CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Neutron - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d2f115a5-1453-4130-adc1-5f29c5d4e565","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Neutron","wgTitle":"Neutron","wgCurRevisionId":1259573060,"wgRevisionId":1259573060,"wgArticleId":21272,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Commons category link from Wikidata","Neutron","Baryons","Nucleons"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Neutron","wgRelevantArticleId":21272,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2348","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/1200px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/800px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/640px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Neutron - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Neutron rootpage-Neutron skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neutron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neutron" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neutron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neutron" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrons_in_an_atomic_nucleus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrons_in_an_atomic_nucleus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Neutrons in an atomic nucleus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutrons_in_an_atomic_nucleus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Neutrons in an atomic nucleus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Neutrons_in_an_atomic_nucleus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Nuclear energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Beta decay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"free"_neutron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"free"_neutron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 The "free" neutron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"free"_neutron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrons_and_protons_bound_in_a_nucleus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrons_and_protons_bound_in_a_nucleus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Neutrons and protons bound in a nucleus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutrons_and_protons_bound_in_a_nucleus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Neutrons and protons bound in a nucleus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Neutrons_and_protons_bound_in_a_nucleus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competition_of_beta_decay_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_of_beta_decay_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Competition of beta decay types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_of_beta_decay_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_neutron_in_elementary_particle_physics_-_the_Standard_Model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_neutron_in_elementary_particle_physics_-_the_Standard_Model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The neutron in elementary particle physics - the Standard Model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_neutron_in_elementary_particle_physics_-_the_Standard_Model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Spin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_moment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_moment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Magnetic moment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_moment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Electric charge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_geometry_of_charge_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_geometry_of_charge_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Structure and geometry of charge distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_geometry_of_charge_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_dipole_moment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_dipole_moment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Electric dipole moment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_dipole_moment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antineutron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antineutron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Antineutron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antineutron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Neutron compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutron_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Neutron compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Neutron_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dineutrons_and_tetraneutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dineutrons_and_tetraneutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Dineutrons and tetraneutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dineutrons_and_tetraneutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_stars_and_neutron_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_stars_and_neutron_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Neutron stars and neutron matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_stars_and_neutron_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Detection </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Detection subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutron_detection_by_neutron_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_detection_by_neutron_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Neutron detection by neutron capture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_detection_by_neutron_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_detection_by_elastic_scattering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_detection_by_elastic_scattering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Neutron detection by elastic scattering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_detection_by_elastic_scattering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources and production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources and production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutron_beams_and_modification_of_beams_after_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_beams_and_modification_of_beams_after_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Neutron beams and modification of beams after production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_beams_and_modification_of_beams_after_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Medical therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Neutron temperature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutron_temperature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Neutron temperature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Neutron_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermal_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Thermal neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Cold neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultracold_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultracold_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Ultracold neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultracold_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fission_energy_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fission_energy_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Fission energy neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fission_energy_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusion_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusion_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Fusion neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusion_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermediate-energy_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate-energy_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Intermediate-energy neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate-energy_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-energy_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-energy_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.7 High-energy neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-energy_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutron_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Neutron sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes_involving_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes_involving_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Processes involving neutrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processes_involving_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Neutron</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيوترون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوترون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Neutrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neutrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neytron" title="Neytron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neytron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نوترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="নিউট্রন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-ch%C3%BA" title="Tiong-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нэўтрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэўтрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неутрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3" title="Neutró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neutró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwtron" title="Niwtron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwtron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيوطرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيوطرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νετρόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νετρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neutrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADtrono" title="Neŭtrono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭtrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neutroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نوترون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodr%C3%B3n" title="Neodrón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neodrón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neutrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Նեյտրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեյտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="न्यूट्रॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrono" title="Neutrono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neutrono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INtunge" title="INtunge – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INtunge" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifteind" title="Nifteind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nifteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neutrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נייטרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נייטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netr%C9%94%C9%94" title="Netrɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Netrɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂಟ್ರಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂಟ್ರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნეიტრონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეიტრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="مرٛۆن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مرٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyutroni" title="Nyutroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyutroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netwon" title="Netwon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Netwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9tron" title="Nétron – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nétron" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notron" title="Notron – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Notron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ນິວຕຣອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິວຕຣອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neitrons" title="Neitrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neitrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronas" title="Neutronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neutronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuitron" title="Neuitron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Neuitron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netron" title="Netron – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Netron" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%BCtrun" title="Neütrun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Neütrun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неутрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ന്യൂട്രോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂട്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="न्यूट्रॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნეიტრონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეიტრონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dṳ̆ng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="နျူထရွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နျူထရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="न्यूट्रोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्यूट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="न्युट्रोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्युट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%90" title="中性子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中性子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8ytron" title="Nøytron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nøytron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8ytron" title="Nøytron – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nøytron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Neutrone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neytron" title="Neytron – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neytron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A3" title="ਅਬਿਜਲਕਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਿਜਲਕਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیوٹران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوٹران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيوټرون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيوټرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuuchran" title="Nyuuchran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuuchran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nêutron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwtrun" title="Niwtrun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niwtrun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیوٹران – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="نیوٹران" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutroni" title="Neutroni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neutroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niutr%C3%B9ni" title="Niutrùni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niutrùni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="නියුට්‍රෝනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියුට්‍රෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نيوٽران – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوٽران" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neutrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevtron" title="Nevtron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevtron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyutaroon" title="Niyutaroon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Niyutaroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="نیوترۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неутрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutroni" title="Neutroni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neutroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="நொதுமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நொதுமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutrun" title="Anutrun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anutrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neytron" title="Neytron – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Neytron" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="న్యూట్రాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యూట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="นิวตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tron" title="Nötron – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nötron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нейтрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیوٹرون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوٹرون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neutron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppmaandu" title="Feppmaandu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppmaandu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="נייטראן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נייטראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutruons" title="Neutruons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Neutruons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neutron" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neutron">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neutron">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Neutron" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Neutron" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&oldid=1259573060" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Neutron&id=1259573060&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeutron">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNeutron">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Neutron&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neutrons" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Radiation/Neutrons" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2348" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subatomic particle with no charge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the subatomic particle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Neutron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Neutron (disambiguation)">Neutron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Neutron</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_structure_neutron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/250px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/375px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/500px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> content of the neutron. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present. Forces between quarks are mediated by <a href="/wiki/Gluons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluons">gluons</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up quark</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down quarks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fermionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermionic">Fermionic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_Interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Interaction">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"> n , n0 , N0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticle</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theorized</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a><a href="#cite_note-chemed.chem.purdue.edu-1">[1]</a> (1920)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a><a href="#cite_note-1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics-2">[2]</a> (1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.67492749804(95)×10−27 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-3">[3]</a> 939.56542052(54) <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-3">[3]</a> 1.00866491588(49) <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">Mean lifetime</a></th><td class="infobox-data">878.4(5) s (<a href="#Free_neutron_decay">free</a>)<a href="#cite_note-PDG_Live:_2020_Review_of_Particle_Physics-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a> (−2±8)×10−22 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a> (experimental limits)<a href="#cite_note-PDGLIVE-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole moment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">< 1.8×10−26 e⋅cm (experimental upper limit)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Polarizability#Electric_polarizability" title="Polarizability">Electric polarizability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.16(15)×10−3 fm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic moment</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_magnetic_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron magnetic moment">−0.96623650(23)×10−26</a> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>·<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">T</a>−1<a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a> −1.04187563(25)×10−3 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">μB</a><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a> −1.91304273(45) <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magneton" title="Nuclear magneton">μN</a><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Polarizability#Magnetic_polarizability" title="Polarizability">Magnetic polarizability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7(20)×10−4 fm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/2⁠ <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">ħ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">Parity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condensed</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a>(<a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_parity" title="Intrinsic parity">P</a>) = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠+)</td></tr></tbody></table> The neutron is a <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a>, symbol n or n0 , that has no electric charge, and a <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> slightly greater than that of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>. Protons and neutrons constitute the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. Since protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus, they are both referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a>. Nucleons have a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, or <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a> (symbol: Da). Their properties and interactions are described by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. Protons and neutrons are not <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>; each is composed of three <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical properties">chemical properties</a> of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> that orbit the atom's heavy nucleus. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, which is determined by the number of protons, or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>. The number of neutrons is the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">neutron number</a>. Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration. Atoms of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> that differ only in neutron number are called <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, with atomic number 6, has an abundant isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> with 6 neutrons and a rare isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a> with 7 neutrons. Some elements occur in nature with only one <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable isotope</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>. Other elements occur with many stable isotopes, such as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> with ten stable isotopes, or with no stable isotope, such as <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>. The properties of an atomic nucleus depend on both atomic and neutron numbers. With their positive charge, the protons within the nucleus are repelled by the long-range <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a>, but the much stronger, but short-range, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a> binds the nucleons closely together. Neutrons are required for the stability of nuclei, with the exception of the single-proton <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> nucleus. Neutrons are produced copiously in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a>. They are a primary contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a> of chemical elements within <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> through fission, fusion, and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> processes. The neutron is essential to the production of nuclear power. In the decade after the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">neutron was discovered</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> in 1932, neutrons were used to induce many different types of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutations</a>. With the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> in 1938, it was quickly realized that, if a fission event produced neutrons, each of these neutrons might cause further fission events, in a cascade known as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>. These events and findings led to the first self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a>, 1942) and the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>, 1945). Dedicated <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron sources</a> like <a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">neutron generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">spallation sources</a> produce free neutrons for use in <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> experiments. A free neutron spontaneously decays to a proton, an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino">antineutrino</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Exponential_decay#Mean_lifetime" title="Exponential decay">mean lifetime</a> of about 15 minutes. Free neutrons do not directly ionize atoms, but they do indirectly cause <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation#Neutrons" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, so they can be a biological hazard, depending on dose. A small natural "neutron background" flux of free neutrons exists on Earth, caused by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_ray_showers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic ray showers (page does not exist)">cosmic ray showers</a>, and by the natural radioactivity of spontaneously fissionable elements in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)#Earth's_crust" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrons_in_an_atomic_nucleus">Neutrons in an atomic nucleus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Neutrons in an atomic nucleus">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NuclearReaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/200px-NuclearReaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/300px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NuclearReaction.svg/400px-NuclearReaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">n</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_matter" title="Nuclear matter">Nuclear matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">Nuclear force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_structure" title="Nuclear structure">Nuclear structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">Nuclear reaction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear model">Models of the nucleus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula" title="Semi-empirical mass formula">Liquid drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">Nuclear shell model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacting_boson_model" title="Interacting boson model">Interacting boson model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab_initio_methods_(nuclear_physics)" title="Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)">Ab initio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">Nuclides</a>' classification</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> – equal <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isobar_(nuclide)" title="Isobar (nuclide)">Isobars</a> – equal <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotone" title="Isotone">Isotones</a> – equal <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">N</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isodiapher" class="mw-redirect" title="Isodiapher">Isodiaphers</a> – equal <a href="/wiki/Neutron_excess" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron excess">N − Z</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">Isomers</a> – equal all the above</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_nuclei" title="Mirror nuclei">Mirror nuclei</a> – Z ↔ N</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">Stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">Even/odd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_nucleus" title="Halo nucleus">Halo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borromean_nucleus" title="Borromean nucleus">Borromean</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Nuclear stability</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">Binding energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93neutron_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton–neutron ratio">p–n ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_drip_line" title="Nuclear drip line">Drip line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_stability" title="Valley of stability">Valley of stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">Stable nuclide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">Alpha α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">Beta β</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">2β</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay" title="Neutrinoless double beta decay">0v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">β+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">K/L capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">Isomeric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">Internal conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">Spontaneous fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">Cluster decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">Neutron emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">Proton emission</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">Decay energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">Decay chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">Decay product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_nuclide" title="Radiogenic nuclide">Radiogenic nuclide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">Spontaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon_pair_breaking_in_fission" title="Nucleon pair breaking in fission">pair breaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofission" title="Photofission">Photofission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Capturing processes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">2×</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_capture" title="Proton capture">proton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">rp</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">High-energy processes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">Spallation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">by cosmic ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">Photodisintegration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_astrophysics" title="Nuclear astrophysics">nuclear astrophysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Processes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Stellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Nuclides: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" title="Cosmogenic nuclide">Cosmogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">Artificial</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/High-energy_nuclear_physics" title="High-energy nuclear physics">High-energy nuclear physics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">RHIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_physicists" title="Category:Nuclear physicists">Scientists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Ir. Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Fr. Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pi. Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Proca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Strassmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tecki_(physicist)" title="Władysław Świątecki (physicist)">Świątecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Szilárd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_physics" title="Category:Nuclear physics">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_physics" title="Template:Nuclear physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_physics" title="Template talk:Nuclear physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> is formed by a number of protons, Z (the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>), and a number of neutrons, N (the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">neutron number</a>), bound together by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>. Protons and neutrons each have a mass of approximately one <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>. The atomic number determines the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical properties</a> of the atom, and the neutron number determines the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 4  The terms isotope and nuclide are often used <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymously</a>, but they refer to chemical and nuclear properties, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 4  Isotopes are nuclides with the same atomic number, but different neutron number. Nuclides with the same neutron number, but different atomic number, are called <a href="/wiki/Isotone" title="Isotone">isotones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brucer-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass number">atomic mass number</a>, A, is equal to the sum of atomic and neutron numbers. Nuclides with the same atomic mass number, but different atomic and neutron numbers, are called <a href="/wiki/Isobar_(nuclide)" title="Isobar (nuclide)">isobars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brucer-8">[8]</a> The mass of a nucleus is always slightly less than the sum of its proton and neutron masses: the difference in mass represents the <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass equivalent</a> to nuclear binding energy, the energy which would need to be added to take the nucleus apart.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>: 822  The nucleus of the most common <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> 1H) is a lone proton.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 20  The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> (D or 2H) and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (T or 3H) contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 20  All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. The most common nuclide of the common chemical element <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, 208Pb, has 82 protons and 126 neutrons, for example.<a href="#cite_note-Stone-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">table of nuclides</a> comprises all the known nuclides. Even though it is not a chemical element, the neutron is included in this table.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_fission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/220px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/330px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/440px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear fission caused by absorption of a neutron by uranium-235. The heavy nuclide fragments into lighter components and additional neutrons.</figcaption></figure> Protons and neutrons behave almost identically under the influence of the nuclear force within the nucleus. They are therefore both referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nuc-12">[12]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a>, in which the proton and neutron are viewed as two quantum states of the same particle, is used to model the interactions of nucleons by the nuclear or weak forces.<a href="#cite_note-Greiner-13">[13]</a>: 141  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_energy">Nuclear energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nuclear energy">edit</a>]</div> Because of the strength of the nuclear force at short distances, the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">energy binding</a> nucleons is many orders of magnitude greater than the electromagnetic energy binding electrons in atoms.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 4  In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, the absorption of a neutron by some heavy nuclides (such as <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>) can cause the nuclide to become unstable and break into lighter nuclides and additional neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a> The positively charged light nuclides, or "fission fragments", then repel, releasing electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Energy-14">[14]</a> If this reaction occurs within a mass of <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>, the additional neutrons cause additional fission events, inducing a cascade known as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 12–13  For a given mass of fissile material, such <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a> release energy that is approximately ten million times that from an equivalent mass of a conventional chemical <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ultimately, the ability of the nuclear force to store energy arising from the electromagnetic repulsion of nuclear components is the basis for most of the energy that makes nuclear reactors or bombs possible; most of the energy released from fission is the kinetic energy of the fission fragments.<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Energy-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a>: 12  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-minus_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/220px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/330px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beta-minus_Decay.svg/440px-Beta-minus_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">schematic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus of an atom</a> indicating β− radiation, the emission of a fast electron from the nucleus. The decay also creates an antineutrino (omitted) and converts a neutron to a proton within the nucleus. The inset shows beta decay of a free neutron; an electron and antineutrino are created in this process.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_decay">Beta decay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beta decay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">Beta decay</a></div> Neutrons and protons within a nucleus behave similarly and can exchange their identities by similar reactions. These reactions are a form of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Beta decay, in which neutrons decay to protons, or vice versa, is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak force</a>, and it requires the emission or absorption of electrons and neutrinos, or their antiparticles.<a href="#cite_note-Loveland-17">[17]</a> The neutron and proton decay reactions are: <dl><dd> n0 → p+ + e− + ν e</dd></dl> where p+ , e− , and ν e denote the proton, electron and electron anti-<a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> decay products,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <dl><dd> p+ → n0 + e+ + ν e</dd></dl> where n0 , e+ , and ν e denote the neutron, positron and electron neutrino decay products. The electron and positron produced in these reactions are historically known as <a href="/wiki/Beta_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta particles">beta particles</a>, denoted β− or β+ respectively, lending the name to the decay process.<a href="#cite_note-Loveland-17">[17]</a> In these reactions, the original particle is not composed of the product particles; rather, the product particles are created at the instant of the reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Pais1993-19">[19]</a>: 369–370  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"free"_neutron">The "free" neutron</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The "free" neutron">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron_decay" title="Free neutron decay">Free neutron decay</a></div> "Free" neutrons or protons are nucleons that exist independently, free of any nucleus. The free neutron has a mass of 939565413.3 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">eV/c2</a>, or 939.5654133 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>. This mass is equal to 1.674927471×10−27 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, or 1.00866491588 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a> The neutron has a mean-square <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> of about 0.8×10−15 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>, or 0.8 <a href="/wiki/Femtometre" title="Femtometre">fm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Povh-20">[20]</a> and it is a <a href="/wiki/Spin-%C2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-½">spin-½</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Basdevant2-21">[21]</a> The neutron has no measurable electric charge. With its positive electric charge, the proton is directly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a>, whereas the neutron is unaffected by electric fields.<a href="#cite_note-Ari-22">[22]</a> The neutron has a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_magnetic_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a>, however, so it is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oku-23">[23]</a> The specific properties of the neutron are described below in the <a href="#Intrinsic_properties">Intrinsic properties section</a>. Outside the nucleus, free neutrons undergo beta decay with a <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">mean lifetime</a> of about 14 minutes, 38 seconds,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 10 minutes, 11 s. The mass of the neutron is greater than that of the proton by 1.29332 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ByrneOverview-25">[25]</a> hence the neutron's mass provides energy sufficient for the creation of the proton, electron, and anti-neutrino. In the decay process, the proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino conserve the energy, charge, and <a href="/wiki/Lepton_number" title="Lepton number">lepton number</a> of the neutron.<a href="#cite_note-LifetimeReview2011-26">[26]</a> The electron can acquire a kinetic energy up to 0.782±0.013 MeV.<a href="#cite_note-ByrneOverview-25">[25]</a> Still unexplained, different experimental methods for measuring the neutron's lifetime, the "bottle" and "beam" methods, produce different values for it.<a href="#cite_note-Wolchover-2018-02-13-Quanta-27">[27]</a> The "bottle" method employs "cold" neutrons trapped in a bottle, while the "beam" method employs energetic neutrons in a particle beam. The measurements by the two methods have not been converging with time. The lifetime from the bottle method is presently 877.75 s<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-2021-29">[29]</a> which is 10 seconds below the value from the beam method of 887.7 s<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A small fraction (about one per thousand) of free neutrons decay with the same products, but add an extra particle in the form of an emitted gamma ray:<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2005-31">[31]</a> <dl><dd> n0 → p+ + e− + ν e + γ </dd></dl> Called a "radiative decay mode" of the neutron, the gamma ray may be thought of as resulting from an "internal <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a>" that arises from the electromagnetic interaction of the emitted beta particle with the proton.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2005-31">[31]</a> A smaller fraction (about four per million) of free neutrons decay in so-called "two-body (neutron) decays", in which a proton, electron and antineutrino are produced as usual, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> necessary energy to escape the proton (the <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>), and therefore simply remains bound to it, forming a neutral <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a> (one of the "two bodies"). In this type of free neutron decay, almost all of the neutron <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">decay energy</a> is carried off by the antineutrino (the other "body"). (The hydrogen atom recoils with a speed of only about (decay energy)/(hydrogen rest energy) times the speed of light, or 250 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">km/s</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrons_and_protons_bound_in_a_nucleus">Neutrons and protons bound in a nucleus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neutrons and protons bound in a nucleus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_stability" title="Valley of stability">Valley of stability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-decay_stable_isobars" title="Beta-decay stable isobars">Beta-decay stable isobars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">Neutron emission</a></div> Neutrons are a necessary constituent of any atomic nucleus that contains more than one proton. As a result of their positive charges, interacting protons have a mutual <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic repulsion</a> that is stronger than their attractive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear interaction</a>, so proton-only nuclei are unstable (see <a href="/wiki/Diproton" class="mw-redirect" title="Diproton">diproton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" title="Neutron–proton ratio">neutron–proton ratio</a>).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Neutrons bind with protons and one another in the nucleus via the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>, effectively moderating the repulsive forces between the protons and stabilizing the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Pais1993-19">[19]</a>: 461  Heavy nuclei carry a large positive charge, hence they require "extra" neutrons to be stable.<a href="#cite_note-Pais1993-19">[19]</a>: 461  While a free neutron is unstable and a free proton is stable, within nuclei neutrons are often stable and protons are sometimes unstable. When bound within a nucleus, nucleons can <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a> by the beta decay process. The neutrons and protons in a nucleus form a <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">quantum mechanical system</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a>. Protons and neutrons of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> are organized into discrete hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy levels</a> with unique <a href="/wiki/Quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum numbers">quantum numbers</a>. Nucleon decay within a nucleus can occur if allowed by basic energy conservation and quantum mechanical constraints. The decay products, that is, the emitted particles, carry away the energy excess as a nucleon falls from one quantum state to one with less energy, while the neutron (or proton) changes to a proton (or neutron). For a neutron to decay, the resulting proton requires an available state at lower energy than the initial neutron state. In stable nuclei the possible lower energy states are all filled, meaning each state is occupied by a pair of protons, one with <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> up, another with spin down. When all available proton states are filled, the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a> disallows the decay of a neutron to a proton.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_NNM-33">[33]</a>: §3.3  The situation is similar to electrons of an atom, where electrons that occupy distinct <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a> are prevented by the exclusion principle from decaying to lower, already-occupied, energy states.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_NNM-33">[33]</a>: §3.3  The <a href="/wiki/Stability_of_matter" title="Stability of matter">stability of matter</a> is a consequence of these constraints.<a href="#cite_note-DysonI-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-DysonII-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball-36">[36]</a> The decay of a neutron within a nuclide is illustrated by the decay of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>, which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. With its excess of neutrons, this isotope decays by beta decay to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-14">nitrogen-14</a> (7 protons, 7 neutrons), a process with a half-life of about 5,730 years.<a href="#cite_note-McKie-37">[37]</a> Nitrogen-14 is stable.<a href="#cite_note-Nova-38">[38]</a> "Beta decay" reactions can also occur by the capture of a <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> by the nucleon. The transformation of a proton to a neutron inside of a nucleus is possible through <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <dl><dd> p+ + e− → n0 + ν e</dd></dl> A rarer reaction, <a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">inverse beta decay</a>, involves the capture of a neutrino by a nucleon.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Rarer still, positron capture by neutrons can occur in the high-temperature environment of stars.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_of_beta_decay_types">Competition of beta decay types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Competition of beta decay types">edit</a>]</div> Three types of beta decay in competition are illustrated by the single isotope <a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64">copper-64</a> (29 protons, 35 neutrons), which has a half-life of about 12.7 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Cu-64-42">[42]</a> This isotope has one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron, so either the proton or the neutron can decay.<a href="#cite_note-Copper-64-43">[43]</a> This particular nuclide is almost equally likely to undergo proton decay (by <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a>, 18% or by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>, 43%; both forming <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">64 Ni </a>) or neutron decay (by electron emission, 39%; forming <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">64 Zn </a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cu-64-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copper-64-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_neutron_in_elementary_particle_physics_-_the_Standard_Model">The neutron in elementary particle physics - the Standard Model</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The neutron in elementary particle physics - the Standard Model">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/200px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/300px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/400px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The principal <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a> for β−  decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and <a href="/wiki/Electron_antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron antineutrino">electron antineutrino</a> via an intermediate heavy <a href="/wiki/W_boson" class="mw-redirect" title="W boson"> W− boson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_Capture_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Electron_Capture_Decay.svg/200px-Electron_Capture_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Electron_Capture_Decay.svg/300px-Electron_Capture_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Electron_Capture_Decay.svg/400px-Electron_Capture_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The principal Feynman diagram for β+  decay of a proton into a neutron, positron, and <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">electron neutrino</a> via an intermediate heavy W+ boson</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div> Within the theoretical framework of the Standard Model for particle physics, a neutron comprises two <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down quarks</a> with charge −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠<a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up quark</a> with charge +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠e. The neutron is therefore a <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particle</a> classified as a <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a>. The neutron is also classified as a <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</a>, because it is composed of three <a href="/wiki/Valence_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence quark">valence quarks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The finite size of the neutron and its magnetic moment both indicate that the neutron is a <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary</a>, particle. The quarks of the neutron are held together by the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong force</a>, mediated by <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cottingham-45">[45]</a> The nuclear force results from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force#The_nuclear_force_as_a_residual_of_the_strong_force" title="Nuclear force">secondary effects of the more fundamental strong force</a>. The only possible decay mode for the neutron that obeys the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_law" title="Conservation law">conservation law</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon number</a> is for one of the neutron's quarks to change <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour (physics)">flavour</a> (through a <a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix</a>) via the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>. The decay of one of the neutron's down quarks into a lighter up quark can be achieved by the emission of a <a href="/wiki/W_boson" class="mw-redirect" title="W boson">W boson</a>. By this process, the Standard Model description of beta decay, the neutron decays into a proton (which contains one down and two up quarks), an electron, and an <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">electron antineutrino</a>. The decay of the proton to a neutron occurs similarly through the weak force. The decay of one of the proton's up quarks into a down quark can be achieved by the emission of a W boson. The proton decays into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino. This reaction can only occur within an atomic nucleus which has a quantum state at lower energy available for the created neutron. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">Discovery of the neutron</a></div> The story of the discovery of the neutron and its properties is central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century, leading ultimately to the atomic bomb in 1945. In the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model">Rutherford model</a>, the atom consisted of a small positively charged massive nucleus surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> suggested that the nucleus consisted of positive protons and neutrally charged particles, suggested to be a proton and an electron bound in some way.<a href="#cite_note-BakLec-46">[46]</a> Electrons were assumed to reside within the nucleus because it was known that <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta radiation</a> consisted of electrons emitted from the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-BakLec-46">[46]</a> About the time Rutherford suggested the neutral proton-electron composite, several other publications appeared making similar suggestions, and in 1921 the American chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_Harkins" title="William Draper Harkins">W. D. Harkins</a> first named the hypothetical particle a "neutron".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FeathHist-48">[48]</a> The name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root for neutralis (neuter) and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> suffix -on (a suffix used in the names of subatomic particles, i.e. electron and proton).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPT-50">[50]</a> References to the word neutron in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899, however.<a href="#cite_note-FeathHist-48">[48]</a> Throughout the 1920s, physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and "nuclear electrons",<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FK-52">[52]</a> but this raised obvious problems. It was difficult to reconcile the proton–electron model of the nucleus with the <a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_uncertainty_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenberg uncertainty relation">Heisenberg uncertainty relation</a> of quantum mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-Stuewer-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pais-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Klein_paradox" title="Klein paradox">Klein paradox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a> in 1928, presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion of an electron confined within a nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Stuewer-53">[53]</a> The observed properties of atoms and molecules were inconsistent with the nuclear spin expected from the proton–electron hypothesis. Protons and electrons both carry an intrinsic spin of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ħ, and the isotopes of the same species were found to have either integer or fractional spin. By the hypothesis, isotopes would be composed of the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutral bound proton+electron "particles". This physical picture was a contradiction, since there is no way to arrange the spins of an electron and a proton in a bound state to get a fractional spin. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Becker_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Becker (physicist)">Herbert Becker</a> found that if <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> radiation from <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> fell on <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. The radiation was not influenced by an electric field, so Bothe and Becker assumed it was <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The following year <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> in Paris showed that if this "gamma" radiation fell on <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a>, or any other <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-containing compound, it ejected protons of very high energy.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Neither Rutherford nor <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> were convinced by the gamma ray interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments that showed that the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton.<a href="#cite_note-Chad1932-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-AM-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> These properties matched Rutherford's hypothesized neutron. Chadwick won the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for this discovery.<a href="#cite_note-1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics-2">[2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png/360px-Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png/540px-Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png/720px-Blausen_0342_ElectronEnergyLevels.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Models depicting the nucleus and electron energy levels in hydrogen, helium, lithium, and neon atoms. In reality, the diameter of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom.</figcaption></figure> Models for an atomic nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The proton–neutron model explained the puzzle of nuclear spins. The origins of beta radiation were explained by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> in 1934 by the <a href="/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">process of beta decay</a>, in which the neutron decays to a proton by creating an electron and a (at the time undiscovered) neutrino.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-68">[68]</a> In 1935, Chadwick and his doctoral student <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> reported the first accurate measurement of the mass of the neutron.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> By 1934, Fermi had bombarded heavier elements with neutrons to induce radioactivity in elements of high atomic number. In 1938, Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a> brought about by slow neutrons".<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-71">[71]</a> In December 1938 <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, or the fractionation of uranium nuclei into lighter elements, induced by neutron bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hahn_1958-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei".<a href="#cite_note-Nobel1944-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NF-1944press-78">[78]</a> The discovery of nuclear fission would lead to the development of nuclear power and the atomic bomb by the end of World War II. It was quickly realized that, if a fission event produced neutrons, each of these neutrons might cause further fission events, in a cascade known as a nuclear chain reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Pais1993-19">[19]</a>: 460–461 <a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a> These events and findings led Fermi to construct the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a> at the University of Chicago in 1942, the first self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Segre-79">[79]</a> Just three years later the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> was able to test the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a> in July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Segre-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mass">edit</a>]</div> The mass of a neutron cannot be directly determined by <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> since it has no electric charge. But since the masses of a proton and of a <a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuteron</a> can be measured with a mass spectrometer, the mass of a neutron can be deduced by subtracting proton mass from deuteron mass, with the difference being the mass of the neutron plus the <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> of deuterium (expressed as a positive emitted energy). The latter can be directly measured by measuring the energy (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{d}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{d}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8152ba18cface59883b0d177b0295a249b6433db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.856ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{d}}">) of the single 2.224 MeV gamma photon emitted when a deuteron is formed by a proton capturing a neutron (this is exothermic and happens with zero-energy neutrons). The small recoil kinetic energy (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{rd}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{rd}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebba4df0c68971351285a6199181da18ad7613a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.549ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{rd}}">) of the deuteron (about 0.06% of the total energy) must also be accounted for. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{n}=m_{d}-m_{p}+B_{d}-E_{rd}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{n}=m_{d}-m_{p}+B_{d}-E_{rd}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b25ebc2172709ad86c63e99073aba04756179fcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{n}=m_{d}-m_{p}+B_{d}-E_{rd}}"></dd></dl> The energy of the gamma ray can be measured to high precision by X-ray diffraction techniques, as was first done by Bell and Elliot in 1948. The best modern (1986) values for neutron mass by this technique are provided by Greene, et al.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> These give a neutron mass of: <dl><dd>mneutron = 1.008644904(14) <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a></dd></dl> The value for the neutron mass in MeV is less accurately known, due to less accuracy in the known conversion of <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a> to MeV/c2:<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_NNM-33">[33]</a>: 18–19  <dl><dd>mneutron = 939.56563(28) <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>.</dd></dl> Another method to determine the mass of a neutron starts from the beta decay of the neutron, when the momenta of the resulting proton and electron are measured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin">Spin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spin">edit</a>]</div> The neutron is a spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ particle, that is, it is a <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> with intrinsic angular momentum equal to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ ħ, where ħ is the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">reduced Planck constant</a>. For many years after the discovery of the neutron, its exact spin was ambiguous. Although it was assumed to be a spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ <a href="/wiki/Dirac_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac particle">Dirac particle</a>, the possibility that the neutron was a spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠3/2⁠ particle lingered. The interactions of the neutron's magnetic moment with an external magnetic field were exploited to finally determine the spin of the neutron.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne-81">[81]</a> In 1949, Hughes and Burgy measured neutrons reflected from a ferromagnetic mirror and found that the angular distribution of the reflections was consistent with spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 1954, Sherwood, Stephenson, and Bernstein employed neutrons in a <a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach experiment</a> that used a magnetic field to separate the neutron spin states. They recorded two such spin states, consistent with a spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ particle.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-83">[83]</a> As a fermion, the neutron is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>; two neutrons cannot have the same quantum numbers. This is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Degeneracy_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneracy pressure">degeneracy pressure</a> which counteracts gravity in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> and prevents them from forming black holes.<a href="#cite_note-Bombaci-84">[84]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_moment">Magnetic moment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magnetic moment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleon_magnetic_moment" title="Nucleon magnetic moment">Nucleon magnetic moment</a></div> Even though the neutron is a neutral particle, the magnetic moment of a neutron is not zero. The neutron is not affected by electric fields, but it is affected by magnetic fields. The value for the neutron's magnetic moment was first directly measured by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-85">[85]</a> Alvarez and Bloch determined the magnetic moment of the neutron to be μn= −1.93(2) μN, where μN is the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magneton" title="Nuclear magneton">nuclear magneton</a>. The neutron's magnetic moment has a negative value, because its orientation is opposite to the neutron's spin.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn-86">[86]</a> The magnetic moment of the neutron is an indication of its quark substructure and internal charge distribution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87">[87]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hadrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrons">hadrons</a>, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge +2/3 e) and two down quarks (charge −1/3 e).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87">[87]</a> The magnetic moment of the neutron can be modeled as a sum of the magnetic moments of the constituent quarks.<a href="#cite_note-Perk-88">[88]</a> The calculation assumes that the quarks behave like point-like Dirac particles, each having their own magnetic moment. Simplistically, the magnetic moment of the neutron can be viewed as resulting from the vector sum of the three quark magnetic moments, plus the orbital magnetic moments caused by the movement of the three charged quarks within the neutron. In one of the early successes of the Standard Model, in 1964 Mirza A.B. Beg, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Lee" title="Benjamin W. Lee">Benjamin W. Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Abraham Pais</a> calculated the ratio of proton to neutron magnetic moments to be −3/2 (or a ratio of −1.5), which agrees with the experimental value to within 3%.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beg-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sakita-91">[91]</a> The measured value for this ratio is −1.45989805(34).<a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">[4]</a> The above treatment compares neutrons with protons, allowing the complex behavior of quarks to be subtracted out between models, and merely exploring what the effects would be of differing quark charges (or quark type). Such calculations are enough to show that the interior of neutrons is very much like that of protons, save for the difference in quark composition with a down quark in the neutron replacing an up quark in the proton. The neutron magnetic moment can be roughly computed by assuming a simple <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">nonrelativistic</a>, quantum mechanical <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a> for <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> composed of three quarks. A straightforward calculation gives fairly accurate estimates for the magnetic moments of neutrons, protons, and other baryons.<a href="#cite_note-Perk-88">[88]</a> For a neutron, the result of this calculation is that the magnetic moment of the neutron is given by μn= 4/3 μd − 1/3 μu, where μd and μu are the magnetic moments for the down and up quarks, respectively. This result combines the intrinsic magnetic moments of the quarks with their orbital magnetic moments, and assumes the three quarks are in a particular, dominant quantum state. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Baryon </th> <th>Magnetic moment of quark model </th> <th>Computed (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cf8ee7e4ee5b11bbbef24cf7b6372ff04f771b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.867ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}">) </th> <th>Observed (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cf8ee7e4ee5b11bbbef24cf7b6372ff04f771b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.867ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }}">) </th></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>4/3 μu − 1/3 μd </td> <td>2.79 </td> <td>2.793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>4/3 μd − 1/3 μu </td> <td>−1.86 </td> <td>−1.913 </td></tr></tbody></table> The results of this calculation are encouraging, but the masses of the up or down quarks were assumed to be 1/3 the mass of a nucleon.<a href="#cite_note-Perk-88">[88]</a> The masses of the quarks are actually only about 1% that of a nucleon.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-92">[92]</a> The discrepancy stems from the complexity of the Standard Model for nucleons, where most of their mass originates in the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a> fields, virtual particles, and their associated energy that are essential aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">strong force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilczek-93">[93]</a> Furthermore, the complex system of quarks and gluons that constitute a neutron requires a relativistic treatment.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> But the nucleon magnetic moment has been successfully computed numerically from <a href="/wiki/First_principle" title="First principle">first principles</a>, including all of the effects mentioned and using more realistic values for the quark masses. The calculation gave results that were in fair agreement with measurement, but it required significant computing resources.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-MagMom-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_charge">Electric charge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electric charge">edit</a>]</div> The total electric charge of the neutron is 0 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>. This zero value has been tested experimentally, and the present experimental limit for the charge of the neutron is −2(8)×10−22 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PDGLIVE-6">[6]</a> or −3(13)×10−41 <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a>. This value is consistent with zero, given the experimental <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty#In_measurements" title="Uncertainty">uncertainties</a> (indicated in parentheses). By comparison, the charge of the proton is +1 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_geometry_of_charge_distribution">Structure and geometry of charge distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure and geometry of charge distribution">edit</a>]</div> An article published in 2007 featuring a model-independent analysis concluded that the neutron has a negatively charged exterior, a positively charged middle, and a negative core.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In a simplified classical view, the negative "skin" of the neutron assists it to be attracted to the protons with which it interacts in the nucleus; but the main attraction between neutrons and protons is via the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>, which does not involve electric charge. The simplified classical view of the neutron's charge distribution also "explains" the fact that the neutron magnetic dipole points in the opposite direction from its spin angular momentum vector (as compared to the proton). This gives the neutron, in effect, a magnetic moment which resembles a negatively charged particle. This can be reconciled classically with a neutral neutron composed of a charge distribution in which the negative sub-parts of the neutron have a larger average radius of distribution, and therefore contribute more to the particle's magnetic dipole moment, than do the positive parts that are, on average, nearer the core. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_dipole_moment">Electric dipole moment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electric dipole moment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_electric_dipole_moment" title="Neutron electric dipole moment">Neutron electric dipole moment</a></div> The Standard Model of particle physics predicts a tiny separation of positive and negative charge within the neutron leading to a permanent <a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">electric dipole moment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sussex-98">[98]</a> But the predicted value is well below the current sensitivity of experiments. From several <a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics#High-energy_physics/particle_physics" title="List of unsolved problems in physics">unsolved puzzles in particle physics</a>, it is clear that the Standard Model is not the final and full description of all particles and their interactions. New theories going <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Standard_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond the Standard Model">beyond the Standard Model</a> generally lead to much larger predictions for the electric dipole moment of the neutron. Currently, there are at least four experiments trying to measure for the first time a finite neutron electric dipole moment, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_neutron_EDM_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic neutron EDM experiment">Cryogenic neutron EDM experiment</a> being set up at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>n2EDM experiment under construction at the UCN source at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">Paul Scherrer Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>nEDM experiment being envisaged at the <a href="/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source" title="Spallation Neutron Source">Spallation Neutron Source</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>nEDM experiment being built at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antineutron">Antineutron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antineutron">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></div> The antineutron is the <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiparticle</a> of the neutron. It was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cork" title="Bruce Cork">Bruce Cork</a> in 1956, a year after the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> was discovered. <a href="/wiki/CPT-symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="CPT-symmetry">CPT-symmetry</a> puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles, so studying antineutrons provides stringent tests on CPT-symmetry. The fractional difference in the masses of the neutron and antineutron is (9±6)×10−5. Since the difference is only about two <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviations</a> away from zero, this does not give any convincing evidence of CPT-violation.<a href="#cite_note-RPP-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutron_compounds">Neutron compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neutron compounds">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dineutrons_and_tetraneutrons">Dineutrons and tetraneutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dineutrons and tetraneutrons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dineutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dineutron">Dineutron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetraneutron" title="Tetraneutron">Tetraneutron</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dineutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dineutron">dineutron</a> is considered an unbound isotope with lifetimes around 10-22 seconds. The first evidence for this state was reported by Haddock et al. in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-ThoennessenReview-105">[105]</a>: 275  In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Spyrou" title="Artemis Spyrou">Artemis Spyrou</a> from Michigan State University and coworkers reported that they observed, for the first time, direct dineutron emission in the decay of 16Be. The dineutron character is evidenced by a small emission angle between the two neutrons. The authors measured the two-neutron separation energy to be 1.35(10) MeV, in good agreement with shell model calculations, using standard interactions for this mass region.<a href="#cite_note-Spyrou-106">[106]</a> Evidence for unbound clusters of 4 neutrons, or <a href="/wiki/Tetraneutron" title="Tetraneutron">tetraneutron</a> as resonances in the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>-14 nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> in 8He-8Be interactions,<a href="#cite_note-Kisamori-108">[108]</a> and collisions of 4He nuclei give an estimated lifetime around 10-22 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> These discoveries should deepen our understanding of the nuclear forces.<a href="#cite_note-sciencealert-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_stars_and_neutron_matter">Neutron stars and neutron matter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neutron stars and neutron matter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron matter">Neutron matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a></div> At extremely high pressures and temperatures, nucleons and electrons are believed to collapse into bulk neutronic matter, called <a href="/wiki/Neutron_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron matter">neutron matter</a>. This is presumed to happen in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The extreme pressure inside a neutron star may deform the neutrons into a cubic symmetry, allowing tighter packing of neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Detection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_detection" title="Neutron detection">Neutron detection</a></div> The common means of detecting a <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charged</a> <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">particle</a> by looking for a track of ionization (such as in a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a>) does not work for neutrons directly. Neutrons that elastically scatter off atoms can create an ionization track that is detectable, but the experiments are not as simple to carry out; other means for detecting neutrons, consisting of allowing them to interact with atomic nuclei, are more commonly used. The commonly used methods to detect neutrons can therefore be categorized according to the nuclear processes relied upon, mainly <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elastic_scattering" title="Elastic scattering">elastic scattering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_detection_by_neutron_capture">Neutron detection by neutron capture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Neutron detection by neutron capture">edit</a>]</div> A common method for detecting neutrons involves converting the energy released from <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> reactions into electrical signals. Certain nuclides have a high neutron capture <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>, which is the probability of absorbing a neutron. Upon neutron capture, the compound nucleus emits more easily detectable radiation, for example an alpha particle, which is then detected. The nuclides 3 He , 6 Li , 10 B , 233 U , 235 U , 237 Np , and 239 Pu are useful for this purpose. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_detection_by_elastic_scattering">Neutron detection by elastic scattering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Neutron detection by elastic scattering">edit</a>]</div> Neutrons can elastically scatter off nuclei, causing the struck nucleus to recoil. Kinematically, a neutron can transfer more energy to a light nucleus such as hydrogen or helium than to a heavier nucleus. Detectors relying on elastic scattering are called fast neutron detectors. Recoiling nuclei can ionize and excite further atoms through collisions. Charge and/or scintillation light produced in this way can be collected to produce a detected signal. A major challenge in fast neutron detection is discerning such signals from erroneous signals produced by gamma radiation in the same detector. Methods such as pulse shape discrimination can be used in distinguishing neutron signals from gamma-ray signals, although certain inorganic scintillator-based detectors have been developed <a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> to selectively detect neutrons in mixed radiation fields inherently without any additional techniques. Fast neutron detectors have the advantage of not requiring a moderator, and are therefore capable of measuring the neutron's energy, time of arrival, and in certain cases direction of incidence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_production">Sources and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources and production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">Neutron source</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron generator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">Research reactor</a></div> Free neutrons are unstable, although they have the longest half-life of any unstable subatomic particle by several orders of magnitude. Their half-life is still only about 10 minutes, so they can be obtained only from sources that produce them continuously. Natural neutron background. A small natural background flux of free neutrons exists everywhere on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NatNeu-117">[117]</a> In the atmosphere and deep into the ocean, the "neutron background" is caused by <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> interaction with the atmosphere. These high-energy muons are capable of penetration to considerable depths in water and soil. There, in striking atomic nuclei, among other reactions they induce spallation reactions in which a neutron is liberated from the nucleus. Within the Earth's crust a second source is neutrons produced primarily by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium present in crustal minerals. The neutron background is not strong enough to be a biological hazard, but it is of importance to very high resolution particle detectors that are looking for very rare events, such as (hypothesized) interactions that might be caused by particles of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatNeu-117">[117]</a> Recent research has shown that even thunderstorms can produce neutrons with energies of up to several tens of MeV.<a href="#cite_note-KohnEbert-118">[118]</a> Recent research has shown that the fluence of these neutrons lies between 10−9 and 10−13 per ms and per m2 depending on the detection altitude. The energy of most of these neutrons, even with initial energies of 20 MeV, decreases down to the keV range within 1 ms.<a href="#cite_note-KohnHarakeh-119">[119]</a> Even stronger neutron background radiation is produced at the surface of Mars, where the atmosphere is thick enough to generate neutrons from cosmic ray muon production and neutron-spallation, but not thick enough to provide significant protection from the neutrons produced. These neutrons not only produce a Martian surface neutron radiation hazard from direct downward-going neutron radiation but may also produce a significant hazard from reflection of neutrons from the Martian surface, which will produce reflected neutron radiation penetrating upward into a Martian craft or habitat from the floor.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Sources of neutrons for research. These include certain types of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a>), and from certain <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>. Convenient nuclear reactions include tabletop reactions such as natural alpha and gamma bombardment of certain nuclides, often beryllium or deuterium, and induced <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, such as occurs in nuclear reactors. In addition, high-energy nuclear reactions (such as occur in cosmic radiation showers or accelerator collisions) also produce neutrons from disintegration of target nuclei. Small (tabletop) <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> optimized to produce free neutrons in this way, are called <a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">neutron generators</a>. In practice, the most commonly used small laboratory sources of neutrons use radioactive decay to power neutron production. One noted neutron-producing <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>-252 decays (half-life 2.65 years) by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> 3% of the time with production of 3.7 neutrons per fission, and is used alone as a neutron source from this process. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">Nuclear reaction</a> sources (that involve two materials) powered by radioisotopes use an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> source plus a beryllium target, or else a source of high-energy gamma radiation from a source that undergoes <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">gamma decay</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Photoneutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoneutron">photoneutrons</a> on interaction of the high-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> with ordinary stable beryllium, or else with the <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>. A popular <a href="/wiki/Startup_neutron_source" title="Startup neutron source">source of the latter type</a> is radioactive <a href="/wiki/Antimony-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony-124">antimony-124</a> plus beryllium, a system with a half-life of 60.9 days, which can be constructed from natural antimony (which is 42.8% stable antimony-123) by activating it with neutrons in a nuclear reactor, then transported to where the neutron source is needed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_(ILL)_in_Grenoble,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg/220px-Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg/330px-Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg/440px-Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin_%28ILL%29_in_Grenoble%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a> (ILL) in Grenoble, France – a major neutron research facility</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear fission reactors</a> naturally produce free neutrons; their role is to sustain the energy-producing <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a>. The intense <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a> can also be used to produce various radioisotopes through the process of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a>, which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>. Experimental <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">nuclear fusion reactors</a> produce free neutrons as a waste product. But it is these neutrons that possess most of the energy and converting that energy to a useful form has proved a difficult engineering challenge. Fusion reactors that generate neutrons are likely to create radioactive waste, but the waste is composed of neutron-activated lighter isotopes, which have relatively short (50–100 years) decay periods as compared to typical half-lives of 10,000 years<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> for fission waste, which is long due primarily to the long half-life of alpha-emitting transuranic actinides.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion-fission_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear fusion-fission hybrid">nuclear fusion-fission hybrids</a> are proposed to make use of those neutrons to either maintain a <a href="/wiki/Subcritical_reactor" title="Subcritical reactor">subcritical reactor</a> or to aid in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a> of harmful long lived nuclear waste to shorter lived or stable nuclides. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_beams_and_modification_of_beams_after_production">Neutron beams and modification of beams after production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neutron beams and modification of beams after production">edit</a>]</div> Free neutron beams are obtained from <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron sources</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_transport" title="Neutron transport">neutron transport</a>. For access to intense neutron sources, researchers must go to a specialized <a href="/wiki/Neutron_research_facility" title="Neutron research facility">neutron facility</a> that operates a <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactor</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">spallation</a> source. The neutron's lack of total electric charge makes it difficult to steer or accelerate them. Charged particles can be accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>. These methods have little effect on neutrons. But some effects may be attained by use of inhomogeneous magnetic fields because of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_magnetic_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron magnetic moment">neutron's magnetic moment</a>. Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">reflection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutron-velocity_selector" title="Neutron-velocity selector">velocity selection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal neutrons</a> can be polarized by transmission through <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetic</a> materials in a method analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_effect" title="Faraday effect">Faraday effect</a> for <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>. Cold neutrons of wavelengths of 6–7 angstroms can be produced in beams of a high degree of polarization, by use of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_supermirror" title="Neutron supermirror">magnetic mirrors</a> and magnetized interference filters.