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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of hand loom</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/220px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/330px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/440px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>A treadle-operated <a href="/wiki/Geo._Hattersley" title="Geo. Hattersley">Hattersley & Sons</a> Domestic Loom, built under licence in 1893, in <a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a>, Yorkshire. This loom has a <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a> and seems to have a dandy mechanism; it is not just controlled but powered by the pedals.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Dandy loom</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Hand_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand loom">hand loom</a>, that automatically ratcheted the take-up beam. Each time the weaver moved the sley to beat-up the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>, a rachet and pawl mechanism advanced the cloth roller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19838_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19838-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802 William Ratcliffe of <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a> patented a Dandy loom with a <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">cast-iron</a> frame. It was this type of Dandy loom that was used in the small dandy loom shops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dandy_loom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid 1830s, there were about twice as many weavers operating a variety of different handlooms as there were <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">power-looms</a>. The dandy loom increased the productivity of a hand-loom weaver by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins199387_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins199387-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dandy-loom weaver would work in a small workshop and would rent the loom for 10½d a week and in 1825 could expect to earn 5s a week. </p><p>Timmins has tried to assess the relative importance of the hand-powered branch of the industry on the one hand and of the water- or steam-powered branches on the other. It is difficult: the output of power looms was certainly greater than that of the handlooms, but the handloom weavers produced higher quality cloths with greater profit margins. The weaving trade was only partially mechanised before about 1830, and that even so late as 1850, handloom weavers made up a sizeable minority of the total workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins1993108–118_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins1993108–118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dandy_loom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson19838-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson19838_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenson1983">Benson 1983</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins199387-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins199387_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmins1993">Timmins 1993</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins1993108–118-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins1993108–118_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmins1993">Timmins 1993</a>, pp. 108–118.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dandy_loom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenson1983" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Anna (1983). <i>Textile Machines</i>. Shire Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-647-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-647-3"><bdi>978-0-85263-647-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Machines&rft.pub=Shire+Library&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-85263-647-3&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADandy+loom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmins1993" class="citation cs2">Timmins, Geoffrey (1993), <i>The Last Shift:The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth-century Lancashire</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 253, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7190-3725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0 7190-3725-5"><bdi>0 7190-3725-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Shift%3AThe+decline+of+handloom+weaving+in+nineteenth-century+Lancashire&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=07190-3725-5&rft.aulast=Timmins&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADandy+loom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weaving" title="Template:Weaving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weaving" title="Template talk:Weaving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weaving97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketweave_(weaving)" title="Basketweave (weaving)">Basketweave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woven_coverlet" title="Woven coverlet">Coverlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)" title="Dobby (cloth)">Dobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">Double weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-weave">Even-weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">Leno weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_weave" title="Pile weave">Pile weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)" title="Piqué (weaving)">Piqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_weave" title="Swivel weave">Swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg/120px-Swedish_weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">Warp and weft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber-Colman_knotter" title="Barber-Colman knotter">Barber-Colman knotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamer_(occupation)" title="Beamer (occupation)">Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerweaving" title="Fingerweaving">Fingerweaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">Heddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkle_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkle weaving">Inkle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibiones" title="Pibiones">Pibiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)"> Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_weaving" title="Salish weaving">Salish weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">Sizing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">Sizing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">Tablet weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talim_(textiles)" title="Talim (textiles)">Talim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81niko" title="Tāniko">Tāniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(weaving)" title="Temple (weaving)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">Wattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">Wicker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resin_wicker" title="Resin