THERMAL MODIFIED TIMBER (TMT): RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> THERMAL MODIFIED TIMBER (TMT): RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA | Wood and Fiber Science </title> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.2.1.4"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Dick Sandberg"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Andreja Kutnar"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2016-02-22"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2015-07-29"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2016-02-22"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2016-02-25"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="The world’s political and economic decisions are increasingly determined by resource and energy scarcity and by climate change. In these circumstances, a balance must be achieved between economics, ecology and social welfare, which was put forward at the end of the 20th century and has been irrevocably linked to forestry ever since. It is essential that the forest sector is placed at the centre of the developing bio-based economy. The value of the forest for mankind and the environment is irrefutable, and the value of the multitude of products made of wood is of great importance, socially, economically and environmentally. Over the last fifty years, sawn timber in particular has largely disappeared from many technological applications diminishing its contribution to sustainability in the one area where it could be most significant: as a substitute for energy-intensive materials (e.g., in the built environment). However, there is currently a resurgence of interest in timber products due to the environmental benefits they provide, a phenomenon that other industrial sectors are well aware of. This paper discusses the role of thermal wood processing in a sustainability of resource utilization context and what thermal wood processing should achieve to contribute to the European low-carbon economy."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="2296"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="28-39"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2296"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2016 Wood and Fiber Science"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="Wood and Fiber Science"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="0735-6161"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="48"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="sustainability"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="THERMAL MODIFIED TIMBER (TMT): RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Research Contributions"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Wood and Fiber Science"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="WFS"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0735-6161"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dick Sandberg"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Luleå University of Technology, Wood Science and Engineering"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Andreja Kutnar"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Primorska SI-6000 KOPER, Slovenia"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="THERMAL MODIFIED TIMBER (TMT): RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2016/02/22"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="48"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="28"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="39"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2296"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="EPD"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="LCA"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="low-carbon bio-economy"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="PCR"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="sustainability"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/download/2296/2278"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Anon. 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RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Dick Sandberg </span> <span class="affiliation"> Luleå University of Technology, Wood Science and Engineering </span> <span class="orcid"> <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-9391" target="_blank"> http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-9391 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Andreja Kutnar </span> <span class="affiliation"> University of Primorska SI-6000 KOPER, Slovenia </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> EPD, LCA, low-carbon bio-economy, PCR, sustainability </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>The world’s political and economic decisions are increasingly determined by resource and energy scarcity and by climate change. In these circumstances, a balance must be achieved between economics, ecology and social welfare, which was put forward at the end of the 20th century and has been irrevocably linked to forestry ever since. It is essential that the forest sector is placed at the centre of the developing bio-based economy. The value of the forest for mankind and the environment is irrefutable, and the value of the multitude of products made of wood is of great importance, socially, economically and environmentally. Over the last fifty years, sawn timber in particular has largely disappeared from many technological applications diminishing its contribution to sustainability in the one area where it could be most significant: as a substitute for energy-intensive materials (e.g., in the built environment). However, there is currently a resurgence of interest in timber products due to the environmental benefits they provide, a phenomenon that other industrial sectors are well aware of. This paper discusses the role of thermal wood processing in a sustainability of resource utilization context and what thermal wood processing should achieve to contribute to the European low-carbon economy.