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #cee0f2">Science with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">neutrons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_structure_neutron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/120px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/180px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/240px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cee0f2"> Foundations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Neutron temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">Flux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_transport" title="Neutron transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">Absorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cee0f2"> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Neutron scattering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Neutron diffraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-angle_neutron_scattering" title="Small-angle neutron scattering">Small-angle neutron scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing-incidence_small-angle_neutron_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering">GISANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflectometry" title="Neutron reflectometry">Reflectometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_neutron_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Inelastic neutron scattering">Inelastic neutron scattering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_triple-axis_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron triple-axis scattering">Triple-axis spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_time-of-flight_scattering" title="Neutron time-of-flight scattering">Time-of-flight spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_backscattering" title="Neutron backscattering">Backscattering spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_spin_echo" title="Neutron spin echo">Spin-echo spectrometer</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cee0f2"> Other applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_tomography" title="Neutron tomography">Neutron tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis" title="Neutron activation analysis">Activation analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prompt_gamma_neutron_activation_analysis" title="Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis">Prompt gamma activation analysis</a></li> <li>Fundamental research with neutrons: <a href="/wiki/Ultracold_neutrons" title="Ultracold neutrons">Ultracold neutrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_interferometer" title="Neutron interferometer">Interferometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast neutron therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cee0f2"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">Neutron sources</a>: <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">Research reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spallation" title="Spallation">Spallation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Neutron moderator</a></li> <li>Neutron optics: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermirror">Supermirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_detection" title="Neutron detection">Detection</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #cee0f2"> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron facilities">Neutron facilities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>America: <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">HFIR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Neutron_Science_Center" title="Los Alamos Neutron Science Center">LANSCE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nist.gov/ncnr/">NIST CNR</a> -<a href="/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source" title="Spallation Neutron Source">SNS</a></li> <li>Oceania: <a href="/wiki/Open-pool_Australian_lightwater_reactor" title="Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor">OPAL</a></li> <li>Asia: <a href="/wiki/J-PARC" title="J-PARC">J-PARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Flux_Advanced_Neutron_Application_Reactor" title="High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor">HANARO</a></li> <li>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz-Zentrum_Berlin" title="Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin">BER II</a>, <a href="/wiki/FRM_II" title="FRM II">FRM II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">ILL</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISIS_Neutron_and_Muon_Source" title="ISIS Neutron and Muon Source">ISIS Neutron and Muon Source</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute#Spallation_Neutron_Source_.28SINQ.29" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">SINQ</a></li> <li>Historic: <a href="/wiki/Intense_Pulsed_Neutron_Source" title="Intense Pulsed Neutron Source">IPNS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/HFBR_main.asp">HFBR</a></li> <li>Under construction: <a href="/wiki/European_Spallation_Source" title="European Spallation Source">ESS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_with_neutrons" title="Template:Science with neutrons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_with_neutrons" title="Template talk:Science with neutrons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_with_neutrons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science with neutrons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The neutron plays an important role in many nuclear reactions. For example, neutron capture often results in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a>, inducing <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. In particular, knowledge of neutrons and their behavior has been important in the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fissioning</a> of elements like <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> is caused by their absorption of neutrons. <a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Cold, thermal, and hot</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a> is commonly employed in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> facilities for <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small-angle_neutron_scattering" title="Small-angle neutron scattering">small-angle neutron scattering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflectometry" title="Neutron reflectometry">neutron reflectometry</a>. Slow neutron <a href="/wiki/Matter_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter waves">matter waves</a> exhibit properties similar to geometrical and wave optics of light, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.<a href="#cite_note-Klein_Werner_1983_pp._259–335-125">[125]</a> Neutrons are complementary to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> in terms of atomic contrasts by different scattering <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross sections</a>; sensitivity to magnetism; energy range for inelastic neutron spectroscopy; and deep penetration into matter. The development of "neutron lenses" based on total internal reflection within hollow glass capillary tubes or by reflection from dimpled aluminum plates has driven ongoing research into neutron microscopy and neutron/gamma ray tomography.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A major use of neutrons is to excite delayed and prompt <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> from elements in materials. This forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis" title="Neutron activation analysis">neutron activation analysis</a> (NAA) and <a href="/wiki/Prompt_gamma_neutron_activation_analysis" title="Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis">prompt gamma neutron activation analysis</a> (PGNAA). NAA is most often used to analyze small samples of materials in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> whilst PGNAA is most often used to analyze subterranean rocks around <a href="/wiki/Bore_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bore hole">bore holes</a> and industrial bulk materials on conveyor belts. Another use of neutron emitters is the detection of light nuclei, in particular the hydrogen found in water molecules. When a fast neutron collides with a light nucleus, it loses a large fraction of its energy. By measuring the rate at which slow neutrons return to the probe after reflecting off of hydrogen nuclei, a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_probe" title="Neutron probe">neutron probe</a> may determine the water content in soil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_therapies">Medical therapies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Medical therapies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast neutron therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></div> Because neutron radiation is both penetrating and ionizing, it can be exploited for medical treatments. However, neutron radiation can have the unfortunate side-effect of leaving the affected area radioactive. <a href="/wiki/Neutron_tomography" title="Neutron tomography">Neutron tomography</a> is therefore not a viable medical application. Fast neutron therapy uses high-energy neutrons typically greater than 20 MeV to treat cancer. <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a> of cancers is based upon the biological response of cells to ionizing radiation. If radiation is delivered in small sessions to damage cancerous areas, normal tissue will have time to repair itself, while tumor cells often cannot.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Neutron radiation can deliver energy to a cancerous region at a rate an order of magnitude larger than <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Beams of low-energy neutrons are used in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">boron neutron capture therapy</a> to treat cancer. In boron neutron capture therapy, the patient is given a drug that contains boron and that preferentially accumulates in the tumor to be targeted. The tumor is then bombarded with very low-energy neutrons (although often higher than thermal energy) which are captured by the <a href="/wiki/Boron-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-10">boron-10</a> isotope in the boron, which produces an excited state of boron-11 that then decays to produce <a href="/wiki/Lithium-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-7">lithium-7</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> that have sufficient energy to kill the malignant cell, but insufficient range to damage nearby cells. For such a therapy to be applied to the treatment of cancer, a neutron source having an intensity of the order of a thousand million (109) neutrons per second per cm2 is preferred. Such fluxes require a research nuclear reactor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection">Protection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Protection">edit</a>]</div> Exposure to free neutrons can be hazardous, since the interaction of neutrons with molecules in the body can cause disruption to <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, and can also cause reactions that give rise to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> (such as protons).<a href="#cite_note-ENW-7">[7]</a> The normal precautions of radiation protection apply: Avoid exposure, stay as far from the source as possible, and keep exposure time to a minimum. But particular thought must be given to how to protect from neutron exposure. For other types of radiation, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>, material of a high atomic number and with high density makes for good shielding; frequently, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is used. However, this approach will not work with neutrons, since the absorption of neutrons does not increase straightforwardly with atomic number, as it does with alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Instead, one needs to look at the particular interactions neutrons have with matter (see the section on detection above). For example, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-rich materials are often used to shield against neutrons, since ordinary hydrogen both scatters and slows neutrons. This often means that simple concrete blocks or even paraffin-loaded plastic blocks afford better protection from neutrons than do far more dense materials. After slowing, neutrons may then be absorbed with an isotope that has high affinity for slow neutrons without causing secondary capture radiation, such as lithium-6. Hydrogen-rich <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">ordinary water</a> effects neutron absorption in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> reactors: Usually, neutrons are so strongly absorbed by normal water that fuel enrichment with a fissionable isotope is required. (The number of neutrons produced per fission depends primarily on the fission products. The average is roughly 2.5 to 3.0 and at least one, on average, must evade capture in order to sustain the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>.) The <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> has a very much lower absorption affinity for neutrons than does protium (normal light hydrogen). Deuterium is, therefore, used in <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a>-type reactors, in order to slow (<a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderate</a>) neutron velocity, to increase the probability of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutron_temperature">Neutron temperature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Neutron temperature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Neutron temperature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_neutrons">Thermal neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Thermal neutrons">edit</a>]</div> Thermal neutrons are <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Free neutron">free neutrons</a> whose energies have a <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution" title="Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution">Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution</a> with kT = 0.0253 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> (4.0×10−21 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>) at room temperature. This gives characteristic (not average, or median) speed of 2.2 km/s. The name 'thermal' comes from their energy being that of the room temperature gas or material they are permeating. (see <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory</a> for energies and speeds of molecules). After a number of collisions (often in the range of 10–20) with nuclei, neutrons arrive at this energy level, provided that they are not absorbed. In many substances, thermal neutron reactions show a much larger effective cross-section than reactions involving faster neutrons, and thermal neutrons can therefore be absorbed more readily (i.e., with higher probability) by any <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> that they collide with, creating a heavier – and often <a href="/wiki/Unstable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstable isotope">unstable</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> as a result. Most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">fission reactors</a> use a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> to slow down, or thermalize, the neutrons that are emitted by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> so that they are more easily captured, causing further fission. Others, called <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder">fast breeder</a> reactors, use fission energy neutrons directly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_neutrons">Cold neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cold neutrons">edit</a>]</div> Cold neutrons are thermal neutrons that have been equilibrated in a very cold substance such as liquid <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>. Such a cold source is placed in the moderator of a research reactor or spallation source. Cold neutrons are particularly valuable for <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> experiments.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The use of cold and very cold neutrons (VCN) has been a bit limited compared to the use of thermal neutrons due to the relatively lower flux and lack in optical components. However, Innovative solutions have been proposed to offer more options to the scientific community to promote the use of VCN.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_Neutron_Source.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cold_Neutron_Source.jpg/350px-Cold_Neutron_Source.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cold_Neutron_Source.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Cold neutron source providing neutrons at about the temperature of liquid hydrogen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultracold_neutrons">Ultracold neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ultracold neutrons">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ultracold_neutrons" title="Ultracold neutrons">Ultracold neutrons</a> are produced by inelastic scattering of cold neutrons in substances with a low neutron absorption cross section at a temperature of a few kelvins, such as solid <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a><a href="#cite_note-psiucnsource-135">[135]</a> or superfluid <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucnheliumsource-136">[136]</a> An alternative production method is the mechanical deceleration of cold neutrons exploiting the Doppler shift.<a href="#cite_note-turbineconstruction-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-turbinespectrum-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fission_energy_neutrons">Fission energy neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fission energy neutrons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></div> A fast neutron is a free neutron with a kinetic energy level close to 1 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a> (1.6×10−13 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>), hence a speed of ~14000 km/s (~ 5% of the speed of light). They are named fission energy or fast neutrons to distinguish them from lower-energy thermal neutrons, and high-energy neutrons produced in cosmic showers or accelerators. Fast neutrons are produced by nuclear processes such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. Neutrons produced in fission, as noted above, have a <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution" title="Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution">Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution</a> of kinetic energies from 0 to ~14 MeV, a mean energy of 2 MeV (for 235U fission neutrons), and a <a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a> of only 0.75 MeV, which means that more than half of them do not qualify as fast (and thus have almost no chance of initiating fission in <a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">fertile materials</a>, such as 238U and 232Th). Fast neutrons can be made into thermal neutrons via a process called moderation. This is done with a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>. In reactors, typically <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> are used to moderate neutrons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion_neutrons">Fusion neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Fusion neutrons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusion_rxnrate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fusion_rxnrate.svg/300px-Fusion_rxnrate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fusion_rxnrate.svg/450px-Fusion_rxnrate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fusion_rxnrate.svg/600px-Fusion_rxnrate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The fusion reaction rate increases rapidly with temperature until it maximizes and then gradually drops off. The D–T rate peaks at a lower temperature (about 70 keV, or 800 million kelvins) and at a higher value than other reactions commonly considered for fusion energy.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion#Criteria_and_candidates_for_terrestrial_reactions" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion § Criteria and candidates for terrestrial reactions</a></div> D–T (<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>) fusion is the <a href="/wiki/Deuterium%E2%80%93tritium_fusion" title="Deuterium–tritium fusion">fusion reaction</a> that produces the most energetic neutrons, with 14.1 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> and traveling at 17% of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. D–T fusion is also the easiest fusion reaction to ignite, reaching near-peak rates even when the deuterium and tritium nuclei have only a thousandth as much kinetic energy as the 14.1 MeV that will be produced. 14.1 MeV neutrons have about 10 times as much energy as fission neutrons, and they are very effective at fissioning even non-<a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Actinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinides">heavy nuclei</a>. These high-energy fissions also produce more neutrons on average than fissions by lower-energy neutrons. D–T fusion neutron sources, such as proposed <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">tokamak</a> power reactors, are therefore useful for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</a> of transuranic waste. 14.1 MeV neutrons can also produce neutrons by <a href="/wiki/Spallation#Nuclear_spallation" title="Spallation">knocking them loose from nuclei</a>. On the other hand, these very high-energy neutrons are less likely to simply <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">be captured without causing fission or spallation</a>. For these reasons, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear weapon design</a> extensively uses D–T fusion 14.1 MeV neutrons to <a href="/wiki/Fusion_boosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion boosting">cause more fission</a>. Fusion neutrons are able to cause fission in ordinarily non-fissile materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> (uranium-238), and these materials have been used in the jackets of <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapons</a>. Fusion neutrons also can cause fission in substances that are unsuitable or difficult to make into primary fission bombs, such as <a href="/wiki/Reactor_grade_plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor grade plutonium">reactor grade plutonium</a>. This physical fact thus causes ordinary non-weapons grade materials to become of concern in certain <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> discussions and treaties. Other fusion reactions produce much less energetic neutrons. D–D fusion produces a 2.45 MeV neutron and <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> half of the time and produces <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> and a proton but no neutron the rest of the time. D–3He fusion produces no neutron. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate-energy_neutrons">Intermediate-energy neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Intermediate-energy neutrons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasahara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/300px-Sasahara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/450px-Sasahara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/600px-Sasahara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Transmutation flow in <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactor</a>, which is a thermal-spectrum reactor</figcaption></figure> A fission energy neutron that has slowed down but not yet reached thermal energies is called an epithermal neutron. <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">Cross sections</a> for both <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">capture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> reactions often have multiple <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> peaks at specific energies in the epithermal energy range. These are of less significance in a <a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron reactor</a>, where most neutrons are absorbed before slowing down to this range, or in a well-<a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderated</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal reactor">thermal reactor</a>, where epithermal neutrons interact mostly with moderator nuclei, not with either <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">fertile</a> <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> nuclides. But in a partially moderated reactor with more interactions of epithermal neutrons with heavy metal nuclei, there are greater possibilities for <a href="/wiki/Transient_state_(chemical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient state (chemical engineering)">transient</a> changes in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">reactivity</a> that might make reactor control more difficult. Ratios of capture reactions to fission reactions are also worse (more captures without fission) in most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>, making epithermal-spectrum reactors using these fuels less desirable, as captures not only waste the one neutron captured but also usually result in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> that is not <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> with thermal or epithermal neutrons, though still <a href="/wiki/Fissionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissionable">fissionable</a> with fast neutrons. The exception is <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thorium_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium cycle">thorium cycle</a>, which has good capture-fission ratios at all neutron energies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-energy_neutrons">High-energy neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: High-energy neutrons">edit</a>]</div> High-energy neutrons have much more energy than fission energy neutrons and are generated as secondary particles by <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> or in the atmosphere from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>. These high-energy neutrons are extremely efficient at <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> and far more likely to cause <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> death than <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> or protons.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neutrons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neutrons">Neutrons</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">List of particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sievert radiation scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutronium" title="Neutronium">Neutronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">Nuclear reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_nucleosynthesis" title="Neutron capture nucleosynthesis">Neutron capture nucleosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">S-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">Thermal-neutron reactor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_sources">Neutron sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Neutron sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">Neutron source</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processes_involving_neutrons">Processes involving neutrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Processes involving neutrons">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_bomb" title="Neutron bomb">Neutron bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Neutron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">Neutron flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_imaging" title="Neutron imaging">Neutron imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_transport" title="Neutron transport">Neutron transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_radionuclide_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenic radionuclide dating">Cosmogenic radionuclide dating</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chemed.chem.purdue.edu-1"><a href="#cite_ref-chemed.chem.purdue.edu_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/rutherford.html">Ernest Rutherford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803083616/http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/rutherford.html">Archived</a> 2011-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chemed.chem.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/">1935 Nobel Prize in Physics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030602/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/">Archived</a> 2017-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATA2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_3-1">b</a> "2018 CODATA recommended values" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122130230/https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_CODATA-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_4-5">f</a> Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/constants">"The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009032049/http://physics.nist.gov/constants">Archived</a> 2013-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Kotochigova" title="Svetlana Kotochigova">S. Kotochigova</a>. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899. </li> <li id="cite_note-PDG_Live:_2020_Review_of_Particle_Physics-5"><a href="#cite_ref-PDG_Live:_2020_Review_of_Particle_Physics_5-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZyla2020" class="citation web cs1">Zyla, P. A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S017T">"n MEAN LIFE"</a>. PDG Live: 2020 Review of Particle Physics. Particle Data Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117164505/https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S017T">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDG+Live%3A+2020+Review+of+Particle+Physics&rft.atitle=n+MEAN+LIFE&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Zyla&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdglive.lbl.gov%2FDataBlock.action%3Fnode%3DS017T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGLIVE-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDGLIVE_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDGLIVE_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlive(Particle_Data_Group)2014" class="citation journal cs1">Olive, K.A.; (Particle Data Group); et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review_of_Particle_Physics_2014.pdf">"Review of Particle Physics"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Physics_C" title="Chinese Physics C">Chinese Physics C</a>. 38 (9): 1–708. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.1408">1412.1408</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChPhC..38i0001O">2014ChPhC..38i0001O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F38%2F9%2F090001">10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10020536">10020536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118395784">118395784</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115825/http://scipp.ucsc.edu/%7Ehaber/pubs/Review_of_Particle_Physics_2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=Review+of+Particle+Physics&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-708&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118395784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ChPhC..38i0001O&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1412.1408&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10020536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F38%2F9%2F090001&rft.aulast=Olive&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.au=%28Particle+Data+Group%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscipp.ucsc.edu%2F%257Ehaber%2Fpubs%2FReview_of_Particle_Physics_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENW-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENW_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasstoneDolan1977" class="citation cs2">Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977), The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (3rd ed.), U.S. Dept. of Defense and Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60322-016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60322-016-3"><bdi>978-1-60322-016-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Defense+and+Energy+Research+and+Development+Administration%2C+U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-60322-016-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brucer-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brucer_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brucer_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrucer1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brucer, Marshall (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/19/6/581.full.pdf">"Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor"</a> (PDF). J. Nuclear Medicine. 19 (6): 581–598. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/351151">351151</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509183540/http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/19/6/581.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2024-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Medicine+Begins+with+a+Boa+Constrictor&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=581-598&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F351151&rft.aulast=Brucer&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnm.snmjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F19%2F6%2F581.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiancoli1984" class="citation book cs1">Giancoli, Douglas C. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalphysics00gian">General physics</a>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-350884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-350884-0"><bdi>978-0-13-350884-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033640549">1033640549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+physics&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033640549&rft.isbn=978-0-13-350884-0&rft.aulast=Giancoli&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralphysics00gian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, R. (1997). "An Element of Stability". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 278 (5338): 571–572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278..571S">1997Sci...278..571S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5338.571">10.1126/science.278.5338.571</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117946028">117946028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=An+Element+of+Stability&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=5338&rft.pages=571-572&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117946028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.278.5338.571&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Sci...278..571S&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2">Nudat 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817135107/http://www1.