wicker">Resin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_loom" title="Dobby loom">Dobby loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattersley_loom" title="Hattersley loom">Hattersley loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrocks_loom" title="Horrocks loom">Horrocks loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted loom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weavers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesas" title="Acesas">Acesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Beauchemin" title="Micheline Beauchemin">Micheline Beauchemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Brunsson" title="Johanna Brunsson">Johanna Brunsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Dietz" title="Ada Dietz">Ada Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Forsell" title="Elisabeth Forsell">Elisabeth Forsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Liebes" title="Dorothy Liebes">Dorothy Liebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mairet" title="Ethel Mairet">Ethel Mairet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg" title="Maria Elisabet Öberg">Maria Elisabet Öberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Sherman" title="Clara Sherman">Clara Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judocus_de_Vos" title="Judocus de Vos">Judocus de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Zetterberg" title="Margaretha Zetterberg">Margaretha Zetterberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lancashire_cotton185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template talk:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lancashire_cotton185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bellhouse" title="David Bellhouse">David Bellhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whittaker_Dixon" title="Frederick Whittaker Dixon">F.W. Dixon & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_(architect)" title="Edward Potts (architect)">Edward Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott" title="Stott">Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_and_Sons" title="Stott and Sons">Stott and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Stott" title="Philip Sidney Stott">Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/80px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/120px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/160px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Adamson" title="Daniel Adamson">Daniel Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashton Frost (page does not exist)">Ashton Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashworth_%26_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashworth & Parker (page does not exist)">Ashworth & Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateman_%26_Sherratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateman & Sherratt (page does not exist)">Bateman & Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton & Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browett,_Lindley_%26_Co" title="Browett, Lindley & Co">Browett, Lindley & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_%26_Taylor" title="Buckley & Taylor">Buckley & Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carels_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Carels Frères">Carels Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Goodfellow_%26_Co._Ltd" title="Clayton, Goodfellow & Co. Ltd">Clayton, Goodfellow & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnshaw_%26_Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnshaw & Holt (page does not exist)">Earnshaw & Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn_%26_Sons" title="William Fairbairn & Sons">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_%26_J_Galloway_%26_Sons" title="W & J Galloway & Sons">W & J Galloway & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Goodfellow_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Goodfellow (engineer) (page does not exist)">Benjamin Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Hick_and_Sons" title="B. Hick and Sons">B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Musgrave_%26_Sons" title="John Musgrave & Sons">John Musgrave & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McNaught_(Rochdale)" title="William McNaught (Rochdale)">J & W McNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_of_Rochdale" title="Petrie of Rochdale">Petrie of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_%26_Co_of_Nelson" title="William Roberts & Co of Nelson">William Roberts & Co of Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Saxon_%26_Co" title="George Saxon & Co">George Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_%26_Hodgson_Ltd" title="Scott & Hodgson Ltd">Scott & Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmson_%26_Thompson" title="Urmson & Thompson">Urmson & Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_and_Thom" title="Yates and Thom">Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willans_%26_Robinson" title="Willans & Robinson">Willans & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Wood" title="J & E Wood">J & E Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolstenhulmes_%26_Rye" title="Woolstenhulmes & Rye">Woolstenhulmes & Rye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Doxey" title="Brooks & Doxey">Brooks & Doxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_%26_Dickinson" title="Butterworth & Dickinson">Butterworth & Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Curtis, Parr & Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobson_%26_Barlow" title="Dobson & Barlow">Dobson & Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hetherington_%26_Sons" title="John Hetherington & Sons">John Hetherington & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert_(manufacturer)" title="Joseph Hibbert (manufacturer)">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pilling_and_Sons" title="John Pilling and Sons">John Pilling and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harling_%26_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harling & Todd (page does not exist)">Harling & Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_%26_Bullough" title="Howard & Bullough">Howard & Bullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo._Hattersley" title="Geo. Hattersley">Geo. Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Lees" title="Asa Lees">Asa Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_%26_Platt" title="Mather & Platt">Mather & Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Parr, Curtis & Madely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">British Northrop Loom Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberton_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberton & Co (page does not exist)">Pemberton & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Brothers" title="Platt Brothers">Platt Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Lang_%26_Co" title="Taylor, Lang & Co">Taylor, Lang & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Machinery_Makers_Ltd" title="Textile Machinery Makers Ltd">Textile Machinery Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweedales_%26_Smalley" title="Tweedales & Smalley">Tweedales & Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Wildman_%26_Sons" title="T. Wildman & Sons">T. Wildman & Sons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mill owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Armitage" title="Elkanah Armitage">Elkanah Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashworth_(nonconformist)" title="Henry Ashworth (nonconformist)">Henry Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Birley" title="Hugh Birley">Hugh Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hornby_Birley" title="Hugh Hornby Birley">Hugh Hornby Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brotherton" title="Joseph Brotherton">Joseph Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(millowner)" title="James Burton (millowner)">James Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drinkwater" title="Peter Drinkwater">Peter Drinkwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eckersley" title="Nathaniel Eckersley">Nathaniel Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gray_(Conservative_politician)" title="William Gray (Conservative politician)">William Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Greg" title="Hannah Greg">Hannah Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greg" title="Samuel Greg">Samuel Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haworth_Ltd" title="Richard Haworth Ltd">Richard Howarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(manufacturer)" title="John Kennedy (manufacturer)">John Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Lee" title="George Augustus Lee">George Augustus Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Macintosh" title="Charles Macintosh">Charles Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mason" title="Hugh Mason">Hugh Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oldknow" title="Samuel Oldknow">Samuel Oldknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet">Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_and_Brothers" title="Thomas Whitehead and Brothers">Thomas Whitehead and Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Limiteds" title="Oldham Limiteds">Oldham Limiteds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers" title="Fine Spinners and Doublers">Fine Spinners and Doublers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation" title="Lancashire Cotton Corporation">Lancashire Cotton Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley_%26_Wright" title="Bagley & Wright">Bagley & Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Egyptian_Mills" title="Combined Egyptian Mills">Combined Egyptian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_%26_Sons" title="James Burton & Sons">James Burton & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamated_Cotton_Mills_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust (page does not exist)">Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming_process_in_Lancashire_cotton_mills" title="Steaming process in Lancashire cotton mills">Steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire boiler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Beamers,_Twisters_and_Drawers_(Hand_and_Machine)" title="Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)">Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Operative_Cotton_Spinners" title="Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners">Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Warehousemen%27s_Association" title="Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association">Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Workers%27_Union" title="Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union">Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="Amalgamated Weavers' Association">Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardroom_Amalgamation" title="Cardroom Amalgamation">Cardroom Amalgamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Warp_Dressers%27_Association" title="General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association">General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Loom_Overlookers" title="General Union of Loom Overlookers">General Union of Loom Overlookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Amalgamated_Tape_Sizers%27_Friendly_Society" title="Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society">Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lancashire_Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association">North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Textile_Trades_Federation" title="Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation">Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Textile_Institute" title="The Textile Institute">The Textile Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Textile_Factory_Workers%27_Association" title="United Textile Factory Workers' Association">United Textile Factory Workers' Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_owned_by_the_Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation_Limited" title="List of mills owned by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation Limited">LCC mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bolton" title="List of mills in Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bury" title="List of mills in Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textile_mills_in_Cheshire" title="List of textile mills in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Derbyshire" title="List of mills in Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Lancashire" title="List of mills in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="List of mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham (borough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Preston" title="List of mills in Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Rochdale" title="List of mills in Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Salford" title="List of mills in Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Stockport" title="List of mills in Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Tameside" title="List of mills in Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Wigan" title="List of mills in Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_mills_in_Yorkshire" title="List of cotton mills in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore_Mills_Textile_Museum" title="Helmshore Mills Textile Museum">Helmshore Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weavers%27_Triangle" title="Weavers' Triangle">Weavers' Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill, Styal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay (flying shuttle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(spinning_frame)" title="John Kay (spinning frame)">John Kay (spinning frame)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail_small.jpg/35px-Sampler_by_Elizabeth_Laidman_1760_detail_small.jpg" decoding="async" 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