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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-无性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>无性生殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>有性生殖</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有性生殖-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关有性生殖子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-异体受精" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#异体受精"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>异体受精</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-异体受精-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自体受精" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自体受精"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>自体受精</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自体受精-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有丝分裂与减数分裂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有丝分裂与减数分裂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>有丝分裂与减数分裂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有丝分裂与减数分裂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>同性生殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁殖策略" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁殖策略"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>繁殖策略</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-繁殖策略-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关繁殖策略子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-繁殖策略-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-其他类型的繁殖策略" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他类型的繁殖策略"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>其他类型的繁殖策略</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他类型的繁殖策略-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不用繁殖產生的生命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不用繁殖產生的生命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>不用繁殖產生的生命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不用繁殖產生的生命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-樂透原則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#樂透原則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>樂透原則</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-樂透原則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">繁殖</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。125种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortplanting" title="Voortplanting – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voortplanting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortpflanzung" title="Fortpflanzung – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fortpflanzung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3n" title="Reproducción – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reproducción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="تكاثر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكاثر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="تكاثر – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تكاثر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="প্ৰজনন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰজনন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3n" title="Reproducción – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reproducción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99sil_art%C4%B1rma" title="Nəsil artırma – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəsil artırma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%87_(%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="تؤره‌مه (تکثیر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تؤره‌مه (تکثیر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Үрсеү – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үрсеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksyon" title="Reproduksyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reproduksyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Размнажэнне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Размнажэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Размнажэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Размнажэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Размножаване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Размножаване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রজনন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজনন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Razmnožavanje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3" title="Reproducció – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reproducció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дебар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дебар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8E" title="زاوزێ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاوزێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozmno%C5%BEov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Rozmnožování – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozmnožování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atgenhedlu" title="Atgenhedlu – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atgenhedlu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formering" title="Formering – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortpflanzung" title="Fortpflanzung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fortpflanzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Αναπαραγωγή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναπαραγωγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reproduction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduktado" title="Reproduktado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reproduktado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3n" title="Reproducción – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reproducción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljunemine" title="Paljunemine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paljunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugalketa" title="Ugalketa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugalketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducion" title="Reproducion – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Reproducion" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84" title="تولیدمثل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولیدمثل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C3%A4%C3%A4ntyminen" title="Lisääntyminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lisääntyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_(biologie)" title="Reproduction (biologie) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reproduction (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuortplanting" title="Fuortplanting – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fuortplanting" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A1irgeadh" title="Atáirgeadh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atáirgeadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouprodiksyon_(byoloji)" title="Rouprodiksyon (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rouprodiksyon (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduci%C3%B3n" title="Reprodución – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reprodución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emo%C3%B1a" title="Ñemoña – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemoña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="רבייה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רבייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जनन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Reproduction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprodukcija" title="Reprodukcija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reprodukcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repwodiksyon" title="Repwodiksyon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Repwodiksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaporod%C3%A1s" title="Szaporodás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaporodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բազմացում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազմացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բազմացում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բազմացում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reproduksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksion" title="Reproduksion – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Reproduksion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дебадалар – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дебадалар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitado" title="Genitado – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genitado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86xlun" title="Æxlun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æxlun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riproduzione" title="Riproduzione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riproduzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="生殖 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生殖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riprodokshan" title="Riprodokshan – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Riprodokshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9prodhuksi" title="Réprodhuksi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Réprodhuksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გამრავლება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამრავლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsuff%C9%A3a" title="Talsuffɣa – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talsuffɣa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njiarano(reproduction)" title="Njiarano(reproduction) – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njiarano(reproduction)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%8E" title="Көбею – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көбею" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪ್ರಜನನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಜನನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D" title="생식 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Кёблениу – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кёблениу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinythians" title="Dinythians – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dinythians" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%B9%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Көбөйүү – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көбөйүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procreatio" title="Procreatio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procreatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veurtplantjing" title="Veurtplantjing – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veurtplantjing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduzion" title="Reproduzion – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reproduzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauginimasis" title="Dauginimasis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dauginimasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairo%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Vairošanās – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vairošanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Тӱлымаш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱлымаш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Размножување – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Размножување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രത്യുൽപ്പാദനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രത്യുൽപ്പാദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रजनन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रजनन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakan" title="Pembiakan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မျိုးပွားခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးပွားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduktschoon" title="Reproduktschoon – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reproduktschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8)" title="प्रजनन (पुनरुत्पादन) – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रजनन (पुनरुत्पादन)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="मचा बुइकिगु – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मचा बुइकिगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voortplanting (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forplanting" title="Forplanting – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forplanting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formering" title="Formering – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduccion" title="Reproduccion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reproduccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਜਨਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਜਨਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiparakal" title="Pamiparakal – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pamiparakal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozmna%C5%BCanie" title="Rozmnażanie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozmnażanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86" title="جمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_(%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%90%DA%96%D9%88%D9%84)" title="بيا توليد (د خپل مثل زېږول) – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بيا توليد (د خپل مثل زېږول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Reprodução – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reprodução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraykuy" title="Miraykuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Miraykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducere" title="Reproducere – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reproducere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Размножение – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Размножение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розмножованя – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розмножованя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ууһааһын – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ууһааһын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="پيدائشي عمل – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيدائشي عمل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razmno%C5%BEavanje" title="Razmnožavanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Razmnožavanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රජනනය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රජනනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reproduction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozmno%C5%BEovanie_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Rozmnožovanie (biológia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozmnožovanie (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razmno%C5%BEevanje" title="Razmnoževanje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razmnoževanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikarudzi" title="Sikarudzi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sikarudzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riprodhimi" title="Riprodhimi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Riprodhimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Репродукција – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Репродукција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranahan" title="Baranahan – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baranahan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortplantning" title="Fortplantning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fortplantning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இனப்பெருக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனப்பெருக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinbhoyaw" title="kinbhoyaw – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kinbhoyaw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పునరుత్పత్తి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పునరుత్పత్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Зодоварӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зодоварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การสืบพันธุ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสืบพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpaparami" title="Pagpaparami – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpaparami" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Creme" title="Üreme – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üreme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D1%87%D2%AF" title="Үрчү – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үрчү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розмноження – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розмноження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تولید – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تولید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBpayish" title="Koʻpayish – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻpayish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprodusion" title="Reprodusion – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Reprodusion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_s%E1%BA%A3n" title="Sinh sản – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh sản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopliyaedje_(biyolodjeye)" title="Mopliyaedje (biyolodjeye) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mopliyaedje (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksyon" title="Reproduksyon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reproduksyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="繁殖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ძინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ძინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רעפראדוקציע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפראדוקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%E2%81%BF-tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Seⁿ-thoàⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seⁿ-thoàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="生殖 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生殖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&oldid=82769124" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&id=82769124&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reproduction" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11990" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox" style="max-width:300px;float:right;padding:0 