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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_and_Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_and_Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>City and Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_and_Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_Disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_Disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Natural Disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_Disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1257</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1257 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1257 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B5%DB%B7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۵۷ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۵۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD" title="১২৫৭ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৫৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_n%C3%AE" title="1257 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1257 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257." title="1257. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1257." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B5%DB%B7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۵۷ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۵۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%E5%B9%B4" title="1257年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1257年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%EB%85%84" title="1257년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1257년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१२५७ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२५७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257." title="1257. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1257." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD" title="মারি ১২৫৭ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২৫৭" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1257-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1257-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1257 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1257 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1257 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1257 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_%D0%B8" title="1257 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1257 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257._gads" title="1257. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1257. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_m." title="1257 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1257 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="इ.स. १२५७ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२५७" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B5%DB%B7" title="۱۲۵۷ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۵۷" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1257 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1257 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%85%E1%81%87" title="၁၂၅၇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၅၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="सन् १२५७ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२५७" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%E5%B9%B4" title="1257年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1257年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%AB%E0%AD%AD" title="୧୨୫୭ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୫୭" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१२५७ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२५७" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1257 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1257 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१२५७ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२५७" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%D8%B9" title="1257ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1257ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A5%D9%A7" title="١٢٥٧ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٥٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257." title="1257. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1257." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1257 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1257 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1800" title="พ.ศ. 1800 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1800" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1257" title="Соли 1257 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1257" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%D8%A1" title="1257ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1257ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%E5%B9%B4" title="1257年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1257年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%E5%B9%B4" title="1257年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1257年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257%E5%B9%B4" title="1257年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1257年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257" title="1257 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1257" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5504#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1230s" title="1230s">1230s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1240s" title="1240s">1240s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1254" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1255" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1256" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1256">1256</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1257" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1257">1257</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1258" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1259" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1259">1259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1260" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1260">1260</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1257" title="Category:1257">1257 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1257&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1257 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1257" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1257">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1257_births" title="Category:1257 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1257_deaths" title="Category:1257 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1257_establishments" title="Category:1257 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1257_disestablishments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1257 disestablishments (page does not exist)">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1257_in_poetry" title="1257 in poetry">1257 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1257 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1257<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLVII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2010</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>706<br />ԹՎ ՉԶ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6007</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1178–1179</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>663–664</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2207</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>41 <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Hen. 3</a> – 42 <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Hen. 