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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8" data-next-head/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" data-next-head/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" data-next-head/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/" data-next-head/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no" data-next-head/><title data-next-head>30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present You Should Know</title><meta name="title" content="30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present You Should Know" data-next-head/><meta name="description" content="Ida B. Wells, John Lewis, Thurgood Marshall, and Tarana Burke are just some of the Black civil rights activists who continue to impact American society today." data-next-head/><meta name="keywords" content="listicle" data-next-head/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000" data-next-head/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon" data-next-head/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography" data-next-head/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher" data-next-head/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography" data-next-head/><meta property="og:title" content="30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present" data-next-head/><meta property="og:description" content="We’ll feel the impact of civil rights activists like John Lewis, Ida B. Wells, and Tarana Burke for generations to come. " data-next-head/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{&quot;socialHeadline&quot;:&quot;30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present&quot;}" data-next-head/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30" data-next-head/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography - Famous Activists" href="/rss/activists.xml" data-next-head/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography" href="/rss/all.xml" data-next-head/><meta property="og:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.755xh;0,0.197xh&amp;resize=1200:*" data-next-head/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" data-next-head/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600" data-next-head/><meta name="thumbnail" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0&amp;resize=320:*" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.image.full" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.755xh;0,0.197xh&amp;resize=320:*" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0" data-next-head/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.755xh;0,0.197xh&amp;resize=640:*" data-next-head/><meta content="https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders" property="og:url" data-next-head/><meta name="auto-publish" content="timely" data-next-head/><meta property="og:type" content="article" data-next-head/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" data-next-head/><meta name="article:opinion" property="article:opinion" content="false" data-next-head/><meta content="Famous Activists" property="article:section" data-next-head/><meta content="2024-02-09T23:08:00Z" property="article:modified_time" data-next-head/><meta content="2024-02-09T23:08:00Z" property="article:published_time" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.excerpt" content="&lt;p>When you’re asked to think of vital Black American &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists&quot;>civil rights leaders&lt;/a>, it’s likely that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr&quot;>Martin Luther King Jr.&lt;/a> instantly comes to mind—and why wouldn’t he? Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement&quot;>Civil Rights Movement&lt;/a> was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;>unforgettable words of wisdom&lt;/a>—is key to having a clearer picture of not only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;>Black history&lt;/a>, but American history. &lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;p>But he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation&quot;>Black History Month&lt;/a> lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott&quot;>hidden figures of our time&lt;/a>. Then there are the leaders in our present moment who work to ensure people recognize that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;>#BlackLivesMatter&lt;/a>. Although their collective work spans decades, these civil rights leaders all have something in common: We’ll continue to feel their impact for generations to come.&lt;/p>&lt;p>Here are some highlights from the illustrious careers of 30 civil icons, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois&quot;>W.E.B. Du Bois&lt;/a>, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height&quot;>Dorothy Height&lt;/a>, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis&quot;>John Lewis&lt;/a>, Ibram X. Kendi, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges&quot;>Ruby Bridges&lt;/a>.&lt;/p>" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="activists,Famous Activists,civil-rights-activists,Civil Rights Activists,womens-rights-activists,Womens Rights Activists,pride,LGBTQ Pride,Biography-US" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2024-02-09 23:08:00" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.contenttype" content="listicle" data-next-head/><meta id="m1" name="m1" itemprop="cssSelector " content=".content-hed" data-next-head/><meta id="m2" name="m2" itemprop="cssSelector" content=".content-dek p" data-next-head/><link href="/" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SpeakableSpecification" itemref="m1 m2" data-next-head/><link rel="prefetch" 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Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the Civil Rights Movement was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his unforgettable words of wisdom—is key to having a clearer picture of not only Black history, but American history. But he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or Black History Month lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those hidden figures of our time. Then there are the leaders in our present moment who work to ensure people recognize that #BlackLivesMatter. Although their collective work spans decades, these civil rights leaders all have something in common: We’ll continue to feel their impact for generations to come.Here are some highlights from the illustrious careers of 30 civil icons, including W.E.B. Du Bois, Dorothy Height, John Lewis, Ibram X. Kendi, and Ruby Bridges. Ida B. Wells 1862-1931As a dedicated journalist and feminist, Ida B. Wells used investigative reporting to shed light on the horrors of the lynching of Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. According to The Guardian, her work contradicted the common accepted belief that only rapists and other criminals were killed, rather than just victims of racism. Wells was also a cofounder of the NAACP and worked alongside Susan B. Anthony during the women’s suffrage movement.Read More about Ida B. Wells Mary Church Terrell 1863-1954A graduate of Oberlin College, Mary Church Terrell used her status as a member of the upper-class Black community to promote the advancement of her people through activism and education. Terrell’s father was enslaved before becoming one of the South’s first Black millionaires, according to the National Women’s History Museum. Terrell cofounded the National Association of Colored Women and the NAACP.Read More about Mary Church Terrell W.E.B. Du Bois 1868-1963W.E.B. Du Bois was a sociologist, historian, and editor who cofounded the NAACP in 1909. In addition to serving on the board of directors and as a director of publicity and research, the Harvard graduate was also founder and editor of the NAACP’s magazine The Crisis. Through the publication, he influenced readers with ideals that were considered radical at the time. He advocated for protests and challenging of the societal norms that kept Black Americans segregated from their white counterparts. He encouraged integration and Black nationalism, values that were in direct opposition to the more conservative civil rights leader Booker T. Washington.Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois A. Philip Randolph 1889-1979As a trade unionist and passionate civil rights advocate, A. Philip Randolph created the first successful Black trade union and led them to (reluctant) acceptance into the American Federation of Labor. For much of his career, Randolph fought for equal trade opportunities for Black people. In regards to the ability of African Americans to partake in federal government employment and contracts, he vowed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that he’d lead thousands in a protest in Washington, D.C., if they didn’t receive equal treatment, resulting in the POTUS signing an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and at the federal level. Randolph also founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation, which inspired President Harry Truman to sign an executive order that forbade segregation in the military. He was also a principal organizer for 1963’s March on Washington. Read More about A. Philip Randolph Roy Wilkins 1901-1981Roy Wilkins was the executive director of the NAACP before stepping down in 1977. He was dedicated to nonviolence and prioritized using legal avenues to fight for change, such as leading the organization during the successful Brown v. Board of Education case and more.Wilkins was also one of the minds behind the March on Washington in 1963 and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon Johnson in 1967. Ella Baker 1903-1986Ella Baker was a field secretary and branch director for the NAACP who cofounded an organization that raised money to fight Jim Crow laws. She was also a key organizer for Martin Luther King Jr.’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. But her passion was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which she founded to prioritize nonviolent protest. She also helped to organize the 1961 Freedom Rides and aided in registering Black voters. Read More about Ella Baker Thurgood Marshall 1908-1993President Lyndon Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967, making him the first African American person to assume this role (which he held for 24 years). He’s also known for arguing and winning the case Brown v. Board of Education, which resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation in U.S. public schools according to race was unconstitutional in 1954. ​The attorney won 29 of the 32 cases he argued at the nation’s highest court throughout his career and previously served as chief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in 1940.Read More about Thurgood Marshall Pauli Murray 1910-1985Pauli Murray was an author, lawyer, women’s rights activist, the first Black person to earn a doctor of the science of law degree from Yale, and the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. Many of Murray’s essays, poems, and books (“Negroes Are Fed Up,” Dark Testament, and States’ Laws on Race and Color) were foundational works of the Civil Rights Movement. Murray cofounded the Congress of Racial Equality and the National Organization for Women in 1966, alongside many noted feminists of the time, and was appointed to President John F. Kennedy’s Committee on Civil and Political Rights. Bayard Rustin 1912-1987Bayard Rustin’s lifelong commitment to nonviolence was at the root of his leadership in activism, as he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations, including 1957’s Prayer Pilgrimage to Freedom and 1963’s famous March on Washington. Rustin was openly gay, a taboo fact at the time that mostly didn’t deter Martin Luther King Jr. from valuing Rustin as an important adviser. He assisted King through the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the creation of the Southern Leadership Conference, while also deepening King’s knowledge of nonviolent tactics that became a pillar of the renowned leader’s legacy.Read More about Bayard Rustin Jo Ann Robinson 1912-1992As a professor at Alabama State College and president of Montgomery’s Women’s Political Council, Jo Ann Robinson made desegregating the city’s buses her priority. Although she was already laying the foundation for a boycott, it was Rosa Park’s arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus that officially sparked Robinson to initiate action. What started as a one-day boycott turned into a 381-day fight led by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), with Martin Luther King Jr. as its president. Robinson was a prominent leader behind the scenes of the MIA, largely contributing to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1956 ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. Dorothy Height 1912-2010After becoming president of the National Council of Negro Women, Dorothy Height served in the position for 40 years, making her one of the most trusted and leading voices for Black women during and after the Civil Rights Movement. It was during this time that she advocated for criminal justice reform and was vocal about the tragedies of lynching in the South. The Women’s History Museum credits her exemplary organizing skills as a way that she earned the trust of the likes of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. And as a leading organizer, Height was also welcomed on the speaker’s stage at the 1963 March on Washington, representing the only women’s group involved in the demonstration. In 1994, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and in 2004, she was given the Congressional Gold Medal.Read More about Dorothy Height Rosa Parks 1913-2005Rosa Parks is synonymous with the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. It all stems from December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Parks refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. Despite being arrested and jailed, her bravery sparked the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led to the segregation of buses being deemed unconstitutional. But her activism did not begin with that fateful day. At the time, Park had a passion for social justice and was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. After the boycott, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton in 1996 and was given the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Following her death in 2005, Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.Read More about Rosa Parks Whitney Young Jr. 1921-1971Beginning in 1961, World War II veteran Whitney Young Jr. was the executive director of the National Urban League for 10 years, where he developed relationships with white politicians to influence public policy to benefit the Black poor and working class. He was a trusted adviser for Presidents John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Lyndon B. Johnson. According to Clark Atlanta University, Young coauthored Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation.Read More about Whitney Young Jr. Malcolm X 1925-1965After he converted while in prison for robbery, Malcolm X’s Islamic faith was the foundation of his social justice advocacy. As a prominent leader and voice in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached ideals of Black nationalism and independence by tapping into the anger and frustration that resulted from years of racism and segregation. He was vocal about disagreeing with the nonviolent tactics of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., insisting that white people were innately evil and Black people were superior. His words fueled the Black Power movement in the 1960s and ’70s. However, two years before his death, he broke from the Nation of Islam and, in 1964, converted to Sunni Islam. He softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity in hopes of globalizing the Black American fight.Read More about Malcolm X James Meredith 1933-presentU.S. Air Force veteran James Meredith became the first Black student to integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962. But this achievement followed a string of tumultuous events, including multiple registration attempts, opposition that led Meredith to take legal action, the involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court, and violent rioting on campus among hundreds of marshals, soldiers, and others. Two bystanders died in the tumult. Now 90 years old, Meredith is the author of multiple books and has been involved in politics.Read More about James Meredith Julian Bond 1940-2015Morehouse College graduate Julian Bond was a prominent and outspoken figure of the Civil Rights Movement. While a student at the historically Black college, he cofounded the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) alongside John Lewis. SNCC was opposed to the Vietnam War and repeatedly directed the national media’s attention to the racist treatment of Black Americans in the South. Bond was a member of the Georgia General Assembly for 20 years and elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965. However, he was blocked from the seat by white members of the House who saw him as disloyal for opposing the war in Vietnam. A year later, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered him to be seated on the grounds of freedom of speech. He held the position for six terms. The statesman was also the cofounder of the Southern Poverty Law Center and chairman of the NAACP. John Lewis 1940-2020John Lewis—the man who coined the term “good trouble”—was a pillar for social justice and a staunch advocate for nonviolent civil rights demonstrations. Lewis was arrested multiple times in the Jim Crow South for organizing sit-ins at segregated lunch counters and participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Dubbed one of the “Big 6” of the Civil Rights Movement—along with Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, James Farmer, and Whitney Young Jr., Lewis was the youngest speaker and organizer of the March on Washington. Lewis also led the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, and the crossing of Edmund Pettus Bridge on what became known as “Bloody Sunday” after state troopers brutally attacked marchers. Lewis suffered a fractured skull, yet the demonstration and its aftermath influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act, which Lewis remained a staunch supporter of until his last days. In 1986, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Georgia’s 5th district. It was a position he held until his death in 2020. The politician was also a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to him by Barack Obama in 2011.Read More about John Lewis Ernestine Eckstein 1941-1992As a Black woman and a lesbian, Ernestine Eckstein was a leading supporter of both civil and LGBTQ rights in the 1960s and ’70s. She worked with the NAACP and was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality, but her most influential position was as vice president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, which was the first center solely for lesbians in NYC. Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests for gay rights in the country. There are photos of her demonstrating in 1965 in front of the White House as the only person of color in attendance. Marsha P. Johnson 1945-1992Marsha “Pay It No Mind” Johnson is known to many as the leader of the gay liberation movement. She led an uprising after members of the LGBTQ community were harassed at at the Stonewall Inn by members of the New York Police Department in 1969. Johnson was a successful drag queen and used her influence to lift up others, creating the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries in 1970, an organization that worked to find housing for homeless transgender youth.Read More about Marsha P. Johnson Ruby Bridges 1954-presentAt age 6, Ruby Bridges became the first Black student to integrate William Franz Elementary School—a white public school in New Orleans—in November 1960. Southern states had been opposing the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that made segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but Louisiana was forced to integrate following a federal court order. Angry onlookers jeered at Bridges as she walked by with the help of federal marshals on her first day, and white parents removed their kids from the institution. She was the youngest Black student to do this in the American South.Norman Rockwell’s famous 1963 painting depicts her groundbreaking walk on that first day. In 2011, President Barack Obama paid tribute to Bridges, now 69, at the White House.Schools in states like California and Oregon observe Ruby Bridges Walk to School Day annually on November 14.Read More about Ruby Bridges Phil Wilson 1956-presentAfter being diagnosed with HIV in 1987 and seeing his partner die of AIDS just two years later, Phil Wilson made it his mission to spread awareness and education of the disease during a time where very little was known. He was the AIDS coordinator for the city of Los Angeles and the director of policy and planning for AIDS Project Los Angeles. In 1999, Wilson founded the Black AIDS Institute to ensure education surrounding prevention and treatment would reach communities in need through policy. In 2010, Barack Obama appointed Wilson to his President’s Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. Now in his late 60s, Wilson retired from his post as president and CEO of the Black AIDS Institute in 2018. Michelle Alexander 1967-presentWith the publication of her 2010 bestselling book, The New Jim Crow, author Michelle Alexander helped to change the way race and criminal justice were discussed in America. Her argument? Mass incarceration and the disproportionate arrest of Black people were the country’s new, legal ways to keep segregation and inequality alive. Alexander, 56 years old, is also a Stanford graduate, a civil rights lawyer, and an educator. She previously served as director of the Racial Justice Project for the ACLU of Northern California. She is currently a visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary. Tarana Burke 1973-presentAs a community organizer and activist, 50-year-old Tarana Burke is known to many as the founder of the #MeToo movement, putting a hashtag behind the often untold stories of victims of sexual assault. Although Burke had developed #metoo years before through her nonprofit, JustBe Inc., it became a cultural movement when thousands used it on social media during 2017’s Harvey Weinstein sex abuse scandal. That same year she was named Time magazine’s Person of the Year.Read More about Tarana Burke Lateefah Simon 1977-presentBased in Oakland, California, and the Bay Area, Lateefah Simon has earned national recognition as a civil rights advocate since becoming the youngest person ever to receive the MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Award in 2003. After the tragic police killing of Oscar Grant, Simon was elected to the Bay Area Rapid Transit Board of Directors and served as president in 2020. In her board position, she influences policy through the lens of racial justice. Simon, 47, was also executive director of the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area and led San Francisco’s reentry anti-recidivism youth services division under Vice President Kamala Harris’ time as district attorney. Simon is currently running for a seat in the U.S. House in the November 2024 general election; the Democrat hopes to represent California’s 12th Congressional District. Ibram X. Kendi 1982-presentDuring the resurgence of the #BlackLivesMatter movement in the summer of 2020, many turned to Ibram X. Kendi’s How to Be Antiracist in order to fully understand the impact of racism and implicit bias in America, and how to combat this institutionalized issue by practicing antiracism. A scholar, author, National Book Award winner, and historian, 41-year-old Kendi is the founding director of Boston University’s Center for Antiracist Research and previously served as the founding director of American University’s Antiracist Research and Policy Center. In 2020, Time named him one of their 100 most influential people in the world. Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Ayo Tometi Alicia Garza, 43, Patrisse Cullors, 40, and Ayo Tometi, 39, are the founders of Black Lives Matter. The organization, which was started in 2013 as a reaction to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s killer, has put a global name to the ever-evolving cultural movement that Black lives deserve the equal respect, human treatment, and level of livelihood experienced by their white counterparts. They act as an inclusive, nonviolent space to enforce these ideals on both a national and local scale through protest, policy, and social media campaigns. Garza, Cullors, and Tometi were each named on Time’s 2020 most influential people in the world list. James Rucker c. 1969-presentOriginally a software entrepreneur, James Rucker cofounded Color of Change in 2005 alongside CNN contributor Van Jones in order to provide relief to victims of Hurricane Katrina. In the years since, Color of Change has evolved into a prominent online civil rights organization that serves as a resource for the Black community to use in order to mobilize government and corporations to fight against injustice. Rucker, who is in his 50s, is also the board chair of the Leadership Conference Education Fund and serves on the boards of the Southern Poverty Law Center Action Fund and MoveOn.org. Kristen Clarke c. 1975-presentIn 2021, Kristen Clarke became the first Black woman to lead the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division as the assistant attorney general for civil rights. The attorney and former member of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund was also president and executive director of the National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Throughout her career, she’s advocated for fair housing, voting rights, gender equality, and more on behalf of Black Americans. Nekima Levy Armstrong 1976-presentMinneapolis-based Nekima Levy Armstrong, 47, is a civil rights attorney, former president of the city’s NAACP chapter, and founder of the Racial Justice Network, a multiracial organization “committed to fighting for racial justice and building bridges across racial, social, and economic lines,” according to its website. Armstrong was one the activists instrumental in organizing the country’s first protests in George Floyd’s name following his murder at the hands of former police officer Derek Chauvin, who was found guilty on three counts of murder. Brittany Packnett Cunningham 1984-presentAs a social justice leader, educator, and organizer, Brittany Packnett Cunningham was one of the key member of the Ferguson Uprising in response to the police killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014. The 39-year-old was a part of the Ferguson Commission, President Barack Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, and is founder of social impact firm Love & Power Works.","wordCount":null,"articleSection":"Famous Activists","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.88889xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Biography","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://www.hearst.com/magazines","sameAs":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines","https://www.instagram.com/hearstmagazines/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/hearst-magazines/posts/"],"address":{"postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"}}},"keywords":["content-type: Round-up: General","locale: US","displayType: listicle","shortTitle: 30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present","hasProduct: true"],"url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders","isBasedOn":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/","video":{"@type":"VideoObject","contentUrl":"https://streaming.hearstdigitalstudios.com/7c3e761a-0036-401f-9df9-6cdfd12d098c/video_rover_16x9_480p_sd_1673369116_63195.mp4","description":"On May 4, 1884, 71 years before Rosa Parks inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott, civil rights pioneer Ida B. Wells refused to give up her seat on a train, fueling her impassioned fight for equal rights.","duration":"PT1M48S","embedUrl":"https://glimmer.hearstapps.com/amp.html?embedId=aff98552-72ea-4fe4-b07d-51e2b4ab7c54","name":"Ida B. Wells - Civil Rights Pioneer","thumbnailUrl":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top","uploadDate":"2024-02-09T22:54:08.188685Z"},"description":"Ida B. Wells, John Lewis, Thurgood Marshall, and Tarana Burke are just some of the Black civil rights activists who continue to impact American society today.","author":[{"name":"McKenzie Jean-Philippe","url":"https://www.biography.com/author/220354/mckenzie-jean-philippe","@type":"Person","description":"<p>McKenzie Jean-Philippe is the editorial assistant at <a href=\"http://oprahmag.com/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">OprahMag.com </a>covering pop culture, TV, movies, celebrity, and lifestyle. She loves a great Oprah viral moment and all things Netflix—but come summertime, <em>Big Brother </em>has her heart. 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She also interned at CNBC through the Emma Bowen Foundation, and is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ).&nbsp;</p>","jobTitle":"Assistant Editor","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/90e79262-662d-4c95-9b71-9a3dec8a6a35_1660236146.file","sameAs":["www.twitter.com/@JaneBurnett16"]}],"@context":"http://schema.org","about":{"@type":"ItemList","numberOfItems":30,"itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-1","description":"1862-1931As a dedicated journalist and feminist, Ida B. Wells used investigative reporting to shed light on the horrors of the lynching of Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. According to The Guardian, her work contradicted the common accepted belief that only rapists and other criminals were killed, rather than just victims of racism. Wells was also a cofounder of the NAACP and worked alongside Susan B. Anthony during the women’s suffrage movement.Read More about Ida B. Wells","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Mary Church Terrell","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-2","description":"1863-1954A graduate of Oberlin College, Mary Church Terrell used her status as a member of the upper-class Black community to promote the advancement of her people through activism and education. Terrell’s father was enslaved before becoming one of the South’s first Black millionaires, according to the National Women’s History Museum. Terrell cofounded the National Association of Colored Women and the NAACP.Read More about Mary Church Terrell","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"W.E.B. Du Bois","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-3","description":"1868-1963W.E.B. Du Bois was a sociologist, historian, and editor who cofounded the NAACP in 1909. In addition to serving on the board of directors and as a director of publicity and research, the Harvard graduate was also founder and editor of the NAACP’s magazine The Crisis. Through the publication, he influenced readers with ideals that were considered radical at the time. He advocated for protests and challenging of the societal norms that kept Black Americans segregated from their white counterparts. He encouraged integration and Black nationalism, values that were in direct opposition to the more conservative civil rights leader Booker T. Washington.Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"A. Philip Randolph","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-4","description":"1889-1979As a trade unionist and passionate civil rights advocate, A. Philip Randolph created the first successful Black trade union and led them to (reluctant) acceptance into the American Federation of Labor. For much of his career, Randolph fought for equal trade opportunities for Black people. In regards to the ability of African Americans to partake in federal government employment and contracts, he vowed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that he’d lead thousands in a protest in Washington, D.C., if they didn’t receive equal treatment, resulting in the POTUS signing an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and at the federal level. Randolph also founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation, which inspired President Harry Truman to sign an executive order that forbade segregation in the military. He was also a principal organizer for 1963’s March on Washington. Read More about A. Philip Randolph","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Roy Wilkins","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-5","description":"1901-1981Roy Wilkins was the executive director of the NAACP before stepping down in 1977. He was dedicated to nonviolence and prioritized using legal avenues to fight for change, such as leading the organization during the successful Brown v. Board of Education case and more.Wilkins was also one of the minds behind the March on Washington in 1963 and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon Johnson in 1967.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roy-wilkins-executive-director-of-the-national-association-news-photo-1707508927.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Ella Baker","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-6","description":"1903-1986Ella Baker was a field secretary and branch director for the NAACP who cofounded an organization that raised money to fight Jim Crow laws. She was also a key organizer for Martin Luther King Jr.’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. But her passion was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which she founded to prioritize nonviolent protest. She also helped to organize the 1961 Freedom Rides and aided in registering Black voters. Read More about Ella Baker","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/photograph-of-miss-ella-baker-naacp-hatfield-representative-news-photo-1610571155."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":7,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Thurgood Marshall","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-7","description":"1908-1993President Lyndon Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967, making him the first African American person to assume this role (which he held for 24 years). He’s also known for arguing and winning the case Brown v. Board of Education, which resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation in U.S. public schools according to race was unconstitutional in 1954. ​The attorney won 29 of the 32 cases he argued at the nation’s highest court throughout his career and previously served as chief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in 1940.Read More about Thurgood Marshall","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-counsel-thurgood-marshall-in-front-of-the-supreme-news-photo-1707509279.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":8,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Pauli Murray","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-8","description":"1910-1985Pauli Murray was an author, lawyer, women’s rights activist, the first Black person to earn a doctor of the science of law degree from Yale, and the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. Many of Murray’s essays, poems, and books (“Negroes Are Fed Up,” Dark Testament, and States’ Laws on Race and Color) were foundational works of the Civil Rights Movement. Murray cofounded the Congress of Racial Equality and the National Organization for Women in 1966, alongside many noted feminists of the time, and was appointed to President John F. Kennedy’s Committee on Civil and Political Rights. ","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":9,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Bayard Rustin","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-9","description":"1912-1987Bayard Rustin’s lifelong commitment to nonviolence was at the root of his leadership in activism, as he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations, including 1957’s Prayer Pilgrimage to Freedom and 1963’s famous March on Washington. Rustin was openly gay, a taboo fact at the time that mostly didn’t deter Martin Luther King Jr. from valuing Rustin as an important adviser. He assisted King through the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the creation of the Southern Leadership Conference, while also deepening King’s knowledge of nonviolent tactics that became a pillar of the renowned leader’s legacy.Read More about Bayard Rustin","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-activist-bayard-rustin-spokesman-for-the-news-photo-1610573637."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":10,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Jo Ann Robinson","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-10","description":"1912-1992As a professor at Alabama State College and president of Montgomery’s Women’s Political Council, Jo Ann Robinson made desegregating the city’s buses her priority. Although she was already laying the foundation for a boycott, it was Rosa Park’s arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus that officially sparked Robinson to initiate action. What started as a one-day boycott turned into a 381-day fight led by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), with Martin Luther King Jr. as its president. Robinson was a prominent leader behind the scenes of the MIA, largely contributing to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1956 ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. "}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":11,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Dorothy Height","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-11","description":"1912-2010After becoming president of the National Council of Negro Women, Dorothy Height served in the position for 40 years, making her one of the most trusted and leading voices for Black women during and after the Civil Rights Movement. It was during this time that she advocated for criminal justice reform and was vocal about the tragedies of lynching in the South. The Women’s History Museum credits her exemplary organizing skills as a way that she earned the trust of the likes of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. And as a leading organizer, Height was also welcomed on the speaker’s stage at the 1963 March on Washington, representing the only women’s group involved in the demonstration. In 1994, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and in 2004, she was given the Congressional Gold Medal.Read More about Dorothy Height","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/womens-rights-champion-and-civil-rights-leader-dr-dorothy-news-photo-1610571542."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":12,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Rosa Parks","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-12","description":"1913-2005Rosa Parks is synonymous with the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. It all stems from December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Parks refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. Despite being arrested and jailed, her bravery sparked the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led to the segregation of buses being deemed unconstitutional. But her activism did not begin with that fateful day. At the time, Park had a passion for social justice and was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. After the boycott, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton in 1996 and was given the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Following her death in 2005, Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.Read More about Rosa Parks","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":13,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Whitney Young Jr.","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-13","description":"1921-1971Beginning in 1961, World War II veteran Whitney Young Jr. was the executive director of the National Urban League for 10 years, where he developed relationships with white politicians to influence public policy to benefit the Black poor and working class. He was a trusted adviser for Presidents John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Lyndon B. Johnson. According to Clark Atlanta University, Young coauthored Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation.Read More about Whitney Young Jr.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":14,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-14","description":"1925-1965After he converted while in prison for robbery, Malcolm X’s Islamic faith was the foundation of his social justice advocacy. As a prominent leader and voice in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached ideals of Black nationalism and independence by tapping into the anger and frustration that resulted from years of racism and segregation. He was vocal about disagreeing with the nonviolent tactics of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., insisting that white people were innately evil and Black people were superior. His words fueled the Black Power movement in the 1960s and ’70s. However, two years before his death, he broke from the Nation of Islam and, in 1964, converted to Sunni Islam. He softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity in hopes of globalizing the Black American fight.Read More about Malcolm X","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":15,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"James Meredith","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-15","description":"1933-presentU.S. Air Force veteran James Meredith became the first Black student to integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962. But this achievement followed a string of tumultuous events, including multiple registration attempts, opposition that led Meredith to take legal action, the involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court, and violent rioting on campus among hundreds of marshals, soldiers, and others. Two bystanders died in the tumult. Now 90 years old, Meredith is the author of multiple books and has been involved in politics.Read More about James Meredith ","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":16,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Julian Bond","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-16","description":"1940-2015Morehouse College graduate Julian Bond was a prominent and outspoken figure of the Civil Rights Movement. While a student at the historically Black college, he cofounded the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) alongside John Lewis. SNCC was opposed to the Vietnam War and repeatedly directed the national media’s attention to the racist treatment of Black Americans in the South. Bond was a member of the Georgia General Assembly for 20 years and elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965. However, he was blocked from the seat by white members of the House who saw him as disloyal for opposing the war in Vietnam. A year later, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered him to be seated on the grounds of freedom of speech. He held the position for six terms. The statesman was also the cofounder of the Southern Poverty Law Center and chairman of the NAACP.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":17,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"John Lewis","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-17","description":"1940-2020John Lewis—the man who coined the term “good trouble”—was a pillar for social justice and a staunch advocate for nonviolent civil rights demonstrations. Lewis was arrested multiple times in the Jim Crow South for organizing sit-ins at segregated lunch counters and participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Dubbed one of the “Big 6” of the Civil Rights Movement—along with Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, James Farmer, and Whitney Young Jr., Lewis was the youngest speaker and organizer of the March on Washington. Lewis also led the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, and the crossing of Edmund Pettus Bridge on what became known as “Bloody Sunday” after state troopers brutally attacked marchers. Lewis suffered a fractured skull, yet the demonstration and its aftermath influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act, which Lewis remained a staunch supporter of until his last days. In 1986, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Georgia’s 5th district. It was a position he held until his death in 2020. The politician was also a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to him by Barack Obama in 2011.Read More about John Lewis","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":18,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Ernestine Eckstein","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-18","description":"1941-1992As a Black woman and a lesbian, Ernestine Eckstein was a leading supporter of both civil and LGBTQ rights in the 1960s and ’70s. She worked with the NAACP and was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality, but her most influential position was as vice president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, which was the first center solely for lesbians in NYC. Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests for gay rights in the country. There are photos of her demonstrating in 1965 in front of the White House as the only person of color in attendance."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":19,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Marsha P. Johnson","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-19","description":"1945-1992Marsha “Pay It No Mind” Johnson is known to many as the leader of the gay liberation movement. She led an uprising after members of the LGBTQ community were harassed at at the Stonewall Inn by members of the New York Police Department in 1969. Johnson was a successful drag queen and used her influence to lift up others, creating the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries in 1970, an organization that worked to find housing for homeless transgender youth.Read More about Marsha P. Johnson","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/marsha-p-johnson-1-1591306770.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":20,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Ruby Bridges","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-20","description":"1954-presentAt age 6, Ruby Bridges became the first Black student to integrate William Franz Elementary School—a white public school in New Orleans—in November 1960. Southern states had been opposing the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that made segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but Louisiana was forced to integrate following a federal court order. Angry onlookers jeered at Bridges as she walked by with the help of federal marshals on her first day, and white parents removed their kids from the institution. She was the youngest Black student to do this in the American South.Norman Rockwell’s famous 1963 painting depicts her groundbreaking walk on that first day. In 2011, President Barack Obama paid tribute to Bridges, now 69, at the White House.Schools in states like California and Oregon observe Ruby Bridges Walk to School Day annually on November 14.Read More about Ruby Bridges","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ruby-bridges-on-tuesday-september-6-2022-news-photo-1675274471.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":21,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Phil Wilson","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-21","description":"1956-presentAfter being diagnosed with HIV in 1987 and seeing his partner die of AIDS just two years later, Phil Wilson made it his mission to spread awareness and education of the disease during a time where very little was known. He was the AIDS coordinator for the city of Los Angeles and the director of policy and planning for AIDS Project Los Angeles. In 1999, Wilson founded the Black AIDS Institute to ensure education surrounding prevention and treatment would reach communities in need through policy. In 2010, Barack Obama appointed Wilson to his President’s Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. Now in his late 60s, Wilson retired from his post as president and CEO of the Black AIDS Institute in 2018.