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aria-controls="toc-Moral_and_religious_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Moral and religious codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_religious_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carl_Jung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carl_Jung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Carl Jung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carl_Jung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preference_for_the_effortless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preference_for_the_effortless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Preference for the effortless</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preference_for_the_effortless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Self-deception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Evolutionary psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-ignorance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-ignorance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Self-ignorance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-ignorance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocrisy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82" title="نفاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ভণ্ডামি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভণ্ডামি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocres%C3%ADa" title="Hipocresía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipocresía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কপটতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কপটতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licemjerje" title="Licemjerje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Licemjerje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocresia" title="Hipocresia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipocresia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrytectv%C3%AD" title="Pokrytectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pokrytectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hykleri" title="Hykleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hykleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuchelei" title="Heuchelei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heuchelei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmakirjalikkus" title="Silmakirjalikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silmakirjalikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocres%C3%ADa" title="Hipocresía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipocresía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokriteco" title="Hipokriteco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipokriteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrisia" title="Hipokrisia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipokrisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ظاهرسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظاهرسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocrisie" title="Hypocrisie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypocrisie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADm%C3%ADneacht" title="Fímíneacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fímíneacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocris%C3%ADa" title="Hipocrisía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipocrisía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%84%A0_(%EC%9C%A4%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="위선 (윤리학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위선 (윤리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पाखण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाखण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licemjerje" title="Licemjerje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Licemjerje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokriteso" title="Hipokriteso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hipokriteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrisi" title="Hipokrisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipokrisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipocrisia" title="Ipocrisia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipocrisia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="צביעות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צביעות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೂಟಾಟಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೂಟಾಟಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Екіжүзділік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Екіжүзділік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unafiki" title="Unafiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unafiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur%C3%BB" title="Durû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Durû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissimulatio_(psychologia)" title="Dissimulatio (psychologia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dissimulatio (psychologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liekul%C4%ABba" title="Liekulība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liekulība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lszentesked%C3%A9s" title="Álszenteskedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Álszenteskedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лицемерие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лицемерие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocrisie" title="Hypocrisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypocrisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%96%84" title="偽善 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偽善" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hykleri" title="Hykleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hykleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD" title="ਦੰਭ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੰਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokryzja" title="Hipokryzja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipokryzja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipocrisia" title="Hipocrisia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipocrisia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipocrizie" title="Ipocrizie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ipocrizie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лицемерие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лицемерие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Сэттэ сирэй – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэттэ сирэй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrizia" title="Hipokrizia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipokrizia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypocrisy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrytectvo" title="Pokrytectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pokrytectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Лицемерје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лицемерје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipokrizija" title="Hipokrizija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipokrizija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekopyhyys" title="Tekopyhyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekopyhyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hycklare" title="Hycklare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hycklare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaimbabawan" title="Kapaimbabawan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapaimbabawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Hypocrisy">reviewed</a> on <i>8 December 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypocrisy (disambiguation)">Hypocrisy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hypocrite" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hypocrite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypocrite (disambiguation)">Hypocrite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg/220px-La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg/330px-La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg/440px-La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>"The Hypocrisy": an 1898 illustration from the Costa Rican periodical <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Cachifl%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Cachiflín (page does not exist)">El Cachiflín</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cachifl%C3%ADn_(Costa_Rica)" class="extiw" title="es:El Cachiflín (Costa Rica)">es</a>]</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Hypocrisy</b> is the practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "hypocrisy" entered the English language <i>c.</i> 1200 with the meaning "the sin of pretending to virtue or goodness".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, "hypocrisy" often refers to advocating behaviors that one does not practice. However, the term can also refer to other forms of pretense, such as engaging in pious or moral behaviors out of a desire for praise rather than out of genuinely pious or moral motivations. </p><p>Definitions of hypocrisy vary. In <a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">moral psychology</a>, it is the failure to follow one's own expressed moral rules and principles.<sup id="cite_ref-lammers_infidelity_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lammers_infidelity_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British political philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Runciman" title="David Runciman">David Runciman</a>, "other kinds of hypocritical deception include claims to knowledge that one lacks, claims to a consistency that one cannot sustain, claims to a loyalty that one does not possess, claims to an identity that one does not hold".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American political journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">Michael Gerson</a> says that <a href="/wiki/Political_hypocrisy" title="Political hypocrisy">political hypocrisy</a> is "the conscious use of a mask to fool the public and gain political benefit".<sup id="cite_ref-Gerson_Trump_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerson_Trump-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypocrisy has been a subject of <a href="/wiki/Folk_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk wisdom">folk wisdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> from the beginnings of human history. Increasingly, since the 1980s, it has also become central to studies in <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">cultural psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">moral psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">sociological social psychology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>hypocrisy</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ὑπόκρισις (<i>hypokrisis</i>), which means "jealous", "play-acting", "acting out", "coward" or "dissembling".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>hypocrite</i> is from the Greek word ὑποκριτής (<i>hypokritēs</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agentive noun</a> associated with ὑποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai κρίση, "judgment" »κριτική (kritikē), "critics") presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment. </p><p>Alternatively, the word is an amalgam of the Greek prefix <i>hypo-</i>, meaning "under", and the verb <i>krinein</i>, meaning "to sift or decide". Thus the original meaning implied a deficiency in the ability to sift or decide. This deficiency, as it pertains to one's own beliefs and feelings, informs the word's contemporary meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas <i>hypokrisis</i> applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric), <i>hypokrites</i> was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens during the 4th century BC, for example, the great orator <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> ridiculed his rival <a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a>, who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a <i>hypocrites</i> whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. This negative view of the <i>hypokrites,</i> perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral <i>hypokrisis.</i> It is this later sense of <i>hypokrisis</i> as "play-acting", i.e., the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word <i>hypocrisy</i> its negative connotation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Toleration_Act_1688" title="Toleration Act 1688">Toleration Act 1688</a> allowed for certain rights, but it left Protestant <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>) deprived of important rights, including that of office-holding. Nonconformists who wanted office ostentatiously took the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> once a year to avoid the restrictions. <a href="/wiki/High_Church_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Anglicanism">High Church Anglicans</a> were outraged and outlawed what they called "occasional conformity" in 1711 with the <a href="/wiki/Occasional_Conformity_Act_1711" title="Occasional Conformity Act 1711">Occasional Conformity Act 1711</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the political controversies using sermons, speeches, and pamphlet wars, high churchmen and Nonconformists attacked their opponents as insincere and hypocritical, as well as dangerously zealous, in contrast to their own moderation. </p><p>In his famous book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fable_of_the_Bees" title="The Fable of the Bees">Fable of the Bees</a></i> (1714) English author <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a> (1670–1733) explored the nature of hypocrisy in contemporary European society. On the one hand Mandeville was a ‘moralist’ heir to the French <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> of the previous century, viewing sociability as a mere mask for vanity and pride. On the other he was a ‘materialist’ who helped found modern economics. He tried to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures. He argued that the efforts of self-seeking entrepreneurs are the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society, a line of thought that influenced <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790) and 19th century <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>. The