein adsorption capacities of the composite scaffolds were investigated. The high porosity (90% and above) was easily achieved and the pore size was adjusted by varying phase separation parameters. The NHAP particles were dispersed in the pore walls of the scaffolds and bound to the polymer very well. NHAP/polymer scaffolds prepared using pure solvent system had a regular anisotropic but open 3D pore structure similar to plain polymer scaffolds while micro-hydroxyapatite (MHAP)/polymer scaffolds had a random irregular pore structure. The introduction of HAP greatly increased the mechanical properties and improved the protein adsorption capacity. In a dioxane/water mixture solvent system, NHAP-incorporated poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds developed a fibrous morphology which in turn increased the protein adsorption three fold over non fibrous scaffolds. The results suggest that the newly developed NHAP/polymer composite scaffolds may serve as an excellent 3D substrate for cell attachment and migration in bone tissue engineering. r</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":39553362,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17516340/Structure_and_properties_of_nano_hydroxyapatite_polymer_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17516340/Structure_and_properties_of_nano_hydroxyapatite_polymer_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="98747146" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98747146/One_pot_method_to_synthesize_three_dimensional_porous_hydroxyapatite_nanocomposite_for_bone_tissue_engineering">One pot method to synthesize three-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48659175" href="https://independent.academia.edu/sarkarchandrani">chandrani sarkar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Porous Materials, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A three-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite nanocomposite has been synthesized by a simple, less energy consuming and cost effective one-pot method. In this study, gelatin foam has been used as pore forming agent and incorporated in carboxymethyl cellulose-hydroxyapatite system in composite formation stage. A three-dimensional porous polymers-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite has been formed as a final product. The synthesized porous nanocomposite has been thoroughly characterized by different techniques. It was found that the nanocomposite is highly porous with almost 80% porosity, and has multi-scale pores from 2.5 to 900 μm in size. Furthermore, the synthesized porous composite has compressive strength ~ 11.8 ± 1.5 MPa and modulus ~ 0.243 ± 0.031 GPa, in the range of cancellous bone. Moreover, the nanocomposite provides favorable environment to cells for proliferation, high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and extracellular mineralization. In vitro degradation of synthesized nanocomposites was tested in simulated body fluid. Results ascertained that the synthesized porous hydroxyapatite nanocomposite would be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"One pot method to synthesize three-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":100014858,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98747146/One_pot_method_to_synthesize_three_dimensional_porous_hydroxyapatite_nanocomposite_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98747146/One_pot_method_to_synthesize_three_dimensional_porous_hydroxyapatite_nanocomposite_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="77229276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77229276/Brief_communication_Original_Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lactic_co_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite">Brief communication (Original). Preparation of a novel porous scaffold from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33136116" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/FarzanehPourasgari">Farzaneh Pourasgari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Biomedicine, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering must meet functional requirements, porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Different polymeric scaffolds have been designed to satisfy these properties. Composite materials could improve mechanical properties compared with polymers, and structural integrity and flexibility compared with brittle ceramics. Objective: Fabricate poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) /hydroxyapatite (HA) porous scaffolds by freezeextraction method, and evaluate the possibility for optimizing their biocompatibility by changing their HA content. Methods: Porous PLGA/HA composites structure were prepared by freezing a polymer solution, and then the solvent was extracted by a non-solvent and subsequently air-dried. The scaffolds were coated with triblock copolymer and sterilized by ultraviolet light. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the prepared scaffolds and were studied after three days by 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluoresc...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brief communication (Original). Preparation of a novel porous scaffold from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite","attachmentId":84665570,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77229276/Brief_communication_Original_Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lactic_co_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77229276/Brief_communication_Original_Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lactic_co_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="4741509" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4741509/Porous_scaffolds_of_polycaprolactone_reinforced_with_in_situ_generated_hydroxyapatite_for_bone_tissue_engineering">Porous scaffolds of polycaprolactone reinforced with in situ generated hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4740575" href="https://unimore.academia.edu/MassimoMessori">Massimo Messori</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Materials Science-materials in Medicine, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites were prepared by in situ generation of HA in the polymer solution starting from the precursors calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate via sol–gel process. Highly interconnected porosity was achieved by means of the salt-leaching technique using a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate as porogens. Structure and morphology of the PCL/HA composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were determined by means of tensile and compression tests. The possibility to employ the developed composites as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration was assessed by cytotoxicity test of the PCL/HA composites extracts and cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro studies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Porous scaffolds of polycaprolactone reinforced with in situ generated hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":49649647,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4741509/Porous_scaffolds_of_polycaprolactone_reinforced_with_in_situ_generated_hydroxyapatite_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4741509/Porous_scaffolds_of_polycaprolactone_reinforced_with_in_situ_generated_hydroxyapatite_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="20292914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20292914/Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lacticco_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite">Preparation of a novel porous scaffold from poly(lacticco-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33136116" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/FarzanehPourasgari">Farzaneh Pourasgari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering must meet functional requirements, porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Different polymeric scaffolds have been designed to satisfy these properties. Composite materials could improve mechanical properties compared with polymers, and structural integrity and flexibility compared with brittle ceramics. Objective: Fabricate poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) /hydroxyapatite (HA) porous scaffolds by freezeextraction method, and evaluate the possibility for optimizing their biocompatibility by changing their HA content. Methods: Porous PLGA/HA composites structure were prepared by freezing a polymer solution, and then the solvent was extracted by a non-solvent and subsequently air-dried. The scaffolds were coated with triblock copolymer and sterilized by ultraviolet light. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the prepared scaffolds and were studied after three days by 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence microscopy. Results: Microstructural studies with SEM showed the formation of about 50 micrometer size porous structure and interconnected porosity so that cells were adhered well into the structure of the coated samples. DAPI fluorescence microscopy showed more cell adhesion to the coated scaffolds and cell diffusion into the pores are visible. Direct assay of cell proliferation performed with MTT test showed cell growing on the scaffold similar to or more than on control samples. Conclusion: The triblock-coated PLGA/HA porous scaffolds may provide cell adhesion and proliferation, demonstrating their potential application in bone engineering.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preparation of a novel porous scaffold from poly(lacticco-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite","attachmentId":41212590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20292914/Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lacticco_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20292914/Preparation_of_a_novel_porous_scaffold_from_poly_lacticco_glycolic_acid_hydroxyapatite"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="115476126" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115476126/Bioceramic_hydroxyapatite_based_scaffold_with_a_porous_structure_using_honeycomb_as_a_natural_polymeric_Porogen_for_bone_tissue_engineering">Bioceramic hydroxyapatite-based scaffold with a porous structure using honeycomb as a natural polymeric Porogen for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173042090" href="https://undip.academia.edu/PuspaHening">Puspa Hening</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biomaterials Research, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background The application of bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from materials high in calcium to tissue engineering has been of concern, namely scaffold. Scaffold pores allow for cell mobility metabolic processes, and delivery of oxygen and nutrients by blood vessel. Thus, pore architecture affects cell seeding efficiency, cell viability, migration, morphology, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, mechanical strength of scaffolds, and, eventually, bone formation. Therefore, to improve the efficacy of bone regeneration, several important parameters of the pore architecture of scaffolds must be carefully controlled, including pore size, geometry, orientation, uniformity, interconnectivity, and porosity, which are interrelated and whose coordination affects the effectiveness of bone tissue engineering. The honeycomb (HCB) as natural polymeric porogen is used to pore forming agent of scaffolds. It is unique for fully interconnected and oriented pores of uniform ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioceramic hydroxyapatite-based scaffold with a porous structure using honeycomb as a natural polymeric Porogen for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":111872600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115476126/Bioceramic_hydroxyapatite_based_scaffold_with_a_porous_structure_using_honeycomb_as_a_natural_polymeric_Porogen_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115476126/Bioceramic_hydroxyapatite_based_scaffold_with_a_porous_structure_using_honeycomb_as_a_natural_polymeric_Porogen_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="32016522" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32016522/Poly_lactide_co_glycolide_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering">Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61998754" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KangMinAhn">Kang-Min Ahn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biomaterials, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Biodegradable polymer/bioceramic composite scaffolds can overcome the limitations of conventional ceramic bone substitutes such as brittleness and difficulty in shaping. However, conventional methods for fabricating polymer/bioceramic composite scaffolds often use organic solvents (e.g., the solvent casting and particulate leaching (SC/PL) method), which might be harmful to cells or tissues. Furthermore, the polymer solutions may coat the ceramics and hinder their exposure to the scaffold surface, which may decrease the likelihood that the seeded osteogenic cells will make contact with the bioactive ceramics. In this study, a novel method for fabricating a polymer/nano-bioceramic composite scaffold with high exposure of the bioceramics to the scaffold surface was developed for efficient bone tissue engineering. Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano-hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) composite scaffolds were fabricated by the gas forming and particulate leaching (GF/PL) method without the use of organic solvents. The GF/PL method exposed HA nanoparticles at the scaffold surface significantly more than the conventional SC/PL method does. The GF/PL scaffolds showed interconnected porous structures without a skin layer and exhibited superior enhanced mechanical properties to those of scaffolds fabricated by the SC/PL method. Both types of scaffolds were seeded with rat calvarial osteoblasts and cultured in vitro or were subcutaneously implanted into athymic mice for eight weeks. The GF/PL scaffolds exhibited significantly higher cell growth, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization compared to the SC/PL scaffolds in vitro. Histological analyses and calcium content quantification of the regenerated tissues five and eight weeks after implantation showed that bone formation was more extensive on the GF/PL scaffolds than on the SC/PL scaffolds. Compared to the SC/PL scaffolds, the enhanced bone formation on the GF/PL scaffolds may have resulted from the higher exposure of HA nanoparticles at the scaffold surface, which allowed for direct contact with the transplanted cells and stimulated the cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. These results show that the biodegradable polymer/ bioceramic composite scaffolds fabricated by the novel GF/PL method enhance bone regeneration compared with those fabricated by the conventional SC/PL method. r</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","attachmentId":52282494,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32016522/Poly_lactide_co_glycolide_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32016522/Poly_lactide_co_glycolide_hydroxyapatite_composite_scaffolds_for_bone_tissue_engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":70893473,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":70893473,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_70893473" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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