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/executive-director-of-the-black-aids-institute-phil-wilson-news-photo-1610573832."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":22,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Michelle Alexander","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-22","description":"1967-presentWith the publication of her 2010 bestselling book, The New Jim Crow, author Michelle Alexander helped to change the way race and criminal justice were discussed in America. Her argument? Mass incarceration and the disproportionate arrest of Black people were the country’s new, legal ways to keep segregation and inequality alive. Alexander, 56 years old, is also a Stanford graduate, a civil rights lawyer, and an educator. She previously served as director of the Racial Justice Project for the ACLU of Northern California. She is currently a visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/author-and-activist-michelle-alexander-attends-michelle-news-photo-1707515177.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":23,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Tarana Burke","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-23","description":"1973-presentAs a community organizer and activist, 50-year-old Tarana Burke is known to many as the founder of the #MeToo movement, putting a hashtag behind the often untold stories of victims of sexual assault. Although Burke had developed #metoo years before through her nonprofit, JustBe Inc., it became a cultural movement when thousands used it on social media during 2017’s Harvey Weinstein sex abuse scandal. That same year she was named Time magazine’s Person of the Year.Read More about Tarana Burke","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/activist-tarana-burke-is-seen-leaving-the-prabal-gurung-news-photo-1610572803."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":24,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Lateefah Simon","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-24","description":"1977-presentBased in Oakland, California, and the Bay Area, Lateefah Simon has earned national recognition as a civil rights advocate since becoming the youngest person ever to receive the MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Award in 2003. After the tragic police killing of Oscar Grant, Simon was elected to the Bay Area Rapid Transit Board of Directors and served as president in 2020. In her board position, she influences policy through the lens of racial justice. Simon, 47, was also executive director of the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area and led San Francisco’s reentry anti-recidivism youth services division under Vice President Kamala Harris’ time as district attorney. Simon is currently running for a seat in the U.S. House in the November 2024 general election; the Democrat hopes to represent California’s 12th Congressional District.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/board-president-lateefah-simon-speaks-during-a-press-news-photo-1707515682.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":25,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Ibram X. Kendi","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-25","description":"1982-presentDuring the resurgence of the #BlackLivesMatter movement in the summer of 2020, many turned to Ibram X. Kendi’s How to Be Antiracist in order to fully understand the impact of racism and implicit bias in America, and how to combat this institutionalized issue by practicing antiracism. A scholar, author, National Book Award winner, and historian, 41-year-old Kendi is the founding director of Boston University’s Center for Antiracist Research and previously served as the founding director of American University’s Antiracist Research and Policy Center. In 2020, Time named him one of their 100 most influential people in the world.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ibram-x-kendi-visits-build-to-discuss-the-book-stamped-news-photo-1610572706."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":26,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Ayo Tometi","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-26","description":"Alicia Garza, 43, Patrisse Cullors, 40, and Ayo Tometi, 39, are the founders of Black Lives Matter. The organization, which was started in 2013 as a reaction to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s killer, has put a global name to the ever-evolving cultural movement that Black lives deserve the equal respect, human treatment, and level of livelihood experienced by their white counterparts. They act as an inclusive, nonviolent space to enforce these ideals on both a national and local scale through protest, policy, and social media campaigns. Garza, Cullors, and Tometi were each named on Time’s 2020 most influential people in the world list.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/alicia-garza-patrisse-cullors-and-opal-tometi-attend-the-news-photo-1610572626."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":27,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"James Rucker","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-27","description":"c. 1969-presentOriginally a software entrepreneur, James Rucker cofounded Color of Change in 2005 alongside CNN contributor Van Jones in order to provide relief to victims of Hurricane Katrina. In the years since, Color of Change has evolved into a prominent online civil rights organization that serves as a resource for the Black community to use in order to mobilize government and corporations to fight against injustice. Rucker, who is in his 50s, is also the board chair of the Leadership Conference Education Fund and serves on the boards of the Southern Poverty Law Center Action Fund and MoveOn.org.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/co-founder-of-changeofcolor-org-james-rucker-attends-news-photo-1610572487."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":28,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Kristen Clarke","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-28","description":"c. 1975-presentIn 2021, Kristen Clarke became the first Black woman to lead the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division as the assistant attorney general for civil rights. The attorney and former member of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund was also president and executive director of the National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Throughout her career, she’s advocated for fair housing, voting rights, gender equality, and more on behalf of Black Americans.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/january-7-2021-kristen-clarke-speaks-during-the-announcing-news-photo-1619020399."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":29,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Nekima Levy Armstrong","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-29","description":"1976-presentMinneapolis-based Nekima Levy Armstrong, 47, is a civil rights attorney, former president of the city’s NAACP chapter, and founder of the Racial Justice Network, a multiracial organization “committed to fighting for racial justice and building bridges across racial, social, and economic lines,” according to its website. Armstrong was one the activists instrumental in organizing the country’s first protests in George Floyd’s name following his murder at the hands of former police officer Derek Chauvin, who was found guilty on three counts of murder.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nekima-levy-armstrong-civil-rights-lawyer-and-former-news-photo-1619020472."}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":30,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Brittany Packnett Cunningham","url":"https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders#slide-30","description":"1984-presentAs a social justice leader, educator, and organizer, Brittany Packnett Cunningham was one of the key member of the Ferguson Uprising in response to the police killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014. The 39-year-old was a part of the Ferguson Commission, President Barack Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, and is founder of social impact firm Love & Power Works.","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/brittany-packnett-cunningham-attends-as-audible-presents-in-news-photo-1619020531."}}]}}</script><style data-emotion="css-global ploijv">.embed{clear:both;}@media (min-width: 90rem){.embed:not(.align-center):not([data-embed]="body-image"){clear:none;}}</style><style data-emotion="css-global k5cj40">body{--nav-height:96px;--mobile-sticky-header-height:96px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global y17bjk">html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}main{display:block;}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 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48rem){.css-1bw2h88{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1bw2h88{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;margin:0 20.625rem 1rem 1.1875rem;max-width:40.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1bw2h88{margin:0 20.625rem 1rem 2.875rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-1bw2h88{margin:0 20.625rem 1rem 3.875rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1bw2h88{margin:0 22.625rem 1rem 20.875rem;padding:0rem;}}.css-19di9js{margin:0 auto;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-19di9js{margin:0 0 2rem 0;}}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-19di9js{width:100%;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-19di9js{max-width:40.25rem;padding:0 1rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-19di9js{margin:0 0 1rem 0;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-19di9js{margin:0 0 1rem 0;}}.css-1ui7hop{margin-bottom:0.9375rem;--aspect-ratio:56.25%;}.css-guxj2g{width:100%;height:100%;}.css-guxj2g video{height:100%;width:100%;}.css-guxj2g .hpc-sticky video{position:relative;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper{background:#ffffff;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper:not(.hpc-sticky){position:absolute;top:0rem;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:2000000;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper.hpc-sticky{z-index:4000000;}.css-1d3dqod{height:100%;width:100%;position:relative;z-index:2000000;visibility:visible;overflow:hidden;}.css-19szzr8{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);z-index:1;stroke:#ffffff;cursor:pointer;height:3.75rem;width:3.75rem;border-radius:50%;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);color:#fff;border:.1875rem solid white;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s;transition:all 0.4s;}@media(min-width: 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a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-tlaauo a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-tlaauo p{padding-left:1.875rem;padding-right:1.875rem;text-align:center;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem) and (max-width: 73.75rem){.css-tlaauo p{padding-left:1.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-tlaauo p{padding-left:2.5rem;padding-right:2.5rem;}}.css-tuokxc{margin:0rem;padding-left:1.875rem;padding-right:1.875rem;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-tuokxc{line-height:1.3;}}@media(min-width: 30rem){.css-tuokxc{padding-left:2.5rem;padding-right:2.5rem;}}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-tuokxc br{display:none;}}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-1mdnnmm{width:auto;}}@media(min-width: 20rem) and (max-width: 64rem){.css-1mdnnmm{padding:0 1rem;}}@media(min-width: 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61.25rem){.css-1lp3my3{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header header header" "content content ad";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:auto auto auto;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1lp3my3{margin:0 auto;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1lp3my3{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header header header rgut" "lgut content content ad rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr repeat(3, minmax(auto, 25rem)) 1fr;}}.css-chu8gj{position:relative;grid-area:header;contain:layout;}.css-itteca{margin:0rem;margin-top:1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:600;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-itteca{font-size:3rem;line-height:1;}}@media(max-width: 61.25rem){.css-itteca{margin-bottom:1rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-itteca{font-size:3.25rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-itteca{font-size:4.375rem;line-height:1.3;}}.css-itteca a,.css-itteca span{overflow:hidden;}.css-itteca a{color:link-block-header;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:0;}.css-itteca a:hover{color:link-hover-block-header;}.css-itteca span:before{z-index:-2000000;}.css-mn2ao7{contain:layout;display:grid;grid-area:content;grid-gap:1rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-mn2ao7{grid-gap:1.8rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}}.css-1k4oakh{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1k4oakh h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1k4oakh h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-19jtfnp{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-19jtfnp h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-19jtfnp h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-ftsoqv{display:block;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}.css-ftsoqv img{vertical-align:top;}.css-1dc3fjj{background-color:bg-block-content-four-across;}.css-1d3d03u{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:800;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1d3d03u{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1;}}.css-x6pey5{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#262626;text-transform:capitalize;word-break:break-word;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-x6pey5{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s 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a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1oj52ne a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-om4gqg{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-om4gqg{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-om4gqg{left:unset;}}.css-1ftzpft{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1ftzpft{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1ftzpft{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header" 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content="2"/></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-huh8md e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/g46697536/civil-rights-leaders" class="e3morl60 css-10e6ywj e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1ntrs91 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-1jkvsvg e1f1sunr6"><p>We’ll feel the impact of these civil rights activists for generations to come. </p></div><div class="css-srgkgw e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-rshh1 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-704l1r e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="McKenzie Jean-Philippe" alt href="/author/220354/mckenzie-jean-philippe" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-qt4ou4 e1c1bym14">McKenzie Jean-Philippe</a> and <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Jane Burnett" alt href="/author/242824/jane-burnett" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-qt4ou4 e1c1bym14">Jane Burnett</a></span><time class="css-1mqcmvu e1f1sunr4">Published: Feb 09, 2024 6:08 PM EST</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17vu5fu e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-body="listicle" data-journey-hide="true" class="listicle-container content-container listicle-body-content css-4rmlxi e13lia4i20"><section data-ad-index="0" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section class="listicle-header css-eejppf e13lia4i17"><div class="css-1bw2h88 e13lia4i16"><div class="css-19di9js e13lia4i15"><div class="__resp-container css-1ui7hop e6inl0f0"><div data-position="3" data-dock="true" data-disable-ads="false" data-sticky="true" data-muted="true" data-journey-blur="true" class="video-player css-guxj2g e1hzgkwu0"><div class="video-player-wrapper"><video playsinline></video></div><div class="css-1d3dqod e7hrar04"><button data-theme-key="video-play-icon-button" aria-label="Play Video" class="css-19szzr8 e7hrar00"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/play.db7c035.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="24" width="24" alt="Play Icon" role="img" title="Play" class="css-ovd4yx e7hrar01"/></button><img alt="preview for Ida B. Wells - Civil Rights Pioneer" title="Video player poster image" fetchpriority="high" width="2000" height="1000" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&amp;resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&amp;resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&amp;resize=1200:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg?crop=1xw:0.84375xh;center,top&amp;resize=1200:*" class="e7hrar03 css-g939jb e1g79fud0"/></div></div></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><div class="css-tlaauo e76wunf2"><p class="css-tuokxc e76wunf1"><span class="css-0 e76wunf0">We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.</span></p></div></section><div data-journey-listicle-introduction="true" class="listicle-intro css-1mdnnmm e13lia4i13"><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">When you’re asked to think of vital Black American <a href="https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="civil rights leaders" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">civil rights leaders</a>, it’s likely that <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> instantly comes to mind—and why wouldn’t he? Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Civil Rights Movement" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Civil Rights Movement</a> was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his <a href="https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="unforgettable words of wisdom" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">unforgettable words of wisdom</a>—is key to having a clearer picture of not only <a href="https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Black history" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Black history</a>, but American history. <br/></p><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Black History Month" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Black History Month</a> lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="hidden figures of our time" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">hidden figures of our time</a>. Then there are the leaders in our present moment who work to ensure people recognize that <a href="https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="#BlackLivesMatter" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">#BlackLivesMatter</a>. Although their collective work spans decades, these civil rights leaders all have something in common: We’ll continue to feel their impact for generations to come.</p><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Here are some highlights from the illustrious careers of 30 civil icons, including <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="W.E.B. Du Bois" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dorothy Height" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Dorothy Height</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Lewis" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John Lewis</a>, Ibram X. Kendi, and <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ruby Bridges" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ruby Bridges</a>.</p></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1jh7ofx e13lia4i12"><div class="css-65qmx2 e13lia4i11"><div class="standard-article-vertical-ad e13lia4i10 css-18x2c3d e19qkiag2"><div id="gpt-ad-vertical-top" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div><section id="slide-1" data-anchor-id="slide-1" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Ida B. Wells</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328.?crop=0.803xw:0.965xh;0.141xw,0.0150xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328.?crop=0.803xw:0.965xh;0.141xw,0.0150xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="ida b wells stands and looks at the camera, she wears a long jacket, light colored blouse and dark bottoms" data-cy="slide-image-1" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328.?crop=0.803xw:0.965xh;0.141xw,0.0150xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Ida B. Wells" width="4045" height="5053" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1862-1931</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">As a dedicated journalist and <a href="https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="feminist" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">feminist</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ida B. Wells" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ida B. Wells</a> used investigative reporting to shed light on the horrors of the lynching of Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to The Guardian" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to <em>The Guardian</em></a>, her work contradicted the common accepted belief that only rapists and other criminals were killed, rather than just victims of racism. Wells was also a cofounder of the NAACP and worked alongside <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/susan-b-anthony" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/susan-b-anthony" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Susan B. Anthony" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Susan B. Anthony</a> during the women’s suffrage movement.<em></em></p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Ida B. Wells" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Ida B. Wells</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-2" data-anchor-id="slide-2" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Mary Church Terrell</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443.?crop=0.804xw:0.948xh;0.0935xw,0.0387xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443.?crop=0.804xw:0.948xh;0.0935xw,0.0387xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="mary church terrell sits in a high backed chair in a lacy dress, she leans against on hand as her elbow rests on the armrest" data-cy="slide-image-2" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443.?crop=0.804xw:0.948xh;0.0935xw,0.0387xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Mary Church Terrell" width="3595" height="4585" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1863-1954</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">A graduate of Oberlin College, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Mary Church Terrell" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Mary Church Terrell</a> used her status as a member of the upper-class Black community to promote the advancement of her people through activism and education. Terrell’s father was enslaved before becoming one of the South’s first Black millionaires, <a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="according to the National Women’s History Museum" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">according to the National Women’s History Museum</a>. Terrell cofounded the National Association of Colored Women and the NAACP.