tension between these two approaches, modes, ambivalences and contradictions—concerning the relative power of norms and interests, the relationship between motives and behaviours, and the historical variability of human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Enlightenment of the 18th century, discussions of hypocrisy were common in the works of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1750 to 1850 era, Whig aristocrats in England boasted of their special benevolence for the common people. They claimed to be guiding and counseling reforms to prevent the outbreaks of popular discontent that caused instability and revolution in Europe. Tory and radical critics accused the Whigs of hypocrisy—alleging they were deliberately using the slogans of reform and democracy to boost themselves into power while preserving their precious aristocratic exclusiveness. </p><p>Observers from the Continent commented on the English political culture. Liberal and radical observers noted the servility of the English lower classes, the obsession everyone had with rank and title, the extravagance of the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, a supposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>, and a pervasive hypocrisy that extended into such areas as social reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the propaganda battles of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japan attacked American hypocrisy by emphasizing the injustice of the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">incarceration camps for Japanese</a> in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Tokyo">Radio Tokyo</a> emphasized that the camps revealed the hypocritical American claim to democratic ideals and fair play. The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> quoted American founding fathers, neutral sources, and dissenting opinions from major American newspapers. Radio Tokyo utilized fictitious sources as well. It proclaimed the moral superiority of Japan while threatening to mistreat American POWs in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jay" title="Martin Jay">Martin Jay</a> in <i>The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics</i> (2012) explores how writers over the centuries have treated hypocrisy, deception, flattery, lying and cheating, slander, false pretenses, living on borrowed glory, masquerading, conventions of concealment, playacting before others and the arts of dissimulation. He assumes that politics is worthwhile, but since it is unavoidably linked to lying and hypocrisy, Jay concludes that lying must not be all that bad.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moral_and_religious_codes">Moral and religious codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moral and religious codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many belief systems condemn hypocrisy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> text <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> condemns a man who takes the appearance of an ascetic but is full of passions within.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhammapada_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhammapada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some translations of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word <i>chaneph</i> is rendered as "hypocrite", though it usually means "godless" or "profane". In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> condemns the scribes and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> as hypocrites in the passage known as the <a href="/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" title="Woes of the Pharisees">Woes of the Pharisees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also denounces hypocrites in more general terms in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_7:5" title="Matthew 7:5">Matthew 7:5</a>. </p><p>In the 16th century, John Calvin was critical of <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munafiq</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranic_Chapter_63" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic Chapter 63">Quranic Chapter 63</a> is often titled "<a href="/wiki/Quranic_Chapter_63" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic Chapter 63">The Hypocrites</a>". Hypocrisy, called <i>munafiq</i> in Islam, is viewed as a serious sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> rails against those who claim to be believers and peacemakers, thinking they are fooling <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and others, but only fool themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-quran_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quran-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypocrisy has long been of interest to <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carl_Jung">Carl Jung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carl Jung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (1875–1961) attributed hypocrisy to those who are not aware of the dark or <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow-side</a> of their nature. Jung wrote: </p> <dl><dd>Every individual needs revolution, inner division, overthrow of the existing order, and renewal, but not by forcing them upon his neighbors under the hypocritical cloak of Christian love or the sense of social responsibility or any of the other beautiful euphemisms for unconscious urges to personal power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung19665_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung19665-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Jung went on:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._28_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._28-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It is under all circumstances an advantage to be in full possession of one's personality, otherwise the repressed elements will only crop up as a hindrance elsewhere, not just at some unimportant point, but at the very spot where we are most sensitive. If people can be educated to see the shadow-side of their nature clearly, it may be hoped that they will also learn to understand and love their fellow men better. A little less hypocrisy and a little more <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a> can only have good results in respect for our neighbor; for we are all too prone to transfer to our fellows the injustice and violence we inflict upon our own natures.</p></blockquote> <p>In <i>New Paths in Psychology</i> Jung pointedly referred to the "hypocritical pretenses of man". "<a href="/wiki/Dream_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream analysis">Dream-analysis</a> above all else mercilessly uncovers the lying morality and hypocritical pretences of man, showing him, for once, the other side of his character in the most vivid light".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._437_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._437-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jung omitted this characterization from his later essay <i>On the Psychology of the Unconscious</i>, which developed out of the former. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preference_for_the_effortless">Preference for the effortless</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preference for the effortless"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best way to cultivate a reputation for fairness is to really be fair. But since it is much harder to <i>be</i> fair than to <i>seem</i> fair, and since <a href="/wiki/Laziness" title="Laziness">laziness</a> is built deep into human nature,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans more often choose appearance over reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaidt200661_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaidt200661-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-deception">Self-deception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-deception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"So convenient a thing is it to be a reasonable creature, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s observation has been confirmed by recent studies in <a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">self-deception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In everyday reasoning, humans do little to get real evidence when taking positions or making decisions, and do even less to get evidence for opposing positions. Instead, they tend to fabricate "pseudo-evidence" – often <i>after</i> the decision had already been made ("post hoc fabrication").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Humans take a position, look for evidence that supports it, then, if they find <i>some</i> evidence – enough so that the position "makes sense" – they stop thinking altogether (the "makes-sense stopping rule").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, when pressed to produce real evidence, they tend to seek and interpret "evidence" that confirms what they already believe (the "<a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, humans tend to think highly of themselves, highlighting strengths and achievements, and overlooking weakness and failures (the "<a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">self-serving bias</a>"). When asked to rate themselves on virtues, skills, or other desirable traits (including ethics, intelligence, driving ability, and sexual skills), a large majority say they are above average.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power and privilege magnify the distortion: 94% of college professors think that they do above average work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect is weaker in Asian countries and in other cultures which value the group more highly than the self.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_psychology">Evolutionary psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolutionary psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary psychologist">Evolutionary psychologist</a> Robert Kurzban argues that one's <a href="/wiki/Morality#Neuroscience" title="Morality">moral modules</a> lead one to condemn infidelity while <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating modules</a> induce one to commit it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-ignorance">Self-ignorance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Self-ignorance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a> wrote that "Human beings are a species splendid in their array of moral equipment, tragic in their propensity to misuse it, and pathetic in their constitutional ignorance of the misuse."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are very good at challenging the beliefs of other people, but when it comes to their own beliefs, they tend to protect them, not challenge them.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consistent finding of psychological research is that humans are fairly accurate in their perceptions of others, but generally inaccurate in their perceptions of themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaidt200666_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaidt200666-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans tend to judge others by their behavior, but think they have special information about themselves – that they know what they are "really like" inside – and thus effortlessly find ways to explain away selfish acts, and maintain the illusion that they are better than others.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_psychology">Social psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social psychologists have generally viewed hypocrisy as an instantiation of attitudinal and/or behavioral inconsistency.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, many social psychologists have focused on the role of dissonance in explaining individuals' aversion to hypocritical thinking and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals are motivated to avoid hypocritical stances in order to forestall the negative drive state of dissonance. For example, a dissonance-based study on the use of condoms among young adults showed that induced hypocrisy can lead to increased purchase and use of condoms.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, some social psychologists have suggested that individuals view hypocrisy negatively because it suggests that hypocrites are providing a false signal regarding their moral goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypocrisy has been an intermittent topic of interest to philosophers. <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> famously noted that "the mass of mankind accept what <i>seems</i> as what <i>is</i>; nay, are often touched more nearly by appearances than by realities".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophical issues raised by hypocrisy can be broadly divided into two kinds: metaphysical/conceptual and ethical. Most philosophical commentary on hypocrisy is concerned with the ethical questions it raises: is hypocrisy morally wrong or bad? If it is, is there anything distinctly objectionable about it, or can it be easily subsumed under a broader category of morally objectionable conduct–for example, deceit? Is hypocrisy necessary or desirable for the sake of certain valuable activities–most notably, politics? <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, hypocrisy has emerged as a key focus in philosophical discussions of the ethics of blame. It seems that even if a person has violated some moral norm and is genuinely blameworthy for doing so, it is open to them to challenge the blame leveled at them on the grounds that it is hypocritical; a typical expression of this idea is the phrase, "You have no right to blame me!" Accordingly, some philosophers argue that in order to have the standing or entitlement to blame others, one's blame must not be hypocritical. Defenses of this position have usually focused on the connection between hypocrisy and fairness: the basic idea is that the hypocritical blamer in some way fails to treat the target of her blame as a moral equal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proposed explanations include the idea that standing in a moral community requires a reciprocal willingness to accept blame, a willingness that hypocrites lack.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrick Todd argues that all and only those who are committed to the relevant norms possess the standing to blame, and hypocrites lack commitment in the relevant sense.