</p> </section> <section class="item author_bios"> <h2 class="label"> Author Biographies </h2> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Dick Sandberg, <span class="affiliation">Luleå University of Technology, Wood Science and Engineering</span> </h3> <div class="value"> Chaired Professor of Wood Science and Engineering </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Andreja Kutnar, <span class="affiliation">University of Primorska SI-6000 KOPER, Slovenia</span> </h3> <div class="value"> Assistant Professor </div> </section> </section> <section class="item references"> <h2 class="label"> References </h2> <div class="value"> <p>Anon. (2003). ThermoWood handbook. Finish ThermoWood Association, Helsinki, Finland, 66 pp. </p> <p>Bengtsson C, Jermer J, Brem F (2002) Bending strength of heat-treated spruce and pine timber. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Report IRG/WP 02-40242, Stockholm, Sweden. </p> <p>Boonstra MJ, van Acker J, Tjeerdsma BF, Kegel EV (2007) Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural constituents. Ann For Sci 64(7):679-690. </p> <p>Burmester A (1973) Effect of heat-pressure treatments of semi-dry wood on its dimensional stability. Holz Roh- Werkst 31(6):237-243. </p> <p>Burnard MD, Kutnar A (2014) Restorative environment design: wood as a material for sustainable, healthy environments. Pages 97-104 in HM Barnes and VL Herian, eds Proc 57th International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, 23-27 June 2014, Zvolen, Slovakia, Society of Wood Science and Technology, Monona WI. </p> <p>Burnard MD, Kutnar A (2015) Wood and human stress in the built indoor environment: a review. Wood Sci Tech, 18p. DOI 10.1007/s00226-015-0747-3. </p> <p>Candelier, K (2013) Caractérisation des transformations physico-chimiques intervenant lors de la thermodégradation du bois. Influence de l’intensité de traitement, de l’essence et de l’atmosphère. [Characterization of physical and chemical changes that occur during thermal degradation of wood. Influence of the intensity of treatment and atmosphere.] PhD Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 140 pp. </p> <p>CEN (2007) Thermal modified timber - Definitions and characteristics. Technical specification no. CEN/TS 15679, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium. </p> <p>Derr V, Kellert SR (2013) Making children’s environments “R.E.D.”: Restorative environmental design and its relationship to sustainable design. Pages 31-37 in E Pavlides and J Wells, eds Proc 44th annual conference of the environmental design research association, 29 May – 1 June, 2013, Providence, Rhode Island, The Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA), McLean, VA. </p> <p>EN-113 (1996) Wood preservatives – Determination of toxic values of wood preservatives against wood destroying Basidiomycetes cultures on agar medium. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium. </p> <p>Esteves B, Domingos I, Velez Marques A, Nunes L, Pereira H (2006) Variation of dimensional stability and durability of eucalypt wood by heat treatment. In: Proc. of ECOWOOD 2006, Fernado, Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal, pp. 185194. </p> <p>Esteves B, Pereira H (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: A review. BioRes 4(1):370404. </p> <p>European Commission (2009) Mainstreaming sustainable development into EU policies: 2009 Review of the European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium. </p> <p>European Commission (2011) A roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. Communication. Brussels: European Commission European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0112:EN:NOT">http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0112:EN:NOT</a>. </p> <p>European Parliament Council (2008) Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. Directive. European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium. <a href="http://eurlex.europa.eu">http://eurlex.europa.eu</a> /LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0098:EN:NOT. </p> <p>Giebler E (1983) Dimensionsstabilisierung von Holz durch eine Feuchte/Wärme/Druck-Behandlung (Dimensional stabilization of wood by moisture-heat-pressure-treatment). Holz Roh- Werkst 41(3):87-94. </p> <p>Hanger J, Huber H, Lackner R, Wimmer R (2002) Verbesserung der natürlichen Dauerhaftigkeit von wärmebehandelter Fichte, Kiefer und Buche. [Improvement of the natural durability of heat-treated spruce, pine and beech]. Holzforschung und Holzverwertung 54:92-93. </p> <p>Höglemeier K, Weber-Blaschke G, Richter K (2013) Potentials for cascading of recovered wood from building deconstruction - A case study for south-east Germany. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 78:81-91. </p> <p>Johansson D, Morén T (2006) The potential of colour measurement for strength prediction of thermally treated wood. Holz Roh- Werkst 64(2):104110. </p> <p>Jonsson R, Egnell G, Baudin A (2011) Swedish Forest Sector Outlook Study. United Nations, Geneva. <a href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/publications/DP-58_hi_res.pdf">http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/publications/DP-58_hi_res.pdf</a>, [March 18, 2014]. </p> <p>Kellert SR (2008) Dimensions, elements and attributes of biophilic design. In: Biophilic design: the theory, science and practice of bringing buildings to life. Kellert SR, Heerwagen JH, Mador ML (Eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken New Jersey, pp. 3-19. </p> <p>Koehler A, Pillow MY (1925) Effect of high temperatures on the mode of fracture of a softwood. Southern Lumberman 121:219-221. </p> <p>Kutnar A, Sandberg D, Haller P (2015) Compressed and moulded wood from processing to products - a review. Holzforschung 13p. Online. </p> <p>Maejima H, Endo K, Obataya E (2015) Effects of moistening treatment on the hygroscopicity and the vibrational properties of aged wood. Page 247 in Proc International Association of Wood Products Societies (IAWPS) 2015, International Symposium on Wood Science and Technology, 15-17 March 2015, Tower Hall Funabori, Tokyo, Japan. </p> <p>Navi P, Sandberg D (2012) Thermo-hydro-mechanical processing of wood. EPFL Press, Lausanne, Switzerland, 376 pp. </p> <p>Nyrud A, Bringlimark T (2010) Is interior wood use psychologically beneficial? A review of psychological responses toward wood. Wood Fiber Sci 42(2):202-218. </p> <p>Radkau J (2007) Holz – Wie ein Naturstoff Geschichte schreibt. [Wood - how a natural material writes history.] Oekom Verlag, München. </p> <p>Rapp AO, Sailer M (2001) Oil heat treatment of wood in Germany: state of the art. In: Review on heat treatment of wood. 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