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">Archived</a> 2009-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nndc.bnl.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-04. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuc-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Nuc_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWeise2001" class="citation cs2">Thomas, A.W.; Weise, W. (2001), The Structure of the Nucleon, Wiley-WCH, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40297-7"><bdi>978-3-527-40297-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+the+Nucleon&rft.pub=Wiley-WCH%2C+Berlin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40297-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft.au=Weise%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greiner-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Greiner_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreinerMüller1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Greiner" title="Walter Greiner">Greiner, W.</a>; Müller, B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantummechanics0001grei">Quantum Mechanics: Symmetries</a> (2nd ed.). Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantummechanics0001grei/page/279">279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540580805" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540580805"><bdi>978-3540580805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics%3A+Symmetries&rft.pages=279&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3540580805&rft.aulast=Greiner&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquantummechanics0001grei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuclear_Energy-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nuclear_Energy_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nuclear_Energy_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%205/nuclear_energy.htm">"Nuclear Energy"</a>. Physics 250: Modern Physics. The University of Tennessee Department of Physics and Astronomy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220205637/http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%205/nuclear_energy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+250%3A+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectron6.phys.utk.edu%2Fphys250%2Fmodules%2Fmodule%25205%2Fnuclear_energy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> A 0.57 kg mass of fissionable material, such as uranium-235, can release an amount of energy equivalent to 10 metric kilotons of TNT. Fissionable material therefore has an energy density approximately 107 greater than this conventional explosive. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasdevantRichSpiro2005" class="citation book cs1">Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics: From Nuclear Structure to Cosmology. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-01672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-01672-6"><bdi>978-0-387-01672-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+in+Nuclear+Physics%3A+From+Nuclear+Structure+to+Cosmology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-387-01672-6&rft.aulast=Basdevant&rft.aufirst=J.-L.&rft.au=Rich%2C+J.&rft.au=Spiro%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loveland-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loveland_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loveland_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveland2005" class="citation book cs1">Loveland, W. D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAHJkrJlwbYC&pg=PA199">Modern Nuclear Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11532-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11532-8"><bdi>978-0-471-11532-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501202310/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAHJkrJlwbYC&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2024-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-11532-8&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAHJkrJlwbYC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/tables/bxxx.pdf">Particle Data Group Summary Data Table on Baryons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910125729/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/tables/bxxx.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. lbl.gov (2007). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais1993-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pais1993_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais1993_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais1993_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais1993_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Pais1991" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Pais (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrstimesi0000pais">Niels Bohr's Times: In Physics, Philosophy, and Polity</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852049-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852049-2"><bdi>0-19-852049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%27s+Times%3A+In+Physics%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Polity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-852049-2&rft.au=Abraham+Pais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrstimesi0000pais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Povh-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Povh_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovhRithScholzZetsche2002" class="citation book cs1">Povh, B.; Rith, K.; Scholz, C.; Zetsche, F. (2002). Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43823-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43823-6"><bdi>978-3-540-43823-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particles+and+Nuclei%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Physical+Concepts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-540-43823-6&rft.aulast=Povh&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Rith%2C+K.&rft.au=Scholz%2C+C.&rft.au=Zetsche%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basdevant2-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Basdevant2_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasdevant,_J.-L.Rich,_J.Spiro,_M.2005" class="citation book cs1">Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-01672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-01672-6"><bdi>978-0-387-01672-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+in+Nuclear+Physics&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-387-01672-6&rft.au=Basdevant%2C+J.-L.&rft.au=Rich%2C+J.&rft.au=Spiro%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ari-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ari_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArimotoGeltenbort2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arimoto, Y.; Geltenbort, S.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news-en/4964">"Demonstration of focusing by a neutron accelerator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_A" title="Physical Review A">Physical Review A</a>. 86 (2): 023843. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvA..86b3843A">2012PhRvA..86b3843A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.86.023843">10.1103/PhysRevA.86.023843</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118105137/http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news-en/4964">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+focusing+by+a+neutron+accelerator&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=023843&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.86.023843&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvA..86b3843A&rft.aulast=Arimoto&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Geltenbort%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fnews-en%2F4964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oku-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Oku_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuSuzuki2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oku, T.; Suzuki, J.; et al. (2007). "Highly polarized cold neutron beam obtained by using a quadrupole magnet". <a href="/wiki/Physica_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Physica B">Physica B</a>. 397 (1–2): 188–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhyB..397..188O">2007PhyB..397..188O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physb.2007.02.055">10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+B&rft.atitle=Highly+polarized+cold+neutron+beam+obtained+by+using+a+quadrupole+magnet&rft.volume=397&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=188-191&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physb.2007.02.055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhyB..397..188O&rft.aulast=Oku&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> R.L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog.Theor.Exp.Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022) and 2023 update. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pdg.lbl.gov/2023/listings/rpp2023-list-n.pdf">https://pdg.lbl.gov/2023/listings/rpp2023-list-n.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925091703/https://pdg.lbl.gov/2023/listings/rpp2023-list-n.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gives value of 878.4 ± 0.5s; half-life is not given. </li> <li id="cite_note-ByrneOverview-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ByrneOverview_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ByrneOverview_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2003" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, J (2003-12-09). "An Overview of Neutron Decay". In Abele, Hartmut; Mund, Daniela (eds.). Quark-Mixing, CKM-Unitarity. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0312124">hep-ph/0312124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Neutron+Decay&rft.btitle=Quark-Mixing%2C+CKM-Unitarity&rft.date=2003-12-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0312124&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LifetimeReview2011-26"><a href="#cite_ref-LifetimeReview2011_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWietfeldtGreene2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wietfeldt, Fred E.; Greene, Geoffrey L. (2011-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1173">"Colloquium : The neutron lifetime"</a>. Reviews of Modern Physics. 83 (4): 1173–1192. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011RvMP...83.1173W">2011RvMP...83.1173W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.83.1173">10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6861">0034-6861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Colloquium+%3A+The+neutron+lifetime&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1173-1192&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.issn=0034-6861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.83.1173&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011RvMP...83.1173W&rft.aulast=Wietfeldt&rft.aufirst=Fred+E.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Geoffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.83.1173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolchover-2018-02-13-Quanta-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolchover-2018-02-13-Quanta_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolchover2018" class="citation web cs1">Wolchover, Natalie (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/neutron-lifetime-puzzle-deepens-but-no-dark-matter-seen-20180213/">"Neutron lifetime puzzle deepens, but no dark matter seen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quanta_Magazine" title="Quanta Magazine">Quanta Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730080707/https://www.quantamagazine.org/neutron-lifetime-puzzle-deepens-but-no-dark-matter-seen-20180213/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=Neutron+lifetime+puzzle+deepens%2C+but+no+dark+matter+seen&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Wolchover&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fneutron-lifetime-puzzle-deepens-but-no-dark-matter-seen-20180213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/how-long-does-a-neutron-live">"How Long Does a Neutron Live?"</a>. California Institute of Technology. 2021-10-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013190528/https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/how-long-does-a-neutron-live">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=How+Long+Does+a+Neutron+Live%3F&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caltech.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fhow-long-does-a-neutron-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-2021-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-2021_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCNτ_CollaborationGonzalezFriesCude-Woods2021" class="citation journal cs1">UCNτ Collaboration; Gonzalez, F. M.; Fries, E. M.; Cude-Woods, C.; Bailey, T.; Blatnik, M.; Broussard, L. J.; Callahan, N. B.; Choi, J. H.; Clayton, S. M.; Currie, S. A. (2021-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438">"Improved Neutron Lifetime Measurement with UCNτ"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 127 (16): 162501. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10375">2106.10375</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvL.127p2501G">2021PhRvL.127p2501G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.127.162501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34723594">34723594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235490073">235490073</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401134040/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Improved+Neutron+Lifetime+Measurement+with+UCN%CF%84&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=162501&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235490073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PhRvL.127p2501G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2106.10375&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34723594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.127.162501&rft.au=UCN%CF%84+Collaboration&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Fries%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Cude-Woods%2C+C.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+T.&rft.au=Blatnik%2C+M.&rft.au=Broussard%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Callahan%2C+N.+B.&rft.au=Choi%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Clayton%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Currie%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpar.nsf.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F10304438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (2013-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/s150">"Discrepancy in Neutron Lifetime Still Unresolved"</a>. Physics. 6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhyOJ...6S.150.">2013PhyOJ...6S.150.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysics.6.s150">10.1103/Physics.6.s150</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818212949/https://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/s150">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2024-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics&rft.atitle=Discrepancy+in+Neutron+Lifetime+Still+Unresolved&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysics.6.s150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhyOJ...6S.150.&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.aps.org%2Farticles%2Fv6%2Fs150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-2005-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher-2005_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher-2005_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, BM; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852828">"Detecting the Radiative Decay Mode of the Neutron"</a>. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 110 (4): 421–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.110.064">10.6028/jres.110.064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852828">4852828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27308161">27308161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Res.+Natl.+Inst.+Stand.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Detecting+the+Radiative+Decay+Mode+of+the+Neutron&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=421-425&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4852828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27308161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2Fjres.110.064&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4852828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/19/pioneers102011/">Sir James Chadwick's Discovery of Neutrons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026055138/http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/19/pioneers102011/">Archived</a> 2011-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ANS Nuclear Cafe. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrne_NNM-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_NNM_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_NNM_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_NNM_33-2">c</a> Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486482383" title="Special:BookSources/0486482383">0486482383</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DysonI-34"><a href="#cite_ref-DysonI_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonLenard1967" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, F. J.; Lenard, A. (1967). "Stability of Matter. I". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 8 (3): 423–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967JMP.....8..423D">1967JMP.....8..423D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1705209">10.1063/1.1705209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Stability+of+Matter.+I&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-434&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1705209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967JMP.....8..423D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Lenard%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DysonII-35"><a href="#cite_ref-DysonII_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonLenard1968" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, F. J.; Lenard, A. (1968). "Stability of Matter. II". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 9 (5): 698–711. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JMP.....9..698L">1968JMP.....9..698L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1664631">10.1063/1.1664631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Stability+of+Matter.+II&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=698-711&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1664631&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968JMP.....9..698L&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Lenard%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (17 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-is-matter-stable/4013146.article">"Why is matter stable?"</a>. Chemistry World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508191013/https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/why-is-matter-stable/4013146.article">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&rft.atitle=Why+is+matter+stable%3F&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-is-matter-stable%2F4013146.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKie-37"><a href="#cite_ref-McKie_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2019" class="citation journal cs1">McKie, Robin (10 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/aug/10/most-important-isotope-how-carbon-14-revolutionised-science">"'Perhaps the most important isotope': how carbon-14 revolutionised science"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Perhaps+the+most+important+isotope%27%3A+how+carbon-14+revolutionised+science&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2Faug%2F10%2Fmost-important-isotope-how-carbon-14-revolutionised-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nova-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Nova_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/radiocarbonce.html">"Close Encounters (of the Cosmic Kind)"</a>. PBS: Nova Online. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS%3A+Nova+Online&rft.atitle=Close+Encounters+%28of+the+Cosmic+Kind%29&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ffirst%2Fradiocarbonce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottinghamGreenwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Cottingham, W.N.; Greenwood, D.A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000cott/page/40">An introduction to nuclear physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000cott/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31960-7"><bdi>978-0-521-31960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+nuclear+physics&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31960-7&rft.aulast=Cottingham&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontonu0000cott%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?25-02.pdf">"The Reines-Cowan Experiments: Detecting the Poltergeist"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science" title="Los Alamos Science">Los Alamos Science</a>. 25: 3. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221123519/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?25-02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2024-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.atitle=The+Reines-Cowan+Experiments%3A+Detecting+the+Poltergeist&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetfile%3F25-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1984" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, W.A. (1984). "The quest for the origin of the elements". Science. 226 (4677): 922–935. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...226..922F">1984Sci...226..922F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.226.4677.922">10.1126/science.226.4677.922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17737334">17737334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+the+origin+of+the+elements&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=4677&rft.pages=922-935&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17737334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.226.4677.922&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...226..922F&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cu-64-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cu-64_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cu-64_42-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnhb.fr/nuclides/Cu-64_tables.pdf">Atomic and Nuclear Data: Chapter 12 Cu-64 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502181344/http://www.lnhb.fr/nuclides/Cu-64_tables.pdf">Archived</a> 2024-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, 2011. Retrieved on 2024-05-01. </li> <li id="cite_note-Copper-64-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copper-64_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copper-64_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert" class="citation web cs1">Gilbert, Thomas R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaia.com/en-us/textbooks/chemistry/chemistry-the-science-in-context-5-edition/chapter-19/problem-20-copper-64-is-an-unusual-radionuclide-in-that-it-m/">"Problem 20: Copper-64 is an unusual radionuclide"</a>. Chemistry The Science in Context. Vaia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502182148/https://www.vaia.com/en-us/textbooks/chemistry/chemistry-the-science-in-context-5-edition/chapter-19/problem-20-copper-64-is-an-unusual-radionuclide-in-that-it-m/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+The+Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=Problem+20%3A+Copper-64+is+an+unusual+radionuclide&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaia.com%2Fen-us%2Ftextbooks%2Fchemistry%2Fchemistry-the-science-in-context-5-edition%2Fchapter-19%2Fproblem-20-copper-64-is-an-unusual-radionuclide-in-that-it-m%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair,_R.K.1989" class="citation book cs1">Adair, R.K. (1989). The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988gdpf.book.....A">1988gdpf.book.....A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Design%3A+Particles%2C+Fields%2C+and+Creation&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988gdpf.book.....A&rft.au=Adair%2C+R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cottingham-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Cottingham_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottingham,_W.N.Greenwood,_D.A.1986" class="citation book cs1">Cottingham, W.N.; Greenwood, D.A. (1986). An Introduction to Nuclear Physics. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521657334" title="Special:BookSources/9780521657334"><bdi>9780521657334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Nuclear+Physics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780521657334&rft.au=Cottingham%2C+W.N.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BakLec-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BakLec_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BakLec_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford,_E.1920" class="citation journal cs1">Rutherford, E. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1920.0040">"Nuclear Constitution of Atoms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>. 97 (686): 374–400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920RSPSA..97..374R">1920RSPSA..97..374R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1920.0040">10.1098/rspa.1920.0040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Constitution+of+Atoms&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=686&rft.pages=374-400&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1920.0040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920RSPSA..97..374R&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1920.0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkins1921" class="citation journal cs1">Harkins, William (1921). "The constitution and stability of atomic nuclei. (A contribution to the subject of inorganic evolution.)". Philos. Mag. 42 (249): 305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786442108633770">10.1080/14786442108633770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Mag.&rft.atitle=The+constitution+and+stability+of+atomic+nuclei.+%28A+contribution+to+the+subject+of+inorganic+evolution.%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=249&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786442108633770&rft.aulast=Harkins&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeathHist-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeathHist_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeathHist_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeather,_N.1960" class="citation journal cs1">Feather, N. (1960). "A history of neutrons and nuclei. Part 1". <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Physics" title="Contemporary Physics">Contemporary Physics</a>. 1 (3): 191–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960ConPh...1..191F">1960ConPh...1..191F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107516008202611">10.1080/00107516008202611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Physics&rft.atitle=A+history+of+neutrons+and+nuclei.+Part+1&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-203&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107516008202611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960ConPh...1..191F&rft.au=Feather%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauliHermannMeyennWeisskopff1985" class="citation book cs1">Pauli, Wolfgang; Hermann, A.; Meyenn, K.v; Weisskopff, V.F (1985). "Das Jahr 1932 die Entdeckung des Neutrons". Wolfgang Pauli. Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 6. pp. 105–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-78801-0_3">10.1007/978-3-540-78801-0_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-13609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-13609-5"><bdi>978-3-540-13609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Jahr+1932+die+Entdeckung+des+Neutrons&rft.btitle=Wolfgang+Pauli&rft.series=Sources+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pages=105-144&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-78801-0_3&rft.isbn=978-3-540-13609-5&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Hermann%2C+A.&rft.au=Meyenn%2C+K.v&rft.au=Weisskopff%2C+V.F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPT-50"><a href="#cite_ref-CPT_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendry1984" class="citation book cs1">Hendry, John, ed. (1984). Cambridge Physics in the Thirties. Bristol: Adam Hilger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852747612" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852747612"><bdi>978-0852747612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Physics+in+the+Thirties&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Adam+Hilger&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0852747612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Laurie M. (1978). "The idea of the neutrino". <a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a>. 31 (9): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhT....31i..23B">1978PhT....31i..23B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2995181">10.1063/1.2995181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121080564">121080564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=The+idea+of+the+neutrino&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121080564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2995181&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PhT....31i..23B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Laurie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FK-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FK_52-0">^</a> Friedlander G., Kennedy J.W. and Miller J.M. (1964) Nuclear and Radiochemistry (2nd edition), Wiley, pp. 22–23 and 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuewer-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuewer_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuewer_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuewer1985" class="citation book cs1">Stuewer, Roger H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00fren/page/197">"Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics"</a>. In French, A.P.; Kennedy, P.J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00fren/page/197">197–220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674624160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674624160"><bdi>978-0674624160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.pages=197-220&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0674624160&rft.aulast=Stuewer&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00fren%2Fpage%2F197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Pais_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1986" class="citation book cs1">Pais, Abraham (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0">Inward Bound</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0/page/299">299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198519973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198519973"><bdi>978-0198519973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Bound&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0198519973&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwardboundofmat00pais_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1929" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, O. (1929). "Die Reflexion von Elektronen an einem Potentialsprung nach der relativistischen Dynamik von Dirac". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 53 (3–4): 157–165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929ZPhy...53..157K">1929ZPhy...53..157K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01339716">10.1007/BF01339716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121771000">121771000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Die+Reflexion+von+Elektronen+an+einem+Potentialsprung+nach+der+relativistischen+Dynamik+von+Dirac&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=157-165&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121771000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01339716&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929ZPhy...53..157K&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotheBecker1930" class="citation journal cs1">Bothe, W.; Becker, H. (1930). "Künstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen" [Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-radiation]. <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 66 (5–6): 289–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930ZPhy...66..289B">1930ZPhy...66..289B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01390908">10.1007/BF01390908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122888356">122888356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=K%C3%BCnstliche+Erregung+von+Kern-%CE%B3-Strahlen&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=289-306&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122888356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01390908&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1930ZPhy...66..289B&rft.aulast=Bothe&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Becker%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerBothe1932" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, H.; Bothe, W. (1932). "Die in Bor und Beryllium erregten γ-Strahlen" [Γ-rays excited in boron and beryllium]. <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 76 (7–8): 421–438. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ZPhy...76..421B">1932ZPhy...76..421B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01336726">10.1007/BF01336726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121188471">121188471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Die+in+Bor+und+Beryllium+erregten+%CE%B3-Strahlen&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=421-438&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121188471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01336726&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932ZPhy...76..421B&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bothe%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoliot-Curie,_IrèneJoliot,_Frédéric1932" class="citation journal cs1">Joliot-Curie, Irène & Joliot, Frédéric (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3147&I=1236">"Émission de protons de grande vitesse par les substances hydrogénées sous l'influence des rayons γ très pénétrants"</a> [Emission of high-speed protons by hydrogenated substances under the influence of very penetrating γ-rays]. <a href="/wiki/Comptes_Rendus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes Rendus">Comptes Rendus</a>. 194: 273. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304054301/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3147&I=1236">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=%C3%89mission+de+protons+de+grande+vitesse+par+les+substances+hydrog%C3%A9n%C3%A9es+sous+l%27influence+des+rayons+%CE%B3+tr%C3%A8s+p%C3%A9n%C3%A9trants&rft.volume=194&rft.pages=273&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Joliot-Curie%2C+Ir%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Joliot%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FCadresFenetre%3FO%3DNUMM-3147%26I%3D1236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (1997). The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853992-6"><bdi>978-0-19-853992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neutron+and+the+Bomb%3A+A+Biography+of+Sir+James+Chadwick&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-853992-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chad1932-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Chad1932_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1932" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, James (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf">"Possible Existence of a Neutron"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 129 (3252): 312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129Q.312C">1932Natur.129Q.312C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129312a0">10.1038/129312a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4076465">4076465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208065844/https://web.mit.edu/22.54/resources/Chadwick.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Possible+Existence+of+a+Neutron&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3252&rft.pages=312&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4076465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F129312a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Natur.129Q.312C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F22.54%2Fresources%2FChadwick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM-61"><a href="#cite_ref-AM_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021094704/http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/sections/atop-physics-wave.html">"Atop the Physics Wave: Rutherford Back in Cambridge, 1919–1937"</a>. Rutherford's Nuclear World. American Institute of Physics. 2011–2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/sections/atop-physics-wave.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutherford%27s+Nuclear+World&rft.atitle=Atop+the+Physics+Wave%3A+Rutherford+Back+in+Cambridge%2C+1919%E2%80%931937&rft.date=2011%2F2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Frutherford%2Fsections%2Fatop-physics-wave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1933" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, J. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152">"Bakerian Lecture. The Neutron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>. 142 (846): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933RSPSA.142....1C">1933RSPSA.142....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152">10.1098/rspa.1933.0152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Bakerian+Lecture.+The+Neutron&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=846&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933RSPSA.142....1C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1933.0152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg1932" class="citation journal cs1">Heisenberg, W. (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 77 (1–2): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ZPhy...77....1H">1932ZPhy...77....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01342433">10.1007/BF01342433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186218053">186218053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Bau+der+Atomkerne.+I&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186218053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01342433&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932ZPhy...77....1H&rft.aulast=Heisenberg&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg1932" class="citation journal cs1">Heisenberg, W. (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 78 (3–4): 156–164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932ZPhy...78..156H">1932ZPhy...78..156H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01337585">10.1007/BF01337585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186221789">186221789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Bau+der+Atomkerne.+II&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=156-164&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186221789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01337585&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932ZPhy...78..156H&rft.aulast=Heisenberg&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg1933" class="citation journal cs1">Heisenberg, W. (1933). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. III". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. 80 (9–10): 587–596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933ZPhy...80..587H">1933ZPhy...80..587H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01335696">10.1007/BF01335696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126422047">126422047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Bau+der+Atomkerne.+III&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=587-596&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126422047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01335696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933ZPhy...80..587H&rft.aulast=Heisenberg&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwanenko1932" class="citation journal cs1">Iwanenko, D. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129798d0">"The Neutron Hypothesis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 129 (3265): 798. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129..798I">1932Natur.129..798I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129798d0">10.1038/129798d0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4096734">4096734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Neutron+Hypothesis&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3265&rft.pages=798&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4096734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F129798d0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Natur.129..798I&rft.aulast=Iwanenko&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F129798d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Miller A.I. (1995) Early Quantum Electrodynamics: A Sourcebook, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521568919" title="Special:BookSources/0521568919">0521568919</a>, pp. 84–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Fred L. (1968). "Fermi's Theory of Beta Decay". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a>. 36 (12): 1150–1160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968AmJPh..36.1150W">1968AmJPh..36.1150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1974382">10.1119/1.1974382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Fermi%27s+Theory+of+Beta+Decay&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1150-1160&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1974382&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968AmJPh..36.1150W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Fred+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickGoldhaber1934" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134237a0">"A nuclear photo-effect: disintegration of the diplon by gamma rays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 134 (3381): 237–238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Natur.134..237C">1934Natur.134..237C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134237a0">10.1038/134237a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4137231">4137231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+nuclear+photo-effect%3A+disintegration+of+the+diplon+by+gamma+rays&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3381&rft.pages=237-238&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4137231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F134237a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Natur.134..237C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Goldhaber%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F134237a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickGoldhaber1935" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162">"A nuclear photoelectric effect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A">Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A</a>. 151 (873): 479–493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935RSPSA.151..479C">1935RSPSA.151..479C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162">10.1098/rspa.1935.0162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A&rft.atitle=A+nuclear+photoelectric+effect&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=873&rft.pages=479-493&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0162&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935RSPSA.151..479C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Goldhaber%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1935.0162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1999" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Dan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JK94sqLFsNsC">Enrico Fermi: And the Revolutions in Modern physics</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511762-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511762-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511762-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39508200">39508200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enrico+Fermi%3A+And+the+Revolutions+in+Modern+physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39508200&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511762-2&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJK94sqLFsNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn,_O.Strassmann,_F.1939" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, O. & Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" [On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Naturwissenschaften">Die Naturwissenschaften</a>. 27 (1): 11–15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939NW.....27...11H">1939NW.....27...11H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01488241">10.1007/BF01488241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5920336">5920336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Nachweis+und+das+Verhalten+der+bei+der+Bestrahlung+des+Urans+mittels+Neutronen+entstehenden+Erdalkalimetalle&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5920336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01488241&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939NW.....27...11H&rft.au=Hahn%2C+O.&rft.au=Strassmann%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn_1958-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Hahn_1958_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1958" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, O. (1958). "The Discovery of Fission". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 198 (2): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958SciAm.198b..76H">1958SciAm.198b..76H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0258-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0258-76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Fission&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0258-76&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958SciAm.198b..76H&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRife,_Patricia1999" class="citation book cs1">Rife, Patricia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lisemeitnerdawno0000rife">Lise Meitner and the dawn of the nuclear age</a>. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3732-3"><bdi>978-0-8176-3732-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lise+Meitner+and+the+dawn+of+the+nuclear+age&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3732-3&rft.au=Rife%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flisemeitnerdawno0000rife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnStrassmann1939" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (10 February 1939). "Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from Uranium and Thorium Irradiated with Neutrons; Proof of the Existence of More Active Fragments Produced by Uranium Fission". <a href="/wiki/Die_Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Naturwissenschaften">Die Naturwissenschaften</a>. 27 (6): 89–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939NW.....27...89H">1939NW.....27...89H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01488988">10.1007/BF01488988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33512939">33512939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Proof+of+the+Formation+of+Active+Isotopes+of+Barium+from+Uranium+and+Thorium+Irradiated+with+Neutrons%3B+Proof+of+the+Existence+of+More+Active+Fragments+Produced+by+Uranium+Fission&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=1939-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33512939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01488988&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939NW.....27...89H&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Strassmann%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel1944-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel1944_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226102253/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1944/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2007-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1944&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1944%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein,_Jeremy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bernstein" title="Jeremy Bernstein">Bernstein, Jeremy</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/281">Hitler's uranium club: the secret recordings at Farm Hall</a>. New York: Copernicus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95089-1"><bdi>978-0-387-95089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+uranium+club%3A+the+secret+recordings+at+Farm+Hall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Copernicus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95089-1&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersuraniumcl00bern%2Fpage%2F281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NF-1944press-78"><a href="#cite_ref-NF-1944press_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944: Presentation Speech"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011452/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1944%3A+Presentation+Speech&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1944%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segre-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Segre_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segre_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmilio_Segrè1970" class="citation book cs1">Emilio Segrè (1970). Enrico Fermi: Physicist. University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-74472-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-74472-8"><bdi>0-226-74472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enrico+Fermi%3A+Physicist&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-226-74472-8&rft.au=Emilio+Segr%C3%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1986" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, GL; et al. (1986). "New determination of the deuteron binding energy and the neutron mass". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 56 (8): 819–822. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhRvL..56..819G">1986PhRvL..56..819G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.56.819">10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10033294">10033294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=New+determination+of+the+deuteron+binding+energy+and+the+neutron+mass&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=819-822&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10033294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.56.819&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PhRvL..56..819G&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrne-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Byrne2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Byrne (2011). Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An exploration of the physics of slow neutrons. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 28–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486482385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486482385"><bdi>978-0486482385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neutrons%2C+Nuclei+and+Matter%3A+An+exploration+of+the+physics+of+slow+neutrons&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pages=28-31&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0486482385&rft.au=J.+Byrne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesBurgy1949" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, D.J.; Burgy, M.T. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813204055/http://physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/EP/hughes_pr_76_1413_49.pdf">"Reflection and polarization of neutrons by magnetized mirrors"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 76 (9): 1413–1414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...76.1413H">1949PhRv...76.1413H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.1413">10.1103/PhysRev.76.1413</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/EP/hughes_pr_76_1413_49.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Reflection+and+polarization+of+neutrons+by+magnetized+mirrors&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1413-1414&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.1413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949PhRv...76.1413H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Burgy%2C+M.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.princeton.edu%2F~mcdonald%2Fexamples%2FEP%2Fhughes_pr_76_1413_49.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwoodStephensonBernstein1954" class="citation journal cs1">Sherwood, J.E.; Stephenson, T.E.; Bernstein, S. (1954). "Stern-Gerlach experiment on polarized neutrons". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 96 (6): 1546–1548. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...96.1546S">1954PhRv...96.1546S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1546">10.1103/PhysRev.96.1546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Stern-Gerlach+experiment+on+polarized+neutrons&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1546-1548&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...96.1546S&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+T.E.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bombaci-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Bombaci_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombaci1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bombaci, I. (1996). "The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star". <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>. 305: 871–877. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A&A...305..871B">1996A&A...305..871B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Maximum+Mass+of+a+Neutron+Star&rft.volume=305&rft.pages=871-877&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996A%26A...305..871B&rft.aulast=Bombaci&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezBloch1940" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez, L.W; Bloch, F. (1940). "A quantitative determination of the neutron magnetic moment in absolute nuclear magnetons". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 57 (2): 111–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PhRv...57..111A">1940PhRv...57..111A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrev.57.111">10.1103/physrev.57.111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=A+quantitative+determination+of+the+neutron+magnetic+moment+in+absolute+nuclear+magnetons&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-122&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrev.57.111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940PhRv...57..111A&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=L.W&rft.au=Bloch%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Llewellyn-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Llewellyn_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler,_Paul_AllenLlewellyn,_Ralph_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Paul Allen; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpU18JqcSNkC&pg=PA310">Modern Physics</a> (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4345-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-4345-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407104048/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpU18JqcSNkC&pg=PA310">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2020-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Physics&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4345-3&rft.au=Tipler%2C+Paul+Allen&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Ralph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpU18JqcSNkC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellLichtenberg1969" class="citation journal cs1">Gell, Y.; Lichtenberg, D.B. (1969). "Quark model and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron". <a href="/wiki/Il_Nuovo_Cimento_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Nuovo Cimento A">Il Nuovo Cimento A</a>. Series 10. 61 (1): 27–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NCimA..61...27G">1969NCimA..61...27G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02760010">10.1007/BF02760010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123822660">123822660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Nuovo+Cimento+A&rft.atitle=Quark+model+and+the+magnetic+moments+of+proton+and+neutron&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123822660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02760010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969NCimA..61...27G&rft.aulast=Gell&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lichtenberg%2C+D.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perk-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perk_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perk_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perk_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1982" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Donald H. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000perk/page/201">Introduction to High Energy Physics</a>. Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000perk/page/201">201–202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-05757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-05757-7"><bdi>978-0-201-05757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+High+Energy+Physics&rft.pages=201-202&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley%2C+Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-201-05757-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000perk%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2009" class="citation cs2">Greenberg, O.W. (2009), "Color Charge Degree of Freedom in Particle Physics", Compendium of Quantum Physics, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 109–111, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.0289">0805.0289</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_32">10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_32</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70622-9"><bdi>978-3-540-70622-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17512393">17512393</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color+Charge+Degree+of+Freedom+in+Particle+Physics&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0805.0289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17512393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_32&rft.isbn=978-3-540-70622-9&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=O.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beg-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Beg_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegLeePais1964" class="citation journal cs1">Beg, M.A.B.; Lee, B.W.; Pais, A. (1964). "SU(6) and electromagnetic interactions". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 13 (16): 514–517, erratum 650. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRvL..13..514B">1964PhRvL..13..514B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.13.514">10.1103/physrevlett.13.514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=SU%286%29+and+electromagnetic+interactions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=514-517%2C+erratum+650&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.13.514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRvL..13..514B&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=M.A.B.&rft.au=Lee%2C+B.W.&rft.au=Pais%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakita-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakita_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakita1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sakita, B. (1964). "Electromagnetic properties of baryons in the supermultiplet scheme of elementary particles". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 13 (21): 643–646. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRvL..13..643S">1964PhRvL..13..643S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.13.643">10.1103/physrevlett.13.643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+properties+of+baryons+in+the+supermultiplet+scheme+of+elementary+particles&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=643-646&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.13.643&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRvL..13..643S&rft.aulast=Sakita&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mass-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho2010" class="citation web cs1">Cho, Adrian (2 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/mass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down">"Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down"</a>. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827120227/http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2010/04/mass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mass+of+the+Common+Quark+Finally+Nailed+Down&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fmass-common-quark-finally-nailed-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilczek-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilczek_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics/news/physicsatmit/physicsatmit_03_wilczek_originofmass.pdf">"The Origin of Mass"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Physics_Annual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Physics Annual (page does not exist)">MIT Physics Annual</a>: 24–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620011542/http://web.mit.edu/physics/news/physicsatmit/physicsatmit_03_wilczek_originofmass.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Physics+Annual&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Mass&rft.pages=24-35&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fnews%2Fphysicsatmit%2Fphysicsatmit_03_wilczek_originofmass.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJi1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ji, Xiangdong (1995). "A QCD Analysis of the Mass Structure of the Nucleon". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 74 (7): 1071–1074. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9410274">hep-ph/9410274</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvL..74.1071J">1995PhRvL..74.1071J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.1071">10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10058927">10058927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15148740">15148740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=A+QCD+Analysis+of+the+Mass+Structure+of+the+Nucleon&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1071-1074&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15148740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvL..74.1071J&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9410274&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10058927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.74.1071&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Xiangdong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinelliParisiPetronzioRapuano1982" class="citation journal cs1">Martinelli, G.; Parisi, G.; Petronzio, R.; Rapuano, F. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/138281/files/198207343.pdf">"The proton and neutron magnetic moments in lattice QCD"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Physics_Letters_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics Letters B">Physics Letters B</a>. 116 (6): 434–436. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhLB..116..434M">1982PhLB..116..434M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2882%2990162-9">10.1016/0370-2693(82)90162-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420144400/https://cds.cern.ch/record/138281/files/198207343.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2019-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=The+proton+and+neutron+magnetic+moments+in+lattice+QCD&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=434-436&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2882%2990162-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PhLB..116..434M&rft.aulast=Martinelli&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Parisi%2C+G.