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other philosophers reject the "No-hypocrisy" condition on standing altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, these philosophers do not deny that sometimes the wrongness of hypocrisy can outweigh a would-be blamer's entitlement to blame others; but they will insist that this is not invariably the case, and some hypocrites do have standing to blame.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R.A. Duff suggests that underlying the disagreement between these two views is a disagreement about the size and scope of moral community, while Kyle Fritz and Daniel Miller suggest that the rejection of the "No-hypocrisy" condition reflects a failure to distinguish between the right to blame and the value of blaming. </p><p>The definition of hypocrisy itself is the fundamental question of the relatively new philosophical discussions on hypocrisy. Early answers tended to focus on the deceptive or inconsistent qualities of hypocrisy. For <a href="/wiki/Eva_Kittay" title="Eva Kittay">Eva Kittay</a>, for example, the fundamental attribute of hypocrites is "self-referential deception,"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, to be hypocritical is to "try to appear activated by a motive other than one's real motive."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Dan Turner's view, by contrast, the fundamental feature is "conflict or disparity" between a person's attitudes, where this may or may not involve deception.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bela Szabados and Daniel Statman argue that self-deception is the characteristic attribute of "garden variety of hypocrisies."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Crisp and Christopher Cowten identify four types of hypocrisy: pretense of moral goodness, moral criticism of others by those possessing faults of their own, failure to satisfy self-acknowledged moral requirements, and a complacent, unreflective commitment to virtues feigned or preached. What unifies these types is a "metavice," a lack of "moral seriousness."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, some philosophers–notably, Benjamin Rossi and Fritz and Miller–have defined hypocrisy in terms of dispositions to blame others or to avow commitment to certain norms together with an unwillingness to accept blame from others or to blame themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rossi's "Commitment Account of Hypocrisy" addresses paradigmatic cases of hypocrisy that Fritz and Miller's "Differential Blaming Disposition Account" does not include. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are many negatives to hypocrisy, there can be benefits from it as well.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also benefits from ignoring it. Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Judith_N._Shklar" title="Judith N. Shklar">Judith N. Shklar</a> argues, in "Let Us Not Be Hypocritical," we are all too eager to construe even minor deviations from our opponents' professed beliefs as hypocrisy, rather than understandable imperfections and weaknesses to which everyone is prone.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political journalist Michael Gerson notes that, "There is often hypocritical deception involved in political and diplomatic negotiations, which generally start with principled, nonnegotiable demands that are negotiated away in the process of finding a compromise." Gerson concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerson_Trump_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerson_Trump-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>hypocrisy is unavoidable and necessary. If people were required, at all times, to live up to ideals of honesty, loyalty and compassion in order for those ideals to exist, there would be no ideals. Being a moral person is a struggle in which everyone repeatedly fails, becoming a hypocrite in each of those moments. A just and peaceful society depends on hypocrites who ultimately refused to abandon the ideals they betray.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a> – Hate speech incitement technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a> – Inconsistent application of principles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a> – Fabrication or exaggeration of victimhood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Psychological manipulation</a> – Exploitative type of social influence<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a> – Attributing parts of the self to others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mote_and_the_Beam" title="The Mote and the Beam">The Mote and the Beam</a> – Parable taught by Jesus of Nazareth according to Christian gospels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pot_calling_the_kettle_black" title="The pot calling the kettle black">The pot calling the kettle black</a> – Proverbial idiom referring to an example of hypocrisy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">Threat</a> – Indication of intent of harm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque"><i>Tu quoque</i></a> – Fallacy regarding hypocrisy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a> – Formal fallacy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"hypocrisy", <i>Merriam-Webster</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypocrisy">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypocrisy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405213926/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypocrisy">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 5 April 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"hypocrisy (n.)", <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/hypocrisy#etymonline_v_16134">https://www.etymonline.com/word/hypocrisy#etymonline_v_16134</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001012657/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hypocrisy#etymonline_v_16134">Archived</a> 1 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 5 April 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lammers_infidelity_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lammers_infidelity_2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLammersStokerJordanPollmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lammers, Joris; Stoker, Janka I.; Jordan, Jennifer; Pollmann, Monique; Stapel, Diederik A. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/mcgrawp/PDF/Lammers.Stoker.Jordan.Pollmann.Stapel.2011.pdf">"Power increases infidelity among men and women"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>22</b> (9): 1191–1197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797611416252">10.1177/0956797611416252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21771963">21771963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11385458">11385458</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217220458/https://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/mcgrawp/PDF/Lammers.Stoker.Jordan.Pollmann.Stapel.2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Power+increases+infidelity+among+men+and+women&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1191-1197&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11385458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21771963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797611416252&rft.aulast=Lammers&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft.au=Stoker%2C+Janka+I.