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1801</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>619</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6765–6766</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">丙辰</a>年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />3954 or 3747<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />丁巳年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />3955 or 3748</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>973–974</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2423</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1249–1250</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5017–5018</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1313–1314</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1178–1179</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4357–4358</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11257</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>257–258</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>635–636</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>654–655</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen" title="Kōgen">Kōgen</a> 2 / <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(era)" title="Shōka (era)">Shōka (era)</a> 1<br />(正嘉元年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1166–1167</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1257<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCLVII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3590</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>655 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前655年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−211</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1799–1800</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳火龙年<br />(male Fire-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />1383 or 1002 or 230<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴火蛇年<br />(female Fire-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />1384 or 1003 or 231</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RisaCornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RisaCornwall.jpg/300px-RisaCornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RisaCornwall.jpg/450px-RisaCornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/RisaCornwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1257</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCLVII</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the 48-year-old <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a> (the brother of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>) is elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>. He is crowned at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, on <a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a>. His candidacy is opposed by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> ("the Wise"), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> ("the Saint") who favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a>, to support Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spring – The <a href="/wiki/Epirote%E2%80%93Nicaean_conflict_(1257%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1257–59)">Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1257–59)</a> begins between the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>. Despot <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a> revolts and defeats the Nicaean army under <a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a>. The Epirote and Serbian forces join their attacks against Michael, who sends his forces into <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and marches on to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>. In response, Michael is attacked – on the west coast of Epirus – by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred of Sicily</a>. Manfred first occupies the major <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. Then he lands on the Albanian coast and takes <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Valona</a> and their environs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The pagan <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelians</a> start a destructive expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in which King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a> requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them. This leads to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">Third Swedish Crusade</a> to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>–<a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">95</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadfan" title="Battle of Cadfan">Battle of Cadfan</a>: An English expeditionary army under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bauzan" title="Stephen Bauzan">Stephen Bauzan</a> is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces. The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train. Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1,000–3,000 of his men. The remaining English flee the battle, Prince <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> is said to have been present at the battle, collecting spoils from the fallen English army. According to sources, it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> relents to the demands of his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">The Lord Edward</a> for assistance to fight the Welsh, originally made in <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.</li> <li>Henry III of England orders the production of a pure <a href="/wiki/Gold_penny" title="Gold penny">gold penny</a> coin with a value of twenty pence. Unfortunately, the <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation, as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Creadran_Cille" title="Battle of Creadran Cille">Battle of Creadran Cille</a>: Norman invading forces under <a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_2nd_Lord_of_Offaly" title="Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly">Maurice FitzGerald</a> are driven out by <a href="/wiki/Gofraid_O%27Donnell" title="Gofraid O'Donnell">Gofraid O'Donnell</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (Ireland). On <a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a>, FitzGerald is killed in personal combat by O'Donnell.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levant">Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian%E2%80%93Genoese_Wars" title="Venetian–Genoese Wars">Venetian–Genoese Wars</a>: The Venetian fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Tiepolo" title="Lorenzo Tiepolo">Lorenzo Tiepolo</a> breaks through the harbour chain at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> and destroys several Genoese ships. He also attacks the fortifications but Tiepolo is unable to expel the Genoese garrison (some 800 men strong and armed with 50–60 <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballistae</a>), from their quarter of the city throwing up a blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aybak" title="Aybak">Izz al-Din Aybak</a>, Mamluk sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>, is murdered on orders of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr" title="Shajar al-Durr">Shajar al-Durr</a>. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ali" title="Al-Mansur Ali">Nur al-Din Ali</a>, as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Mongol forces under <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> conduct a campaign against local <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi and Lolo tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. He returns to <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and sends messengers to the court of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> informing him that <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> is firmly under Mongolian control. Möngke Khan honors and rewards Uriyangkhadai for his military achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – Mongol forces move down from their base at <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Baiju_Noyan" title="Baiju Noyan">Baiju Noyan</a> crosses the river <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> with his army. On the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> enters the plain of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, while Mongol forces under <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> advance through <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>March – The Japanese <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen" title="Kōgen">Kōgen</a> era ends and the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(era)" title="Shōka (era)">Shōka</a> begins during the reign of the 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fukakusa" title="Emperor Go-Fukakusa">Emperor Go-Fukakusa</a> (until 1259).