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin:0 0 0.4em 0.4em"><div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0.5em 0;margin:0.5em 0;font-size:120%">繁殖</div><table style="text-align:left;word-break:break-word;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;font-size:90%"><caption style="background-color:#f5f5f5;font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.2em"><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="生物过程">生物過程</a></span>、<span>过程类型</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row">上级分类</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="生物过程">生物過程</a></span>、<span>创造</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990#P279" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">導致</th><td><span><span>生育</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990#P1542" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">产品</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E4%BB%A3" title="后代">子代</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990#P1056" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">特性</th><td><span><span>生物繁殖方式</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990#P1552" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalanchoe_veg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kalanchoe_veg.jpg/350px-Kalanchoe_veg.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kalanchoe_veg.jpg/525px-Kalanchoe_veg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kalanchoe_veg.jpg/700px-Kalanchoe_veg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>名叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B9" title="落地生根">落地生根</a>的植物从叶片边缘生长出的新的个体，这株新的个体大约有1厘米高，这种植物的无性繁殖方式使得“个体”这个概念得到了拓展。</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此條目介紹的是生物学上的繁殖。关于一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="有性繁殖">有性繁殖</a>的過程，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="性行为">性行为</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>繁殖</b>，或<b>生殖</b>，是透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>的方法製造生物<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="个体">個體</a>的過程。繁殖是所有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>都有的基本<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="生命現象">現象</a>之一。每個現存的個體都是上一代繁殖所得來的結果。已知的繁殖方法可分為兩大類：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="無性生殖">無性生殖</a>。 </p><p>無性繁殖的過程只牽涉一個個體，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>的方法進行無性繁殖。無性繁殖並不局限於<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="單細胞生物">單細胞生物</a>。多數的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>都可進行無性繁殖。常见的无性繁殖有<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="營養繁殖">營養繁殖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%8A%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="出芽生殖">出芽生殖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%A3%82%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="斷裂生殖">断裂生殖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢子生殖（页面不存在）">孢子生殖</a>等。通过离体植物组织培养，也是一种无性繁殖的手段。一種學名為Mycocepurus smithii的螞蟻也是用無性繁殖的方式繁殖後代<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而有性繁殖則與<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90" title="配子">配子</a>之結合有關。例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人類</a>的繁殖就是一種有性繁殖。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="无性生殖"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E6.80.A7.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>无性生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：无性生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="无性生殖">无性生殖</a></div> <p>无性繁殖是指生物体产生与自身相似或相同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%8B%B7%E8%B4%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="基因拷贝">基因拷贝</a>，无需其他个体的遗传物质而形成的新的个体的过程。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>通过分裂生殖的方式进行繁殖，<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>通过控制宿主细胞来产生更多的病毒，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%9E%85" class="mw-redirect" title="水螅">水螅</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母">酵母</a>通过出芽的方式来进行繁殖。这些生物通常不具有性别的概念，而是将自己“分裂”成两个或者更多的个体。还有一些生物如水螅、酵母或者是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9C%87" title="海蜇">海蜇</a>既可以无性繁殖，也可以进行有性生殖，又如大多数植物既可以进行有性生殖，也可以进行不需要生殖细胞参与的<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="營養繁殖">营养繁殖</a>。类似的还有细菌，细菌之间也可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88" title="接合">接合</a>的方式进行基因物质的交换。 </p><p>另外一些无性生殖方式还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="单性生殖">单性生殖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E8%A3%82%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="斷裂生殖">断裂生殖</a>以及仅通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>进行的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孢子生殖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sporogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢子生殖（页面不存在）">孢子生殖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Sporogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sporogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>。单性生殖（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">παρθένος</span>）是指<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="种子">种子</a>单独发育成完整个体而不需要雄性生殖细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">受精</a>。单性生殖在一些物种中很常见，包括一些低等植物（发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E9%9B%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="孤雌生殖">孤雌生殖</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="无脊椎动物">无脊椎动物</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%9A%A4" title="水蚤">水蚤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%9C%E8%99%AB" title="蚜虫">蚜虫</a>、一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" class="mw-redirect" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%9C%82" class="mw-redirect" title="寄生蜂">寄生蜂</a>）和一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两栖动物">两栖动物</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reptiles_&_Amphibians_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reptiles_&_Amphibians-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼">鱼</a>以及非常少的几种<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%A8%E9%B1%BC" title="鲨鱼">鲨鱼</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。 </p><p>无性生殖有时候也别用于描述可以自我受精的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="雌雄同體">雌雄同体</a>生物的生殖过程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有性生殖"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E6.80.A7.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>有性生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：有性生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="人類繁殖">人类繁殖</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/250px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/375px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/500px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%9A%9C%E8%9D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="食蚜蝇">食蚜蝇</a>在半空中进行交配</figcaption></figure> <p>有性生殖描述的是通过来自两个生物个体（通常情况）的遗传信息互相结合而产生新的后代的生殖过程（但自我受精的物种只需要一个生物体即可完成生殖），参与生殖过程的每个生物体通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單倍體">单倍体</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖细胞</a>的形式各提供一半的遗传信息，这个过程中大部分生物可以形成两种不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖细胞</a>。针对<b>异形配子</b>的生物存在着<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性">雄性</a>（产生<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90" title="精子">精子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>）与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7" title="雌性">雌性</a>（产生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="卵细胞">卵细胞</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9A%E5%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胚囊（页面不存在）">胚囊</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大孢子（页面不存在）">大孢子</a>）两种性别。针对<b>同配生殖</b>的生物而言，其产生的生殖细胞在形态上相似或一致，但是由于其功能存在差异因此也有不同的名字（参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%85%8D%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="同配生殖">同配生殖</a>）。比如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%A3%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绿藻类生物衣藻（页面不存在）">绿藻类生物衣藻</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la"><i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i></span>）的两种生殖细胞被称作“正配子”与“负配子”。还有一些生物例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%B8%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%A5%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双小核草履虫（页面不存在）">双小核草履虫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">Paramecium aurelia</span>）拥有两个以上的性别，他们被称作“交配变种”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大多数<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>）与<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>进行有性生殖。有性生殖的生物针对一种性状总是存在着与之对应的基因组（称作“<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>”）。后代会从父母的每一方获得决定各个形状的一个等位基因，然后两个非同源等位基因进行组合，这样的过程确保了后代的基因会是来自父方与母方的基因的集合体。二倍体生物会产生每个基因的两份拷贝，有研究结果认为单倍体与二倍体的发生过程中，基因可以进行自由重组，因此屏蔽有害基因在二倍体生物的进化过程中扮演了很重要的角色。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>也进行有性生殖，但是他们最常见的形态是<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單倍體">单倍体</a>的配子体。在生殖过程中他们产生<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖细胞</a>，生殖细胞结合后会形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A" title="孢子囊">孢子囊</a>，之后便会产生单倍体的孢子。苔藓植物的二倍体时期相较于单倍体时期而言显得很短（因此称其生活周期为“单倍体主导”的），而二倍体的优势（例如“杂种优势”）也仅在二倍体时期才能体现。尽管苔藓植物在绝大多数情况下处于单倍体时期而无法从杂种优势中获益，但在漫长的进化过程中却保留了有性生殖的生殖方式，这或许可以作为一个例子，用于阐述有性生殖有更大的优势。对苔藓植物而言，在有性生殖过程中，来自同一物种的不同个体的生殖细胞进行随机组合，通过自然选择可以选择出最适合生存的单倍配子体。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="异体受精"><span id=".E5.BC.82.E4.BD.93.E5.8F.97.E7.B2.BE"></span>异体受精</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：异体受精"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异体受精（页面不存在）">异体受精</a></div> <p>异体受精描述的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="卵细胞">卵细胞</a>与来自另一个体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90" title="精子">精子</a>结合<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">受精</a>的过程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自体受精"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E4.BD.93.E5.8F.97.E7.B2.BE"></span>自体受精</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：自体受精"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自体受精发生于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="雌雄同體">雌雄同体</a>的物种中，这一生殖方式描述了来自同一生物个体的两种生殖细胞互相结合受精的过程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有丝分裂与减数分裂"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E4.B8.9D.E5.88.86.E8.A3.82.E4.B8.8E.E5.87.8F.E6.95.B0.E5.88.86.E8.A3.82"></span>有丝分裂与减数分裂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：有丝分裂与减数分裂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有丝分裂与减数分裂是细胞分裂的两种形式<sup id="cite_ref-ntsec_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsec-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有丝分裂发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="体细胞">体细胞</a>内，减数分裂发生于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖细胞</a>中。 </p> <ul><li><b>有丝分裂</b>：有丝分裂的结果是产生参与分裂的细胞数量两倍的新细胞，且新细胞的染色体与分裂之前的细胞中的染色体保持一致<sup id="cite_ref-ntsec_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsec-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>减数分裂</b>：減數分裂的结果是产生参与分裂的细胞数量四倍的新细胞，这些细胞的染色体数量是原细胞染色体数量的一半。一个二倍体细胞首先自我复制，然后进行两次分裂（四倍体分裂为二倍体，然后二倍体分裂为单倍体），形成四个单倍体细胞。減数分裂共有两个过程，分别为减数第一次分裂与减数第二次分裂<sup id="cite_ref-ntsec_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsec-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同性生殖"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E6.80.A7.E7.94.9F.E6.AE.96"></span>同性生殖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：同性生殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>近几十年来，一些发育生物学开始着手研究并建立新的技术来实现同性之间的生殖<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根据现有的研究，实现同性生殖的方法可能是培育<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雌性精子（页面不存在）">雌性精子</a>与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%B5%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雄性卵子（页面不存在）">雄性卵子</a>。日本科学家已经培育出了鸡的雌性精子，从中得到雌性精子更容易培育人类的结论，同时科学家还指出，由于培育出的含有W染色体的雄性卵子的数量却显著低于预期值<sup id="cite_ref-chicken_sperm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicken_sperm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在2004年，通过修改几个涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="基因銘印">基因铭印</a>的基因的功能后，日本科学家成功地通过两个老鼠的卵细胞培育出了一只小鼠<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="繁殖策略"><span id=".E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96.E7.AD.96.E7.95.A5"></span>繁殖策略</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：繁殖策略"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同的物种会有不同的繁殖策略。