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Mary Church Terrell" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Mary Church Terrell</a></p></div></div></div></div></section></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="1" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-3" data-anchor-id="slide-3" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">W.E.B. Du Bois</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231.?crop=1.00xw:0.847xh;0,0.143xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231.?crop=1.00xw:0.847xh;0,0.143xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="web dubois sits in a chair and wears a three piece suit with a tie" data-cy="slide-image-3" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231.?crop=1.00xw:0.847xh;0,0.143xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="W.E.B. Dubois" width="693" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1868-1963</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="W.E.B. Du Bois" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">W.E.B. Du Bois</a> was a sociologist, historian, and editor who <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="cofounded the NAACP" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">cofounded the NAACP</a> in 1909. In addition to serving on the board of directors and as a director of publicity and research, the Harvard graduate was also founder and editor of the NAACP’s magazine <em>The Crisis</em>. Through the publication, he influenced readers with ideals that were considered radical at the time. He advocated for protests and challenging of the societal norms that kept Black Americans segregated from their white counterparts. He encouraged integration and Black nationalism, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="values that were in direct opposition" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">values that were in direct opposition</a> to the more conservative civil rights leader <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Booker T. Washington" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Booker T. Washington</a>.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-4" data-anchor-id="slide-4" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">A. Philip Randolph</h2><div class="css-l3aj7 eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230.?crop=0.840xw:0.846xh;0.0731xw,0.147xh&amp;resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230.?crop=0.840xw:0.846xh;0.0731xw,0.147xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="a philip randolph stands in front of a statue of abraham lincoln memorial, randolph wears a suit and tie with a button on his jacket" data-cy="slide-image-4" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230.?crop=0.840xw:0.846xh;0.0731xw,0.147xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="A. Philip Randolph at the Lincoln Memorial" width="3662" height="2423" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1889-1979</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">As a trade unionist and passionate civil rights advocate, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="A. Philip Randolph" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">A. Philip Randolph</a> created the first successful Black trade union and led them to (reluctant) acceptance into the American Federation of Labor. For much of his career, Randolph fought for equal trade opportunities for Black people. In regards to the ability of African Americans to partake in federal government employment and contracts, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="he vowed" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">he vowed</a> to President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Franklin D. Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> that he’d lead thousands in a protest in Washington, D.C., if they didn’t receive equal treatment, resulting in the POTUS signing an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and at the federal level. Randolph also founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation, which inspired President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Harry Truman" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Harry Truman</a> to sign an executive order that forbade segregation in the military. He was also a principal organizer for 1963’s March on Washington. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about A. Philip Randolph" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about A. Philip Randolph</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="2" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-5" data-anchor-id="slide-5" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Roy Wilkins</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roy-wilkins-executive-director-of-the-national-association-news-photo-1707508927.jpg?crop=0.855xw:0.819xh;0.128xw,0.0244xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roy-wilkins-executive-director-of-the-national-association-news-photo-1707508927.jpg?crop=0.855xw:0.819xh;0.128xw,0.0244xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="roy wilkins sits at a table and looks ahead while speaking and holding papers in one hand, he wears a suit jacket, tie and collared shirt, two people and a doorway are in the background" data-cy="slide-image-5" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roy-wilkins-executive-director-of-the-national-association-news-photo-1707508927.jpg?crop=0.855xw:0.819xh;0.128xw,0.0244xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins" width="980" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1901-1981</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Roy Wilkins was the executive director of the NAACP before <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/obituaries/roy-wilkins-50-year-veteran-of-civil-rights-fight-is-dead.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/obituaries/roy-wilkins-50-year-veteran-of-civil-rights-fight-is-dead.html" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="stepping down" data-vars-ga-product-id="47836e7c-8d4f-48f1-9eaa-8ef1c214dda3" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/obituaries/roy-wilkins-50-year-veteran-of-civil-rights-fight-is-dead.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/obituaries/roy-wilkins-50-year-veteran-of-civil-rights-fight-is-dead.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-url data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-media-role="1" data-vars-ga-media-type="Slide" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="9c4d78d3-019c-4ac0-9148-6725a8c691a3" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">stepping down</a> in 1977. He was dedicated to nonviolence and prioritized using legal avenues to fight for change, such as leading the organization during the successful <em><a href="https://www.biography.com/activist/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activist/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Brown" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Brown</a> v. Board of Education </em>case and more.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Wilkins was also <a href="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/roy-wilkins" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/roy-wilkins" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="one of the minds" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">one of the minds</a> behind the March on Washington in 1963 and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon Johnson</a> in 1967.</p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-6" data-anchor-id="slide-6" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Ella Baker</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/photograph-of-miss-ella-baker-naacp-hatfield-representative-news-photo-1610571155.?crop=1.00xw:0.935xh;0,0.00508xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/photograph-of-miss-ella-baker-naacp-hatfield-representative-news-photo-1610571155.?crop=1.00xw:0.935xh;0,0.00508xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="ella baker sits a table with several papers in front of her and holds a pen in one hand, she wears a collared shirt and looks right" data-cy="slide-image-6" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/photograph-of-miss-ella-baker-naacp-hatfield-representative-news-photo-1610571155.?crop=1.00xw:0.935xh;0,0.00508xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Ella Baker" width="765" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1903-1986</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/ella-baker" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/ella-baker" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ella Baker" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ella Baker</a> was a field secretary and branch director for the NAACP who cofounded an organization that raised money to fight Jim Crow laws. She was also a key organizer for <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. But her passion was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which she founded to prioritize nonviolent protest. She also helped to organize the 1961 Freedom Rides and aided in registering Black voters. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/ella-baker" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/ella-baker" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Ella Baker" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Ella Baker</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="3" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-7" data-anchor-id="slide-7" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">Thurgood Marshall</h2><div class="css-l3aj7 eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-counsel-thurgood-marshall-in-front-of-the-supreme-news-photo-1707509279.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.940xh;0,0.0550xh&amp;resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-counsel-thurgood-marshall-in-front-of-the-supreme-news-photo-1707509279.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.940xh;0,0.0550xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="thurgood marshall stands in a suit and tie outside the us supreme court building, the building has several tall columns and ornate sculptures" data-cy="slide-image-7" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/chief-counsel-thurgood-marshall-in-front-of-the-supreme-news-photo-1707509279.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.940xh;0,0.0550xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Thurgood Marshall at the U.S. Supreme Court" width="1024" height="728" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1908-1993</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon Johnson</a> appointed <a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Thurgood Marshall" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Thurgood Marshall</a> to the <a href="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="U.S. Supreme Court" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 1967, making him the first African American person to assume this role (which he held for 24 years). He’s also known for arguing and winning the case <em><a href="https://www.biography.com/activist/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activist/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Brown" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Brown</a> v. Board of Education</em>, which resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation in U.S. public schools according to race was unconstitutional in 1954. ​The attorney <a href="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/thurgood-marshall" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/thurgood-marshall" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="won 29 of the 32 cases he argued" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">won 29 of the 32 cases he argued</a> at the nation’s highest court throughout his career and previously served as chief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in 1940.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Thurgood Marshall" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Thurgood Marshall</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-8" data-anchor-id="slide-8" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Pauli Murray</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884.?crop=1.00xw:0.985xh;0,0.0107xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884.?crop=1.00xw:0.985xh;0,0.0107xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="pauli murray looks to the right and weras a shirt" data-cy="slide-image-8" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884.?crop=1.00xw:0.985xh;0,0.0107xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Pauli Murray" width="2544" height="3234" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1910-1985</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Pauli Murray was an <a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="author" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">author</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="lawyer" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">lawyer</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="women’s rights activist" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">women’s rights activist</a>, the first Black person to earn a doctor of the science of law degree from Yale, and the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. Many of Murray’s essays, poems, and books (“Negroes Are Fed Up,” <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dark Testament" data-vars-ga-product-id="5881ff05-8260-4529-80df-3bdb02b915c7" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{&quot;afflink_redirect&quot;:&quot;/_p/afflink/POM8/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-dark-testament-other-pauli-murray-dp-163149483x&quot;,&quot;site_id&quot;:&quot;73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce&quot;,&quot;network&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Amazon&quot;},&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;links&quot;:{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Testament-Other-Pauli-Murray/dp/163149483X?tag=bio-auto-20&quot;}}}" data-vars-ga-media-role="1" data-vars-ga-media-type="Slide" data-vars-ga-product-price="$12.40" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="1a074b4e-b004-4a65-9c5e-80e367323c5a" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Dark Testament</a></em>, and <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="States’ Laws on Race and Color" data-vars-ga-product-id="035a2acb-0d1b-41d4-b1d0-e46278be8a92" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{&quot;afflink_redirect&quot;:&quot;/_p/afflink/PONi/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-states-color-studies-legal-history-dp-082035063x&quot;,&quot;site_id&quot;:&quot;73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce&quot;,&quot;network&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Amazon&quot;},&quot;metadata&quot;:{&quot;links&quot;:{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;https://www.amazon.com/States-Color-Studies-Legal-History/dp/082035063X?tag=bio-auto-20&quot;}}}" data-vars-ga-media-role="1" data-vars-ga-media-type="Slide" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="69624d74-4eb6-4073-9742-79c3688e4e5c" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">States’ Laws on Race and Color</a></em>) were foundational works of the Civil Rights Movement. Murray cofounded the Congress of Racial Equality and the National Organization for Women in 1966, alongside many noted feminists of the time, and was appointed to President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John F. Kennedy</a>’s <em></em><em></em>Committee on Civil and Political Rights. </p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"></div><section data-ad-index="4" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-9" data-anchor-id="slide-9" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Bayard Rustin</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-activist-bayard-rustin-spokesman-for-the-news-photo-1610573637.?crop=1xw:0.9082xh;center,top&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-activist-bayard-rustin-spokesman-for-the-news-photo-1610573637.?crop=1xw:0.9082xh;center,top&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="bayard rustin holds a telephone to one ear and looks to the left, behind him is a protest sign, he wears a suit and tie" data-cy="slide-image-9" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-activist-bayard-rustin-spokesman-for-the-news-photo-1610573637.?crop=1xw:0.9082xh;center,top&amp;resize=980:*" title="Bayard Rustin" width="744" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1912-1987</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Bayard Rustin" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Bayard Rustin</a>’s lifelong commitment to nonviolence was at the root of his leadership in activism, as <a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/rustin-bayard" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/rustin-bayard" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations</a>, including 1957’s Prayer Pilgrimage to Freedom and 1963’s famous March on Washington. Rustin was openly gay, a taboo fact at the time that mostly didn’t deter <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> from valuing Rustin as an important adviser. He assisted King through the <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Montgomery Bus Boycott" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a> and the creation of the Southern Leadership Conference, while also deepening King’s knowledge of nonviolent tactics that became a pillar of the renowned leader’s legacy.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Bayard Rustin" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Bayard Rustin</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-10" data-anchor-id="slide-10" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">Jo Ann Robinson</h2><div class="css-14teh3h eado3bp0"><section data-lazy-id="P0-8"><div data-embed="instagram"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-8" class="embed"><div data-embed="instagram" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-1ua5ay5 ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=currentColor&amp;id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="instagram" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBoRqBpDQqm/" aria-label="View full post on Instagram" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Instagram</a></div></div></section></div></section></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1912-1992</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">As a professor at Alabama State College and president of Montgomery’s Women’s Political Council, <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/jo-ann-robinson-heroine-montgomery-bus-boycott" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/jo-ann-robinson-heroine-montgomery-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jo Ann Robinson made desegregating the city’s buses her priority" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Jo Ann Robinson made desegregating the city’s buses her priority</a>. Although she was already laying the foundation for a boycott, it was <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Rosa Park’s arrest" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Rosa Park’s arrest</a> for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus that officially sparked Robinson to initiate action. What started as a one-day boycott turned into a 381-day fight led by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), with <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> as its president. Robinson was a prominent leader behind the scenes of the MIA, largely contributing to the <a href="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="U.S. Supreme Court" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">U.S. Supreme Court</a>’s 1956 ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. </p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-3" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="5" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-11" data-anchor-id="slide-11" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Dorothy Height</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/womens-rights-champion-and-civil-rights-leader-dr-dorothy-news-photo-1610571542.?crop=0.47233xw:1xh;center,top&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/womens-rights-champion-and-civil-rights-leader-dr-dorothy-news-photo-1610571542.?crop=0.47233xw:1xh;center,top&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="dorothy height sits and holds a gold medal in a small box along with several other hands, she wears a blue suit and matching hat with large earrings and a matching necklace" data-cy="slide-image-11" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/womens-rights-champion-and-civil-rights-leader-dr-dorothy-news-photo-1610571542.?crop=0.47233xw:1xh;center,top&amp;resize=980:*" title="Dorothy Height in March 2004" width="2048" height="1451" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1912-2010</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">After becoming president of the National Council of Negro Women, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dorothy Height" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Dorothy Height</a> served in the position for 40 years, making her one of the most trusted and leading voices for Black women during and after the Civil Rights Movement. It was during this time that she advocated for criminal justice reform and was vocal about the tragedies of lynching in the South. <a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothy-height" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Women’s History Museum" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">The Women’s History Museum</a> credits her exemplary organizing skills as a way that she earned the trust of the likes of First Lady <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/eleanor-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/eleanor-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Eleanor Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon B. Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dwight D. Eisenhower" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. And as a leading organizer, Height was also welcomed on the speaker’s stage at the 1963 March on Washington, representing the only women’s group involved in the demonstration. In 1994, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and in 2004, she was given the Congressional Gold Medal.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Dorothy Height" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Dorothy Height</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-12" data-anchor-id="slide-12" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Rosa Parks</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638.?crop=0.718xw:0.856xh;0.0425xw,0.144xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638.?crop=0.718xw:0.856xh;0.0425xw,0.144xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="rosa parks walks outside a storefront, she wears a long coat, hat, patterned shirt, and glasses, she smiles and looks down to the left" data-cy="slide-image-12" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638.?crop=0.718xw:0.856xh;0.0425xw,0.144xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Civil Rights Leader Rosa Parks in Alabama" width="2874" height="3010" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1913-2005</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Rosa Parks" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Rosa Parks</a> is synonymous with the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. It all stems from December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Parks <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus</a> to a white passenger. Despite being arrested and jailed, her bravery sparked the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led to the segregation of buses being deemed unconstitutional. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">But her activism did not begin with that fateful day. At the time, Park had a passion for social justice and was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="After the boycott" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">After the boycott</a>, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/bill-clinton" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/bill-clinton" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Bill Clinton" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Bill Clinton</a> in 1996 and was given the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Following her death in 2005, Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Rosa Parks" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Rosa Parks</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-5" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="6" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-13" data-anchor-id="slide-13" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Whitney Young Jr.</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274.?crop=0.690xw:0.766xh;0.310xw,0.234xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274.?crop=0.690xw:0.766xh;0.310xw,0.234xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="whitney young jr sits at a table and points with one finger, he wears a suit jacket and patterned tie, a cigarette rests in an ash tray in front of him" data-cy="slide-image-13" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274.?crop=0.690xw:0.766xh;0.310xw,0.234xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Whitney Young Jr. in a television studio" width="2801" height="2528" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1921-1971</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Beginning in 1961, World War II veteran <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Whitney Young Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Whitney Young Jr.</a> was the executive director of the National Urban League for 10 years, where he developed relationships with white politicians to influence public policy to benefit the Black poor and working class. He was a trusted adviser for Presidents <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John F. Kennedy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/richard-nixon" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/richard-nixon" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Richard Nixon" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Richard Nixon</a>, and <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Lyndon B. Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. <a href="https://www.cau.edu/school-of-social-work/Whitney-M-Young-Jr.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.cau.edu/school-of-social-work/Whitney-M-Young-Jr.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to Clark Atlanta University," class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to Clark Atlanta University,</a> Young coauthored Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Whitney Young Jr." data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Whitney Young Jr.</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-14" data-anchor-id="slide-14" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">Malcolm X</h2><div class="css-l3aj7 eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497.?crop=0.937xw:0.943xh;0.0612xw,0.0566xh&amp;resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497.?crop=0.937xw:0.943xh;0.0612xw,0.0566xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="malcolm x speaking into several microphones and points with one finger as he stands outside, he wears glasses, a suit jacket and collared shirt" data-cy="slide-image-14" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497.?crop=0.937xw:0.943xh;0.0612xw,0.0566xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Malcolm X speaking at rally" width="1024" height="677" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1925-1965</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">After he converted while in prison for robbery, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Malcolm X" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Malcolm X</a>’s Islamic faith was the foundation of his social justice advocacy. As a prominent leader and voice in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached ideals of Black nationalism and independence by tapping into the anger and frustration that resulted from years of racism and segregation. He was vocal about disagreeing with the nonviolent tactics of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement led by <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, insisting that white people were innately evil and Black people were superior. His words fueled the Black Power movement in the 1960s and ’70s. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">However, two years before his death, he broke from the Nation of Islam and, in 1964, converted to Sunni Islam. He <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity</a> in hopes of globalizing the Black American fight.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Malcolm X" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Malcolm X</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-5" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-6" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="7" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-15" data-anchor-id="slide-15" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">James Meredith</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.185xw,0&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.185xw,0&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="james meredith holds a newspaper while standing and looking over his left shoulder at the camera, he wears a suit jacket and tie and has a small mustache" data-cy="slide-image-15" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg?crop=0.804xw:1.00xh;0.185xw,0&amp;resize=980:*" title="James Meredith, circa September 1962" width="2873" height="2881" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1933-present</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">U.S. Air Force veteran <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="James Meredith" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">James Meredith</a> became the first Black student to integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962. But this achievement followed a string of tumultuous events, including multiple registration attempts, opposition that led Meredith to take legal action, the involvement of the <a href="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="U.S. Supreme Court" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, and violent rioting on campus among hundreds of marshals, soldiers, and others. Two bystanders died in the tumult. Now 90 years old, Meredith is the author of multiple books and has been involved in politics.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about James Meredith" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about James Meredith</a> </p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-16" data-anchor-id="slide-16" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Julian Bond</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405.?crop=0.869xw:0.923xh;0.0289xw,0.0770xh&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405.?crop=0.869xw:0.923xh;0.0289xw,0.0770xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="julian bond stands and looks at the camera with his hands clasped in front of him, he wears a black suit and tie with a white collared shirt" data-cy="slide-image-16" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405.?crop=0.869xw:0.923xh;0.0289xw,0.0770xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Julian Bond" width="2121" height="3000" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1940-2015</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Morehouse College graduate Julian Bond was a prominent and outspoken figure of the Civil Rights Movement. While a student at the historically Black college, he cofounded the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) alongside <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Lewis" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John Lewis</a>. SNCC was opposed to the Vietnam War and repeatedly directed the national media’s attention to the racist treatment of Black Americans in the South. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Bond was a member of the Georgia General Assembly for 20 years and elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965. However, he was blocked from the seat by white members of the House who saw him as disloyal for opposing the war in Vietnam. A year later, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered him to be seated on the grounds of freedom of speech. He held the position for six terms. The statesman was also the cofounder of the Southern Poverty Law Center and chairman of the NAACP.</p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-6" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-7" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="8" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-17" data-anchor-id="slide-17" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">John Lewis</h2><div class="css-l3aj7 eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701.?crop=0.895xw:0.875xh;0.105xw,0.125xh&amp;resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701.?crop=0.895xw:0.875xh;0.105xw,0.125xh&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="john lewis stands inside a large room in a blue suit jacket and tie, he also wears a black scarf with red letters and a red and green stripe, he looks to the left and people stand behind" data-cy="slide-image-17" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701.?crop=0.895xw:0.875xh;0.105xw,0.125xh&amp;resize=980:*" title="Congressman John Lewis" width="4658" height="3178" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1940-2020</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Lewis" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">John Lewis</a>—the man who coined the term “good trouble”—was a pillar for social justice and a staunch advocate for nonviolent civil rights demonstrations. Lewis was arrested multiple times in the Jim Crow South for organizing <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/a42926155/greensboro-four-sit-in-movement/" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a42926155/greensboro-four-sit-in-movement/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="sit-ins at segregated lunch counters" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">sit-ins at segregated lunch counters</a> and participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Dubbed one of the “Big 6” of the Civil Rights Movement—along with <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther King Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="A. Philip Randolph" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">A. Philip Randolph</a>, Roy Wilkins, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-farmer" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/james-farmer" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="James Farmer" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">James Farmer</a>, and <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Whitney Young Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Whitney Young Jr.</a>, Lewis was the youngest speaker and organizer of the March on Washington. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Lewis also led the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, and the crossing of Edmund Pettus Bridge on what became known as “Bloody Sunday” after state troopers brutally attacked marchers. Lewis suffered a fractured skull, yet the demonstration and its aftermath influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act, which Lewis remained a staunch supporter of until his last days. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">In 1986, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Georgia’s 5th district. It was a position he held until his death in 2020. The politician was also a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to him by <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Barack Obama" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Barack Obama</a> in 2011.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about John Lewis" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about John Lewis</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-18" data-anchor-id="slide-18" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-8binen e16kmapv7"><div class="css-gd5gam e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-1r1sw4k e16kmapv5">Ernestine Eckstein</h2><div class="css-14teh3h eado3bp0"><section data-lazy-id="P0-9"><div data-embed="instagram"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-9" class="embed"><div data-embed="instagram" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-1ua5ay5 ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=currentColor&amp;id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="instagram" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Bh60ZmcAjGn/" aria-label="View full post on Instagram" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Instagram</a></div></div></section></div></section></div><div class="css-1h3t9lj e16kmapv3"><div class="css-1mmpvqn e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1941-1992</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">As a Black woman and a lesbian, Ernestine Eckstein was a leading supporter of both civil and <a href="https://www.biography.com/pride" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/pride" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="LGBTQ rights" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">LGBTQ rights</a> in the 1960s and ’70s. She worked with the NAACP and was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality, but her most influential position was as vice president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, which was the first center solely for lesbians in NYC. <a href="https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ernestine-eckstein-allen-ginsberg-residence/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ernestine-eckstein-allen-ginsberg-residence/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests</a> for gay rights in the country. There are photos of her demonstrating in 1965 in front of the White House as the only person of color in attendance.</p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-7" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1lefrmg e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-8" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="9" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-19" data-anchor-id="slide-19" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Marsha P. Johnson</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/marsha-p-johnson-1-1591306770.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.182xw,0&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/marsha-p-johnson-1-1591306770.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.182xw,0&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="marsha p johnson smiles while sitting in a chair next to a table and cabinet with various household goods, she holds a glass and wears a pink off the shoulder top, necklaces, and a flower crown" data-cy="slide-image-19" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/marsha-p-johnson-1-1591306770.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.182xw,0&amp;resize=980:*" title="Marsha P. Johsnon" width="800" height="533" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v2">netflix</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1945-1992</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Marsha “Pay It No Mind” Johnson" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Marsha “Pay It No Mind” Johnson</a> is known to many as the leader of the gay liberation movement. She led an uprising after members of the LGBTQ community were harassed at at the Stonewall Inn by members of the New York Police Department in 1969. Johnson was a successful drag queen and used her influence to lift up others, creating the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries in 1970, an organization that worked to find housing for homeless transgender youth.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Marsha P. Johnson" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Marsha P. Johnson</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-20" data-anchor-id="slide-20" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-erchff e16kmapv5">Ruby Bridges</h2><div class="css-1vei6hc eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ruby-bridges-on-tuesday-september-6-2022-news-photo-1675274471.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.204xw,0&amp;resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ruby-bridges-on-tuesday-september-6-2022-news-photo-1675274471.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.204xw,0&amp;resize=980:* 980w" alt="ruby bridges smiles and looks left, she wears a dark long sleeve shirt with a large beaded necklace, she sits in a chair with a pillow behind her" data-cy="slide-image-20" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/ruby-bridges-on-tuesday-september-6-2022-news-photo-1675274471.jpg?crop=0.668xw:1.00xh;0.204xw,0&amp;resize=980:*" title="Ruby Bridges in September 2022" width="3000" height="2000" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-qgag6n e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-wmdnus e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-1uvqler emevuu60">1954-present</blockquote><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">At age 6, <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ruby Bridges" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ruby Bridges</a> became the first Black student to integrate William Franz Elementary School—a white public school in New Orleans—in November 1960. Southern states had been opposing the 1954 <em><a href="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/linda-brown" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Brown" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Brown</a> v. Board of Education</em> ruling that made segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but Louisiana was forced to integrate following a federal court order. </p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60">Angry onlookers jeered at Bridges as she walked by with the help of federal marshals on her first day, and white parents removed their kids from the institution. She was the youngest Black student to do this in the American South.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/artists/norman-rockwell" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/artists/norman-rockwell" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Norman Rockwell" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Norman Rockwell</a>’s <a href="https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/visual-arts/norman-rockwell--the-problem-we-all-live-with/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/visual-arts/norman-rockwell--the-problem-we-all-live-with/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="famous 1963 painting" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">famous 1963 painting</a> depicts her groundbreaking walk on that first day. In 2011, President<a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=" Barack Obama" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60"> Barack Obama</a> paid tribute to Bridges, now 69, at the White House.<br/>Schools in states like California and Oregon observe Ruby Bridges Walk to School Day annually on November 14.</p><p class="css-auya5i emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Ruby Bridges" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-1qpoffo emevuu60">Read More about Ruby Bridges</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-1x9ejyy e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-8" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><section class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-1e54vvi e13lia4i9"><div class="css-16s525c e13lia4i8"><section data-lazy-id="P0-10"><div class="css-13o7eu2 e1evukkl2"><span class="css-auya5i e1evukkl1">From: </span><a href="https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/" aria-label="View on Oprah Daily" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/" class="css-1vxqroq e1evukkl0">Oprah Daily</a></div></section><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/8a29eaaf-4b51-4a77-9b42-7ca210be8195_1538171707.jpg?fill=1:1&amp;resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of McKenzie Jean-Philippe" title="Headshot of McKenzie Jean-Philippe" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/220354/mckenzie-jean-philippe" class="e1c1bym13 css-1ebsv7l e1c1bym14"><span>McKenzie Jean-Philippe</span></a></span><div class="css-1lxw2p5 ev8dhu57">Editorial Assistant</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1nfqmvt ev8dhu54"><p>McKenzie Jean-Philippe is the editorial assistant at <a href="http://oprahmag.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">OprahMag.com </a>covering pop culture, TV, movies, celebrity, and lifestyle. She loves a great Oprah viral moment and all things Netflix—but come summertime, <em>Big Brother </em>has her heart. On a day off you'll find her curled up with a new juicy romance novel.</p></div></div></div><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/90e79262-662d-4c95-9b71-9a3dec8a6a35_1660236146.file?fill=1:1&amp;resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Jane Burnett" title="Headshot of Jane Burnett" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/242824/jane-burnett" class="e1c1bym13 css-1ebsv7l e1c1bym14"><span>Jane Burnett</span></a></span><div class="css-1lxw2p5 ev8dhu57">Assistant Editor</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1nfqmvt ev8dhu54"><p>Jane Burnett is an Assistant Editor at Oprah Daily, where she writes a variety of lifestyle content for the editorial team. She's a journalist with a pop culture sweet tooth—when she isn't catching up on celebrity news, she's usually listening to a podcast! Jane was previously an on-air reporter in local news, and worked at Thrive Global, Ladders News, and Reuters. She also interned at CNBC through the Emma Bowen Foundation, and is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ).&nbsp;</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div><div data-journey-hide="true" class="css-izijhn e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-vxyhdl e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="article-marketplace-horizontal" class="e164mmay0 css-eg51ek ewg5wdb1"></div></div><div id="module-recommended" data-journey-hide="true" class="recommended-module css-bnk019 epwqfrm0"></div><div data-block="transporter" data-journey-hide="true" data-lazy-id="P0-11" class="css-15qxeah e9dgbgx0"><section class="css-1lp3my3 ezpcz1b0"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-chu8gj eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-itteca eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/civil-rights-activists" class="css-0 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The U.S. Supreme Court denied his petition in the 1857 decision \u003cem\u003eDred Scott v. Sandford\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Dred Scott","index_title":"Dred Scott","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dred Scott decision remains one of the most notable U.S. Supreme Court cases in history.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/activists/dred-scott","sponsor":{}}},{"id":"70227938-2dc4-4e99-9ee3-9f66a0c88ce2","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"image_id":"ff176510-dc65-4fd8-8170-182b31d4d65f","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-3090585.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-3090585.