&rft.au=Petronzio%2C+R.&rft.au=Rapuano%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F138281%2Ffiles%2F198207343.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagMom-96"><a href="#cite_ref-MagMom_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincade2015" class="citation web cs1">Kincade, Kathy (2 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2015-02-magnetic-moments-nuclear.html">"Pinpointing the magnetic moments of nuclear matter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502123656/http://phys.org/news/2015-02-magnetic-moments-nuclear.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Pinpointing+the+magnetic+moments+of+nuclear+matter&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.aulast=Kincade&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-02-magnetic-moments-nuclear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_G.A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, G.A. (2007). "Charge Densities of the Neutron and Proton". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 99 (11): 112001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.2409">0705.2409</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..99k2001M">2007PhRvL..99k2001M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.99.112001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.112001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17930428">17930428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119120565">119120565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Charge+Densities+of+the+Neutron+and+Proton&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=112001&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119120565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhRvL..99k2001M&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0705.2409&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17930428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.99.112001&rft.au=Miller%2C+G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sussex-98"><a href="#cite_ref-sussex_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/media/media537.shtml">"Pear-shaped particles probe big-bang mystery"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>. 20 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607140456/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/media/media537.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pear-shaped+particles+probe+big-bang+mystery&rft.pub=University+of+Sussex&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fpress_office%2Fmedia%2Fmedia537.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/EDM/index_files/CryoEDM.htm">A cryogenic experiment to search for the EDM of the neutron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216171059/http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/EDM/index_files/CryoEDM.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hepwww.rl.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nedm.web.psi.ch/">Search for the neutron electric dipole moment at PSI: The n2EDM Project of the nEDM collaboration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151115/http://nedm.web.psi.ch/">Archived</a> 2015-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nedm.web.psi.ch (2001-09-12). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.ornl.gov/nedm/">US nEDM ORNL experiment public page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430055915/http://www.phy.ornl.gov/nedm">Archived</a> 2017-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 2017-02-08. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p25ext.lanl.gov/edm/edm.html">SNS Neutron EDM Experiment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210021529/http://p25ext.lanl.gov/edm/edm.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. P25ext.lanl.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrd.pnpi.spb.ru/LabSereb/neutronedm.htm">Measurement of the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823110347/http://nrd.pnpi.spb.ru/LabSereb/neutronedm.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nrd.pnpi.spb.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-RPP-104"><a href="#cite_ref-RPP_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura, K (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F37%2F7A%2F075021">"Review of Particle Physics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics_G" title="Journal of Physics G">Journal of Physics G</a>. 37 (7A): 1–708. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhG...37g5021N">2010JPhG...37g5021N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F37%2F7A%2F075021">10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F34593">10481/34593</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10020536">10020536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+G&rft.atitle=Review+of+Particle+Physics&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7A&rft.pages=1-708&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F34593&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10020536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F37%2F7A%2F075021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JPhG...37g5021N&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0954-3899%252F37%252F7A%252F075021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2011/listings/rpp2011-list-n.pdf">PDF with 2011 partial update for the 2012 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920183244/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2011/listings/rpp2011-list-n.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The exact value of the mean lifetime is still uncertain, due to conflicting results from experiments. The Particle Data Group reports values up to six seconds apart (more than four standard deviations), commenting that "our 2006, 2008, and 2010 Reviews stayed with 885.7±0.8 s; but we noted that in light of SEREBROV 05 our value should be regarded as suspect until further experiments clarified matters. Since our 2010 Review, PICHLMAIER 10 has obtained a mean life of 880.7±1.8 s, closer to the value of SEREBROV 05 than to our average. And SEREBROV 10B[...] claims their values should be lowered by about 6 s, which would bring them into line with the two lower values. But those re-evaluations have not received an enthusiastic response from the experimenters in question; and in any case the Particle Data Group would have to await published changes (by those experimenters) of published values. At this point, we can think of nothing better to do than to average the seven best but discordant measurements, getting 881.5±1.5 s. Note that the error includes a scale factor of 2.7. This is a jump of 4.2 old (and 2.8 new) standard deviations. This state of affairs is a particularly unhappy one, because the value is so important. We again call upon the experimenters to clear this up." </li> <li id="cite_note-ThoennessenReview-105"><a href="#cite_ref-ThoennessenReview_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoennessen2016" class="citation book cs1">Thoennessen, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-31763-2_16">"Unbound Isotopes"</a>. The Discovery of Isotopes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 275–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-31763-2_16">10.1007/978-3-319-31763-2_16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31761-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31761-8"><bdi>978-3-319-31761-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512232101/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31763-2_16">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unbound+Isotopes&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Isotopes&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=275-291&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31763-2_16&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31761-8&rft.aulast=Thoennessen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31763-2_16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spyrou-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Spyrou_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpyrou2012" class="citation journal cs1">Spyrou, A.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.102501">"First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay: 16Be"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 108 (10): 102501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvL.108j2501S">2012PhRvL.108j2501S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.102501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.102501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22463404">22463404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=First+Observation+of+Ground+State+Dineutron+Decay%3A+16Be&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=102501&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22463404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.102501&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvL.108j2501S&rft.aulast=Spyrou&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.108.102501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquésLabicheOrrAngélique2002" class="citation journal cs1">Marqués, F. M.; Labiche, M.; Orr, N. A.; Angélique, J. C.; Axelsson, L.; Benoit, B.; Bergmann, U. C.; Borge, M. J. G.; Catford, W. N.; Chappell, S. P. G.; Clarke, N. M.; Costa, G.; Curtis, N.; D’Arrigo, A.; de Góes Brennand, E. (2002-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevC.65.044006">"Detection of neutron clusters"</a>. Physical Review C. 65 (4): 044006. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0111001">nucl-ex/0111001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvC..65d4006M">2002PhRvC..65d4006M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.65.044006">10.1103/PhysRevC.65.044006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2813">0556-2813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37431352">37431352</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512232054/https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.65.044006">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Detection+of+neutron+clusters&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=044006&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37431352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvC..65d4006M&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fnucl-ex%2F0111001&rft.issn=0556-2813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.65.044006&rft.aulast=Marqu%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rft.au=Labiche%2C+M.&rft.au=Orr%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Ang%C3%A9lique%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+L.&rft.au=Benoit%2C+B.&rft.au=Bergmann%2C+U.+C.&rft.au=Borge%2C+M.+J.+G.&rft.au=Catford%2C+W.+N.&rft.au=Chappell%2C+S.+P.+G.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=Costa%2C+G.&rft.au=Curtis%2C+N.&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Arrigo%2C+A.&rft.au=de+G%C3%B3es+Brennand%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.65.044006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisamori-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Kisamori_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisamori2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kisamori, K.; et al. (2016). "Candidate Resonant Tetraneutron State Populated by the He4(He8,Be8) Reaction". <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 116 (5): 052501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116e2501K">2016PhRvL.116e2501K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.052501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.052501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26894705">26894705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Candidate+Resonant+Tetraneutron+State+Populated+by+the+He4%28He8%2CBe8%29+Reaction&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=052501&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26894705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.052501&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhRvL.116e2501K&rft.aulast=Kisamori&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuerAumannGernhäuserPanin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Duer, M.; Aumann, T.; Gernhäuser, R.; Panin, V.; Paschalis, S.; Rossi, D. M.; Achouri, N. L.; Ahn, D.; Baba, H.; Bertulani, C. A.; Böhmer, M.; Boretzky, K.; Caesar, C.; Chiga, N.; Corsi, A. (2022-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9217746">"Observation of a correlated free four-neutron system"</a>. Nature. 606 (7915): 678–682. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.606..678D">2022Natur.606..678D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04827-6">10.1038/s41586-022-04827-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9217746">9217746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732764">35732764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Observation+of+a+correlated+free+four-neutron+system&rft.volume=606&rft.issue=7915&rft.pages=678-682&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9217746%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.606..678D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35732764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04827-6&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Duer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Aumann%2C+T.&rft.au=Gernh%C3%A4user%2C+R.&rft.au=Panin%2C+V.&rft.au=Paschalis%2C+S.&rft.au=Rossi%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Achouri%2C+N.+L.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+D.&rft.au=Baba%2C+H.&rft.au=Bertulani%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=B%C3%B6hmer%2C+M.&rft.au=Boretzky%2C+K.&rft.au=Caesar%2C+C.&rft.au=Chiga%2C+N.&rft.au=Corsi%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9217746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencealert-110"><a href="#cite_ref-sciencealert_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/physicists-find-signs-four-neutron-nucleus">"Physicists find signs of four-neutron nucleus"</a>. 2016-02-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729030228/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/physicists-find-signs-four-neutron-nucleus">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physicists+find+signs+of+four-neutron+nucleus&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fphysicists-find-signs-four-neutron-nucleus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2016" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Nigel (2016-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysics.9.14">"Can Four Neutrons Tango?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physics_(American_Physical_Society_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics (American Physical Society magazine)">Physics</a>. 9: 14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhyOJ...9...14O">2016PhyOJ...9...14O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysics.9.14">10.1103/Physics.9.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics&rft.atitle=Can+Four+Neutrons+Tango%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysics.9.14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhyOJ...9...14O&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysics.9.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandolfiGezerlisCarlson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gandolfi, Stefano; Gezerlis, Alexandros; Carlson, J. (2015-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-021957">"Neutron Matter from Low to High Density"</a>. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 65 (1): 303–328. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05675">1501.05675</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ARNPS..65..303G">2015ARNPS..65..303G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-102014-021957">10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-021957</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-8998">0163-8998</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614180255/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-021957">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2024-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nuclear+and+Particle+Science&rft.atitle=Neutron+Matter+from+Low+to+High+Density&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=303-328&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1501.05675&rft.issn=0163-8998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-102014-021957&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ARNPS..65..303G&rft.aulast=Gandolfi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Gezerlis%2C+Alexandros&rft.au=Carlson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-nucl-102014-021957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlanes-EstradaMoreno_Navarro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.; Moreno Navarro, Gaspar (2012). "Cubic neutrons". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Physics_Letters_A" title="Modern Physics Letters A">Modern Physics Letters A</a>. 27 (6): 1250033–1–1250033–7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.1859">1108.1859</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MPLA...2750033L">2012MPLA...2750033L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217732312500332">10.1142/S0217732312500332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118407306">118407306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=Cubic+neutrons&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1250033-1-1250033-7&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1108.1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118407306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0217732312500332&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MPLA...2750033L&rft.aulast=Llanes-Estrada&rft.aufirst=Felipe+J.&rft.au=Moreno+Navarro%2C+Gaspar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoll,_Glenn_F.1979" class="citation book cs1">Knoll, Glenn F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiationdetecti00knol_0">"Ch. 14"</a>. Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471495451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471495451"><bdi>978-0471495451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+14&rft.btitle=Radiation+Detection+and+Measurement&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0471495451&rft.au=Knoll%2C+Glenn+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiationdetecti00knol_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshW._FuM._J._HarrisonP._K._Doyle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, P.; W. Fu; M. J. Harrison; P. K. Doyle; N. S. Edwards; J. A. Roberts; D. S. McGregor (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2018.07.035">"A high-efficiency, low-Ĉerenkov Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector for the TREAT hodoscope"</a>. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 904: 100–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.904..100G">2018NIMPA.904..100G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2018.07.035">10.1016/j.nima.2018.07.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126130994">126130994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Instruments+and+Methods+in+Physics+Research+Section+A&rft.atitle=A+high-efficiency%2C+low-%C4%88erenkov+Micro-Layered+Fast-Neutron+Detector+for+the+TREAT+hodoscope&rft.volume=904&rft.pages=100-106&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126130994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nima.2018.07.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NIMPA.904..100G&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=W.+Fu&rft.au=M.+J.+Harrison&rft.au=P.+K.+Doyle&rft.au=N.+S.+Edwards&rft.au=J.+A.+Roberts&rft.au=D.+S.+McGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nima.2018.07.035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshD._M._NicholsW._FuJ._A._Roberts2019" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, P.; D. M. Nichols; W. Fu; J. A. Roberts; D. S. McGregor (2019). "Gamma-Ray Rejection of the SiPM-coupled Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector". 2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FNSS%2FMIC42101.2019.9059869">10.1109/NSS/MIC42101.2019.9059869</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-4164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-4164-0"><bdi>978-1-7281-4164-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204877955">204877955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gamma-Ray+Rejection+of+the+SiPM-coupled+Micro-Layered+Fast-Neutron+Detector&rft.btitle=2019+IEEE+Nuclear+Science+Symposium+and+Medical+Imaging+Conference+%28NSS%2FMIC%29&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204877955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FNSS%2FMIC42101.2019.9059869&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-4164-0&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=D.+M.+Nichols&rft.au=W.+Fu&rft.au=J.+A.+Roberts&rft.au=D.+S.+McGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatNeu-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatNeu_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatNeu_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson,_M.J.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, M.J.; et al. (2004). "Neutron background in large-scale xenon detectors for dark matter searches". <a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_Physics_(journal)" title="Astroparticle Physics (journal)">Astroparticle Physics</a>. 21 (6): 667–687. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0404042">hep-ex/0404042</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APh....21..667C">2004APh....21..667C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.astropartphys.2004.05.001">10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17887096">17887096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astroparticle+Physics&rft.atitle=Neutron+background+in+large-scale+xenon+detectors+for+dark+matter+searches&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=667-687&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F0404042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17887096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.astropartphys.2004.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004APh....21..667C&rft.au=Carson%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KohnEbert-118"><a href="#cite_ref-KohnEbert_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhnEbert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Köhn, C.; <a href="/wiki/Ute_Ebert" title="Ute Ebert">Ebert, U.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/23845/23845D.pdf">"Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons and protons associated with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research:_Atmospheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</a>. 23 (4): 1620–1635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..120.1620K">2015JGRD..120.1620K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014JD022229">10.1002/2014JD022229</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223070457/https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/23845/23845D.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Calculation+of+beams+of+positrons%2C+neutrons+and+protons+associated+with+terrestrial+gamma-ray+flashes&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1620-1635&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2014JD022229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JGRD..120.1620K&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hn&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Ebert%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.cwi.nl%2Fpub%2F23845%2F23845D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KohnHarakeh-119"><a href="#cite_ref-KohnHarakeh_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhnDinizHarakeh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Köhn, C.; Diniz, G.; Harakeh, Muhsin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349290">"Production mechanisms of leptons, photons, and hadrons and their possible feedback close to lightning leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research:_Atmospheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</a>. 122 (2): 1365–1383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.1365K">2017JGRD..122.1365K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JD025445">10.1002/2016JD025445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349290">5349290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28357174">28357174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Production+mechanisms+of+leptons%2C+photons%2C+and+hadrons+and+their+possible+feedback+close+to+lightning+leaders&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1365-1383&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5349290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28357174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016JD025445&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JGRD..122.1365K&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hn&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Diniz%2C+G.&rft.au=Harakeh%2C+Muhsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5349290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClowdsleyWilsonKimSingleterry2001" class="citation journal cs1">Clowdsley, MS; Wilson, JW; Kim, MH; Singleterry, RC; Tripathi, RK; Heinbockel, JH; Badavi, FF; Shinn, JL (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225054811/http://www.physicamedica.com/VOLXVII_S1/20-CLOWDSLEY%20et%20alii.pdf">"Neutron Environments on the Martian Surface"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physica_Medica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physica Medica (page does not exist)">Physica Medica</a>. 17 (Suppl 1): 94–96. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11770546">11770546</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicamedica.com/VOLXVII_S1/20-CLOWDSLEY%20et%20alii.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2005-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Medica&rft.atitle=Neutron+Environments+on+the+Martian+Surface&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=94-96&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11770546&rft.aulast=Clowdsley&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Wilson%2C+JW&rft.au=Kim%2C+MH&rft.au=Singleterry%2C+RC&rft.au=Tripathi%2C+RK&rft.au=Heinbockel%2C+JH&rft.au=Badavi%2C+FF&rft.au=Shinn%2C+JL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicamedica.com%2FVOLXVII_S1%2F20-CLOWDSLEY%2520et%2520alii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486482383" title="Special:BookSources/0486482383">0486482383</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214215448/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/lithosphere/labs/lab12/radioisotope_tutorial.html">"Isotopes and Radioactivity Tutorial"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/lithosphere/labs/lab12/radioisotope_tutorial.html">the original</a> on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2020-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isotopes+and+Radioactivity+Tutorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feesc.columbia.edu%2Fcourses%2Fees%2Flithosphere%2Flabs%2Flab12%2Fradioisotope_tutorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4627237.stm">Science/Nature |Q&A: Nuclear fusion reactor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225092021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4627237.stm">Archived</a> 2022-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News (2006-02-06). Retrieved on 2010-12-04. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486482383" title="Special:BookSources/0486482383">0486482383</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein_Werner_1983_pp._259–335-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_Werner_1983_pp._259–335_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinWerner1983" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, A G; Werner, S A (1983-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231072989">"Neutron optics"</a>. Reports on Progress in Physics. 46 (3). IOP Publishing: 259–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F46%2F3%2F001">10.1088/0034-4885/46/3/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4885">0034-4885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250903152">250903152</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512232101/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231072989_4_Neutron_Optics">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2023-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Neutron+optics&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-335&rft.date=1983-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250903152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-4885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F46%2F3%2F001&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=A+G&rft.au=Werner%2C+S+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231072989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumakhovSharov,_V.A.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kumakhov, M.A.; Sharov, V.A. (1992). "A neutron lens". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 357 (6377): 390–391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..390K">1992Natur.357..390K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F357390a0">10.1038/357390a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37062511">37062511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+neutron+lens&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=6377&rft.pages=390-391&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37062511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F357390a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Natur.357..390K&rft.aulast=Kumakhov&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Sharov%2C+V.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news599.html">Physorg.com, "New Way of 'Seeing': A 'Neutron Microscope'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124122838/http://www.physorg.com/news599.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Physorg.com (2004-07-30). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/nuggets.html">"NASA Develops a Nugget to Search for Life in Space"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308200231/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/nuggets.html">Archived</a> 2014-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NASA.gov (2007-11-30). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffeDabagovKumakhov1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ioffe, A.; Dabagov, S.; Kumakhov, M. (1995-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10448639508217696">"Effective neutron bending at large angles"</a>. Neutron News. 6 (3): 20–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10448639508217696">10.1080/10448639508217696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1044-8632">1044-8632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neutron+News&rft.atitle=Effective+neutron+bending+at+large+angles&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10448639508217696&rft.issn=1044-8632&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Dabagov%2C+S.&rft.au=Kumakhov%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10448639508217696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Eric J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43854159">Radiobiology for the radiologist</a> (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-2649-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-2649-2"><bdi>0-7817-2649-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43854159">43854159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512232112/https://search.worldcat.org/title/43854159">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2023-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiobiology+for+the+radiologist&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43854159&rft.isbn=0-7817-2649-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43854159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Johns HE and Cunningham JR (1978). The Physics of Radiology. Charles C Thomas 3rd edition </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbrian.maranville@nist.gov2017" class="citation journal cs1">brian.maranville@nist.gov (2017-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/how-neutrons-are-useful">"How neutrons are useful"</a>. NIST. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125082444/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/how-neutrons-are-useful">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2021-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=How+neutrons+are+useful&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.au=brian.maranville%40nist.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fncnr%2Fhow-neutrons-are-useful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE_HaddenY_IsoA_KumeK_Umemoto2022" class="citation journal cs1">E Hadden; Y Iso; A Kume; K Umemoto; T Jenke; M Fally; J Klepp; Y Tomita (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.26033.04963">"Highly efficient holographic optical elements for cold neutron experiments"</a>. ResearchGate. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26033.04963">10.13140/RG.2.2.26033.04963</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512232159/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363272925_HIGHLY_EFFICIENT_HOLOGRAPHIC_OPTICAL_ELEMENTS_FOR_COLD_NEUTRON_EXPERIMENTS?channel=doi&linkId=6315e5c75eed5e4bd14b8c9d&showFulltext=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2022-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Highly+efficient+holographic+optical+elements+for+cold+neutron+experiments&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26033.04963&rft.au=E+Hadden&rft.au=Y+Iso&rft.au=A+Kume&rft.au=K+Umemoto&rft.au=T+Jenke&rft.au=M+Fally&rft.au=J+Klepp&rft.au=Y+Tomita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frgdoi.net%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26033.04963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddenIsoKumeUmemoto2022" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Elhoucine; Iso, Yuko; Kume, Atsushi; Umemoto, Koichi; Jenke, Tobias; Fally, Martin; Klepp, Jürgen; Tomita, Yasuo (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/12151/1215109/Nanodiamond-based-nanoparticle-polymer-composite-gratings-with-extremely-large-neutron/10.1117/12.2623661.full">"Nanodiamond-based nanoparticle-polymer composite gratings with extremely large neutron refractive index modulation"</a>. In McLeod, Robert R; Tomita, Yasuo; Sheridan, John T; Pascual Villalobos, Inmaculada (eds.). Photosensitive Materials and their Applications II. Vol. 12151. SPIE. pp. 70–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SPIE12151E..09H">2022SPIE12151E..09H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.2623661">10.1117/12.2623661</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781510651784" title="Special:BookSources/9781510651784"><bdi>9781510651784</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249056691">249056691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nanodiamond-based+nanoparticle-polymer+composite+gratings+with+extremely+large+neutron+refractive+index+modulation&rft.btitle=Photosensitive+Materials+and+their+Applications+II&rft.pages=70-76&rft.pub=SPIE&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2623661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249056691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SPIE12151E..09H&rft.isbn=9781510651784&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=Elhoucine&rft.au=Iso%2C+Yuko&rft.au=Kume%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Umemoto%2C+Koichi&rft.au=Jenke%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Fally%2C+Martin&rft.au=Klepp%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Tomita%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiedigitallibrary.org%2Fconference-proceedings-of-spie%2F12151%2F1215109%2FNanodiamond-based-nanoparticle-polymer-composite-gratings-with-extremely-large-neutron%2F10.1117%2F12.2623661.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psiucnsource-135"><a href="#cite_ref-psiucnsource_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Lauss2012" class="citation journal cs1">B. Lauss (May 2012). "Startup of the high-intensity ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute". Hyperfine Interact. 211 (1): 21–25. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6003">1202.6003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012HyInt.211...21L">2012HyInt.211...21L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10751-012-0578-7">10.1007/s10751-012-0578-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119164071">119164071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyperfine+Interact.&rft.atitle=Startup+of+the+high-intensity+ultracold+neutron+source+at+the+Paul+Scherrer+Institute&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1202.6003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119164071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10751-012-0578-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012HyInt.211...21L&rft.au=B.+Lauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucnheliumsource-136"><a href="#cite_ref-ucnheliumsource_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._GolubJ._M._Pendlebury1977" class="citation journal cs1">R. Golub & J. M. Pendlebury (1977). "The interaction of Ultra-Cold Neutrons (UCN) with liquid helium and a superthermal UCN source". Phys. Lett. A. 62 (5): 337–339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhLA...62..337G">1977PhLA...62..337G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2877%2990434-0">10.1016/0375-9601(77)90434-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Lett.+A&rft.atitle=The+interaction+of+Ultra-Cold+Neutrons+%28UCN%29+with+liquid+helium+and+a+superthermal+UCN+source&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=337-339&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-9601%2877%2990434-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977PhLA...62..337G&rft.au=R.+Golub&rft.au=J.+M.+Pendlebury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turbineconstruction-137"><a href="#cite_ref-turbineconstruction_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._SteyerlH._NagelF.-X._SchreiberK.-A._Steinhauser1986" class="citation journal cs1">A. Steyerl; H. Nagel; F.-X. Schreiber; K.-A. Steinhauser; R. Gähler; W. Gläser; P. Ageron; J. M. Astruc; W. Drexel; G. Gervais & W. Mampe (1986). "A new source of cold and ultracold neutrons". Phys. Lett. A. 116 (7): 347–352. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhLA..116..347S">1986PhLA..116..347S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2886%2990587-6">10.1016/0375-9601(86)90587-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Lett.+A&rft.atitle=A+new+source+of+cold+and+ultracold+neutrons&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=347-352&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0375-9601%2886%2990587-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PhLA..116..347S&rft.au=A.+Steyerl&rft.au=H.+Nagel&rft.au=F.-X.+Schreiber&rft.au=K.-A.+Steinhauser&rft.au=R.+G%C3%A4hler&rft.au=W.+Gl%C3%A4ser&rft.au=P.+Ageron&rft.au=J.+M.+Astruc&rft.au=W.+Drexel&rft.au=G.+Gervais&rft.au=W.+Mampe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turbinespectrum-138"><a href="#cite_ref-turbinespectrum_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_DögeJürgen_HingerlChristoph_Morkel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stefan Döge; Jürgen Hingerl & Christoph Morkel (Feb 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900219314445">"Measured velocity spectra and neutron densities of the PF2 ultracold-neutron beam ports at the Institut Laue–Langevin"</a>. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A. 953: 163112. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04538">2001.04538</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NIMPA.95363112D">2020NIMPA.95363112D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2019.163112">10.1016/j.nima.2019.163112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209942845">209942845</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162316/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900219314445">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucl.+Instrum.+Methods+A&rft.atitle=Measured+velocity+spectra+and+neutron+densities+of+the+PF2+ultracold-neutron+beam+ports+at+the+Institut+Laue%E2%80%93Langevin&rft.volume=953&rft.pages=163112&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2001.04538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209942845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nima.2019.163112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NIMPA.95363112D&rft.au=Stefan+D%C3%B6ge&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Hingerl&rft.au=Christoph+Morkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0168900219314445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman,_Tami2008" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Tami (May 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220151101/http://medicalphysicsweb.org/cws/article/research/34364">"Facing up to secondary neutrons"</a>. Medical Physics Web. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicalphysicsweb.org/cws/article/research/34364">the original</a> on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2011-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facing+up+to+secondary+neutrons&rft.pub=Medical+Physics+Web&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Tami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicalphysicsweb.org%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2F34364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbronnNakamuraIwataKurosawa2005" class="citation journal cs1">Heilbronn, L.; Nakamura, T; Iwata, Y; Kurosawa, T; Iwase, H; Townsend, LW (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1nh2s8n5">"Expand+Overview of secondary neutron production relevant to shielding in space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Protection_Dosimetry" title="Radiation Protection Dosimetry">Radiation Protection Dosimetry</a>. 116 (1–4): 140–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frpd%2Fnci033">10.1093/rpd/nci033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16604615">16604615</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060915/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1nh2s8n5">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-26. Retrieved 2019-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Protection+Dosimetry&rft.atitle=Expand%2BOverview+of+secondary+neutron+production+relevant+to+shielding+in+space&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=140-143&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frpd%2Fnci033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16604615&rft.aulast=Heilbronn&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+T&rft.au=Iwata%2C+Y&rft.au=Kurosawa%2C+T&rft.au=Iwase%2C+H&rft.au=Townsend%2C+LW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1nh2s8n5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeutron" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>James Byrne, Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486482383" title="Special:BookSources/0486482383">0486482383</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Abraham Pais</a>, Inward Bound, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198519974" title="Special:BookSources/0198519974">0198519974</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, The Story of Spin, The University of Chicago Press, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Schopper" title="Herwig Schopper">Herwig Schopper</a>, Weak interactions and nuclear beta decay, Publisher, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1966.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150107225156/http%3A//alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse%3Dscience/Neutrons">Annotated bibliography for neutrons from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fusion_power,_processes_and_devices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fusion_power" title="Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fusion_power" title="Template talk:Fusion power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fusion_power,_processes_and_devices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion power</a>, processes and devices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nuclear_fusion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_plasma" title="Burning plasma">Burning plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion" title="Timeline of nuclear fusion">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">List of experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_power_technologies" title="List of fusion power technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fusion" title="Commercial fusion">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion" title="Aneutronic fusion">Aneutronic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor" title="Fusion energy gain factor">Fusion energy gain factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_criterion" title="Lawson criterion">Lawson criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">Magnetohydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes, methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Confinementtype" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion#Confinement" title="Nuclear fusion">Confinement</a> type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Gravitational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">Carbon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Neon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">Oxygen-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Silicon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">S-process</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Magnetic mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_torus" title="Bumpy torus">Bumpy torus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_pinch" title="Theta pinch">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Zeta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_tokamak" title="Spherical tokamak">Spherical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynomak" title="Dynomak">Dynomak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_solenoid" title="Toroidal solenoid">Toroidal solenoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_liner_inertial_fusion" title="Magnetized liner inertial fusion">Magnetized liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_ion_fusion" title="Heavy ion fusion">Ion-driven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">Electrostatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colliding_beam_fusion" title="Colliding beam fusion">Colliding beam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_confinement_fusion" title="Lattice confinement fusion">Metal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">Devices, experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEMOnstration_Power_Plant" title="DEMOnstration Power Plant">DEMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROTO_(fusion_reactor)" title="PROTO (fusion reactor)">PROTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Physics_Laboratory_(Saskatchewan)" title="Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)">STOR-M</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Alcator_C-Mod" title="Alcator C-Mod">Alcator C-Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_fusion_reactor" title="ARC fusion reactor">ARC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak)" title="SPARC (tokamak)">SPARC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIII-D_(tokamak)" title="DIII-D (tokamak)">DIII-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enormous_Toroidal_Plasma_Device" title="Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device">Electric Tokamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_Tokamak_Experiment" title="Lithium Tokamak Experiment">LTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment" title="National Spherical Torus Experiment">NSTX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Large_Torus" title="Princeton Large Torus">PLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor" title="Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor">TFTR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Toroidal_Experiment" title="Pegasus Toroidal Experiment">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggatron" title="Riggatron">Riggatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">SSPX</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/ETE_(tokamak)" title="ETE (tokamak)">ETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Chauffage_Alfv%C3%A9n_Br%C3%A9silien_(TCABR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien (TCABR)">TCABR</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novillo_(tokamak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novillo (tokamak) (page does not exist)">Novillo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_Novillo" class="extiw" title="es:Tokamak Novillo">es</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia, Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_Fusion_Engineering_Test_Reactor" title="China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor">CFETR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Advanced_Superconducting_Tokamak" title="Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak">EAST</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HT-7" title="HT-7">HT-7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2A" title="HL-2A">HL-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2M" title="HL-2M">HL-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUNIST" title="SUNIST">SUNIST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ADITYA_(tokamak)" title="ADITYA (tokamak)">ADITYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SST-1_(tokamak)" title="SST-1 (tokamak)">SST-1</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JT-60" title="JT-60">JT-60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-shu_University_Experiment_with_Steady_State_Spherical_Tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-shu University Experiment with Steady State Spherical Tokamak (page does not exist)">QUEST</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEST" class="extiw" title="ja:QUEST">ja</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/GLAST_(tokamak)" title="GLAST (tokamak)">GLAST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KSTAR" title="KSTAR">KSTAR</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Tokamak-1" title="Thailand Tokamak-1">TT-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">JET</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/COMPASS_tokamak" title="COMPASS tokamak">COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOLEM_tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOLEM tokamak (page does not exist)">GOLEM</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_TM-1_MH" class="extiw" title="cs:Tokamak TM-1 MH">cs</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_de_Fontenay_aux_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses">TFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEST_(formerly_Tore_Supra)" title="WEST (formerly Tore Supra)">WEST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ASDEX_Upgrade" title="ASDEX Upgrade">ASDEX Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEXTOR" class="mw-redirect" title="TEXTOR">TEXTOR</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Divertor_Tokamak_Test" title="Divertor Tokamak Test">DTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati_Tokamak_Upgrade" title="Frascati Tokamak Upgrade">FTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGNITOR" title="IGNITOR">IGNITOR</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/ISTTOK" title="ISTTOK">ISTTOK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/T-15_(reactor)" title="T-15 (reactor)">T-15</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_%C3%A0_configuration_variable" title="Tokamak à configuration variable">TCV</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mega_Ampere_Spherical_Tokamak" title="Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak">MAST-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Tight_Aspect_Ratio_Tokamak" title="Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak">START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Tokamak_for_Energy_Production" title="Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production">STEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Non-neutral_Torus" title="Columbia Non-neutral Torus">CNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Toroidal_Hybrid" title="Compact Toroidal Hybrid">CTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Illinois_Device_for_Research_and_Applications" title="Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications">HIDRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helically_Symmetric_Experiment" title="Helically Symmetric Experiment">HSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_C_stellarator" title="Model C stellarator">Model C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Compact_Stellarator_Experiment" title="National Compact Stellarator Experiment">NCSX</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SCR-1" title="SCR-1">SCR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia, Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/H-1NF" title="H-1NF">H-1NF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heliotron_J" title="Heliotron J">Heliotron J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Helical_Device" title="Large Helical Device">LHD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/WEGA_(stellarator)" class="mw-redirect" title="WEGA (stellarator)">WEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-AS" title="Wendelstein 7-AS">Wendelstein 7-AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/TJ-II" title="TJ-II">TJ-II</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Uragan-2M" title="Uragan-2M">Uragan-2M</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uragan-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uragan-3M (page does not exist)">Uragan-3M</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD-3%D0%9C" class="extiw" title="uk:Ураган-3М">uk</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Perhapsatron" title="Perhapsatron">Perhapsatron</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(fusion_reactor)" title="Sceptre (fusion reactor)">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">RFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Reversed-Field_eXperiment" title="Reversed-Field eXperiment">RFX</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Symmetric_Torus" title="Madison Symmetric Torus">MST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Mirror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gas_Dynamic_Trap" title="Gas Dynamic Trap">GDT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Astron_(fusion_reactor)" title="Astron (fusion reactor)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Compact_Fusion_Reactor" title="Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor">Lockheed Martin CFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">MFTF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Mirror_Experiment" title="Tandem Mirror Experiment">TMX</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Levitated_Dipole_Experiment" title="Levitated Dipole Experiment">LDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_field-reversed_configuration" title="Princeton field-reversed configuration">PFRC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Trisops" title="Trisops">Trisops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/General_Fusion" title="General Fusion">SPECTOR</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Linus_(fusion_experiment)" title="Linus (fusion experiment)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion#Devices" title="Magnetized target fusion">FRX-L – FRCHX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helion_Energy" title="Helion Energy">Fusion Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_path_laser" title="Long path laser">Long path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">NIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_laser" title="Nike laser">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">OMEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/GEKKO_XII" title="GEKKO XII">GEKKO XII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/HiPER" title="HiPER">HiPER</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Asterix_IV_laser" title="Asterix IV laser">Asterix IV (PALS)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laser_M%C3%A9gajoule" title="Laser Mégajoule">LMJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LULI2000" title="LULI2000">LULI2000</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ISKRA_lasers" title="ISKRA lasers">ISKRA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_laser" title="Vulcan laser">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Project_PACER" title="Project PACER">PACER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Fusion_Materials_Irradiation_Facility" title="International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility">International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITER_Neutral_Beam_Test_Facility" title="ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility">ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Particles_in_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particles" title="Template:Particles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particles" title="Template talk:Particles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particles_in_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical composite particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist ｜ above = * [[Outline of nuclear technology|Outline]] mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fusion_neutrons">Fusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">Autoradiograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_gardening" title="Atomic gardening">Atomic gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_processing" title="Electron-beam processing">Electron-beam processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Explosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor">Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None (<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>by <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" title="Category:Nuclear technology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear technology">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stellar_core_collapse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template talk:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stellar_core_collapse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Stellar core</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">collapse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar physics">Stellar physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_plasma" title="Astrophysical plasma">Stellar plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics">Variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soft_X-ray_source" title="Super soft X-ray source">Super soft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Core_collapse_scenario.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/270px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/405px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/540px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="588" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Surface fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">RP-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carbon_deflagration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon deflagration">deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Orbital decay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact and exotic objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsar" title="Collapsar">Collapsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_collapsar" title="Shell collapsar">Shell collapsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Observational timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particles, forces, and interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pair_production" title="Pair production">Pair production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">Inverse beta decay (electron capture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneracy_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneracy pressure">Degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure" title="Electron degeneracy pressure">Electron degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_processes" title="Template:Nuclear processes">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_concepts_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic concepts of quantum mechanics">Basic concepts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamics" title="Quantum hydrodynamics">Quantum hydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_QCD" title="Lattice QCD">Lattice QCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconfinement" title="Deconfinement">Deconfinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutronium" title="Neutronium">Neutron matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">Quark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon matter">Preon matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_astrophysics" title="Nuclear astrophysics">Nuclear astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">Physics of shock waves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/21px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/42px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041964-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091222">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944505r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944505r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573932">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123274&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565613105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutron&oldid=1259573060">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutron&oldid=1259573060</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neutron" title="Category:Neutron">Neutron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baryons" title="Category:Baryons">Baryons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nucleons" title="Category:Nucleons">Nucleons</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 22:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutron&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-dcnvx","wgBackendResponseTime":231,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.596","walltime":"3.108","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27442,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":867180,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33097,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":560067,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2501.703 1 -total"," 39.31% 983.360 1 Template:Reflist"," 37.24% 931.605 34 Template:Navbox"," 18.08% 452.196 71 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.77% 244.465 1 Template:Fusion_power"," 6.50% 162.629 13 Template:Cite_web"," 5.76% 144.157 28 Template:Cite_book"," 5.69% 142.369 1 Template:Infobox_particle"," 5.68% 142.135 44 Template:Flagdeco"," 5.62% 140.532 1 Template:Nuclear_physics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.388","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12978427,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","25.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.8"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers\u003E","40","2.5"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.5"],["[others]","380","24.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-wm9bg","timestamp":"20241127132616","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neutron","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neutron","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2348","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2348","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T20:45:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T22:05:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/81\/Quark_structure_neutron.svg","headline":"nucleon (constituent of the nucleus of the atom) that has neutral electric charge (no charge); symbol n"}</script> </body> </html>