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_and_Towns">City and Towns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: City and Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> is granted <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a> by High Duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a>, having been rebuilt after being nearly destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First Mongol invasion of Poland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Louis IX of France ("the Saint") confirms the foundation by his chaplain <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Sorbon" title="Robert de Sorbon">Robert de Sorbon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">College of Sorbonne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, English monk and chronicler, personally interviews Henry III for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_Disaster">Natural Disaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural Disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption" title="1257 Samalas eruption">Samalas eruption</a>: Mount Samalas volcano erupts on <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombok Island">Lombok Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. One of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">largest volcanic eruptions</a> in the past 10,000 years, it creates severe climatic changes across the globe, leading to severe <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and death, and to one of the biggest geopolitical changes across the globe over the next few centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_of_Lusignan" title="Yolanda of Lusignan">Yolanda of Lusignan</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>)</li> <li>c. June 24 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_6th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford">Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Granada" title="Muhammad III of Granada">Muhammad III</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> (d. 1314)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1295%E2%80%931296)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1295–1296)">Poland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Brandenburg" title="Agnes of Brandenburg">Agnes of Brandenburg</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Burgundy,_Lady_of_Bourbon" title="Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon">Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen">Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen</a> ("the Brave"), German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_III,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise III, Earl of Strathearn">Malise III, Earl of Strathearn</a>, Scottish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a> ("the Naked"), Egyptian Coptic <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1317" title="1317">1317</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Falkenstein" title="Philip III of Falkenstein">Philip III of Falkenstein</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Münzenberg">Münzenberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_(knight)" title="William Russell (knight)">William Russell</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aybak" title="Aybak">Aybak</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Walliers" title="Euphemia de Walliers">Euphemia de Walliers</a>, English nun and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_England" title="Katherine of England">Katherine of England</a>, English princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Young" title="Haakon the Young">Haakon the Young</a>, junior king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Hang_(military_official)" title="Ch'oe Hang (military official)">Ch'oe Hang</a>, Korean general and dictator (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_2nd_Lord_of_Offaly" title="Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly">Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly</a>, Norman Irish nobleman and knight, killed in combat</li> <li>c. May 20 – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a>, English bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Coventry" title="Diocese of Coventry">Coventry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lichfield" title="Diocese of Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Greater_Poland" title="Przemysł I of Greater Poland">Przemysł I</a>, Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Elmham" title="Simon of Elmham">Simon of Elmham</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> and bishop-elect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Nevers" title="Matilda I, Countess of Nevers">Matilda I</a> (or Mathilde de Courtenay), countess in her own right of <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Nevers" title="Counts and dukes of Nevers">Nevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Auxerre" title="County of Auxerre">Auxerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tonnerre" title="County of Tonnerre">Tonnerre</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_of_Poland" title="Hyacinth of Poland">Hyacinth of Poland</a>, Polish missionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="John I, Count of Hainaut">John of Avesnes</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blund" title="Richard Blund">Richard Blund</a> (or Blundy), English bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc_Cigala" title="Lanfranc Cigala">Lanfranc Cigala</a> (or Cicala), Genoese nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch-Armenia" title="Maria of Antioch-Armenia">Maria of Antioch-Armenia</a>, Outremer noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baba_As-Samasi" title="Mohammad Baba As-Samasi">Mohammad Baba As-Samasi</a>, Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>) (tradition places his death at 1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a> (or Sartak), Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, probably poisoned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bauzan" title="Stephen Bauzan">Stephen Bauzan</a>, English nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> and knight, killed in battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_III,_Duke_of_Schleswig" title="Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig">Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig</a> (Abelsøn), Danish prince and heir apparent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Cassingham" title="William of Cassingham">William of Cassingham</a> ("Willikin of the Weald"), English warrior and guerrilla leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Haowen" title="Yuan Haowen">Yuan Haowen</a>, Chinese politician, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1257&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 143. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). <i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, pp. 160–161. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918044336/http://www.welshbattlefields.org.uk/eng/?page_is=18">"Welsh Battlefields"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshbattlefields.org.uk/eng/?page_is=18">the original</a> on September 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Battlefields&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welshbattlefields.org.uk%2Feng%2F%3Fpage_is%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1257" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <i>O'Donnell – Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, pp. 6–8. Vol 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 238, 252. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossabi, Morris (2009). <i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</i>, pp. 24–27. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26132-7">978-0-520-26132-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sorbonne.fr/la-sorbonne/histoire-de-la-sorbonne/la-fondation-de-la-sorbonne-au-moyen-age-par-le-theologien-robert-de-sorbon/">"La fondation de la Sorbonne au Moyen Âge par le théologien Robert de Sorbon"</a>. La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+fondation+de+la+Sorbonne+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge+par+le+th%C3%A9ologien+Robert+de+Sorbon&rft.pub=La+Chancellerie+des+Universit%C3%A9s+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorbonne.fr%2Fla-sorbonne%2Fhistoire-de-la-sorbonne%2Fla-fondation-de-la-sorbonne-au-moyen-age-par-le-theologien-robert-de-sorbon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1257" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmos2013" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (September 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24332239">"Mystery 13th Century eruption traced to Lombok, Indonesia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mystery+13th+Century+eruption+traced+to+Lombok%2C+Indonesia&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-24332239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1257" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2012" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (August 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/aug/05/medieval-volcano-disaster-london-graves">"Mass grave in London reveals how volcano caused global catastrophe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mass+grave+in+London+reveals+how+volcano+caused+global+catastrophe&rft.date=2012-08-04&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Faug%2F05%2Fmedieval-volcano-disaster-london-graves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1257" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1257&oldid=1272722523">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1257&oldid=1272722523</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1257" title="Category:1257">1257</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 00:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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