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.272xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Benjamin Banneker","seo_meta_description":"black and white sketch of benjamin banneker"},"source":{}}],"slug":"benjamin-banneker","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"display_id":42577451,"legacy_id":92348943,"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Banneker was a largely self-educated mathematician, astronomer, compiler of almanacs, and farmer. He helped survey territory for the U.S. capital, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Benjamin Banneker","index_title":"Benjamin Banneker","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Banneker was a largely self-educated mathematician and astronomer who used his skills to create a series of almanacs.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scientists/benjamin-banneker","sponsor":{}}}],"slug":"civil-rights-activists"},{"id":"6085d840-a0ad-482d-9766-d466cd9e36d9","title":"Womens Rights Activists","slug":"womens-rights-activists"},{"id":"697a1b2f-cd07-454e-b296-981c477f2adc","title":"LGBTQ Pride","slug":"pride"}],"ad_category":{"title":"Lifestyle \u0026 Entertainment","prefix":"lifestyle_entertainment"},"tags_hctx":[],"authors":[{"profile":{"display_name":"McKenzie Jean-Philippe","photo":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/8a29eaaf-4b51-4a77-9b42-7ca210be8195_1538171707.jpg","slug":"mckenzie-jean-philippe","legacy_id":220354,"bio":"\u003cp\u003eMcKenzie Jean-Philippe is the editorial assistant at \u003ca href=\"http://oprahmag.com/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOprahMag.com \u003c/a\u003ecovering pop culture, TV, movies, celebrity, and lifestyle. She loves a great Oprah viral moment and all things Netflix—but come summertime, \u003cem\u003eBig Brother \u003c/em\u003ehas her heart. On a day off you'll find her curled up with a new juicy romance novel.\u003c/p\u003e","job_title":"Editorial Assistant","twitter_username":"McKenzie_JP","facebook_username":"","instagram_username":"mckenzie.jp","pinterest_username":"","public_email":""},"person":{"title":"","suffix":""}},{"profile":{"display_name":"Jane Burnett","photo":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/90e79262-662d-4c95-9b71-9a3dec8a6a35_1660236146.file","slug":"Jane-Burnett","legacy_id":242824,"bio":"\u003cp\u003eJane Burnett is an Assistant Editor at Oprah Daily, where she writes a variety of lifestyle content for the editorial team. She's a journalist with a pop culture sweet tooth—when she isn't catching up on celebrity news, she's usually listening to a podcast! Jane was previously an on-air reporter in local news, and worked at Thrive Global, Ladders News, and Reuters. She also interned at CNBC through the Emma Bowen Foundation, and is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","job_title":"Assistant Editor","twitter_username":"@JaneBurnett16","facebook_username":"","instagram_username":"","pinterest_username":"","public_email":""},"person":{"title":"","suffix":""}}],"categories":[{"title":"Controversial"},{"title":"News"},{"title":"Celebrity"}],"display_id":46697536,"editorial_source":{"title":"Hearst Editorial"},"entertainmentConfig":{},"id":"c0c0b302-b0bd-4d85-9fa6-40a244c96a38","media":[{"id":"a7a16d02-a862-4495-af17-090aef8f0dee","role":2,"media_type":"image","media_id":"285c8001-081e-46aa-8a0c-becb01eca127","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.670xw:1.00xh;0.135xw,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.755xh;0,0.197xh","3x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","4x3":"0.88889xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.44444xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:1xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.1875xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.45xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.84375xh;center,top","8x10":"0.53333xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.375xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.91667xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{},"image_id":"a7a16d02-a862-4495-af17-090aef8f0dee","height":2000,"pathname":"/images/rep-john-lewis-thanks-anti-gun-violence-supporters-news-photo-1707519826.jpg","width":3000,"created_at":"2024-02-09T23:05:43.651008Z","source":{}},{"role":3,"media_type":"video","adsDisabled":false,"croppedPreviewImage":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/7c3e761a-0036-401f-9df9-6cdfd12d098c/7c3e761a-0036-401f-9df9-6cdfd12d098c_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top","description":"On May 4, 1884, 71 years before Rosa Parks inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott, civil rights pioneer Ida B. Wells refused to give up her seat on a train, fueling her impassioned fight for equal rights.","duration":108,"metadata":{"videoEmbedId":"aff98552-72ea-4fe4-b07d-51e2b4ab7c54","options":{"embedAdsDisabled":"0"}},"title":"Ida B. Wells - Civil Rights Pioneer","created_at":"2024-02-09T22:54:08.188685Z","transcodings":[{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_240p_sd"},{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_360p_sd"},{"full_url":"https://streaming.hearstdigitalstudios.com/7c3e761a-0036-401f-9df9-6cdfd12d098c/video_rover_16x9_480p_sd_1673369116_63195.mp4","mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_480p_sd"},{"mapped_preset_name":"original"}],"nearest_aspect_ratio":"16:9"},{"role":12,"media_type":"image","metadata":{}}],"publish_source":{"title":"Oprah Daily"},"originally_published_at":"2024-02-09T23:08:32.135819Z","publish_from":"2024-02-09T23:08:00Z","updated_at":"2024-10-28T16:33:44.648808Z","slug":"civil-rights-leaders","display_type":{"title":"Listicle","slug":"listicle"},"content_type":{"title":"Round-up: General"},"tags":[{"slug":"listicle","title":"Listicle"}],"metadata":{"custom_canonical_url":{"locale":"en-us"},"auto_social":1,"hide_list_number":"1","custom_canonical":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/","syndicate_url_origin":"//www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/g35181270/civil-rights-leaders/","dek":"\u003cp\u003eWe’ll feel the impact of these civil rights activists for generations to come. \u003c/p\u003e","display_instagram_embeds":1,"social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eWe’ll feel the impact of civil rights activists like John Lewis, Ida B. Wells, and Tarana Burke for generations to come. \u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present","index_title":"30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present","introductory_text":"\u003cp\u003eWhen you’re asked to think of vital Black American \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists\"\u003ecivil rights leaders\u003c/a\u003e, it’s likely that \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e instantly comes to mind—and why wouldn’t he? Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement\"\u003eCivil Rights Movement\u003c/a\u003e was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his \u003ca href=\"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eunforgettable words of wisdom\u003c/a\u003e—is key to having a clearer picture of not only \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlack history\u003c/a\u003e, but American history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation\"\u003eBlack History Month\u003c/a\u003e lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott\"\u003ehidden figures of our time\u003c/a\u003e. Then there are the leaders in our present moment who work to ensure people recognize that \u003ca href=\"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e#BlackLivesMatter\u003c/a\u003e. Although their collective work spans decades, these civil rights leaders all have something in common: We’ll continue to feel their impact for generations to come.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHere are some highlights from the illustrious careers of 30 civil icons, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\"\u003eW.E.B. Du Bois\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height\"\u003eDorothy Height\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis\"\u003eJohn Lewis\u003c/a\u003e, Ibram X. Kendi, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges\"\u003eRuby Bridges\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","social_title":"30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present","seo_meta_description":"Ida B. Wells, John Lewis, Thurgood Marshall, and Tarana Burke are just some of the Black civil rights activists who continue to impact American society today.","seo_meta_keywords":"listicle","seo_meta_title":"30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present You Should 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the Past and Present","type":"text"}],"type":"root"},"titleText":"30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and Present","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"We’ll feel the impact of these civil rights activists for generations to come. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"introductoryTextDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"When you’re asked to think of vital Black American ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"civil rights leaders","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/civil-rights-activists","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"civil rights leaders","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", it’s likely that ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Martin Luther King Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Martin Luther King Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" instantly comes to mind—and why wouldn’t he? Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Civil Rights Movement","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr-black-activists-civil-rights-movement","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Civil Rights Movement","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"unforgettable words of wisdom","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/relationships-love/g25936251/martin-luther-king-jr-quotes/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"unforgettable words of wisdom","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":"—is key to having a clearer picture of not only ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Black history","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/https://www.biography.com/black-history-month","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Black history","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", but American history. ","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"But he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Black History Month","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carter-g-woodson-black-history-month-creation","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Black History Month","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"hidden figures of our time","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin-rosa-parks-bus-boycott","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"hidden figures of our time","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". Then there are the leaders in our present moment who work to ensure people recognize that ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"#BlackLivesMatter","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a32838616/white-privilege-lesson-black-lives-matter-movement/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"#BlackLivesMatter","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". Although their collective work spans decades, these civil rights leaders all have something in common: We’ll continue to feel their impact for generations to come.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Here are some highlights from the illustrious careers of 30 civil icons, including ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"W.E.B. Du Bois","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Dorothy Height","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Dorothy Height","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"John Lewis","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"John Lewis","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", Ibram X. Kendi, and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ruby Bridges","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Ruby Bridges","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":".","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"slides":[{"image_id":"afe96c78-da02-461d-9ed6-328a8112a409","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":5053,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-ida-b-wells-1920-news-photo-1610571328.","media_type":"image","width":4045,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:05.324537Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.80051xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.40026xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.26684xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.60039xh;center,top","4x6":"0.803xw:0.965xh;0.141xw,0.0150xh","5x1":"1xw:0.1601xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.53368xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.10006xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.1601xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.24015xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.40026xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.45029xh;center,top","8x10":"0.937xw:0.939xh;0.0238xw,0.0163xh","9x16":"0.70267xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.4892xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1862-1931\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a dedicated journalist and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists\"\u003efeminist\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells\"\u003eIda B. Wells\u003c/a\u003e used investigative reporting to shed light on the horrors of the lynching of Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAccording to \u003cem\u003eThe Guardian\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, her work contradicted the common accepted belief that only rapists and other criminals were killed, rather than just victims of racism. Wells was also a cofounder of the NAACP and worked alongside \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/susan-b-anthony\"\u003eSusan B. Anthony\u003c/a\u003e during the women’s suffrage movement.\u003cem\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Ida B. Wells\"\u003eRead More about Ida B. Wells\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Ida B. Wells","selected_crop":"4x6","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1862-1931","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"As a dedicated journalist and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"feminist","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"feminist","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ida B. Wells","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Ida B. Wells","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" used investigative reporting to shed light on the horrors of the lynching of Black Americans in the Jim Crow South. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"According to ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Guardian","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"According to The Guardian","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", her work contradicted the common accepted belief that only rapists and other criminals were killed, rather than just victims of racism. Wells was also a cofounder of the NAACP and worked alongside ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Susan B. Anthony","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/susan-b-anthony","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/susan-b-anthony","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Susan B. Anthony","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" during the women’s suffrage movement.","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Ida B. Wells","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ida-b-wells","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Ida B. Wells","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Ida B. Wells","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Ida B. Wells","seo_meta_description":"ida b wells stands and looks at the camera, she wears a long jacket, light colored blouse and dark bottoms"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"afe96c78-da02-461d-9ed6-328a8112a409","media_id":"bf73abcb-1d11-4e25-9ec0-5dae574580e5"},{"image_id":"f97d3956-ef52-4491-9dee-f9ecba13111f","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":4585,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-american-civil-rights-and-womens-suffrage-news-photo-1610571443.","media_type":"image","width":3595,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:05.560373Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.78408xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.39204xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.26136xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.58806xh;center,top","4x6":"0.804xw:0.948xh;0.0935xw,0.0387xh","5x1":"1xw:0.15682xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.52272xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09801xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.15682xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.23522xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.39204xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.44104xh;center,top","8x10":"1xw:0.9801xh;center,top","9x16":"0.7174xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.47916xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1863-1954\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eA graduate of Oberlin College, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell\"\u003eMary Church Terrell\u003c/a\u003e used her status as a member of the upper-class Black community to promote the advancement of her people through activism and education. Terrell’s father was enslaved before becoming one of the South’s first Black millionaires, \u003ca href=\"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to the National Women’s History Museum\u003c/a\u003e. Terrell cofounded the National Association of Colored Women and the NAACP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Mary Church Terrell\"\u003eRead More about Mary Church Terrell\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Mary Church Terrell","selected_crop":"4x6","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1863-1954","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"A graduate of Oberlin College, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Mary Church Terrell","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Mary Church Terrell","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" used her status as a member of the upper-class Black community to promote the advancement of her people through activism and education. Terrell’s father was enslaved before becoming one of the South’s first Black millionaires, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"according to the National Women’s History Museum","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"according to the National Women’s History Museum","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". Terrell cofounded the National Association of Colored Women and the NAACP.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Mary Church Terrell","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-church-terrell","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Mary Church Terrell","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Mary Church Terrell","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Mary Church Terrell","seo_meta_description":"mary church terrell sits in a high backed chair in a lacy dress, she leans against on hand as her elbow rests on the armrest"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"f97d3956-ef52-4491-9dee-f9ecba13111f","media_id":"d9a10096-4808-49ff-93b8-148789116b05"},{"image_id":"dbe10cb2-6769-495d-ae6e-c791e644ba53","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/dubois-waits-to-be-called-as-a-witness-at-the-federal-news-photo-1610571231.","media_type":"image","width":693,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:05.756031Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.67676xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.33838xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.22559xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.50757xh;center,top","4x6":"0.98509xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.13535xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.45117xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.08459xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.13535xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.20303xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.33838xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.38068xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.847xh;0,0.143xh","9x16":"0.83117xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.41357xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1868-1963\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\"\u003eW.E.B. Du Bois\u003c/a\u003e was a sociologist, historian, and editor who \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp\"\u003ecofounded the NAACP\u003c/a\u003e in 1909. In addition to serving on the board of directors and as a director of publicity and research, the Harvard graduate was also founder and editor of the NAACP’s magazine \u003cem\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/em\u003e. Through the publication, he influenced readers with ideals that were considered radical at the time. He advocated for protests and challenging of the societal norms that kept Black Americans segregated from their white counterparts. He encouraged integration and Black nationalism, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington\"\u003evalues that were in direct opposition\u003c/a\u003e to the more conservative civil rights leader \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington\"\u003eBooker T. Washington\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois\"\u003eRead More about W.E.B. Du Bois\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"W.E.B. Du Bois","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1868-1963","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"W.E.B. Du Bois","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" was a sociologist, historian, and editor who ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"cofounded the NAACP","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"cofounded the NAACP","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in 1909. In addition to serving on the board of directors and as a director of publicity and research, the Harvard graduate was also founder and editor of the NAACP’s magazine ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Crisis","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":". Through the publication, he influenced readers with ideals that were considered radical at the time. He advocated for protests and challenging of the societal norms that kept Black Americans segregated from their white counterparts. He encouraged integration and Black nationalism, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"values that were in direct opposition","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"values that were in direct opposition","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" to the more conservative civil rights leader ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Booker T. Washington","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Booker T. Washington","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":".","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about W.E.B. Du Bois","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"W.E.B. Dubois","seo_meta_description":"web dubois sits in a chair and wears a three piece suit with a tie"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"dbe10cb2-6769-495d-ae6e-c791e644ba53","media_id":"1b2769b0-53f9-49eb-b8de-655855f22552"},{"image_id":"5cd7802c-987a-425b-9e19-4705c9804b33","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2423,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/washington-d-c-the-statue-of-abraham-lincoln-the-president-news-photo-1610732230.","media_type":"image","width":3662,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:05.933890Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.66166xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.75567xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.50378xh;center,top","4x3":"0.88221xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.440xw:1.00xh;0.352xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.30227xh;center,top","6x4":"0.840xw:0.846xh;0.0731xw,0.147xh","8x1":"1xw:0.18892xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.30227xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.4534xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.75567xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.85013xh;center,top","8x10":"0.52933xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.37218xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.9236xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1889-1979\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a trade unionist and passionate civil rights advocate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph\"\u003eA. Philip Randolph\u003c/a\u003e created the first successful Black trade union and led them to (reluctant) acceptance into the American Federation of Labor. For much of his career, Randolph fought for equal trade opportunities for Black people. In regards to the ability of African Americans to partake in federal government employment and contracts, \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehe vowed\u003c/a\u003e to President \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt\"\u003eFranklin D. Roosevelt\u003c/a\u003e that he’d lead thousands in a protest in Washington, D.C., if they didn’t receive equal treatment, resulting in the POTUS signing an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and at the federal level. Randolph also founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation, which inspired President \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman\"\u003eHarry Truman\u003c/a\u003e to sign an executive order that forbade segregation in the military. He was also a principal organizer for 1963’s March on Washington. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about A. Philip Randolph\"\u003eRead More about A. Philip Randolph\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"A. Philip Randolph","selected_crop":"6x4","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1889-1979","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"As a trade unionist and passionate civil rights advocate, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"A. Philip Randolph","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"A. Philip Randolph","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" created the first successful Black trade union and led them to (reluctant) acceptance into the American Federation of Labor. For much of his career, Randolph fought for equal trade opportunities for Black people. In regards to the ability of African Americans to partake in federal government employment and contracts, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"he vowed","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"he vowed","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" to President ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" that he’d lead thousands in a protest in Washington, D.C., if they didn’t receive equal treatment, resulting in the POTUS signing an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and at the federal level. Randolph also founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation, which inspired President ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Harry Truman","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Harry Truman","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" to sign an executive order that forbade segregation in the military. He was also a principal organizer for 1963’s March on Washington. 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She was also a key organizer for \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. But her passion was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which she founded to prioritize nonviolent protest. 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Board of Education","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", which resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation in U.S. public schools according to race was unconstitutional in 1954. ​The attorney ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"won 29 of the 32 cases he argued","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/thurgood-marshall","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/thurgood-marshall","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"won 29 of the 32 cases he argued","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" at the nation’s highest court throughout his career and previously served as chief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in 1940.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Thurgood Marshall","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/thurgood-marshall","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Thurgood Marshall","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Thurgood Marshall","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Thurgood Marshall at the U.S. Supreme Court","seo_meta_description":"thurgood marshall stands in a suit and tie outside the us supreme court building, the building has several tall columns and ornate sculptures"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"ba4ad56b-4ac1-4f43-8426-bdb617f606d5","media_id":"904a5c59-39b6-4cfe-b82f-3bec689d3848"},{"image_id":"b36a8467-e607-4b58-a9e4-8688e6e63227","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3234,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/pauli-murray-of-new-york-the-winner-of-a-1946-mademoiselle-news-photo-1610571884.","media_type":"image","width":2544,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:06.306275Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.78664xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.39332xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.26221xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.58998xh;center,top","4x6":"0.849xw:1.00xh;0.0238xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.15733xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.52443xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09833xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.15733xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.23599xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.39332xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.44249xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.985xh;0,0.0107xh","9x16":"0.71506xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.48073xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1910-1985\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ePauli Murray was an \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers\"\u003eauthor\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures\"\u003elawyer\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/womens-rights-activists\"\u003ewomen’s rights activist\u003c/a\u003e, the first Black person to earn a doctor of the science of law degree from Yale, and the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopal priest. 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Rustin was openly gay, a taboo fact at the time that mostly didn’t deter \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e from valuing Rustin as an important adviser. He assisted King through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott\"\u003eMontgomery Bus Boycott\u003c/a\u003e and the creation of the Southern Leadership Conference, while also deepening King’s knowledge of nonviolent tactics that became a pillar of the renowned leader’s legacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Bayard Rustin\"\u003eRead More about Bayard Rustin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Bayard Rustin","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1912-1987","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Bayard Rustin","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/bayard-rustin","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Bayard Rustin","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":"’s lifelong commitment to nonviolence was at the root of his leadership in activism, as ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/rustin-bayard","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/rustin-bayard","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"he’s credited with organizing many mass civil rights demonstrations","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", including 1957’s Prayer Pilgrimage to Freedom and 1963’s famous March on Washington. 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Although she was already laying the foundation for a boycott, it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts\"\u003eRosa Park’s arrest\u003c/a\u003e for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus that officially sparked Robinson to initiate action. What started as a one-day boycott turned into a 381-day fight led by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), with \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e as its president. 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It was during this time that she advocated for criminal justice reform and was vocal about the tragedies of lynching in the South. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Women’s History Museum","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothy-height","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothy-height","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"The Women’s History Museum","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" credits her exemplary organizing skills as a way that she earned the trust of the likes of First Lady ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Eleanor Roosevelt","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/eleanor-roosevelt","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/eleanor-roosevelt","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Eleanor Roosevelt","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", President ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Lyndon B. Johnson","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Lyndon B. Johnson","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Martin Luther King Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Martin Luther King Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and President ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". And as a leading organizer, Height was also welcomed on the speaker’s stage at the 1963 March on Washington, representing the only women’s group involved in the demonstration. In 1994, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and in 2004, she was given the Congressional Gold Medal.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Dorothy Height","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/dorothy-height","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Dorothy Height","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Dorothy Height","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Dorothy Height in March 2004","seo_meta_description":"dorothy height sits and holds a gold medal in a small box along with several other hands, she wears a blue suit and matching hat with large earrings and a matching necklace"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"9cded29d-f383-4bf2-a102-c74b5c1cb212","media_id":"bb03ecdf-ebab-41a7-85b3-bebe40cd3fa2"},{"image_id":"427c1fd8-449c-4ea7-8121-693b73dec4ac","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3010,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/montgomery-al-mrs-rosa-parks-is-shown-smiling-as-she-walks-news-photo-1610571638.","media_type":"image","width":2874,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:06.953075Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.847xw:0.808xh;0,0.192xh","2x1":"1xw:0.47741xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.31827xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.71611xh;center,top","4x6":"0.699xw:1.00xh;0.0799xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.19096xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.63654xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.11935xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.19096xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.28645xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.47741xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.53708xh;center,top","8x10":"0.718xw:0.856xh;0.0425xw,0.144xh","9x16":"0.58912xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.5835xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1913-2005\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks\"\u003eRosa Parks\u003c/a\u003e is synonymous with the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. It all stems from December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Parks \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts\"\u003erefused to give up her seat on a segregated bus\u003c/a\u003e to a white passenger. Despite being arrested and jailed, her bravery sparked the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led to the segregation of buses being deemed unconstitutional. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut her activism did not begin with that fateful day. At the time, Park had a passion for social justice and was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott\"\u003eAfter the boycott\u003c/a\u003e, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/bill-clinton\"\u003eBill Clinton\u003c/a\u003e in 1996 and was given the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Following her death in 2005, Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Rosa Parks\"\u003eRead More about Rosa Parks\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Rosa Parks","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1913-2005","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Rosa Parks","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Rosa Parks","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" is synonymous with the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. It all stems from December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Parks ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-timeline-facts","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" to a white passenger. Despite being arrested and jailed, her bravery sparked the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led to the segregation of buses being deemed unconstitutional. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"But her activism did not begin with that fateful day. At the time, Park had a passion for social justice and was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"After the boycott","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/rosa-parks-life-after-montgomery-bus-boycott","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"After the boycott","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Bill Clinton","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/bill-clinton","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/bill-clinton","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Bill Clinton","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in 1996 and was given the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Following her death in 2005, Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Rosa Parks","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activist/rosa-parks","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Rosa Parks","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Rosa Parks","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Civil Rights Leader Rosa Parks in Alabama","seo_meta_description":"rosa parks walks outside a storefront, she wears a long coat, hat, patterned shirt, and glasses, she smiles and looks down to the left"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"427c1fd8-449c-4ea7-8121-693b73dec4ac","media_id":"eb93754b-4bac-4628-aa99-9246624175bd"},{"image_id":"49f7b294-d431-4af9-83dd-2e35099c103d","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2528,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/the-cbs-news-public-affairs-program-titled-newsmakers-news-photo-1610572274.","media_type":"image","width":2801,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:07.133123Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.690xw:0.766xh;0.310xw,0.234xh","2x1":"1xw:0.554xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.36933xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.83099xh;center,top","4x6":"0.604xw:1.00xh;0.347xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.2216xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.73866xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.1385xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.2216xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3324xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.554xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.62324xh;center,top","8x10":"0.72203xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.50768xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.67711xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1921-1971\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeginning in 1961, World War II veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr\"\u003eWhitney Young Jr.\u003c/a\u003e was the executive director of the National Urban League for 10 years, where he developed relationships with white politicians to influence public policy to benefit the Black poor and working class. He was a trusted adviser for Presidents \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy\"\u003eJohn F. Kennedy\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/richard-nixon\"\u003eRichard Nixon\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson\"\u003eLyndon B. Johnson\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cau.edu/school-of-social-work/Whitney-M-Young-Jr.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAccording to Clark Atlanta University,\u003c/a\u003e Young coauthored Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Whitney Young Jr.\"\u003eRead More about Whitney Young Jr.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Whitney Young Jr.","selected_crop":"1x1","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1921-1971","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Beginning in 1961, World War II veteran ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Whitney Young Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Whitney Young Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" was the executive director of the National Urban League for 10 years, where he developed relationships with white politicians to influence public policy to benefit the Black poor and working class. He was a trusted adviser for Presidents ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"John F. Kennedy","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"John F. Kennedy","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Richard Nixon","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/richard-nixon","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/richard-nixon","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Richard Nixon","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Lyndon B. Johnson","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/lyndon-b-johnson","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Lyndon B. Johnson","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"According to Clark Atlanta University,","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.cau.edu/school-of-social-work/Whitney-M-Young-Jr.html","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.cau.edu/school-of-social-work/Whitney-M-Young-Jr.html","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"According to Clark Atlanta University,","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" Young coauthored Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Whitney Young Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Whitney Young Jr.","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Whitney Young Jr.","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Whitney Young Jr. in a television studio","seo_meta_description":"whitney young jr sits at a table and points with one finger, he wears a suit jacket and patterned tie, a cigarette rests in an ash tray in front of him"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"49f7b294-d431-4af9-83dd-2e35099c103d","media_id":"eda000b2-5925-4f81-b42c-01f9211eeaaa"},{"image_id":"733f42a3-8acc-480a-8a64-22db36bd9a45","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":677,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/nation-of-islam-leader-malcolm-x-draws-various-reactions-news-photo-1610577497.","media_type":"image","width":1024,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:07.318946Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.66113xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.75628xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.50419xh;center,top","4x3":"0.88151xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.444xw:1.00xh;0.303xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.30251xh;center,top","6x4":"0.937xw:0.943xh;0.0612xw,0.0566xh","8x1":"1xw:0.18907xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.30251xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.45377xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.75628xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.85081xh;center,top","8x10":"0.52891xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.37189xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.92434xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1925-1965\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter he converted while in prison for robbery, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x\"\u003eMalcolm X\u003c/a\u003e’s Islamic faith was the foundation of his social justice advocacy. As a prominent leader and voice in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached ideals of Black nationalism and independence by tapping into the anger and frustration that resulted from years of racism and segregation. He was vocal about disagreeing with the nonviolent tactics of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement led by \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e, insisting that white people were innately evil and Black people were superior. His words fueled the Black Power movement in the 1960s and ’70s. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, two years before his death, he broke from the Nation of Islam and, in 1964, converted to Sunni Islam. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esoftened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity\u003c/a\u003e in hopes of globalizing the Black American fight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Malcolm X\"\u003eRead More about Malcolm X\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Malcolm X","selected_crop":"6x4","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1925-1965","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"After he converted while in prison for robbery, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Malcolm X","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Malcolm X","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":"’s Islamic faith was the foundation of his social justice advocacy. As a prominent leader and voice in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X preached ideals of Black nationalism and independence by tapping into the anger and frustration that resulted from years of racism and segregation. He was vocal about disagreeing with the nonviolent tactics of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement led by ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Martin Luther King Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Martin Luther King Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", insisting that white people were innately evil and Black people were superior. His words fueled the Black Power movement in the 1960s and ’70s. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"However, two years before his death, he broke from the Nation of Islam and, in 1964, converted to Sunni Islam. He ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"softened his more extreme views and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in hopes of globalizing the Black American fight.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Malcolm X","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/malcolm-x","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Malcolm X","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Malcolm X","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Malcolm X speaking at rally","seo_meta_description":"malcolm x speaking into several microphones and points with one finger as he stands outside, he wears glasses, a suit jacket and collared shirt"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"733f42a3-8acc-480a-8a64-22db36bd9a45","media_id":"8896582b-d4ba-4f7d-ae3c-f8508d37e1d9"},{"image_id":"62f337a1-5f73-4e51-ad18-6209f451308b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2881,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/james-meredith-the-first-african-american-student-to-enroll-news-photo-1707509616.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2873,"created_at":"2024-02-09T20:13:37.338389Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.99722xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.49861xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.33241xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.74792xh;center,top","4x6":"0.66852xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.19944xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.66482xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.12465xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.19944xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.29917xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.49861xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.56094xh;center,top","8x10":"0.804xw:1.00xh;0.185xw,0","9x16":"0.56407xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.60941xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1933-present\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.S. Air Force veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith\"\u003eJames Meredith\u003c/a\u003e became the first Black student to integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962. But this achievement followed a string of tumultuous events, including multiple registration attempts, opposition that led Meredith to take legal action, the involvement of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices\"\u003eU.S. Supreme Court\u003c/a\u003e, and violent rioting on campus among hundreds of marshals, soldiers, and others. Two bystanders died in the tumult. Now 90 years old, Meredith is the author of multiple books and has been involved in politics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about James Meredith\"\u003eRead More about James Meredith\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","headline":"James Meredith","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1933-present","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"U.S. Air Force veteran ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"James Meredith","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"James Meredith","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" became the first Black student to integrate the University of Mississippi in 1962. But this achievement followed a string of tumultuous events, including multiple registration attempts, opposition that led Meredith to take legal action, the involvement of the ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"U.S. Supreme Court","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/supreme-court-justices","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"U.S. Supreme Court","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and violent rioting on campus among hundreds of marshals, soldiers, and others. Two bystanders died in the tumult. Now 90 years old, Meredith is the author of multiple books and has been involved in politics.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about James Meredith","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-meredith","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about James Meredith","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"James Meredith","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"James Meredith, circa September 1962","seo_meta_description":"james meredith holds a newspaper while standing and looking over his left shoulder at the camera, he wears a suit jacket and tie and has a small mustache"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"62f337a1-5f73-4e51-ad18-6209f451308b","media_id":"f5a4bf72-ae25-4e9f-bced-af4f3aa97137"},{"image_id":"afe55acf-a8c0-4095-aa06-e035e2bdf0b6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3000,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/julian-bond-during-the-36th-annual-naacp-image-awards-news-photo-1610572405.","media_type":"image","width":2121,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:07.502560Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.707xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.3535xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.23567xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.53025xh;center,top","4x6":"0.869xw:0.923xh;0.0289xw,0.0770xh","5x1":"1xw:0.1414xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.47133xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.08838xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.1414xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.2121xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.3535xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.39769xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.884xh;0,0.0963xh","9x16":"0.79562xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.43206xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1940-2015\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorehouse College graduate Julian Bond was a prominent and outspoken figure of the Civil Rights Movement. While a student at the historically Black college, he cofounded the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) alongside \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis\"\u003eJohn Lewis\u003c/a\u003e. SNCC was opposed to the Vietnam War and repeatedly directed the national media’s attention to the racist treatment of Black Americans in the South. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBond was a member of the Georgia General Assembly for 20 years and elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965. However, he was blocked from the seat by white members of the House who saw him as disloyal for opposing the war in Vietnam. A year later, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered him to be seated on the grounds of freedom of speech. He held the position for six terms. The statesman was also the cofounder of the Southern Poverty Law Center and chairman of the NAACP.\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Julian Bond","selected_crop":"4x6","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1940-2015","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Morehouse College graduate Julian Bond was a prominent and outspoken figure of the Civil Rights Movement. While a student at the historically Black college, he cofounded the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) alongside ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"John Lewis","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"John Lewis","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". SNCC was opposed to the Vietnam War and repeatedly directed the national media’s attention to the racist treatment of Black Americans in the South. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Bond was a member of the Georgia General Assembly for 20 years and elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1965. However, he was blocked from the seat by white members of the House who saw him as disloyal for opposing the war in Vietnam. A year later, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered him to be seated on the grounds of freedom of speech. He held the position for six terms. The statesman was also the cofounder of the Southern Poverty Law Center and chairman of the NAACP.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Julian Bond","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Julian Bond","seo_meta_description":"julian bond stands and looks at the camera with his hands clasped in front of him, he wears a black suit and tie with a white collared shirt"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"afe55acf-a8c0-4095-aa06-e035e2bdf0b6","media_id":"c61c4803-6277-44d9-9143-dc94d3024025"},{"image_id":"45c4f7b8-18f2-449f-a349-de6fc811dc39","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701.","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3178,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/civil-rights-icon-congressman-john-lewis-prepares-to-pay-news-photo-1610570701.","media_type":"image","width":4658,"created_at":"2024-02-09T17:10:07.689799Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.617xw:0.905xh;0.306xw,0.0948xh","2x1":"1xw:0.73285xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.48857xh;center,top","4x3":"0.90969xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.457xw:1.00xh;0.386xw,0","5x1":"1xw:0.29314xh;center,top","6x4":"0.895xw:0.875xh;0.105xw,0.125xh","8x1":"1xw:0.18321xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.29314xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.43971xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.73285xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.82446xh;center,top","8x10":"0.54581xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.38378xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.89571xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1940-2020\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis\"\u003eJohn Lewis\u003c/a\u003e—the man who coined the term “good trouble”—was a pillar for social justice and a staunch advocate for nonviolent civil rights demonstrations. Lewis was arrested multiple times in the Jim Crow South for organizing \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/a42926155/greensboro-four-sit-in-movement/\"\u003esit-ins at segregated lunch counters\u003c/a\u003e and participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Dubbed one of the “Big 6” of the Civil Rights Movement—along with \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr\"\u003eMartin Luther King Jr.\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph\"\u003eA. Philip Randolph\u003c/a\u003e, Roy Wilkins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-farmer\"\u003eJames Farmer\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr\"\u003eWhitney Young Jr.\u003c/a\u003e, Lewis was the youngest speaker and organizer of the March on Washington. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLewis also led the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, and the crossing of Edmund Pettus Bridge on what became known as “Bloody Sunday” after state troopers brutally attacked marchers. Lewis suffered a fractured skull, yet the demonstration and its aftermath influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act, which Lewis remained a staunch supporter of until his last days. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1986, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Georgia’s 5th district. It was a position he held until his death in 2020. The politician was also a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to him by \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama\"\u003eBarack Obama\u003c/a\u003e in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about John Lewis\"\u003eRead More about John Lewis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"John Lewis","selected_crop":"6x4","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1940-2020","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"John Lewis","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"John Lewis","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":"—the man who coined the term “good trouble”—was a pillar for social justice and a staunch advocate for nonviolent civil rights demonstrations. Lewis was arrested multiple times in the Jim Crow South for organizing ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"sit-ins at segregated lunch counters","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a42926155/greensboro-four-sit-in-movement/","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a42926155/greensboro-four-sit-in-movement/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"sit-ins at segregated lunch counters","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" and participating in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Dubbed one of the “Big 6” of the Civil Rights Movement—along with ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Martin Luther King Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/martin-luther-king-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Martin Luther King Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"A. Philip Randolph","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/a-philip-randolph","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"A. Philip Randolph","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", Roy Wilkins, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"James Farmer","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-farmer","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/james-farmer","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"James Farmer","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Whitney Young Jr.","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/whitney-young-jr","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Whitney Young Jr.","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", Lewis was the youngest speaker and organizer of the March on Washington. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Lewis also led the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, and the crossing of Edmund Pettus Bridge on what became known as “Bloody Sunday” after state troopers brutally attacked marchers. Lewis suffered a fractured skull, yet the demonstration and its aftermath influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act, which Lewis remained a staunch supporter of until his last days. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"In 1986, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Georgia’s 5th district. It was a position he held until his death in 2020. The politician was also a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to him by ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Barack Obama","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Barack Obama","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in 2011.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about John Lewis","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-lewis","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about John Lewis","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"John Lewis","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Congressman John Lewis","seo_meta_description":"john lewis stands inside a large room in a blue suit jacket and tie, he also wears a black scarf with red letters and a red and green stripe, he looks to the left and people stand behind"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"45c4f7b8-18f2-449f-a349-de6fc811dc39","media_id":"b2bee1fc-a9ca-4f72-8d71-506995a76cae"},{"id":"34285f4d-76de-4a47-8de2-c71a610c76fc","media_type":"embed","metadata":{"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1941-1992\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a Black woman and a lesbian, Ernestine Eckstein was a leading supporter of both civil and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/pride\"\u003eLGBTQ rights\u003c/a\u003e in the 1960s and ’70s. She worked with the NAACP and was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality, but her most influential position was as vice president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, which was the first center solely for lesbians in NYC. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ernestine-eckstein-allen-ginsberg-residence/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests\u003c/a\u003e for gay rights in the country. There are photos of her demonstrating in 1965 in front of the White House as the only person of color in attendance.\u003c/p\u003e","embed_type":"instagram","headline":"Ernestine Eckstein","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1941-1992","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"As a Black woman and a lesbian, Ernestine Eckstein was a leading supporter of both civil and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"LGBTQ rights","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/pride","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/pride","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"LGBTQ rights","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in the 1960s and ’70s. She worked with the NAACP and was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality, but her most influential position was as vice president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, which was the first center solely for lesbians in NYC. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ernestine-eckstein-allen-ginsberg-residence/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/ernestine-eckstein-allen-ginsberg-residence/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Eckstein also participated in the earliest picket line protests","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" for gay rights in the country. 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She led an uprising after members of the LGBTQ community were harassed at at the Stonewall Inn by members of the New York Police Department in 1969. Johnson was a successful drag queen and used her influence to lift up others, creating the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries in 1970, an organization that worked to find housing for homeless transgender youth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/marsha-p-johnson\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Marsha P. Johnson\"\u003eRead More about Marsha P. Johnson\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Marsha P. 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Southern states had been opposing the 1954 \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/linda-brown\"\u003eBrown\u003c/a\u003e v. Board of Education\u003c/em\u003e ruling that made segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but Louisiana was forced to integrate following a federal court order. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAngry onlookers jeered at Bridges as she walked by with the help of federal marshals on her first day, and white parents removed their kids from the institution. She was the youngest Black student to do this in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/artists/norman-rockwell\"\u003eNorman Rockwell\u003c/a\u003e’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/visual-arts/norman-rockwell--the-problem-we-all-live-with/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003efamous 1963 painting\u003c/a\u003e depicts her groundbreaking walk on that first day. In 2011, President\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama\"\u003e Barack Obama\u003c/a\u003e paid tribute to Bridges, now 69, at the White House.\u003cbr\u003eSchools in states like California and Oregon observe Ruby Bridges Walk to School Day annually on November 14.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Ruby Bridges\"\u003eRead More about Ruby Bridges\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Ruby Bridges","selected_crop":"1x1","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1954-present","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"At age 6, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ruby Bridges","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Ruby Bridges","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" became the first Black student to integrate William Franz Elementary School—a white public school in New Orleans—in November 1960. Southern states had been opposing the 1954 ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Brown","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/linda-brown","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/linda-brown","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Brown","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" v. Board of Education","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" ruling that made segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but Louisiana was forced to integrate following a federal court order. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Angry onlookers jeered at Bridges as she walked by with the help of federal marshals on her first day, and white parents removed their kids from the institution. 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In 2011, President","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":" Barack Obama","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":" Barack Obama","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" paid tribute to Bridges, now 69, at the White House.","type":"text"},{"children":[],"name":"br","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"Schools in states like California and Oregon observe Ruby Bridges Walk to School Day annually on November 14.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More about Ruby Bridges","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/ruby-bridges","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Ruby Bridges","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Ruby Bridges","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Ruby Bridges in September 2022","seo_meta_description":"ruby bridges smiles and looks left, she wears a dark long sleeve shirt with a large beaded necklace, she sits in a chair with a pillow behind her"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"5a06da15-3d2c-4ed5-9f7c-79818887033d","media_id":"82fde5d7-68e7-4d53-9a72-c820879f4dbb"}],"hasContentProducts":false,"hasContentProductLinks":true,"introductoryText":"When you’re asked to think of vital Black American civil rights leaders, it’s likely that Martin Luther King Jr. instantly comes to mind—and why wouldn’t he? Throughout the 1950s and ’60s, the hero of the Civil Rights Movement was an unparalleled pillar of strength for African Americans in the nonviolent fight toward equality and the end of legal segregation in the United States. It’s clear that understanding his work—from his arrests to his demonstrations to his unforgettable words of wisdom—is key to having a clearer picture of not only Black history, but American history. But he’s not the only figure we should actively learn about. Many Black civil rights activists preceded him, stood beside him, or have come after him and toiled in his memory, making it their priority to fight for the freedom of all Black Americans against all odds. Although you might recognize a few of these names from the pages of your history books or Black History Month lessons, others might turn out to be welcome discoveries, especially those hidden figures of our time. 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