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Pollmann%2C+Monique&rft.au=Stapel%2C+Diederik+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleeds-faculty.colorado.edu%2Fmcgrawp%2FPDF%2FLammers.Stoker.Jordan.Pollmann.Stapel.2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Runciman" title="David Runciman">Runciman, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqaPj0SbXsoC&pg=PA8"><i>Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power, from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond</i></a>. Princeton UP. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691148151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691148151"><bdi>978-0691148151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Hypocrisy%3A+The+Mask+of+Power%2C+from+Hobbes+to+Orwell+and+Beyond&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0691148151&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqaPj0SbXsoC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerson_Trump-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerson_Trump_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerson_Trump_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2016" class="citation news cs1">Gerson, Michael (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-hypocrisy-is-good-for-america/2016/11/28/7cde5d42-b5a3-11e6-b8df-600bd9d38a02_story.html">"Trump's hypocrisy is good for America"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129134114/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-hypocrisy-is-good-for-america/2016/11/28/7cde5d42-b5a3-11e6-b8df-600bd9d38a02_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+hypocrisy+is+good+for+America&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Ftrumps-hypocrisy-is-good-for-america%2F2016%2F11%2F28%2F7cde5d42-b5a3-11e6-b8df-600bd9d38a02_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hypocrisy">"Online Etymology Dictionary: "hypocrisy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001012657/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hypocrisy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%3A+%22hypocrisy%22&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dhypocrisy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_Clyve2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jones Clyve (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Too Wild to Succeed': The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 414–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2011.00276.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00276.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=%27Too+Wild+to+Succeed%27%3A+The+Occasional+Conformity+Bills+and+the+Attempts+by+the+House+of+Lords+to+Outlaw+the+Tack+in+the+Reign+of+Anne&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=414-27&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2011.00276.x&rft.au=Jones+Clyve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuban_Daniel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Luban Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:beb92369-f940-4053-935e-0e2eaf50936a">"Bernard Mandeville as Moralist and Materialist"</a>. <i>History of European Ideas</i>. <b>41</b> (7): 831–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2015.1010777">10.1080/01916599.2015.1010777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145179618">145179618</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405040841/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:beb92369-f940-4053-935e-0e2eaf50936a">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=Bernard+Mandeville+as+Moralist+and+Materialist&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=831-57&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01916599.2015.1010777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145179618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Luban+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Abeb92369-f940-4053-935e-0e2eaf50936a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller_James2014" class="citation journal cs1">Miller James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1543039333">"Rousseau and Montaigne"</a>. <i>Raritan</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 158–66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1543039333">1543039333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151936/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1543039333">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raritan&rft.atitle=Rousseau+and+Montaigne&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=158-66&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Miller+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1543039333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizuno_Takeya2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mizuno Takeya (2013). "An Enemy's Talk of 'Justice'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journalism History</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2013.12062905">10.1080/00947679.2013.12062905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142108853">142108853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=An+Enemy%27s+Talk+of+%27Justice%27&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2013.12062905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142108853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Mizuno+Takeya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay, Martin (2012). <i>The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Garsten, "Looking for an honest man." <i>Modern Intellectual History</i> 8#3 (2011): 697–708.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasulis1993" class="citation book cs1">Kasulis, Thomas P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23017-4_9">"Hypocrisy in the Self-Understanding of Religions"</a>. <i>Inter-Religious Models and Criteria</i>. pp. 151–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-23017-4_9">10.1007/978-1-349-23017-4_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23019-8"><bdi>978-1-349-23019-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706183957/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23017-4_9">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypocrisy+in+the+Self-Understanding+of+Religions&rft.btitle=Inter-Religious+Models+and+Criteria&rft.pages=151-165&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-23017-4_9&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23019-8&rft.aulast=Kasulis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-23017-4_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhammapada-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhammapada_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What is the use of platted hair, O fool! what of the raiment of goat-skins? Within thee there is ravening, but the outside thou makest clean. The man who wears dirty raiments, who is emaciated and covered with veins, who lives alone in the forest, and meditates, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. I do not call a man a Brâhmana because of his origin or of his mother. He is indeed arrogant, and he is wealthy: but the poor, who is free from all attachments, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> 394–96, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe10/sbe1028.htm">Translated from the Pâli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403192929/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe10/sbe1028.htm">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by F. Max Müller</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2011:37–54&version=nrsv">11:37–54</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2023:1–36&version=nrsv">23:1–36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Mason, "Pharisaic Dominance Before 70 CE and the Gospels' Hypocrisy Charge (Matt 23: 2–3)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 83#4 (1990): 363–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Huda_Dodge2009" class="citation book cs1">Christine Huda Dodge (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd5vHqdvp5kC&pg=PT96"><i>The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A complete guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, and culture</i></a>. F+W Media. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605507248" title="Special:BookSources/9781605507248"><bdi>9781605507248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Understanding+Islam+Book%3A+A+complete+guide+to+Muslim+beliefs%2C+practices%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781605507248&rft.au=Christine+Huda+Dodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd5vHqdvp5kC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quran-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quran_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers.' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not." <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> 8–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung19665-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung19665_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung1966">Jung 1966</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._28-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._28_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung1966">Jung 1966</a>, par. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._437-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1966par._437_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung1966">Jung 1966</a>, par. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2011" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (2011). <i>Thinking, fast and slow</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking%2C+fast+and+slow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaidt200661-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaidt200661_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaidt2006">Haidt 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page18.htm">"Franklin, B. (1771), p. 18. <i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i>. Ushistory.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012201/http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin%2C+B.+%281771%29%2C+p.+18.+The+Autobiography+of+Benjamin+Franklin.+Ushistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Ffranklin%2Fautobiography%2Fpage18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_HippelTrivers2011" class="citation journal cs1">Von Hippel, William; Trivers, Robert (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418040508/http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Faculty/Swann/docu/brooks-swann.pdf">"The evolution and psychology of self-deception"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x10001354">10.1017/s0140525x10001354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21288379">21288379</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Faculty/Swann/docu/brooks-swann.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+and+psychology+of+self-deception&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0140525x10001354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21288379&rft.aulast=Von+Hippel&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Trivers%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.psy.utexas.edu%2FHomePage%2FFaculty%2FSwann%2Fdocu%2Fbrooks-swann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1991" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Deanna (1991). <i>The skills of argument</i>. 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Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400835997">10.1515/9781400835997</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400835997" title="Special:BookSources/9781400835997"><bdi>9781400835997</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706183801/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400835997/html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Rossi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin Rossi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/ROSTCA-24">"The Commitment Account of Hypocrisy"</a>. <i>Ethical Theory and Moral Practice</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 553–536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-018-9917-3">10.1007/s10677-018-9917-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150162902">150162902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethical+Theory+and+Moral+Practice&rft.atitle=The+Commitment+Account+of+Hypocrisy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-536&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10677-018-9917-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150162902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Benjamin+Rossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FROSTCA-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillyris2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tillyris, Demetris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/87xvy/the-virtue-of-vice-a-defence-of-hypocrisy-in-democratic-politics">"The virtue of vice: a defence of hypocrisy in democratic politics"</a>. <i>Contemporary Politics</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569775.2015.1112958">10.1080/13569775.2015.1112958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146732349">146732349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720035535/http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14938/1/14938.