有一些物种如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A1%98%E9%B9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="北方塘鹅">北方塘鹅</a>会在出生后数年才达到<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F" title="性成熟">性成熟</a>来繁衍后代，另一些则会比较快地进行繁殖，但是他们的后代长大至成体的比例相对较低。例如兔子在出生后8个月即可达到性成熟，每年可以繁殖10到30只后代，又如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%85%B9%E6%9E%9C%E8%9D%87" title="黑腹果蝇">黑腹果蝇</a>在出生后10-14天后即可达到性成熟，每年可以以繁殖400只后代。这样的两种繁殖策略分别被称为<a href="/wiki/R/K%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="R/K选择理论">K选择理论</a>（少量的后代）与<a href="/wiki/R/K%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="R/K选择理论">R选择理论</a>（许多后代），由于生活环境的不同，在不同生物的进化过程中物种会选择不同的繁殖战略。繁殖少量后代的物种可以将更多的资源集中起来才抚养和保护后代，另一类则会有相当数量的后代在出生后死亡，但是剩下的后代可以维持整个种群的数量。还有一些生物如蜜蜂和果蝇会通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90%E5%82%A8%E5%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精子储存（页面不存在）">精子储存</a>的过程将精子存储起来，以便延长自己的繁殖力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他类型的繁殖策略"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.9A.84.E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96.E7.AD.96.E7.95.A5"></span>其他类型的繁殖策略</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：其他类型的繁殖策略"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%96%AE%E6%AC%A1%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%AC%A1%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="生物的單次繁殖和多次繁殖">生物的单次繁殖和多次繁殖</a></div> <ul><li><b>多轮生殖动物</b>会在一生中间歇地进行繁殖。</li> <li><b>单次繁殖动物</b>在一生中只进行一次生殖，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="一年生植物">一年生植物</a>（包括所有的谷物作物）、一些种类的鲑鱼、蜘蛛和竹子等。这些生物通常在繁殖后很快便会死亡，他们的繁殖策略与R选择理论有关。</li> <li><b>多次繁殖动物</b>会按照连续的周期（例如每年或每季度）产生后代，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物">多年生植物</a>等。多次繁殖动物可以适应多个季节以及周期性的环境变化，他们的繁殖策略更类似于K选择理论。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不用繁殖產生的生命"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E7.94.A8.E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96.E7.94.A2.E7.94.9F.E7.9A.84.E7.94.9F.E5.91.BD"></span>不用繁殖產生的生命</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：不用繁殖產生的生命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F" title="自然發生">自然發生</a>是生物學上在關生物如何由沒有生命的化合物演變而來的研究。不論有沒有出現過自然發生的事件，生物學家認為地球上所有生物的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最後共同祖先">最後共同祖先</a>可追溯到三十五億年前。 </p><p>今日有些科學家設法在實驗至中用非生殖的方式產生生命。有幾位科學家已經從完全沒有生命的材料中製造出簡單的病毒<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過一般而言，病毒不算是生命，病毒可以視為包覆在蛋白質內的許多RNA或DNA，但病毒沒有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a>，而且要靠著宿主細胞的新陳代謝才能<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="自我复制">自我複製</a>。 </p><p>不用繁殖的方式製造真正的生物（例如簡單的細菌）是更加複雜的工作，但根據現有的生物學知識，已經可以進行到一定程度。有實驗將<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="合成基因" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synthetic genomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合成基因（页面不存在）">合成基因</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" class="extiw" title="en:Synthetic genomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synthetic genomics</span></a></span>）</span></span>放到細菌中，取代原來的DNA，因此產生了新的人工<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丝状支原体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="M. mycoides"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9D%E7%8A%B6%E6%94%AF%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丝状支原体（页面不存在）">丝状支原体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._mycoides" class="extiw" title="en:M. mycoides"><span lang="en" dir="auto">M. mycoides</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有關上述細胞是否算由完全由人工合成，在科學社群中仍有爭議<sup id="cite_ref-venter_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為人工合成的基因幾乎是完全複製天然的基因，而且後來也是加到一個天然的細菌中克雷格文特尔研究所（Craig Venter Institute）仍使用「人工細菌細胞」（synthetic bacterial cell）一詞，但也說明「我們認為這不算是從頭開始創造生命」<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。格文特尔研究所計劃針對實驗的細胞申請專利，內容是「這些很明確是人類的發明」<sup id="cite_ref-venter_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venter-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這些細胞的創建者認為製造「人工生命」可以讓研究者在製作過程中學習生物的知識，而不是一定要將生物切開後才能學習。研究者也希望可以縮小生命和機器之間的分別，最後可以得到「真正可程式化的生物體」<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。相關的研究者認為以現有的技術而言，要創造「完全人工合成的生命體」要比將人送到月球要簡單<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="樂透原則"><span id=".E6.A8.82.E9.80.8F.E5.8E.9F.E5.89.87"></span>樂透原則</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：樂透原則"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有性生殖有很多的缺點，包括需要的能量比無性生殖要多很多，而且生物為此需要<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖系統">生殖系統</a>，因此有學者在研究為何仍有這麼多物種用有性生殖來繁衍後代。 </p><p>美國演化生物學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·C ·威廉斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George C. Williams"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7C_%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·C ·威廉斯（页面不存在）">乔治·C ·威廉斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams" class="extiw" title="en:George C. Williams"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George C. Williams</span></a></span>）</span></span>用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E9%80%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="樂透">樂透</a>彩券來說明有性生殖為何如此普遍<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他認為無性生殖產生的子代幾乎沒有變異，或是只有很小的變異，就好像買了很多的樂透彩券，但號碼都一様，因此產下可以存活子代的機率變低。相反的有性生殖就好像買較少的彩券，但每一張的號碼都不同，因此產下可以存活子代的機率較高。 </p><p>上述類比的論點是建立在無性生殖產生的子代沒有變異，因此在環境變異時很難存活。不过很多研究发现在不稳定的环境下，生物用无性生殖的比例反而更高，因为快速繁殖大量个体更容易有变异，恰好与预测的情形相反，因此越来越少人接受这样的论点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="異花受精" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allogamy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E8%8A%B1%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異花受精（页面不存在）">異花受精</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogamy" class="extiw" title="en:Allogamy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allogamy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>（複製）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E5%AD%A3%E8%8A%82" title="繁殖季节">繁殖季節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖系統">生殖系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="婚配制度">婚配制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="植物生殖">植物生殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%BA%A4%E9%85%8D%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="人類交配策略">人類交配策略</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">秋凌. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210111547/http://financenews.sina.com/sinacn/304-000-106-109/2009-04-15/20001054634.html">亞馬遜發現螞蟻女兒國成員全為雌性</a>. 新浪網. 2009-04-15 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-01-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://financenews.sina.com/sinacn/304-000-106-109/2009-04-15/20001054634.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E8%9E%9E%E8%9F%BB%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E5%85%A8%E7%82%BA%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E7%A7%8B%E5%87%8C&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinancenews.sina.com%2Fsinacn%2F304-000-106-109%2F2009-04-15%2F20001054634.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reptiles_&_Amphibians-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reptiles_&_Amphibians_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Halliday, Tim R.; Kraig Adler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia0000unse_v0s7">Reptiles & Amphibians</a>. 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Activity.ntsec.gov.tw. 2008-02-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/gene_c2.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%A4%A8+%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Activity.ntsec.gov.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factivity.ntsec.gov.tw%2Flifeworld%2Fgene_c2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm">Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments</a>. samesexprocreation.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208053033/http://samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm">存档</a>于2011-02-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+same-sex+procreation+scientific+developments&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=samesexprocreation.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samesexprocreation.com%2Ftimeline.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicken_sperm-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chicken_sperm_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Differentiation of female chicken primordial germ cells into spermatozoa in male gonads <b>39</b> (3): 267–71. 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May 21, 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2012]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703559004575256470152341984.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.au=Robert+Lee+Hotz&rft.btitle=Scientists+Create+First+Synthetic+Cell&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703559004575256470152341984.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Craig Venter Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228180155/http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/first-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell/faq/">FAQ</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/first-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell/faq">原始内容</a>存档于2010年12月28日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.au=Craig+Venter+Institute&rft.btitle=FAQ&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcvi.org%2Fcms%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Ffirst-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell%2Ffaq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">W. 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Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">朱耀沂. 情色昆蟲記～昆蟲世界的愛情兵法. 商周. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/986-1247-55-6" title="Special:网络书源/986-1247-55-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 986-1247-55-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E8%80%80%E6%B2%82&rft.btitle=%E6%83%85%E8%89%B2%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2%E8%A8%98%EF%BD%9E%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E6%83%85%E5%85%B5%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=986-1247-55-6&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">小原嘉明著，章蓓蕾譯. 動物戀愛學～自然界的兩性關係. 玉山社. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-8246-88-9" title="Special:网络书源/957-8246-88-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-8246-88-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%8E%9F%E5%98%89%E6%98%8E%E8%91%97%EF%BC%8C%E7%AB%A0%E8%93%93%E8%95%BE%E8%AD%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%88%80%E6%84%9B%E5%AD%B8%EF%BD%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-8246-88-9&rft.pub=%E7%8E%89%E5%B1%B1%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">吉德安·狄福著，蔡政文譯. 動物愛愛狂想曲 [How animals have sex]. 如何. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/986-1360-81-6" title="Special:网络书源/986-1360-81-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 986-1360-81-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&rft.au=%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E7%A6%8F%E8%91%97%EF%BC%8C%E8%94%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%96%87%E8%AD%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%84%9B%E6%84%9B%E7%8B%82%E6%83%B3%E6%9B%B2&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=986-1360-81-6&rft.pub=%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">主領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="脂类组学">脂类组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">動物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人体生理学">人体生理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">细胞遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">繁殖</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物繁殖方式" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q130077803"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物繁殖方式（页面不存在）">生物繁殖方式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130077803" class="extiw" title="d:Q130077803"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q130077803</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:生物学">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Reproduction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932756h">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Reproduction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932756h">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017982-5">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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