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Politics&rft.atitle=The+virtue+of+vice%3A+a+defence+of+hypocrisy+in+democratic+politics&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569775.2015.1112958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146732349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tillyris&rft.aufirst=Demetris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.canterbury.ac.uk%2Fitem%2F87xvy%2Fthe-virtue-of-vice-a-defence-of-hypocrisy-in-democratic-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppang_Haavard,_Martin_Mike_W2004" class="citation journal cs1">Koppang Haavard, Martin Mike W (2004). "On Moralizing in Business Ethics". <i>Business & Professional Ethics Journal</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 107–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fbpej200423319">10.5840/bpej200423319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Professional+Ethics+Journal&rft.atitle=On+Moralizing+in+Business+Ethics&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107-14&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fbpej200423319&rft.au=Koppang+Haavard%2C+Martin+Mike+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Shklar, "Let us not be hypocritical." <i>Daedalus</i> (1979): 1–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024618">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130113039/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024618">Archived</a> 30 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2006" class="citation book cs1">Haidt, Jonathan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.happinesshypothesis.com/happiness-hypothesis-ch4.pdf">"The Faults of Others"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Happiness_Hypothesis" title="The Happiness Hypothesis">The Happiness Hypothesis</a></i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 59–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Faults+of+Others&rft.btitle=The+Happiness+Hypothesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59-80&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.happinesshypothesis.com%2Fhappiness-hypothesis-ch4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1966" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Charles G. (1966). <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Essays_on_Analytical_Psychology" title="Two Essays on Analytical Psychology">Two Essays on Analytical Psychology</a></i>. Collected Works. Vol. 7. Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01782-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01782-4"><bdi>0-691-01782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Essays+on+Analytical+Psychology&rft.series=Collected+Works&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-691-01782-4&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaviolaFaulmüller2014" class="citation journal cs1">Caviola, Lucius; Faulmüller, Nadira (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132261">"Moral hypocrisy in economic games – how prosocial behavior is shaped by social expectations"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>5</b>: 897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00897">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00897</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132261">4132261</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25177307">25177307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Moral+hypocrisy+in+economic+games+%E2%80%93+how+prosocial+behavior+is+shaped+by+social+expectations&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=897&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4132261%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25177307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00897&rft.aulast=Caviola&rft.aufirst=Lucius&rft.au=Faulm%C3%BCller%2C+Nadira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4132261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFla_CourKromann2011" class="citation journal cs1">la Cour, Anders; Kromann, Joakim (July 2011). "Euphemisms and hypocrisy in corporate philanthropy". <i>Business Ethics: A European Review</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 267–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8608.2011.01627.x">10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01627.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153773218">153773218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Ethics%3A+A+European+Review&rft.atitle=Euphemisms+and+hypocrisy+in+corporate+philanthropy&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-279&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8608.2011.01627.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153773218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=la+Cour&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Kromann%2C+Joakim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Jenny (2004). <i>Hypocrisy & the Politics of Politeness: Manners & Morals from Locke to Austen</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypocrisy+%26+the+Politics+of+Politeness%3A+Manners+%26+Morals+from+Locke+to+Austen&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Jordi (2013). 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"Corporate hypocrisy: Overcoming the threat of inconsistent corporate social responsibility perceptions". <i>Journal of Marketing</i>. <b>73</b> (6): 77–91. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.463.1501">10.1.1.463.1501</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkg.73.6.77">10.1509/jmkg.73.6.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51790683">51790683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marketing&rft.atitle=Corporate+hypocrisy%3A+Overcoming+the+threat+of+inconsistent+corporate+social+responsibility+perceptions&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=77-91&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.463.1501%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51790683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1509%2Fjmkg.73.6.77&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Tillmann&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Weitz%2C+Barton+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieting2016" class="citation book cs1">Wieting, Stephen G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nu1CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sociology of Hypocrisy: An Analysis of Sport and Religion</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317015345" title="Special:BookSources/9781317015345"><bdi>9781317015345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Hypocrisy%3A+An+Analysis+of+Sport+and+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317015345&rft.aulast=Wieting&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nu1CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypocrisy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocrisy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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[\"CITEREFRunciman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustichiniVilleval2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommervoll2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneAronsonCrainWinslow1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabadosSoifer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillyris2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdesoloDeSteno2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_HippelTrivers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerLutzWeitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWason1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieting2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFla_CourKromann2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anli\"] = 10,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7959fbf7c4-gltcc","timestamp":"20241212175531","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hypocrisy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypocrisy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201650","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201650","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-16T18:57:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/La_hipocres%C3%ADa.jpg","headline":"pretense of virtue; failure to follow one\u2019s own expressed principles"}</script> </body> </html>